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Edited by
Hugues Séraphin
Tatiana Gladkikh
Tan Vo Thanh

Overtourism
Causes, Implications
and Solutions
Overtourism
 Hugues Séraphin
Tatiana Gladkikh • Tan Vo Thanh
Editors

Overtourism
Causes, Implications and Solutions
Editors
Hugues Séraphin Tatiana Gladkikh
Business School AFG College
University of Winchester University of Aberdeen
Winchester, UK Doha, Qatar

Tan Vo Thanh
Excelia Group
La Rochelle Business School
La Rochelle, France

ISBN 978-3-030-42457-2    ISBN 978-3-030-42458-9 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42458-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

As editors of this book, we would like to thank all the contributors for
their hard work and particularly for their quick turn-around of chapters.
We would like to thank Palgrave Macmillan for supporting our idea to
publish this topical manuscript and for their guidance throughout the
journey. The global phenomenon of overtourism has been addressed in
this book from different national and cultural angles, and the book’s
identity has been shaped by the editors working across national boundar-
ies who are based in France, Qatar and the UK.
A massive Thank You to Hugues from Tatiana and Tan for his vision,
energy and leadership. You have been the nucleolus in this project.
Finally, as the lead co-editor for this book, I would like to say a big
thank you to Tatiana and Tan (co-editors) for their efficiency. I have
edited many books, this one has been the easiest one to edit. Having a
great team makes a huge difference.

v
 Contents

I ntroduction  1
Hugues Séraphin, Tatiana Gladkikh, and Tan Vo Thanh

Part I Reframing Overtourism   9


Overtourism: Definitions, Enablers, Impacts and Managerial
Challenges 11
Serena Volo


Overtourism in Rural Areas 27
Richard W. Butler


Between Overtourism and Under-Tourism: Impacts,
Implications, and Probable Solutions 45
Vanessa Gaitree Gowreesunkar and Tan Vo Thanh


The Construction of ‘Overtourism’: The Case of UK Media
Coverage of Barcelona’s 2017 Tourism Protests and Their
Aftermath 69
Jim Butcher

vii
viii Contents


Tourist Tracking Techniques as a Tool to Understand and
Manage Tourism Flows 89
Hugo Padrón-Ávila and Raúl Hernández-Martín


Case Study 1: Overtourism in Valletta—Reality or Myth?107
John Ebejer

Part II Stakeholders and Their Initiatives to Tackle

Overtourism and Related Perverse Impacts 129


Tackling Overtourism and Related Perverse Impacts Using
DMO Website as a Tool of Social Innovation131
Mustafeed Zaman, Tan Vo Thanh, and Laurent Botti


Overtourism: How the International Organisations Are
Seeing It?149
Robert Lanquar


Overtourism at Heritage and Cultural Sites169
Nichole C. Hugo


Overtourism: Creative Solutions by Creative Residents187
Ana Cláudia Campos, Sofia Almeida, and Noel Scott


Case Study 2: Broadly Engaging with Interaction Between
Visitors and Locals—Towards Understanding Tourismphobia
and Anti-tourism Movements207
Hugues Séraphin, Fevronia Christodoulidi, and Tatiana Gladkikh


Case Study 3: “Overtourism” on Scotland’s North Coast 500?
Issues and Potential Solutions229
Andy Ruck
 Contents ix


Case Study 4: Overtourism—The Case of the Palace
of Versailles249
Nicolas Charlet and Frédéric Dosquet


Case Study 5: A Paradox of the UNESCO “World Heritage”
Label? The Case of the Way of St James of Compostela
in France267
Frédéric Dosquet, Thierry Lorey, Stéphane Bourliataux-Lajoinie, and
Josep Lluís del Olmo Arriaga

Part III Overtourism and Tourism Education 285


ABC of Overtourism Education287
Monyq G. K. San Tropez


PRME: The Way Forward to Deal with Overtourism and
Related Perverse Impacts319
Nimit Chowdhary, Pinaz Tiwari, and Snigdha Kainthola


Education as a Strategy to Tackle Over Tourism for
Overtourism and Inclusive Sustainability in the Twenty-First
Century341
Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Babu P. George


Education as a Way to Tackle Overtourism: The Application of
the Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME)361
Kadir Çakar


Case Study 6: Mainstreaming Overtourism Education for
Sustainable Behavioral Change in Kenya’s Tourism Industry
Context383
Shem Wambugu Maingi
x Contents


Case Study 7: Principles of Responsible Management
Education as a Tool to Tackle Overtourism—Potentials and
Limitations for the University of Catania401
Hugues Séraphin, Marco Platania, Manuela Pilato, and Tatiana
Gladkikh

