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Public Discourses
About Homosexuality
and Religion in Europe
and Beyond
Edited by
Marco Derks · Mariecke van den Berg
Public Discourses About Homosexuality
and Religion in Europe and Beyond
 Marco Derks · Mariecke van den Berg
Editors

Public Discourses
About Homosexuality
and Religion
in Europe and Beyond
Editors
Marco Derks Mariecke van den Berg
The Hague, The Netherlands Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Amsterdam, The Netherlands

ISBN 978-3-030-56325-7 ISBN 978-3-030-56326-4 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56326-4

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Chapters 2 and 8 are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). For further details
see license information in the chapters.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
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This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
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 Acknowledgments

This volume is a result of the research project “Contested Privates: The

Oppositional Pairing of Religion and Homosexuality in Contemporary
Public Discourse in the Netherlands” (2013–2018), which was funded by
the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) under Grant
327-25-004. This project was a collaboration between the Amsterdam
Center for the Study of Lived Religion and the Utrecht Chair of Religion
and Gender, with Ruard Ganzevoort and Anne-Marie Korte as project
leaders. We would like to thank both for their enthusiasm in initiating
and developing this project, which encouraged us as co-investigators to
explore different perspectives, theories, cases, and approaches. We have
enjoyed the informal and dedicated way in which they have managed
this project, which created a congenial atmosphere for fruitful, in-depth
exchange, with two sessions of “Nerd Camp” in Hirschfeld, Germany,
as absolute highlights. Other co-investigators in this project were David
Bos as postdoctoral researcher and Srdjan Sremac as affiliated postdoctoral
researcher. We would like to thank them, too, for being part of this intel-
lectual journey. Although contracts have ended and project reports have
been written, research projects never really end thanks to the many spin-
offs and new questions they generate. On October 26–28, 2017, we orga-
nized the conference “Contested Privates: Religion and Homosexuality in
Public Discourse” in Utrecht; modified versions of five papers presented
at that conference have been included in this volume (Chapters 3, 5–7,
and 12).

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The chapter by Ad de Bruijne is a fully revised version of an earlier essay

in the Dutch journal Religie & Samenleving (2016); the chapter by Paul
Mepschen is a slightly revised version of an earlier chapter in National
Politics and Sexuality in Transregional Perspective: The Homophobic Argu-
ment, edited by Achim Rohde, Christina von Braun, and Stefanie Schüler-
Springorum (Routledge, 2018); and the chapter by Magda Dolińska-
Rydzek and Mariecke van den Berg is a slightly revised version of a chapter
in Religious and Sexual Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe: Gods,
Gays and Governments, edited by Srdjan Sremac and Ruard Ganzevoort
(Brill, 2015). We would like to thank the editors or publishers for granting
permission to reissue these publications.
This publication was made possible by financial support of the Nether-
lands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), the Van Coeverden
Adriani Stichting, and the Research Institute of Philosophy and Religious
Studies, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
We would like to thank Phil Getz and Amy Invernizzi at Palgrave
Macmillan for their dedicated and professional assistance and Edward
Jacobson (Vuurtoren Editing) for his excellent work proofreading the
entire manuscript.
 Contents

1 Public Discourses About Homosexuality and Religion

in Europe and Beyond: An Introduction 1
Marco Derks and Mariecke van den Berg

2 Hellish Evil, Heavenly Love: A Long-Term History

of Same-Sex Sexuality and Religion in the Netherlands 21
David J. Bos

3 Sexuality, Religion, and Education: (Re)Production

of Culturalist Discourse in Sexual Diversity Education
in the Netherlands 59
Koen Rutten and Dana Theewis

4 A Postprogressive Nation: Homophobia, Islam,

and the New Social Question in the Netherlands 81
Paul Mepschen

5 Culture Wars About Sexuality: A Theological Proposal

for Dialogue 105
Ad de Bruijne

vii
viii CONTENTS

6 Queering Judaism and Masculinist Inventions:

German Homonationalism Around 1900 125
Ulrike Brunotte

7 Antisemitism and Homophobia in Polish Liberal

Discourses: The Cultural Logic of Comparison
and a Proposal for Intersectionality 147
Roberto Kulpa

8 The Changing Relation Between Sexual and Gender

Minorities and Religion in Finland: Some
Observations in the Light of Postsecularity 171
Peter Nynäs, Eetu Kejonen, and Pieter Vullers

