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Global Jihad in Muslim
and non-Muslim
Contexts
Jonathan Matusitz
Global Jihad in Muslim and non-Muslim Contexts
Jonathan Matusitz
Global Jihad
in Muslim
and non-Muslim
Contexts
Jonathan Matusitz
University of Central Florida
Orlando, FL, USA
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and in-
formation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied,
with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
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maps and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 Introduction 1
Global Appeal to Jihad 2
Quest for the Caliphate 3
Objectives of This Book 4
Importance of Understanding Global Jihad 5
Quick Facts on Jihad in Europe Today 6
Why Focusing on Ten Reasons for Global Jihad? 8
No Single Explanation for Jihad 9
Scholarship Sometimes Too Narrow 10
Case Study: 2019 Sri Lanka Easter Bombings 13
Reason 1: Political Motivations 13
Reason 2: Religious Motivations 14
Reason 3: Economic Conditions? 15
Comparison with Other Books 16
Summary of All Chapters 17
References 24
2 Jihad: A Description 29
Interpretation Within the Scope of This Book 30
The Ummah 30
Jihad for the Ummah 31
Jihad in History 32
Reasons for Early Jihad 33
v
vi CONTENTS
3 Radicalization 59
The “Slippery Slope” 60
Radical Milieu 61
Radical Ideologies 62
Islamic Radicalization 62
Four Stages of Islamic Radicalization 63
Jihadization 64
Who Is Susceptible to Islamic Radicalization? 65
Gender Considerations 65
Case Study I: Jihadization in French Prisons 67
Case Study II: Jihadization in U.S. Military Detention
Centers 68
References 74
13 Conclusion 315
A Global War Against Both Muslims and Non-Muslims 316
Diverse Forces of Convergence 317
Salafism as Fascism 319
Reformation in Islam: Two Opposing Directions 321
Global Divergence Theory (GDT) 322
More Than Just a “Clash of Civilizations” 323
A Paradigm Shift 324
Democracy vs. Salafist Islam 325
xii CONTENTS
Index 337
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
This book examines global jihad by describing ten reasons that have
fueled one of the most threatening crises that humankind has ever faced.
We cannot begin to deal with the problem until we acquire a better
understanding of its roots. Journalists, essayists, and academics alike have
facilely presented global jihad as rooted in the Muslim religion and its
holy scriptures, as originating in a Clash of Civilizations, as embedded in
the long-established memory of the Crusades and postcolonial politics,
or as driven by the Wahhabi hatred of the Infidels. It is actually all these
combined reasons—in addition to many other reasons—that contribute
to the problem. Consequently, this book fills this gap by describing, in
detail, ten reasons for global jihad today. Specifically, these reasons are
(1) radicalization, (2) group dynamics and socialization, (3) social
alienation, (4) religious motivations, (5) legal motivations, (6) polit-
ical motivations, (7) a Clash of Civilizations, (8) economic conditions,
(9) transformative learning, and (10) outbidding and internal rifts.
There is no more contentious and disquieting topic with respect to
Islam than that of jihad. For a multitude of reasons, studies of jihad have
been a sensitive matter.1 Muslim history is replete with occurrences of
violence, terrorism, and negation of human rights that were conducted
presumably to advance Islam, sharia (Islamic law), and the jihadist
doctrine. Significant portions of the Muslim world continue to witness
lawlessness, extreme violence, and jihadist activities.2 Until the September
11, 2001 attacks, the discipline of jihadism studies held a negligible posi-
tion within mainstream academic circles. Only a few renowned scholars3
were Muslims themselves. A case in point is the 2017 Sinai mosque attack,
whereby 305 Muslims were killed on November 24, 2017 after ISIS
bombed a Sufi mosque in al-Rawdah (a village in the Egyptian Sinai)
and opened fire on the terrified crowd.16 On April 28, 2019, Welt am
Sonntag —a German Sunday newspaper—published an article titled “18
Jahre Terror” (i.e., “18 Years of Terror”), citing over 31,000 jihadist
attacks since September 11, 2001 with a death toll of almost 150,000
people—most of whom were Muslims.17
This book integrates all ten reasons into a unified framework that
can help us better understand the principal forces and undercurrents
behind the spread of jihadism, especially by considering it into a longer-
term perspective. While this book surely cannot answer every question
on the matter, the objective is to open new lines of examination and
attempt to grasp the immeasurable complexity of present-day jihadist
violence. The goal is to answer essential questions such as “What is the
mission of jihad?” “Against whom is it to be waged?” “What lies behind
this obsession with killing non-Muslims and fellow Muslims alike?” and
“Under what circumstances is it implored?” The book is structured in the
following manner: this introductory chapter lays out the objectives of this
book, explains why ten reasons were selected to address the global jihad
problem, describes competitive works on the subject, provides defini-
tions of terrorism, and summarizes all the other 12 chapters. Each reason
(among ten) is described within its own chapter (i.e., Chapters 2–12).
The last chapter of this book is the conclusion of this conceptual analysis.
"Sain kiinni sen, Poli", huusi tämä ja huiteli kepillä kokkia selkään.
"Sain kiinni sen!"
"Viekää hän yöksi sisälle ja sitokaa hyvin kiinni, minä kyllä huomen
aamuna kuljetan hänet Wintonin poliisiasemalle. Se on vaarallinen
sälli."
Oli sateinen aamu kun taas palattiin Northfleetiin. Koko yö oli tullut
vettä taivaan täydeltä ja mustia pilviä kulki taukoamatta taivaalla.
Lastaus aiottiin alkaa vasta seuraavana aamuna. Päivällisen jälkeen
vaihtoivat Henry ja perämies merkitsevän katseen nähdessään
laivurin ottavan lakkinsa ja lähtevän maalle.
"Sitä juuri ajattelin", sanoi laivuri iloisena, kun sai kiinni sopivasta
valheesta.
"Onko rouva Gething kotona?" kysyi hän kun ovi aukeni ja joku
mies, pitäen kiinni ovenkahvasta, katsoi kysyvästi häneen. "Ei",
kuului vastaus.
"Ellei teillä ole mitään vastaan, astun hetkeksi sisään
odottamaan", sanoi laivuri, totellen silmänräpäyksellistä ajatustaan.
Annis mietti.
Pää sekaisin puristi hän tytön kättä, ajatellen lieneekö mennyt liian
pitkälle, ja sulettuaan oven, pisti hän kätensä kapteeni Gethingin
taskuihin ja kulki synkkäin ajatusten vaivaamina kohden laivaansa.
Ajatuksensa muodostuivat vähitellen kokonaisuudeksi — ja lopulta
alkoi hän puhua ääneensä. "Tyttö tiesi minut kadulla kohdatessaan
äitinsä olevan poissa", sanoi hän pitkäveteisesti, "samoin kuin
toisenkin olevan siellä. Olisi sentään luullut… Rakkauskiusottelua!"
huudahti hän yht'äkkiä katkerasti. "Ja tyttö tekeytyi minulle
rakastettavaksi, kiusotellakseen häntä. Mies on huomenna siellä
uudestaan, kun äiti on poissa."
"No niin", sanoi Sam. "Os… Osak… Miksi sitä taas kutsuitkaan,
Dick?"
"Osakeyhtiö."