Part IV Conclusion 423

Conclusion425
Hugues Séraphin, Tatiana Gladkikh, and Tan Vo Thanh

Index 429
 Notes on Contributors

Sofia Almeida holds a PhD in Tourism and a degree in Business

Communication. She is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Tourism
and Hospitality (FTH), Universidade Europeia, Portugal. Her research
focuses on the areas of hotel management, networks, coopetition, hotel
marketing consortia, hotel branding and digital marketing. Almeida is a
research member of Centro de Estudos Geográficos—(Territur)
Universidade Lisboa.
Laurent Botti is an Associate Professor at “Institut d’Administration des
Entreprises de l’Université de Perpignan Via Domitia” (UPVD) and a
researcher at the “Centre de Recherche sur les Sociétés et Environnements
Méditerranéens” (CRESEM, EA 7397) in France. Laurent specialises in
destination management and performance analysis of tourism decision
making units (e.g. DMOs, hotels, etc.) using Multi-Criteria Decision
Analysis (MCDA) methods.
Stéphane Bourliataux-Lajoinie holds a PhD in marketing from Paris
Dauphine University (France). He is an Assistant Professor at
Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM-Paris) and a member
of Lirsa laboratory (Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Recherches En
Sciences De L’action). He has published more than fifty contributions
mainly in digital consumer behaviour in tourism, on privacy and track-
ing data and digital advertising. He is now working on overtourism and
xi
xii Notes on Contributors

m-services impacts on tourist satisfaction. Member of French scientist

societies, he was a Visiting Professor at Universidade do Estado do Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil), International Management Institute in Kolkata (India),
University Saint Joseph de Beirut (Lebanon) and Laval University
(Canada).
Jim Butcher is a Reader at Canterbury Christ Church University. He is
a human geographer specialising in writing about moral, political and
cultural claims made for various types of leisure travel. He has written a
number of books around these themes, published by Routledge: The
Moralisation of Tourism; Tourism, NGOs and Development, and Volunteer
Tourism: The Lifestyle Politics of International Development (co-written
with Pete Smith). He also writes occasionally for popular publications
such as The Times Higher and Spikedonline on diverse tourism and non-
tourism related themes. Jim blogs at http://politicsoftourism.blogspot.
com/ and tweets at @jimbutcher2
Richard W. Butler is Emeritus Professor at Strathclyde University,
Glasgow, having taught also at the University of Western Ontario, the
University of Surrey, James Cook University (Australia), CISET (Venice)
and NHTV University (Breda, Holland). Trained as a geographer, he is a
past president of the International Academy for the Study of Tourism and
of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies. In 2016 he was named
UNWTO Ulysses Laureate. He has been advisor to UNWTO and
Canadian, Australian and UK governments. He has published over one
hundred articles and 20 books on tourism, the latest, with Rachel Dodds,
Overtourism Issues Realities and Solutions (2019); others include Tourism
and Resilience (2017) and with Wantanee Suntikul, Tourism and Religion
(2018), Tourism and Political Change (2017) and Tourism and War (2013).
His main research interests are tourism development cycles and tourism
on islands and in remote areas. He is a lapsed bird-watcher and poor golfer.
Kadir Çakar is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty
of Tourism at Mardin Artuklu University. His PhD examined the moti-
vations and experiences of travellers visiting Gallipoli Peninsula within
the context of dark tourism. His main research areas include Dark
Tourism, Tourist Destination Governance, Tourism Education,
 Notes on Contributors xiii

Information Communication Technologies, Destination Marketing and

Management, Crisis Management and Sustainable Tourism.
Ana Cláudia Campos holds a PhD in Tourism, an MA in Tourism
Management and a BA in Philosophy. She is an assistant professor at the
Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality (FTH), Universidade Europeia,
Portugal. Her research interests are in tourism marketing, tourism experi-
ence, tourist psychology and co-creation. She is a member of the Research
Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being (CinTurs), University
of Algarve.
Nicolas Charlet holds a PhD in Art History and is a former scholar and
resident at the Villa Medicis (Academy of France in Rome). Nicolas is
Professor of Management of Creativity at the ESC Pau Business School
and the author of fifteen books.
Nimit Chowdhary is a Professor of Tourism. He heads the Department
of Tourism and Hospitality Management at Jamia Millia Islamia, a top
ranked university in India. He has more than 25 years of teaching, train-
ing, consulting and research experience. He has authored nine books,
published around 115 papers and chapters. He has supervised 15 PhDs.
His research interests are in tourism marketing, destination management,
rural tourism and tour guiding and leadership. He has significant experi-
ence of teaching in different regions of India and around the world. He
has successfully administered academic programmes and institutions.
Fevronia Christodoulidi is a Senior Lecturer in Counselling and
Psychotherapy at the University of East London. She is a BACP accred-
ited counsellor/psychotherapist, an experienced clinical supervisor and
qualitative researcher. She has a special interest in cross-cultural commu-
nication, inter-cultural and inter-racial relationships and models towards
working sensitively with diversity and difference. She has conducted
research on the experience of moving between cultures, exploring issues
underpinning biculturalism and bilingualism and understanding identity
shifts resulting from cross-cultural encounters and dynamics related to
multi-cultural settings. She has an ongoing interest in the psychology of
space and the perceptions around home and belonging. She participates
xiv Notes on Contributors