9 Debating Homosexuality in Italy: Plural Religious

Voices in the Public Sphere 197
Alberta Giorgi

10 The Ultraconservative Agenda Against Sexual Rights

in Spain: A Catholic Repertoire of Contention
to Reframe Public Concerns 219
Monica Cornejo-Valle and J. Ignacio Pichardo

11 The Catholic Opposition to Gender and Sexual

Equality in France: Reviving the Traditional
Condemnation of Homosexuality During the Debates
on Marriage for All? 241
Céline Béraud

12 Ecce Homo in Sweden and Serbia: State, Church,

and Blasphemy 261
Danica Igrutinović and Mariecke van den Berg

13 “Gays as a Weapon of the Antichrist”: Religious

Nationalism, Homosexuality, and the Antichrist
on the Russian Internet 285
Magda Dolińska-Rydzek and Mariecke van den Berg
 CONTENTS ix

14 The Empire Speaks Back: Zambian Responses

to European Union LGBTI Rights Diplomacy 309
Adriaan van Klinken and Emmanuel Phiri

15 Conservative Islamic Forces, Global LGBT Rights,

and Anticipatory Homophobia in Indonesia 325
Hendri Yulius Wijaya

Index 349
 Notes on Contributors

Céline Béraud is a professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences

Sociales, Paris, France. A sociologist of religion and gender, she has
written several journal articles, chapters, and books on these topics,
such as “ ‘Mariage pour tous’: The Same-Sex Marriage Controversy in
France,” in The Intimate: Polity and the Catholic Church, edited by Karel
Dobbelaere and Alfonso Pérez-Agote (Leuven University Press, 2015);
and Métamorphoses catholiques: Acteurs, enjeux et mobilisations depuis le
mariage pour tous (Éditions de la MSH 2015; with Philippe Portier).
David J. Bos is a lecturer in sociology at the Faculty of Social and
Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He
obtained an M.A. in Theology at Groningen University and a Ph.D. in
Sociology at the University of Amsterdam. His publications include an
anthology of interviews with and essays by Michel Foucault (Woelrat,
1985) and Servants of the Kingdom: Professionalization Among Ministers
of the Nineteenth-Century Netherlands Reformed Church (Brill, 2010). As
a postdoc, he conducted research on the social acceptance of homosexu-
ality (at The Netherlands Institute for Social Research) and on the oppo-
sitional pairing of religion and homosexuality in Dutch public discourse
(at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam). His other research interests include
the social history of “bad prayer” in the modern era.
Ulrike Brunotte is an associate professor at the Faculty of Arts and
Social Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands, adjunct professor

xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

at Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany, and chair of the international

