Work, Energy & Power

Exercise 2A
1. Define work.When is work said to be done by a force?
A. Work is defined as the product of force and the displacement along the
direction of force.
Work is said to be done only when the body makes displacement under the
influence of force.

2. How is the work done by a force measured when i) force is in the direction of
displacement, ii) force is at an angle to the direction of displacement?
A. i) W = F × S
ii) W= F S cos θ

3. A force F acts on a body and displaces it by a distance S in a direction at an

angle θ with the direction of force.a) Write the expression for the work done
by the force b) What should be the angle between the force and displacement
so that the work done is i) zero , ii) maximum?
A. a) W= F S cos θ
b) i) θ = 90o ii) θ = 0o

4. A body is acted upon by a force.State two conditions when the work done is
Zero.
A. Two conditions
1. Displacement should not be zero
2. The angle between the force and the displacement should not be equal
to 90o .

5. State the condition when the work done by a force is a) positive b)

negative.Explain with the help of examples.
A. a) W is positive if the displacement is in the direction of force
Ex:For a freely falling body of mass m under gravity through a height h ,
The force of gravity F(=mg) is in the direction of displacement S(=h) and
the work done by the force of gravity is W=FS =mgh.
b) W is negative if the force opposes the motion.i.e. θ =180o.
 Ex: When a body moves on a surface , the force of friction between the body
and the surface is in a direction opposite to motion.The work done by force
of friction on a body is negative.

6. A body is moved in a direction opposite to the direction of force acting on it .

State whether the work is done by thee force or work is done against the
force?
A. Work is done against the force.

7. When a body moves in a circular path, how much work is done by the body?
Give reason.
A. When a body moves in a circular path work done by the body is zero
because displacement is perpendicular to centripetal force.

8. A satellite revolves around the earth in a circular orbit.What is the work done
by the satellite?Give reason.
A. Work done is zero because displacement is perpendicular to force of gravity.

9. State whether work is done or not , by writing yes or no, in the following cases:
A a) A man pushes a wall- No
b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min.-No
c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs- Yes

10. A coolie X carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y
carrying the identical load on his head moves the same distance on a frictionless
horizontal platform.Who does more work?Why?
A. Coolie X does more work as he does work against force of gravity whereas Y
does no work as his displacement is normal to force of gravity.

11. The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is
negative. Explain.
A. The fielder applies force in a direction opposite to motion i.e. opposite to
direction of displacement.

12. Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is
 zero even though the body gets displaced from its initial position.
A. A person moving with a weight horizontally does no work as his displacement
is perpendicular to force of gravity.

13. What are the SI and CGS units of work?How are they related .Establish a
relationship.
A. SI unit- joule(J), CGS unit- erg
1J = 107erg.
1 J = 1N × 1m =105 dyne × 100cm = 107erg

14. State and define SI unit of work.

A. One joule is the amount of work done when a force of 1 N displaces a body by
1m in it’s own direction.

15. Express joule in terms of erg.

A. 1J = 107erg.

16. A body of mass m falls down through a height h .Obtain an expression for the
work done by the force of gravity?
A. W = Force of gravity × height = mgh

17. A boy of mass m climbs up the stairs of vertical height h.

a) What is the work done by the boy against force of gravity?
A W = Force of gravity × height = mgh
b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same
vertical height?
A. W = Force of gravity × height = mgh

18. Define the term Energy and state it’s SI unit.

A. Energy is the capacity of the body to do work.SI unit is joule.

19. What physical quantity does the electron volt measure (eV)?How is it related to
the SI unit of that quantity?
A. Electron volt measures Nuclear energy.1eV = 1.6 × 10-19J
20. Complete the following sentences:
a) 1J = 0.24 cal
b) 1kWh = 3.6 × 106J