in interdisciplinary research groups and consults in the field of integrative

counselling and pluralistic practice.
Josep Lluís del Olmo Arriaga holds a PhD in Marketing and Market
Research from Abat Oliba CEU University (Barcelona, Spain); he is a
graduate in Advertising and Public Relations and an Associate Professor
at the Department of Economics and Business at Abat Oliba CEU
University. He has a six-year research experience recognised by the
Spanish National Agency for Quality and Accreditation Assessment
(ANECA). He lectures on sectoral marketing and takes part in several
master’s degrees at Abat Oliba CEU University. He is a speaker at con-
gresses and educational seminars and has 24 publications in academic
journals. He is the author of seven specialised books and 13 book chap-
ters. He has been on several research visits at the Université François
Rabelais—Faculté de Droit, Economie et Sciences Sociales in Tours
(France).
Frédéric Dosquet obtained his PhD in marketing from Pau University
(France). Professor at ESC PAU Business School, he has published more
than forty contributions mainly in tourism, public management and
political marketing. He is a visiting professor at University Saint Joseph
de Beirut (Lebanon) and Lagune University (Ivory coast); he is a colum-
nist in the French newspapers, radios and TV.
John Ebejer is an architect and urban planner with a special interest in
tourism and urban heritage. He lectures at the University of Malta. He
has published in academic journals and gave presentations in academic
and industry conferences. His most recent peer reviewed work is: Ebejer,
J. (2018) Urban heritage and cultural tourism development: a case study
of Valletta’s role in Malta’s tourism. Journal of Tourism and Cultural
Change, pp. 1–15. Dr. Ebejer holds a Masters Degree in Urban Planning
from the University of Sheffield and a Doctorate in Tourism from the
University of Westminster. He is a Fellow of the Higher Education
Academy. Before taking up academia full time, he worked professionally
as an urban planner and tourism consultant for over two decades. He was
engaged in a wide range of urban planning projects and initiatives in
Malta, including several which also involved tourism. He identified proj-
 Notes on Contributors xv

ect proposals and coordinated numerous major projects including the

rehabilitation of a historic fort and the replenishment of a sandy beach.
Babu P. George achieved his PhD in Management Studies from Goa
University, Doctor of Business Administration from Swiss Management
Center University, Master of Tourism Administration from Pondicherry
University, and BSc in Electronics from Mahatma Gandhi University.
George has more than fifteen years of advanced business research, univer-
sity teaching and administrative service experience in the US and inter-
nationally. Before joining Fort Hays State University in 2015, Dr. George
worked for Swiss Management Center University, University of Liverpool,
University of Nevada Las Vegas, Alaska Pacific University, and the
University of Southern Mississippi, among others. He is a visiting profes-
sor at various higher education institutions around the world. He is the
editor of International Journal of Qualitative Research in Services. Until
recently he was the managing editor of Journal of Tourism. He has more
than a hundred peer reviewed and well-cited research publications. He
has authored and edited more than seven books. He is a passionate
observer of the complex dynamics of creative destruction that makes idea
innovations possible. In his free time, he offers free consulting for the
budding grassroots level entrepreneurs.
Tatiana Gladkikh MCIL SFHEA is a Senior Lecturer in Business
Management at AFG College with the University of Aberdeen, Qatar.
She joined academia after 11 years of management, academic and consul-
tancy roles at the Ministry of International Relations of the Saratov
Region Government and Volga Region Academy for Civil Service in
Russia, and as an independent Intercultural Business Communication
and HE consultant in the UK. Tatiana’s research interests are focused on
globalisation and emergence of global identity in the context of interna-
tional business. She is the author of The International Business Environment
and National Identity published by Routledge in 2018. Tatiana holds a
Ph.D. in Russian and East European Studies from the University of
Birmingham. She is a member of the Chartered Institute of Linguists and
a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, UK. An enthusiastic
advocate of ecotourism, Tatiana has climbed 89 Munros (mountains
higher than 3000 ft) in the Scottish Highlands, including the Inaccessible
xvi Notes on Contributors

Pinnacle on The Isle of Skye and the Fisherfields, a range of six Munros
in the Heart of the Fisherfield Forest, one of the wildest places in Scotland.
Vanessa Gaitree Gowreesunkar is a Senior Lecturer at the University of
Africa Toru Orua (Bayelsa State, Nigeria—www.uat.edu.ng) and heads
the Department of Hospitality and Tourism. She has over a decade of
teaching experience in a number of international universities/educational
institutions and has solicited in various global conferences and forums as
a panellist, speaker, keynote speaker and moderator. Vanessa is an edito-
rial board member of several academic journals and has published a num-
ber of articles in international peer refereed journals. From a
community-based perspective, Vanessa assumes the role of President at
the African Network for Policy, Research and Advocacy for Sustainability
(ANPRAS), a regional Non-Governmental Organisation affiliated with
the African Union (AU). Vanessa also serves as National Coordinator for
WAELE (Women Advancement for Economic and Leadership
Empowerment—www.waelearcelfa.org), an international organisation
which caters for the cause of women, widows and young girls. She
assumes the role of Executive Assistant for the Woman and Gender clus-
ter of AU Economic and Social Council (ECOSOCC). Her research
interests are island tourism, post conflict post disaster and post-colonial
destinations, tourism management and marketing, informal tourism
economy, women entrepreneurship, and sustainable tourism.
Raúl Hernández-Martín is a Professor at the Department of Applied
Economics and Quantitative Methods of Universidad de La Laguna
(Spain). He is the Head of the Chair in Tourism of Universidad de La
Laguna and a member of the International Network on Regional
Economics, Mobility and Tourism (INRouTe). He frequently partici-
pates in the activities of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
His work focuses on analysing the economic impact of tourism and creat-
ing methodologies to gather tourism data at a local scale. His research
interests are Tourism Economics, Tourism Sustainability, Econometrics
and Statistic.
Nichole C. Hugo is an Assistant Professor at Eastern Illinois University
in the Hospitality and Tourism Department. She holds a PhD in
 Notes on Contributors xvii