research network “Gender in Antisemitism, Orientalism and Occiden-
talism.” Her publications, as author or editor, include Internal Outsiders,
Imagined Orientals: Antisemitism, Colonialism and Modern Construc-
tions of Jewish Identity (Ergon, 2017); Orientalism, Gender, and the Jews:
Literary and Artistic Transformations of European National Discourses
(De Gruyter, 2015); and Zwischen Eros und Krieg: Männerbund und
Ritual in der Moderne (Wagenbach, 2004). She is coeditor of the book
series “Diskurs Religion” (Ergon).
Monica Cornejo-Valle is an associate professor in the Department of
Social Anthropology and Social Psychology at the Complutense Univer-
sity of Madrid, Spain. She is director of the research group Anthro-
pology, Diversity, and Integration. She has authored and edited several
books (e.g., La Construcción Antropológica de la Religión, Ministerio
de Cultura, 2008) and has contributed to several edited volumes (e.g.,
Gender and Power in Contemporary Spirituality, edited by Anna Fedele
and Kim E. Knibbe [Routledge, 2014]). With Ignacio Pichardo, she has
coauthored “From the Pulpit to the Streets: Religious Activism against
Gender Issues in Spain,” in Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe, edited
by David Paternotte and Roman Kuhar (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017);
“Une décennie de croisade anti-genre en Espagne (2004–2014)” (Revue
Sextant, 2015); and “La ideología de género frente a los derechos sexuales
y reproductivos” (Cadernos Pagu, 2017).
Ad de Bruijne is professor of ethics and spirituality at the Theological
University Kampen, The Netherlands. His research concentrates on public
theology, the place of the church in post-Christendom societies, and
sexual ethics.
Marco Derks is an independent scholar and the executive secretary of
The Netherlands School for Advanced Studies in Theology and Reli-
gion (NOSTER). Having studied theology at the Theological University
Kampen (doctorandus ) and the University of Manchester (M.Phil.), he
received his Ph.D. from Utrecht University in 2019 with a dissertation
on Constructions of Homosexuality and Christian Religion in Contempo-
rary Public Discourses in the Netherlands. His main research interests are
queer theology/biblical studies, radical theologies, and the study of reli-
gion, (post)secularism, sexuality, and gender. He has published in, e.g.,
Biblical Interpretation, Culture and Religion, International Journal of
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Public Theology, Theology & Sexuality, and several edited volumes, and
he has coedited five special journal issues. He also serves as cochair of the
Gay Men and Religion Unit of the American Academy of Religion.
Magda Dolińska-Rydzek holds an M.A. in International Relations:
European Studies and a B.A. in International Relations: Eastern European
Studies. During her studies, Magda has not only published on themes
related to eschatology and apocalypticism, which were her main research
interests, but also participated in numerous conferences and seminars. In
November 2018, she defended her dissertation entitled The Antichrist in
Russia: Transformations of an Ideomyth at the Insitut für Slavistik, Justus-
Liebig Universität in Giessen, Germany, with the result summa cum laude.
Currently, Magda is working on a book based on her dissertation. She also
translates Russian contemporary literature into Polish.
Alberta Giorgi is an assistant professor of sociology at the University
of Bergamo, Italy. Her research focuses on religion and politics, and
on secularism, gender, and religion. She is a member of the interna-
tional research groups GSRL, CRAFT, and POLICREDOS, and she
is vice-coordinator of the research stream Political Sociology of the
European Sociological Association. She took part in the ERC-funded
project “GRASSROOTSMOBILISE: Directions in Religious Pluralism
in Europe.” Her publications include European Culture Wars and the
Italian Case: Which Side Are You On? (Routledge, 2016; with Luca
Ozzano); “Quand l’égalité des sexes est devenue ‘idéologie du genre’?
L’étrange cas du Portugal,” in Campagnes anti-genre en Europe: des mobil-
isations contre l‘égalité, edited by Roman Kuhar and David Paternotte
(Presses universitaires de Lyon, 2018); and “Introduction: Is Secularism
Bad for Women?” Social Compass 64, no. 4 (2017): 449–80 (with Kristin
Aune, Mia Lövheim, Teresa Toldy, Terhi Utriainen).
J. Ignacio Pichardo is an associate professor in the Social Anthropology
Department, vice-dean for international affairs at the Faculty of Social
Work, and co-director of the Anthropology, Diversity and Integration
Research Group at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. He
holds a Ph.D. in social anthropology from the Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid. His research projects focus on issues of kinship, family, sexu-
ality, gender, and interculturality. He has completed and published various
investigations into sexual diversity, lesbian women and human rights,
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

gay and lesbian families, and, particularly, the situation of gay, lesbian,
bisexual, and trans adolescents in educational environments.
Danica Igrutinović is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Media and
Communications, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia. After gradu-
ating from the Department of English Language and Literature at the
Philological Faculty, University of Belgrade in 2005, she received her
M.Phil. (2008) at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Novi
Sad, where she also defended her Ph.D. thesis Figures of the Material
and the Carnal in Shakespeare’s Tragedies and Problem Plays (2014). She
was a researcher in the regional project Representation of Gender Minority
Groups in Media: Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia funded by RRPP—
University of Fribourg. Her research interests focus on the intersection of
religion/philosophy and gender/sexuality/politics in literature and media
discourse.
Eetu Kejonen is an independent scholar. He received his Th.D. from
Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland, in 2014. In his dissertation, he
charted the teachings on homosexuality of two Finnish Lutheran revivalist
movements. In recent years, he has analyzed lived experiences of LGBTQ
members of certain Finnish revivalist movements and issues concerning
Finnish Lutheranism and LGBTQ persons. He has been a member of the
research project “Embodied Religion” (funded by University of Helsinki
& Academy of Finland, 2015–2017).
Roberto Kulpa is a lecturer in sociology at the University of Plymouth,
United Kingdom. He is interested in the transnational sexual politics,
nationhood, and nonnormative identities as interlocked with discourses
of geography and temporality, and Europeanization. He is also concerned
with the critical epistemologies of knowledge production in social and
cultural studies, especially in the contexts of the hegemonic geogra-
phies (“West and the Rest”) under neoliberal regimes of “instant truths.”
Recently, he has been reading into “friendship” and developing ques-
tions concerning well-being, resilience, and resistance, as individual and
group modi operandi during precarious times. He is the coeditor of De-
Centering Western Sexualities: Central and Eastern European Perspectives
(Ashgate, 2011) among other publications.
Paul Mepschen is an assistant professor of anthropology at University
College Utrecht (UCU), The Netherlands. A social anthropologist by
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

