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Full download The technology of wafers and waffles. I, Operational aspects 1st Edition Karl F. Tiefenbacher file pdf all chapter on 2024
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THE TECHNOLOGY OF
WAFERS AND WAFFLES I
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THE TECHNOLOGY OF
WAFERS AND WAFFLES I
Operational Aspects
KARL F. TIEFENBACHER
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further
information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the
Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may
become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they
have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-12-809438-9
Franz Haas Jr. (1946–2006) introduced me to the wafers and waffles subject areas
and challenged me to explore them from a food science viewpoint. You will find the
results of this introduction in this book. Recipes shall follow in an upcoming book.
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Foreword xi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Terminology and Definitions in Wafers and Waffles 1
1.2 Wafers and Waffles—Some Historical Glimpses 8
Further Reading 13
vii
viii Contents
Index 679
PREFACE
Wafers and waffles have grown to be important segments within the industrially man-
ufactured bakery products category. However, comparatively there is little public knowl-
edge about the technology used to make them. After almost 30 years of working in
the area, writing this book is a way to give the knowledge I received from many people
during that time. Spreading expertise and ideas can lead to inspiring the development of
new products and opportunities.
K.F. Tiefenbacher
Absam, Austria
We owe almost all of our knowledge not to those who have agreed but to those who have
differed.
Charles Caleb Colton
ix
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FOREWORD
The Textbook on The Technology of Wafers and Waffles has compiled the most important
and recent insights in the field of current wafer and waffle technology from an expert
perspective. The author, Prof. Dr. Karl Tiefenbacher, is an internationally recognized
and highly renowned industry specialist. As a long-time member of our team, he headed
the Research and Application Development department, which he established and man-
aged for 25 years with vision and comprehensive expertise.
Our research in the wafer and waffle field plays a highly central role and forms the basis
for innovative product development and the resulting successful production. Haas com-
bines decades of expertise in systems engineering with the highest standards of quality.
The impact of new product trends, for example, must be defined, interpreted and
implemented to design suitable and efficient production systems. Only a perfect technical
interaction of raw materials, processes and machines can guarantee consistent and reliable
product quality.
Based on his many years of work and comprehensive expertise, Karl Tiefenbacher
presents these and other principles for the readers in his book in a previously
unmatched way.
J. Haas, J. Haas, S. Jiraschek
Leobendorf, Austria
xi
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CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
leavening. With sheet wafer processing after baking, the wafer typically is sandwiched
to form wafer biscuits with sweet fillings, and the wafer biscuit may then be enrobed
with chocolate.
2. Sugar wafers
More than 10% of sugars on a flour base result in some plasticity of the freshly
baked hot wafers. At even higher sugar percentages, the wafers are formed into
different shapes by rolling, pressing or deep forming; this is possible before the sugar
resolidifies during the cooldown. There is a wide range of sugar wafer products:
• Sugar wafer cones: moulded, rolled or rolled and deep-formed into cups.
• Sugar wafer reels.
• Flute wafers (wafer sticks, wafer rolls).
• Fan wafers and fortune cookies.
• Sugar wafer cookies, the crisp or crumbly part in the range of waffles.
For both types of wafers, the main ingredient is wheat flour. That fits very well into cur-
rent dietary recommendations to consume more cereals. Moreover, wafer products with
a partial replacement of wheat flour and gluten-free wafers are increasingly available.
Industrially manufactured wafers belong to the category of bakery products with a
long shelf life, which also includes crackers, pretzels and biscuits (cookies).
1.1.2 Waffles
Waffles baked from batters or doughs in indented waffle irons show a raised, cake-like
texture. The spacing of the waffle pattern typically is wider than in wafers. Aeration,
chemical leavenings, or yeast leavens them. Waffles are convenience foods, eaten either
as a snack or as a breakfast item. Due to local traditions or eating habits acquired more
recently, there is a wide variety of waffle products. Today we find the following main
groups of waffle products in the market:
1. Ready-to-eat (RTE) waffles are made from rich recipes that include eggs, sugars and fats.
Due to their moisture content of 10% or more, they are of a soft texture. Their origin
is in the Belgium—Netherlands—Northern France area in Western Europe. Some
waffle names reflect this, although RTE waffles are available worldwide.
2. Crisp, thin waffles from the same area, which in fact are wafer cookies (biscuits) (nl/fr
galetten/galettes). Instead of the cookie baking oven process, these bake between
waffle-patterned plates and have a low residual moisture content.
Introduction 3
3. Frozen waffles are based on lean recipes that include just little of eggs, sugars and fats or
even are nonsweet. These are partially baked until there is about 40% moisture left,
and they are sent to a freezer immediately; their cooking is completed in the toaster or
microwave oven immediately before consumption. Frozen waffles are common in
North America and have been since the 1950s due to the widely available logistics
for the distribution of frozen foods. In Europe, only industrially manufactured ‘Brus-
sels waffles’ require frozen distribution. In combination with a variety of either sweet
or savoury toppings, they are ideal for breakfast and quick lunch.
1.1.3 The Various Products and Terms in the Wafers and Waffles Segment
1.1.3.1 Belgian Waffles
The term ‘Belgian waffles’ is not a traditional one; it was coined in the United States more
recently for RTE waffles in difference to the North American frozen waffles.
generate the light and porous texture. The crispness is a result of the low residual moisture
of 2% or less after baking. Flat wafers are the most common wafer products worldwide,
and many sugar wafer biscuits (wafer bars, wafer fingers) are filled with creams.
reeding and are cut into crispbread format. The recipe is similar to that of the plain wafer,
but more salt and spices are added. It is a lighter and softer substitute for crispbread.
In other European markets, noncreamed larger cuts of sheet wafers are found to make
wafer tarts at home by filling them with self-prepared creams. Newer developments, seen
in Asia and at Interpack 2014, are crisp wafer snacks, manufactured from sheet wafers and
sprinkled with sugar, spices, and oil or prepared by using tasty nonwheat flours such as
chickpea flour or corn flour.
Language: German
Stephan Dirk