Community Resources and Development, an MS in Tourism and

Recreation Management, and a BS in Tourism Development and
Management from Arizona State University, USA. Her research and
teaching focuse on international tourism management, marketing devel-
oping countries, and sustainable practices in the tourism industry.
Previous publications include research on sustainable practices in the bed
and breakfast industry, the impact of the Zika virus on tourism in Jamaica,
and the role of culture and heritage in community festivals.
Snigdha Kainthola is a research scholar of tourism in Jamia Millia
Islamia, a top ranked university in India. She is a graduate in history and
has completed her Master’s in Business Administration (Tourism) with
specialisation in Travel and Tourism. She has worked in the tourism
industry for two years as a tour guide and is experienced in handling
tourist groups, particularly solo women travelling outside India. Her
research interests are management, tourism marketing, spiritual and
experiential tourism.
Maximiliano E. Korstanje is a leading global cultural theorist special-
izing in terrorism, mobilities and tourism. Korstanje serves as a Senior
Researcher at the University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, (eco-
nomics department) and as an Editor in Chief of International Journal of
Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospitality (University of Palermo,
Argentina). He has acted as a visiting professor at CERS (Centre for
Ethnicity and Racism Studies) at the University of Leeds (United
Kingdom), TIDES in the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canarias
(Spain) and the University of La Habana (Cuba). In 2016, he was
included as Scientific Editor for Studies and Perspective in Tourism
(CIET) and as an honorary member of the Scientific Council of Research
and Investigation hosted by UDET (University of Tourist Specialities,
Quito Ecuador). With more than 1200 publications and 30 books,
Korstanje is an editor of the Book Series Advances in Hospitality, Tourism
and Service Industries (IGI Global, US) and Tourism Security-Safety and
Post Conflict Destinations (Emerald Group Publishing, UK). He is elected
as a foreign faculty member of the Mexican Academy of Tourism Research
(Mexico) as well as a foreign member of The Tourism Crisis Management
Institute (University of Florida, US). In 2018, his biography was selected
xviii Notes on Contributors

to be part of the roster of Alfred Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement

Award (Marquis Who’s Who). Korstanje has been awarded as Editor in
Chief Emeritus for the International Journal of Cyber-warfare and
Terrorism. Currently he works as an active advisor and reviewer of differ-
ent editorial projects at the leading academic publishers such as Elsevier,
Routledge, Emerald Group Publishing, Palgrave Macmillan, Cambridge
Scholar Publishing, Edward Elgar, CABI, Nova Science Publishers and
IGI global among others. His latest book is The Challenges of Democracy
in the War on Terror (Routledge UK).
Robert Lanquar is Doctor in “Economic and Law of Tourism”,
University Aix-Marseille III (France) and has a Ph.D. in “Recreation
Resources Organizational Development”, Texas A&M University (USA).
He is also a doctoral candidate of the University of Cordoba, where he
lives, with a Dissertation on the Future of Tourism. A former UNWTO
civil servant, he has been an expert of several international organizations:
UNWTO, UNEP, UN Environment, the World Bank, the European
Commission, and the Commonwealth. He was the tourism coordinator
of the Blue Plan for the Mediterranean. He published around 400 articles
and reports, as well as 17 books, mainly in the “Que sais-je?” collection
of the Presses Universitaires de France. He has taught in France, Canada,
Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Algeria and Mexico as well as in other
European and African countries. He is still teaching at the Excelia Group
La Rochelle.
Thierry Lorey is a Professor at Kedge Business School Bordeaux. He
obtained his doctorate from the University of Toulouse 1 Capitole in
2012. In addition to his research into the marketing of wine, culture and
spirituality, which has been published in many leading French and inter-
national journals, he has studied various aspects of the Camino de
Santiago, most notably with respect to tourism and territorial and public
management issues. Much of this work has been carried out in collabora-
tion with Spanish universities. He is also a member of the association El
Centro de Documentación e Investigación del Camino de Santiago.
Shem Wambugu Maingi is a Lecturer in the Department of Tourism
Management at Kenyatta University in Kenya. He has been working in
 Notes on Contributors xix