training, he has been working on questions relating to cultural poli-

tics, sexual practices, and subjectivity. Recently, he finished an ethno-
graphic study on culturalist representations and boundary construction
in Amsterdam. The project focuses on difference and the everyday poli-
tics of home. His interests include interconnections of racism, nation-
alism, and sexuality; secularism; Islamophobia; urban politics; populism
and neoliberalism.
Peter Nynäs is professor of comparative religion and dean of the Faculty
of Arts, Psychology, and Theology, at Åbo Akademi University, Turku,
Finland. He directed the Åbo Akademi University Centre of Excellence
in Research “Young adults and religion in a global perspective” (2015–
2019), a cross-cultural, comparative, and mixed-method study of religious
subjectivities and values in ten countries around the world. He previously
led the Centre of Excellence in Research “Post-secular Culture and a
Changing Religious Landscape in Finland” (2010–2014). He is the editor
of On the Outskirts of ‘the Church’: Diversities, Fluidities and New Spaces
of Religion in Finland (LIT Verlag, 2015; with Ruth Illman and Tuomas
Martikainen), Religion, Gender and Sexuality in Everyday Life (Ashgate,
2012; with Andrew Yip) and Transforming Otherness (Transaction 2011;
with Jason Finch).
Emmanuel Phiri is a lecturer in the Department of Philosophy and
Applied Ethics at the University of Zambia. He is a Canon Collins
Scholar and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. with the University of Stel-
lenbosch, South Africa. He is also a Beit-Trust Scholar and holds an
M.A. in biomedical and healthcare ethics from the University of Leeds,
United Kingdom. His Ph.D. research endeavors to give a defense of
the liberal public/private dichotomy with regards to sexual orientation,
using Zambia as a case study. His particular interests lie within polit-
ical liberalism and how this may be applied to tackle criminalization and
discrimination against non-heterosexual persons.
Koen Rutten holds a M.Sc. in regional and urban planning studies from
the London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom.
His research interests lie at the intersection of the fields of sociology,
geography, and queer studies: sexual nationalisms and the built envi-
ronment, reproduction of sexual regimes in the educational system, and
(neo)colonial practices in city making are among the topics currently
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

holding his attention. He currently works for the Town and Country
Planning Association in planning policy advocacy.
Dana Theewis is a researcher with an interest in the fields of gender
studies, nationalism(s), educational philosophy, and sociology. She holds
a research M.A. in gender studies from Utrecht University and currently
works for the municipality of Rotterdam in societal development policy.
Previously, she has been a teacher in French and English. She seeks to
combine her practical knowledge of classroom teaching with her academic
passion for educational philosophy.
Mariecke van den Berg is professor by special appointment of feminism
and Christianity at Radboud University Nijmegen and assistant professor
of interreligious studies at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Nether-
lands. She studied theology (B.A.) and gender studies (research M.A.) at
Utrecht University, and obtained a Ph.D. in public administration at the
University of Twente in 2014. Mariecke is assistant managing editor of
the international journal Religion & Gender and a board member of the
Dutch Society of Queer Theologians.
Adriaan van Klinken is professor of religion and African studies at the
University of Leeds, United Kingdom. He has published widely on the
role of religion in the politics of homosexuality in African societies and
is coeditor—with Ezra Chitando—of Public Religion and the Politics
of Homosexuality in Africa and of Christianity and Controversies about
Homosexuality in Contemporary Africa (Routledge, 2016). His recent
monograph is Kenyan, Christian, Queer: Religion, LGBT Activism and
Arts of Resistance in Africa (Penn State University Press, 2019).
Pieter Vullers is a transdisciplinary M.Sc. candidate at Stockholm
Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, studying social-ecological
resilience for sustainable development. He is currently working in collabo-
ration with the Dutch Research Institute for Transitions on transforming
biodiversity governance. He has worked as a research assistant at Åbo
Akademi University, where he among other duties planned, adminis-
tered, and conducted research interviews with NGOs and individual actors
working with issues related to gender and sexual minorities in Finland.
Hendri Yulius Wijaya graduated with a master’s degree in public policy
from Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singa-
pore. He also completed a research master’s degree in gender and cultural
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

studies at the University of Sydney. He has published numerous articles on

gender and sexuality politics in The Jakarta Post, Indonesia at Melbourne,
New Mandala, and Asian Correspondent, among others. He has recently
published his first monograph, Intimate Assemblages: The Politics of Queer
Identities and Sexualities in Indonesia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Number of texts mentioning sodom* or zodom* in a