21. Name the physical quantity which is measured in calorie.How is it related to

the SI unit of that quantity?
A. Heat energy.
1 cal= 4.2J

22. Define kWh?How is it related to joule?

A. 1 kWh is the electrical energy spent when an appliance of 1kW power is used
for 1 hr.
1kWh = 3.6 × 106J

23. Define the term power?State it’s SI unit?

A. The rate of doing work with time is known as power.It’s SI unit is watt.

24. State two factors on which power spent by a source depends.Explain your
answer with examples.
A. Power spent by a source depends on 1) work done 20 time taken.
Example a) If two people A and B climb the first floor and second floor in
the same time, A has more power.
b) If two people climb first floor in 5 min and 10 min respectively, then A
has more power than B because he is doing it in less time.

25. Differentiate between work and power?

A.
S.No Work Power
1. Work is defined as product of force Rate of doing work with time is
and displacement in the direction known as power
of force.
2 It is independent of time It depends on time
3. SI unit is joule SI unit is watt
26. Differentiate between energy and power?
A.

S.No Energy Power

1 It is the capacity of a body to dow It is the rate of doing work with
work time
2 Energy spent is independent of Power depends on the time in
time which energy is spent
3 SI unit is joule SI unit is watt

27. State and define SI unit of power?

A. One watt is the power of a body if it does 1 joule of work in 1 second.

28. a) Name the physical quantity measured in terms of horse power?

A. Power
b) How is horsepower related to SI unit of power?
A. 1 H.P. = 746W

29. Differentiate between watt and watt hour?

A.
S.No Watt Watt Hour
1 It is unit of power It is unit of energy used in a
particular time
2 Depends on time Independent of time

31. Is it possible that no transfer of energy takes place even when a force is applied
to a body?
A. Yes when force is normal to displacement.

Exercise 2B
1. What are two forms of mechanical energy?
A. Two forms of mechanical energy are 1. Potential energy 2. Kinetic energy.
 2. Name the form of energy which wound up watch of a spring possesses.
A. Potential energy.

3. Name the kind of energy (kinetic energy K or potential energy U) possessed

in the following cases?
a) A moving cricket ball- K
b) A compressed spring - U
c) A moving bus - K
d) A stretched wire- U
e) An arrow shot out of a bow- K
f) A piece of stone placed on roof- U

4. Define the term potential energy of a body.Name its two forms and give one
example of each.
A. Energy possessed by a body due to it’s position or configuration is known as
potential energy.
Gravitational potential energy- A body thrown up at it’s maximum height
Elastic potential energy- Compressed spring

5. Name the form of energy which a body may possess even when it is not
in motion,Give an example to support your answer.
A. Potential energy. For example a bent bow has potential energy eventhough it
is not in motion.

6. What is meant by gravitational potential energy?Derive an expression for it for

a body placed at a height above ground?
A. The potential energy possessed by a body due to the force of attraction on it is
known as GPE.
The gravitational potential energy of a body at a height h above the ground iss
measure by work done in lifting it up from the ground to that height against
the force of gravity.
W = Force of gravity × displacement
= Fg × h = mg × h=mgh

7. Write an expression for the potential energy of a body of mass m placed at a

 height h above the earth’s surface.State the assumption made if any.
A. U= mgh
Assumption is that GPE of a body at infinity is zero.

8. What do you understand by the kinetic energy of the body.

A. The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is known as kinetic energy.

9. a) A body of mass m is moving with a velocity v.Write the expression for its
kinetic energy?
1
A. K.E = 2
𝑚𝑣2
b) Show that the quantity 2K/v2 has the unit of mass, where K is the kinetic
energy of the body?
A. 2K/v2 = J/(m/s)2= kgm/s2 × m
(m/s)2
= kgm2/s2= kg= unit of mass
m2/s2

12. A light mass and a heavy mass have equal momentum.Which will have more
kinetic energy?
A. K.E.= p2/2m
For equal momentum
K.E.α 1/m
Therefore lighter mass have more K.E.