the University for the last six (6) years as both a tutorial fellow and lec-
turer. He is currently pursuing research interests towards postdoctoral
studies in Sustainable Tourism and Events Development in African con-
texts. Dr Maingi completed his PhD at Kenyatta University in 2014,
Master’s Degree at Moi University in 2007 and an Undergraduate Degree
at the University of Nairobi in 2002. His research interests include sus-
tainable tourism and events management, marketing and development.
Dr Shem Maingi has published nine articles in refereed journals interna-
tionally, one of which received a joint-award as the article of the year
2011. He is committed to research and academic development in
East Africa.
Hugo Padrón-Ávila is currently hired as researcher at the Department
of Applied Economics and Quantitative Methods of Universidad de La
Laguna (Spain). He is a PhD candidate working on the conceptualization
and identification of points of interest and tourists’ itineraries. He is
member of the Chair in Tourism of Universidad de La Laguna and the
observatory of tourism renovation ReinvenTUR. His work focuses on
tracking tourists to understand how they behave within destinations,
identifying the places visited and creating statistics based on these visits.
His research interests are Tourism Economics, Tourism Geography,
Tracking and Econometrics.
Manuela Pilato holds a PhD in Agrifood Business. She has been work-
ing in research and management positions in different European univer-
sities in the Agribusiness and EU policy sector, including the University
of Catania (Italy), the London School of Economics and Political Science
(LSE) and the University of Bucharest (Romania). Since 2014, she has
been working at the University of Winchester within the Faculty of
Business, Law and Sport, expanding her research and teaching interests
in Responsible Management, Sustainable Development and Global
Issues. In 2017 she also joined the Politics and Society team in the Faculty
of Humanities and Social Sciences as a Senior Lecturer in Politics. She
has extensive research experience testified by participation in conferences,
international networks, publications in peer-reviewed journals and edited
volumes in the field of Agribusiness and Environmental and
Sustainability issues.
xx Notes on Contributors

Marco Platania is a Lecturer in Applied Economics at the University of

Catania (Italy) and a Visiting Research Fellow at the University of
Winchester (UK). His research interests are Tourism Economics, Applied
Economics and Food Economics. He received his Ph.D. in Agricultural
Economics at the University of Catania. He is reviewer for different aca-
demic journals such as Italian Journal of Applied Statistics; British Journal
of Economics, Current Issue in Tourism; Sustainability; Urban Science,
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health;
Environmental Science and Pollution Research. He published more than 80
contributions in scientific journals, proceedings and books.
Andy Ruck is a Research Associate at the Centre for Mountain Studies
within the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) in Perth,
Scotland. He recently completed a PhD in the field of environmental
education at the University of Stirling, and has previous experience of
research relating to land use in the Scottish Highlands, including a
research project investigating environmental volunteering within the
Cairngorms National Park. Andy teaches on the MSc Sustainable
Mountain Development within the Centre for Mountain Studies, includ-
ing on the subject of recreation relating to “wild land” in the Highlands.
He has been a frequent participant in outdoor activities in the Highlands
for the past fifteen years, including in many of the areas on what is now
the North Coast 500.
Monyq G. K. San Tropez is a researcher and consultant in Sustainable
Tourism at La Trobe University, Melbourne. Her research interests
include overtourism, circular economy in tourism, tourism impacts and
environmentally sustainable tourism. She is a committee member for
Earthcare, helping manage overtourism issues by educating tourists about
respectful behaviour around little penguins (Eudyptula minor) on the
iconic St Kilda Pier in Melbourne. She currently investigates whether
circular economic practices in Cuba, such as unique repurposing and
repairing activities, may be promoted as niche tourism products for tour-
ists who are inclined to learn during their travels about how to be more
environmentally sustainable. She presented her research at the World
Circular Economy Forum (Finland), 10th International Conference on
Sustainable Niche Tourism (Vietnam) and the CAUTHE Conference on
 Notes on Contributors xxi

Sustainable Tourism (Australia). She has been working as a consultant

helping charities and businesses in Australia’s tourism industry to adopt
more environmentally sustainable practices.
Noel Scott is Professor of Tourism Management in the Sustainability
Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Scott has
worked as a tourism researcher for 24 years and has led research and con-
sulting projects in sustainable tourism training, tourism branding, desti-
nation management, tourism experience design and China tourism. His
recent focus is on the use of cognitive psychology theory and psycho-
physiological methods to understand tourist experiences. He has over
300 academic articles published including 16 books. He is a Fellow of the
Council of Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Educators,
and a member of the International Association of China Tourism
Scholars.
Hugues Séraphin is a Senior Lecturer in Tourism and Event Management
Studies at the University of Winchester. His research focuses on tourism
development in post-colonial, post-conflict and post-disaster destina-
tions; children in the tourism industry; overtourism; and the applications
of ambidextrous management/organisational ambidexterity to tourism
(and related subjects). Dr Hugues Séraphin has published in many inter-
national journals in tourism such as International Journal of Culture,
Tourism and Hospitality Research; Current Issues in Tourism; Journal of
Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events; Journal of Business Research;
Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes; Journal of Destination
Marketing & Management; Tourism Analysis; World Leisure Journal; Leisure
Studies; Journal of Tourism Futures; Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
Management.
Tan Vo Thanh is an Associate Professor at La Rochelle Business School—
Excelia Group, France. His main research interests include impacts of
ICT on tourism and hospitality management, tourism experience, desti-
nation attractiveness and competitiveness, sustainable tourism, ambidex-
trous management in tourism, wine tourism, and green human resource
management. Dr. Vo Thanh uses both quantitative and qualitative meth-
ods to deal with his research. At the service of his research, apart from
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 CHAPTER XXVIII
The Colony Houses—There are Forty-one on the
Farm
These Houses have a floor space 6 × 10 feet, are six feet high in
front and five feet in the rear, with a shed roof. The frame work is
built on three skids. The outside skids are made of 3 × 4 timbers,
rounded at the ends to facilitate the ready sliding of the Houses
when it becomes desirable to move them, and 12 feet in length,
making a projection of a foot at either end beyond the sides of the
House. Two by four studding is used for the center skid. The three
skids are securely fastened together by four pieces of 2 × 4
studding. To this frame is nailed the floor, of inch, matched boards.
The upright studs are made of 2 × 3’s. In the first Colony Houses we
built, 2 × 4’s were used, but it was found there was an economy in
using 2 × 3’s, and, as they answer every purpose, the frame being
absolutely stiff, they were substituted for the 2 × 4’s, and they have
been used ever since.
The frame work is covered by a cheap grade of matched flooring,
the boards running perpendicularly. The roof is covered with cheap,
twelve inch, rough boards, and over this is laid two ply roofing, this
being carried over the front, back and sides three inches, well
cemented and securely nailed down, then all the joints are again
cemented, covering the nails thoroughly.