sample of Dutch newspapers (Delpher, October 13, 2019),
1620–1869, per year 24
Fig. 2.2 Number of articles mentioning homofi* or homose* per
100 articles mentioning a particle (de, het or een) in a
sample of Dutch newspapers (Delpher, July 14, 2019) c.q.
in a Calvinist newspaper (RD; Digibron, July 14, 2019),
1950/1971–1994 39
Fig. 2.3 Number of articles mentioning religi*, godsdienst* or
kerk* c.q. sex*, seks*, homose* or homofi* per 100 articles
mentioning geaard* (excl. articles mentioning both) in
a sample of Dutch newspapers (Delpher, November 2,
2019), 1900–1994 46
Fig. 2.4 Number of articles mentioning jood*, joden* or antisem*
per 100 mentioning homofi* or homose* and vice versa (%,
left) and the discursive association between these terms
(χ 2 /n, right) in a sample of Dutch newspapers (Delpher,
December 21, 2019) 47
Fig. 2.5 Number of articles mentioning islam*, moham* or
moslim* per 100 mentioning homofi* or homose* and vice
versa (%, left) and the discursive association between these
terms (χ 2 /n, right) in a sample of Dutch newspapers
(Delpher, December 21, 2019) 49

xix
 CHAPTER 1

Public Discourses About Homosexuality

and Religion in Europe and Beyond:
An Introduction

Marco Derks and Mariecke van den Berg

There are three things many people do not discuss candidly with strangers
or mere acquaintances: God, sex, and politics. Such things they prefer to
keep private. But these can easily become topics of fierce debate, particu-
larly when taken together (cf. Bos and Derks 2016). In public discourses
in varying national contexts, for example, religion and homosexuality are
increasingly seen as each other’s antitheses. One can observe this in public
debates about same-sex marriage legislation, the 2017 Nashville State-
ment by the evangelical Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood,
the Vatican’s criticism of “gender ideology,” or Vladimir Putin’s ban on
“gay propaganda,” as well as in the repeatedly asserted claim that the
respective views of Western (white) citizens and (Muslim) immigrants
on (homo)sexuality and gender equality are essentially incompatible. In

M. Derks (B)
The Hague, The Netherlands
M. van den Berg
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

© The Author(s) 2020 1

M. Derks and M. van den Berg (eds.), Public Discourses About
Homosexuality and Religion in Europe and Beyond,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56326-4_1
2 M. DERKS AND M. VAN DEN BERG

this volume we suggest that constructions of religion and homosexuality

are strongly interrelated in polarized debates, which are driven by polit-
ical questions about national, cultural, religious, and sexual identities and
differences—and the recognition thereof. This volume investigates what
is at stake in these constructions of religion and homosexuality in public
discourses.
One of this volume’s hypotheses is that the “discursive struggle” over
religion and homosexuality is connected to shifting lines and practices
dividing what is understood as public and private in modern societies
(e.g., Bracke 2008; Woodhead 2008). While in the West religion was once
self-evidently present in the public domain, it is now often relegated to
the private sphere; homosexuality, on the other hand, once a “matter of
the bedroom,” has become more visible (Seidman et al. 1999). The social
and individual acceptance of homosexuality in Western countries has even
become a prerequisite for claims to citizenship and belonging (Puar 2007;
Dudink 2011; El-Tayeb 2012; Uitermark et al. 2014). This shift has
occurred over a relatively brief period of time, and as of yet little is known
about the role of specific national contexts and relevant institutions and
movements in how religion and homosexuality are being constructed.
A second hypothesis is that the “discursive struggle” is connected to
changing conceptualizations of “religion,” “non-religion,” and “secu-
larism.” Modern or secular notions of sexuality—emphasizing individual
choice, mutual consent, and the fulfillment of everyone’s needs—are
based on liberal imperatives such as freedom, equality, and autonomy. It
is often assumed that these differ fundamentally from traditional or reli-
gious notions of sexuality, which are believed to be based on conflicting
values (e.g., Scott 2013; Korte 2014). This volume seeks to question the
assumptions on which this representation of the current state of affairs
is based, the conventions of religion, secularism, (homo)sexuality, and
gender differences that are brought into play, and the social, cultural,
and ethnic differences between (groups of) people that this oppositional
pairing creates or affirms.
The examples of public debate mentioned above indicate that, particu-
larly in Europe, important shifts have taken place regarding the regulation
and representation of religion and homosexuality: over the last two
decades, same-sex marriage legislation has been introduced in many
European countries; more recently, the (originally American) Nashville
Statement has been mobilized across Europe; the Vatican believes that
 1 PUBLIC DISCOURSES ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY … 3