13. Two bodies A and B of masses m and M ( M>>m) have same kinetic
energy.Which body will have more momentum?
A. p= 2𝑚𝐾. 𝐸.
When they have the same K.E. p α mass
Therefore M has more K.E.

14. Name the three forms of kinetic energy and give one example of each?
A. 1. Translational kinetic energy- A moving bus
2. Rotational Kinetic energy- A moving fan
3. Vibrational Kinetic energy- An oscillating pendulum
15. State two differences between potential energy and kinetic energy?
A.
S.No Potential Energy Kinetic energy
1 Energy possessed by a body due to Energy possessed by a body due
its position and configuration is P.E. top its motion
2 It does not depend on speed of the It depends on speed of the body
body

17. When an arrow is shot from a bow it has kinetic energy in it.Explain briefly
from where does it get its kinetic energy?
A. When a bow is bent it acquires potential energy which is transferred to an
arrow as kinetic energy when it is released.

18. A ball is placed on a compressed spring.What form of energy does the spring
possess?On releasing the spring ,the ball flies away.Give a reason.
A. A spring when compressed acquires potential energy which is converted to
kinetic energy of the ball when it is released.

19. A pebble is thrown up.It goes to a height and then comes back on the
ground.State the different changes in form of energy during its motion?
A. When a pebble is thrown up the kinetic energy of the pebble is changed to
potential energy.When the pebble reaches the maximum height the energy
becomes completely potential and the kinetic energy becomes Zero.When the
pebble starts falling its potential energy changes to kinetic energy .Potential
energy decreases and the kinetic energy increases.When it reaches the ground
the energy becomes completely kinetic and potential energy becomes zero.

20. In what way does the temperature of water at the bottom of a waterfall differ
from the temperature at the top?Explain the reason?
A. The potential energy at the top of the waterfall changes to kinetic energy when
it reaches the bottom which in turn changes to heat energy and therefore the
temperature of the waterfall rises.
21. Name the form of energy to which potential energy can change.
A. Potential energy can only change to kinetic energy.

22. Name the form of mechanical energy which is put to use?

A. Kinetic energy

23. Name six different forms of energy.

A.1. Heat energy
2. Light energy
3. Sound energy
4. Electrical energy
5. Nuclear energy
6. Magnetic energy

24. Energy can exist in several forms and may change from one form to
another.For each of the following , state the energy changes that occur in
A. a) the unwinding of a watch spring-potential energy changes to kinetic energy
b) a loaded truck when started and set in motion-Potential energy to kinetic
Energy
c) a car going uphill-kinetic energy to potential energy
d) photosynthesis in green leaves-light energy to chemical energy
e) Charging of a battery- Electrical energy to chemical energy
f) respiration- chemical energy to heat energy
g) burning of a match stick-chemical to heat energy and light energy
h) explosion of crackers- chemical energy to heat, light and sound energy

25. State the energy changes in the following cases while in use:
a) loudspeaker- Electrical to sound energy
b) a steam engine- heat energy to mechanical energy
c) microphone- sound to electrical energy
d) washing machine-electrical energy to mechanical energy
e) a glowing electric bulb- Electric to heat and light energy
f) burning coal- chemical to heat energy
g) a solar cell- light energy to electrical energy
h) biogas burner- chemical energy to heat energy
i) an electric cell in a circuit-Chemical energy to electrical energy
j) a petrol engine of a running car- Chemical energy to mechanical energy
k) an electric iron- Electrical energy to heat energy
l) a ceiling fan- Electrical energy to mechanical energy
m) an electromagnet- Electrical to magnetic energy

26. Name the process used for producing electricity from nuclear energy.
A. Nuclear Fission

27. Is it practically possible to convert a form of energy completely into another

useful form.Explain your answer.
A. No. For example in the case of electric bulb only 25% of electrical energy is
converted to light and the rest of it is dissipated as heat energy to the
Surroundings.