Cotton Duck Windows

The door, for the use of the attendant, is in the front of the House,
being two feet wide and the full height of the inside of the building.
On either side of the door, hanging by hinges from the plates, are
two windows 45 × 27 inches. These are covered with a medium
weight cotton duck, and open outward. A device which carries a long
hook readily allows them to be fastened so as to practically form an
awning, which materially assists in maintaining a cool condition
inside the House during the Summer. Two doors for the use of the
birds are placed on each side of the main door, and are fitted with
slides. On the inside of the window openings one inch wire mesh is
securely nailed, preventing the birds from flying out, and also
keeping night prowlers from going in. Over the outside of the window
frames also inch wire mesh is nailed. The main reason for this wiring
of the outside is to prevent the birds, as they develop and fly up on
top of the Colony House, from breaking through the canvas.
From the detailed drawings which will be found at the end of the
Book, and the photograph of the Colony House, a very clear idea is
given of its construction.
 CHAPTER XXIX

Materials Required for Laying House

Bill of material for the construction of 60 feet, being three sections
of the Corning Laying House.
14 Posts, 8′ long, 4″ top diameter.
Cross Braces at ends, and Corner Braces—5 pieces, 2″ × 6″ × 16′.
Floor Joists and Roof Rafters, 42 pieces—2″ × 10″ × 16′.
Under Floor, 1000′ cheap, wide boards.
Upper Floor, 1200′ #4 flooring.
Inside Ceiling, 2500′ #4 flooring.
Outside Covering and Roof, cheap wide boards, 2400′.
Uprights, 38 pieces, 2″ × 4″ × 12′.
Plates, 10 pieces, 2″ × 4″ × 12′.
Dropping Boards, 450′ #4 flooring.
Dropping Boards supports, 3 pieces, 2″ × 4″ × 20′, and 3 pieces, 2″
× 4″ × 12′.
Lath, 500 lineal feet 1″ × 2″.
Partitions, 100′ #4 flooring.
Hoods, 60 lineal feet, pine, 1″ × 8″.
Sills, 3 pieces pine, 1″ × 10″ × 10′.
Window Frames, pine, 1″ × 4″; 2 pieces, 10′ and 1 piece 12′ long.
One roll of roofing contains 108 square feet.
For Lining between floors 10 rolls
Lining between walls, sides and ends 9 rolls
All of one ply 19 rolls
All outside covering, two ply 25 rolls
Ventilators to be the length between the windows, with width of
opening 12 inches. See detailed drawing at end of Book.
 BREEDING HOUSE IN 1907—THE ORIGINAL CORNING HOUSE

Bill of Material for the Construction of Colony House

Skids, 2 pieces, 3″ × 4″ × 12′, and 1 piece, 2″ × 4″ × 10′.
Braces, 2 pieces, 2″ × 4″ × 10′.
Uprights, 5 pieces, 2″ × 3″ × 12′.
Nailing Pieces, 2 pieces, 2″ × 3″ × 10′.
Rafters, 2 pieces, 2″ × 3″ × 14′.
Plates, 2 pieces, 2″ × 3″ × 10′.
Roof, 60′ of 12 inch cheap boards, 10 feet long.
Floors and Walls, 300 feet #4 flooring.
Window Frames, 2 pieces pine, 1″ × 4″ × 8′.
75′ of 2 ply roofing.

It is impossible to give prices of lumber, as there is a great

variation according to locality. The above list will enable anyone to
work out the full bill of lumber required, and the builder or lumber
dealer will be able to give the prices in a very few moments.
The cost of labor on the Laying Houses is from $1.50 to $1.75 per
running foot. This would include every item of labor in the
construction of these Houses down to the smallest detail.
 CHAPTER XXX
The Original Thirty Hens
The egg production of the Original Thirty Hens on The Corning
Egg Farm is an interesting story, but, of course, it must be
remembered that this record is of one hundred and fifty-three days,
the banner days of the year for eggs from yearling hens.
The Biddies arrived in different lots, the last days of February, our
record beginning with March first, and ending with July 31st. During
that period they laid 2466 eggs, and at the end of the third month we
lost two of them. The cause of death we were unable to tell, for, at
that time our experience was not of sufficient duration to have made
even a close guess.
The average for the birds, it will be noted, was eighty-five eggs per
hen. Had we been better posted as to feeding methods, doubtless
the hens would have been capable of producing eggs in numbers
considerably greater than the figures show.
 PULLETS IN LAYING HOUSE NO. 2, FALL OF 1911

The record, however, for real yearling hens (and these were real
yearling hens, because when they started to lay with us they were
fully eighteen months of age), was very far from a poor one, and the
novice who succeeds in caring for his breeding stock in such a way
that he does not fall short of this average, may consider that he has
done very well.
 CHAPTER XXXI
Egg Records

February 1st, 1908 to June 30th, 1911.