“gender ideology” has been developed in a Europe that denies its Chris-
tian identity; Putin considers “gay propaganda” a European threat to
Russian values; and debates about Islam and (homo)sexuality have been
transformed and intensified with the recent problematization of migrants
in Europe originally from Muslim-majority countries in North Africa and
the Middle East. These shifts indicate that the ways in which religion and
homosexuality are related in different contexts are strongly connected to
a struggle over the definition of a “proper” European identity. According
to the Pew Research Center (2018), “for most people living in the
former Eastern bloc, being Christian (whether Catholic or Orthodox) is
an important component of their national identity. In Western Europe,
by contrast, most people don’t feel that religion is a major part of their
national identity.” Moreover,

majorities favor same-sex marriage in every Western European country

surveyed, and nearly all of these countries have legalized the practice.
Public sentiment is very different in Central and Eastern Europe, where
majorities in nearly all countries surveyed oppose allowing gays and lesbians
to marry legally. None of the Central and Eastern European countries
surveyed allow same-sex marriages.

The many European states that have introduced same-sex marriage legis-
lation believe that they are setting an example for other nations or
continents, not only when it comes to secularization, as Grace Davie
has argued in Europe: The Exceptional Case (Davie 2002), but also
when it comes to homosexuality or sexual diversity (e.g., Ayoub 2016;
Slootmaeckers et al. 2016). This discourse of a “homoinclusive Europe”
(Kulpa 2014) can also be found in the dynamics of the European Union:
taking a “progressive” stance on homosexuality or sexual diversity and
having solidified this juridically has become an important criterion for the
possible admission of new member states, while it also has a critical func-
tion toward existing central and eastern European member states. This
volume, therefore, focuses on Europe, yet this focus is not only geograph-
ical but also conceptual. What interests us is how constructions of a
European identity function as objects of positive or negative identifica-
tion in public discourses about homosexuality and religion in a particular
context. For example, how do anti-Europeanist right-wing nationalists or
Euro-skeptic left-wing globalists relate to LGBTI emancipation agendas?
What is the discursive role of religion, particular religions, or secularism
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Historia de la
lengua y literatura castellana, Tomo 2
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
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Title: Historia de la lengua y literatura castellana, Tomo 2

Época de Carlos V

Author: Julio Cejador y Frauca

Release date: March 24, 2024 [eBook #73257]

Language: Spanish

Original publication: Madrid: Tip. de la "Rev. de arch., bibl. y

museos", 1915

Credits: Andrés V. Galia, Santiago, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIA

DE LA LENGUA Y LITERATURA CASTELLANA, TOMO 2 ***
 NOTAS DEL TRANSCRIPTOR

En la versión de texto sin formatear

las palabras en itálicas están
indicadas con _guiones bajos_; las
palabras en Versalitas se han
escrito en MAYÚSCULAS y las
palabras en negrita se indican =así=.
Además, una letra precedida por el
signo “^” indica que esa letra es un
superíndice. Por ejemplo ^e
representa la letra “e” en tamaño más
pequeño que la escritura del resto del
texto, y se encuentra ligeramente por
encima de la línea de escritura.

En algunas partes del texto original

se emplea el signo del antiguo et
latino. Para esta transcripción se ha
utilizado el 2 invertido (ᘔ) para su
representación.

Para el texto escrito por Cejador y

Frauca, el criterio utilizado para llevar
a cabo esta transcripción ha sido el
de respetar las reglas de la Real
Academia Española, vigentes cuando
la presente edición de la obra fue
publicada. El lector interesado puede
consultar el Mapa de Diccionarios
Académicos de la Real Academia
Española.

Para el texto citado de otros autores,

el criterio fue privilegiar que
coincidiese con el texto que figura en
la imagen utilizada para llevar a cabo
la transcripción. No se han
modificado evidentes errores
tipográficos ni de ortografía en esos
textos, estimando que la intención de
Cejador y Frauca fue de preservar la
grafía original. Se ha respetado la
ortografía usada en los epígrafes de
las láminas incluidas en la obra, a
pesar de que la misma no refleja las
normas actuales de la RAE. Es por
todo esto que se encontrarán
inconsistencias en la forma que están
escritos varios vocablos.