28. What is degraded energy?

A. While transforming energy from one form to another desired form , the entire
energy does not change into the desired form.A part of this energy changes to
undesirable form or lost to surroundings .This energy is known as degraded
energy.

29. What do you mean by degradation of energy?Explain it by taking one example

from your daily life.
A. The conversion of energy into undesirable form during transformation of energy
is known as degradation of energy.For example when a vehicle run by using
chemical energy of its fuel, a major part is wasted in the form of heat and
sound energies and only part of the chemical energy is converted into useful
mechanical energy.

Exercise 2C
1. State the principle of conservation of energy.
A. Energy is neither created nor destroyed but it is only transformed from one form
to another and the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

2. What do you understand about the conservation of mechanical energy?State the

 condition under which mechanical energy is conserved?
A. During transformation of mechanical energy potential energy is converted to
energy and the kinetic energy is changed to potential energy and the total
mechanical energy remains constant.This is possible in the absence of all kinds
of frictional forces.

3. Name two examples in which the total mechanical energy of a system remains
constant?
A. 1. A freely falling body
2. An oscillating simple pendulum

4. A body is thrown vertically upwards.Its velocity keeps on decreasing.What

happens to the kinetic energy as its velocity becomes zero.
A. Kinetic energy is changed to potential energy

5. A body falls freely under gravity from rest.Name the kind of energy it possess
a) At the point from where it falls- Potential energy
b) While falling-Potential and kinetic energy
c) On reaching the ground-kinetic energy

6. Show that the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy (i.e. total mechanical
energy) is always conserved in the case of a freely falling body under
gravity(with air resistance neglected ) from a height h by finding it when i) the
body is at the top ,ii) the body has fallen a distance x , iii)the body has reached
the ground.
A. Consider a body of mass m at a height h from the ground.

At A ,
P.E = mgh, K.E. =0 as initial velocity of a freely falling body =0
Total energy =P.E. + K.E. = mgh + 0= mgh
At B,after the body falls by distance x, then
1
P.E. = mg(h-x) , K.E. = 2 𝑚 vB2
( vB2 -vA2 = 2as= 2gx
vB2- 0= 2gx)
1
K.E. = 2
𝑚2gx= mgx
Total energy at B= mg(h-x) + mgx = mgh
After a little later the body reaches the ground .
1
At C, P.E. =0( h=0), K.E. = 2 𝑚 vC2
( vC2 -vA2 = 2as= 2gh
vC2- 0= 2gh)
1
K.E. = 2
𝑚2gh= mgh
Total energy at C= 0 + mgh = mgh.
Therefore at every instant the total energy is constant.

7. A pendulum is oscillating on either side of its rest position.Explain the energ

changes that take place in the oscillating pendulum.How does mechanical
energy remain constant in it?Draw the necessary diagram
A. When the bob swings from A to B. the kinetic energy decreases and the
potential energy becomes maximum at B where it is momentarily at rest.
From B to A. the potential energy again changes into the kinetic energy
and the process gets repeated again and again.
Thus while swinging, the bob has only the potential energy at the extreme
position B or C and only the kinetic energy at the resting position A. At
an intermediate position (between A and B or between A and C), the bob
has both the kinetic energy and potential energy. and the sum of both the
energies (i.e., the total mechanical energy) remains constant throughout the swing.
8. A pendulum with the bob of mass m is oscillating on either side from its resting
position A between the extremes B and Cat a vertical height h above A.What is
the kinetic energy K and potential energy U when the pendulum is at its
positions i) A , ii) B and iii) C?
A. i) At A - K is mgh , U=0
ii) At B , K= 0 and U=mgh
iii) At C, K=0 and U =mgh

9. Name the type of energy possessed by the bob of a simple pendulum when it is
at
A. a) the extreme position - potential energy
b) the mean position - kinetic energy
c) between the mean position and extreme position-both kinetic and
potential energy.

***