Average Average
Number Production Price
Dates of Hens of Eggs per doz.
Feb. 1, 1908 to Jan. 31, 1909 2,040 338,976 .5066
Feb. 1, 1909 to June 30, 1910 2,811 709,836 .47125
July 1, 1910 to June 30, 1911 4,723 612,000 .4618
AVERAGE FOR FIRST TEN MONTHS OF PULLET LAYING
IN FLOCKS OF FIFTEEN HUNDRED.

1909 143.25
1910 145.11
1911 146.23
On examination of this Egg Record it will be noticed that in the
average number of eggs laid by the pullets, in flocks of fifteen
hundred, there have been three gains, and in analyzing these
averages it must be remembered that these are results obtained, not
by the handling of a few pullets most carefully selected to produce a
record, but of thousands, and the advance of three eggs in the
average is therefore a remarkable gain.

How Corning Farm Is Able To Get Great Egg Records

The salient reasons which make possible such egg records as The
Corning Egg Farm is able to show are:
 1st,—Careful selection of breeders by the Corning Method, which
is the only proper Method and has already been described.
2nd,—Pullets raised on free range, feeding to them a
strengthening and upbuilding ration, which constantly supplies new
tissues, and is, therefore, a nutritious and not a forcing food.
3rd,—Housing them in The Corning Laying House, which to-day
stands unequaled, where they are practically outdoors yet protected
from extremes of heat and cold, for if hens are to lay to their capacity
they must be kept always in a perfectly comfortable condition.
4th,—The succulent, green food, which is so necessary to their
welfare if they are to lay strongly, and which must be given to them in
large quantities.
Hens on the ordinary free range, in the general run of seasons,
after July 1st., cannot find succulent green food in sufficient
quantities to enable them to keep up even a fair average of eggs.
Receipts of eggs at all large market centers, begin to fall off at about
this date, and prices correspondingly increase.

Highest Percentage of Fertility

Every observer, viewing the stock of The Corning Egg Farm, is at
once convinced that the scientific Method here employed produces
better birds than any other. The steady increase, from year to year,
in the hatchability of the eggs towards full fertility; the strong, livable
chicks, their rapid growth to maturity; and the voluntary testimony
given by our customers whose ever increasing orders come back to
us, year after year, all conclusively establish the fact that hens bred
and raised by The Corning Method are unequaled anywhere.
For the last two years hatching eggs have been shipped from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, and from the Northern part of Canada to the
Gulf of Mexico, and even across the Atlantic to far away Scotland.
From this widely extended territory comes the unsolicited testimony
that The Corning Strain of Single Comb White Leghorns is
unequaled.
At the present time the amount of labor carried on The Corning
Egg Farm is one working foreman and three laborers. The latter are
$1.50 a day men, and, with this force all the work of the farm is
accomplished. The Houses are thoroughly cleaned, as to the
dropping boards, drinking fountain stands, tops of nests, and the
inside of nests where required, every day in the week and three
hundred and sixty-five days in the year.
When the Colony Houses are in use they are cleaned and
rebedded every two or three weeks, as required, during the first part
of the Spring. After the first part of the season is over, say from July
1st., they are not cleaned as often for the reason that there is very
little dampness, and so long as the Houses remain dry, the cleaning
is not required.
The cost of feed in the last two years has gone up materially, and
it now requires an outlay of about eighteen cents to raise a Leghorn
cockerel to broiler size. The cost of raising a pullet to the laying point
is forty-two and a half cents, which includes cost of incubation. The
pullet, through her first ten months of laying, costs $1.15.
It is somewhat difficult to give a fixed figure as to the cost of caring
for the coming breeder through the time of moult, during the months
when she is producing eggs for hatching, and up to the time when
she is shipped, in August, eleven months in all. Different seasons
and different flocks of birds vary in the amount of food necessary
during these months. Our records show, however, that the output of
eggs through the moulting season from the birds which we are
carrying for hatching eggs has always been enough to show a profit
over the feeding cost. It would be safe to figure that the outlay will be
between one dollar and forty and one dollar and fifty cents. These
amounts, as given, represent the cost of feeding and the cost of
labor.
 CHAPTER XXXII
Prevention and Treatment of Diseases
Diseases in poultry generally come from neglecting sanitary
conditions. A damp house, filthy drinking fountains, musty and sour
foods, or a general condition of filth, bring diseases, whether the
birds are kept in large or small flocks.
An ailing bird should at once be removed and isolated, and, unless
it shows immediate signs of recovery, the best remedy, and the
safest, is the hatchet. The constant and systematic spraying of the
roosting closets, the drinking trough platforms, underneath the
dropping boards, and in the corners between the sections, with
Kerosene Oil and Crude Carbolic (and it must be remembered that
the solution used for spraying is one-half gallon of Crude Carbolic to
five gallons of Kerosene Oil, when the birds are in the House), will
eliminate all danger of contagion, provided the Houses, in all other
respects, are kept in a proper and cleanly condition.
When the pullets are first put into the House, in the Fall of the
year, it is wise to watch with great care that individuals in the flock do
not develop the “snuffles,” which mean increasing trouble of a more
serious nature if allowed to go without attention.
The washing of the drinking cups of the fountains with Kerosene
Oil, and Potassium Permanganate in the water once a week, will, in
most cases, keep the flock immune from trouble. Spraying is one of
the best cures for colds, as it not only restores the affected bird to
health, but clears up the danger of infection which, otherwise, might
result in spreading disease among the whole flock.
We have never had a “run” of any disease at The Corning Egg
Farm. Gapes and White Diarrhœa—the most dreaded of all young
chick diseases—are unknown on the Farm. This is attributed to the
strong vitality and vigorous condition maintained by fresh air
housing, cleanliness, sanitary regulation, and by giving sweet,
wholesome food and plenty of pure, fresh water.
 CHAPTER XXXIII
A Word in Closing
Our business is running The Corning Egg Farm and not writing
books, so that in telling our Story we may have lacked some of the
polish of the experienced author, but every word that we have written
is true, and we shall be very glad to welcome any of our readers at
the Farm, and let them see for themselves just what we have.
The Corning Egg Farm actually does enjoy the supreme position
among the egg farms of the World that we claim for it, and that the
great authorities, after thorough, personal examination, have frankly
admitted.
And we have been far more open in telling you everything that has
been done on the Farm than, for instance, owners of large
manufacturing plants would be.
Methods and problems in the successful and profitable production
of eggs for table and hatching purposes have been worked out on
The Corning Egg Farm, and we are quite willing others should have
the benefit of our very expensively acquired experience.