El transcriptor ha incluido al principio

un Índice y ha mudado la Lista de
láminas presentadas en la edición
impresa al principio de la obra.

El transcriptor ha modificado la
imagen de la cubierta original y la ha
puesto en el dominio público.
 HISTORIA DE LA LENGUA
Y
LITERATURA CASTELLANA
(ÉPOCA DE CARLOS V)

POR

D. JULIO CEJADOR Y FRAUCA

CATEDRÁTICO DE LENGUA Y LITERATURA
LATINAS
DE LA UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL
 MADRID
TIP. DE LA "REV. DE ARCH., BIBL. Y MUSEOS"
Olózaga, 1.—Teléfono 3.185.
1915
ES PROPIEDAD DEL AUTOR Y QUEDA HECHO
EL DEPÓSITO
QUE MARCA LA LEY
 AL INSIGNE HISPANÓFILO
MR. ARCHER MILTON HUNTINGTON

Señor:

Los escritores y eruditos españoles todos se honran

con vuestra cariñosa amistad, la literatura española
os adeuda beneficios sin cuento, el nombre español
brilla cada día con nuevas luces en vuestra nación
merced á las empresas que habéis acabado para
enaltecerlo, la España culta os cuenta entre sus hijos
predilectos, el Rey os tiene por amigo y familiar, vos
mismo sois tan apasionadamente aficionado y
devoto, no sólo de las letras, antigüedades é historia
de España, sino de cuanto á España atañe, que sólo
sentís no haber nacido español, teniendo tan
española el alma y en esta nuestra tierra todos
vuestros amores.

Permitid, pues, que el último de los eruditos de

España, aunque no lo es de los que os admiran y
quieren, os dirija este liviano trabajo sobre la
"Historia de la lengua y literatura castellana durante
la época de Carlos V", que tan hondamente conocéis
y cuyos mejores monumentos escritos guardáis
como el más preciado de vuestros tesoros.

Llamaros Mecenas de las letras españolas sería

llamaros bien poca cosa, para lo que de hecho
habéis sido, sois y habéis de ser respecto de ellas.
Harto lo tenemos sabido cuantos en ellas
entendemos; pero justo es no guardárnoslo
agradecidos, sin que lo pregonemos á cada paso por
todas partes para que el mundo entero lo sepa y os
lo reconozca debidamente. Interesamos en ello los
españoles, porque ensalzar vuestras obras es
ensalzar á nuestra misma patria.

Como disfrutaseis en vuestra tierra de la magnífica

biblioteca de libros españoles allegada por el
benemérito hispanista Ticknor, á quien debe la
literatura española la primera y mejor historia que
tenemos, os tomó tan desapoderada afición por
nuestras letras, que no descansasteis hasta venir á
España, y, enamorado de la vieja epopeya de
Castilla, os entregasteis de lleno al estudio del añejo
pergamino que del "Cantar de Mio Cid" guardaba en
cofrecito de hierro, como oro en paño, don Alejandro
Pidal. Planeasteis los tres magníficos tomos de la
obra, con la edición crítica, la versión inglesa,
variantes del texto y comentarios; recorristeis paso á
paso los que el héroe castellano hubo de dar con
sus mesnadas; paseasteis la tierra, le bebisteis el
espíritu, sacasteis costosas fotografías y disteis al
cabo á la estampa el maravilloso monumento de
vuestra obra, digna de parearse con la que Alejandro
ordenó sobre la epopeya homérica.

Erais además arqueólogo, porque no hay campo de

la cultura que á vuestra alteza de pensamientos esté
vedado, y os fuisteis á Itálica, arrendasteis los
terrenos particulares arrendables de Santiponce,
pagando más que si los hubieseis comprado, y
ordenasteis las excavaciones á todo coste.
Desenterrados magníficos tesoros, las piezas
mayores regalásteislas al Museo Arqueológico de
Sevilla; con lo demás enriquecisteis el Museo que á
las antigüedades españolas levantabais en Nueva
York, así como en la Biblioteca hispánica, que
juntamente fundabais, habíais recogido ya hasta
18.000 volúmenes, comprados parte de la biblioteca
de Ticknor en Boston, parte en España, pagando
aquí y allá á peso de oro, libro por libro, cuanto de
más raro y precioso sabía rebuscar el ansia que os
aquejaba de allegar cosas españolas.
Dos años mortales luchasteis con el Marqués de
Jerez de los Caballeros por que os vendiese su
inestimable biblioteca de 22.000 volúmenes, la flor y
nata de los más exquisitos y rebuscados libros de la
antigua España. Cuando al cabo vencisteis, y,
pagados un millón de francos, sacasteis de España
tamaño tesoro literario, con lágrimas del corazón
lloraron los eruditos españoles aquel, al parecer,
triste y fatal acontecimiento. Los pergaminos de
nuestra antigua hidalguía salían de la casa solariega,
dejábannos sin los últimos testigos que acreditasen
nuestras glorias pasadas. Pero bien pronto
enjugaron los eruditos sus lágrimas, y no sólo se
consolaron, sino que se congratularon y á buena
estrella para la cultura española atribuyeron el que
hubieran pasado á tales manos, que sabrían
guardarlos mejor que no los hubiéramos nosotros
sabido guardar.

Habíais comprado en el Andubon Park de Nueva

York, donde cada día se extiende lo más granado de
aquella gran ciudad, terrenos bastantes para labrar,
como labrasteis en ellos, el magnífico palacio del
"Museo y Biblioteca hispana", verdadero templo del
arte y del saber español, obra única en el mundo,
como no la hay consagrada al arte y saber de ningún
otro pueblo.
No contento con esto, comenzasteis á devolvernos
los mejores libros, rica y fielmente reproducidos,
regalando ejemplares á los centros de cultura y á
cuantos particulares eruditos pudieran
aprovecharlos, como la reproducción de las dos
primeras ediciones de la primera parte del "Quijote",
hechas por Cuesta en 1605, y la de la segunda de
1615: la reproducción del famoso manuscrito del
"Abecedarium", de Hernando Colón, índice de la
antigua biblioteca colombina, y tantas y tantas otras
reproducciones que allanan las antes insuperables
dificultades que ofrecía el estudio de nuestra
literatura.

¿Qué más? No hay libro, no hay obra de arte, no hay

papel, pergamino, lienzo, tabla ó cascote que
atestigüe el menor pedazo de nuestra antigua
cintura, que no lo apreciéis como un inapreciable
pedazo del alma española, que tan al alma propia os
llega, y no derrochéis vuestros bien empleados
caudales para haceros con ello, depositándolo en
aquel templo de las glorias españolas que habéis
levantado en el corazón de la capital de la más rica y
poderosa de las naciones. Exposiciones de pinturas
españolas, compra de cuadros, todo lo hacéis y no
os cansáis de glorificar con ello á España.
Y para que la obra fuese duradera, fundasteis allí en
1914 "The Hispanic Society of America", la Sociedad
hispana de América, que os nombró su Presidente,
la cual lleva y llevará adelante lo emprendido, será
perpetua vocera del nombre español, guardará los
tesoros de la española cultura y facilitará todo linaje
de estudios y trabajos sobre cosas españolas.

Sólo sentís no haber nacido en España; pero sois

tan español de alma, de sentimientos, de cariños,
como el mejor de los españoles. Pasa tan de la raya
este vuestro encariñamiento por España y por todos
sus hijos, que con el fin de regalarles y hacerles á
todos gustosa la estancia en aquel Palacio que les
habéis aparejado, siendo protestante os ocurrió la
peregrina idea de levantar un templo católico, y lo
habéis levantado, luciendo en él una hermosa
lámpara de bronce, regalo de S. M. Alfonso XIII.

Justamente nuestro augusto Monarca os trata de

amigo y os asienta á su mesa particular con su
esposa la Majestad de nuestra augusta Reina, así
como á vuestra propia esposa, cuando á Madrid os
acompaña.

Éstas son, señor, sin ponderaciones y llanamente

recordadas, las cosas que habéis emprendido y
acabado para honra de España. Éste el amor
entrañable, el cariño de hijo, que á España tenéis.

Permitid que vuestro claro nombre venga á honrar

este mi trabajo, dirigiéndooslo como escasa muestra
de la admiración y amistad que os tiene

Julio Cejador.
 ÍNDICE

PÁG.

Dedicatoria
á Archer
Milton
Huntington v
Bibliografía
de la
historia del
teatro 1
Época de
Carlos V. El
Renacimiento
Clásico y el
Eramismo
la lírica
y la prosa 5
Índice por 273
año de
autores y
obras
anónimas
COLOCACIÓN DE LAS LÁMINAS

PÁG.

Gonzalo
Hernández
de Oviedo 44
Dr. Andrés
Laguna 118
El M. Fray
Luis de
Granada 122
El
magnífico
cavallero
Pero Mexía 154
Martín de
Azpilcueta 164
Gutierre
de Cetina 168
Don 174