Nothing to Hide
We have nothing to hide; nothing to keep to ourselves. We started
in a very modest way, and believe that is the preferable way to
successfully build up a paying poultry farm. Those who have an
abundance of capital might be tempted to work out too many self-
evolved theories and to begin on too elaborate and extravagant a
basis, whereas, in our opinion, it is wiser to follow precedent, known
successes, and start in a smaller way and expand.

Illustrations are Photographs

 The illustrations in this Book are all from photographs, and the
camera cannot be persuaded to exaggerate or to show buildings
where there are none. The diagrams are drawn of sufficient size, and
such measurements given, that our plant in its entirety, or any part of
it, can be readily reproduced by anyone who cares to do so.

The Corning Success

The success we have made on the Farm gives us a certain feeling
of satisfaction that we are entitled to enjoy, and yet we have
accomplished nothing that cannot be done by any person who will
give as much thought, time and attention to the work as we have.

Our Advice to Beginners

Our advice to the beginner is that he carefully study the Corning
Method as set forth in this Book (and we want to impress upon you
again the fact that the Corning Method is just as adaptable to the
town lot as to the large tract, and in this particular it surpasses other
systems which have had considerable publicity), and then start,
either with a breeding pen, or with an incubator and hatching eggs
purchased from a Breeder whose eggs can be depended upon, and
in this connection

Single Comb White Leghorns Only

we want to say that for the production of eggs there is only one
breed of fowls—Single Comb White Leghorns—and that, in
considering the purchase of a breeding pen, or eggs for hatching,
experience will show that it is the height of folly to begrudge the
additional price you must pay in order to get the right kind of Stock.
Whether you buy Corning Strain or not, let us again emphasize the
fact that no matter how famous the Breeder, or how high his prices, if
he has not a Strain that has proved itself a good Strain, you do not
want it at any price. It is
 It’s “Strain” You Want
Strain that counts, because it includes every good quality for the
purpose, and the market for the right Strain for breeding and
hatching is a very large and profitable one. The Corning Egg Farm
cannot produce enough birds and eggs to fill its orders, and probably
never will, because we do not believe in increasing the size of the
Farm beyond our ability to be personally in constant touch with every
detail connected with it.

Utility, Not Show Birds

We want to write just a word or two as to the difference between a
Strain for the production of eggs and of Show Birds. It must be
remembered that a great laying Strain cannot be, at the same time, a
Show Bird, at least not under the present requirements of the
Association, because a great egg layer must have size, and must be
bred to produce size, and not inbred to secure fancy Show points,
which produce a bird without constitution, and eggs from birds of the
show class are small, the fertility runs low, and, in many instances,
their hatchability is so poor as to be hardly worth speaking of.

Corning Largest Specialty Farm in World

The Corning Strain Single Comb White Leghorn is an egg
machine, a large bird, of vigorous constitution, and typical Leghorn
shape. The Corning Egg Farm is the largest poultry farm in the
World devoted entirely and exclusively to one single purpose—the
developing and breeding of the great egg machine, Corning Strain
Single Comb White Leghorn.

Points That Mean Success

Just to repeat in regular order the points a Breeder must observe if
he is to make a permanent success:
Suitable location for houses and runs.
Properly planned, arranged and constructed houses.
 Right breeding stock.
Hatching eggs from a farm that has “made good.”
Care in incubating and brooding.
Proper handling of the pullets and cockerels.
Careful selection of breeders.
Regularity in feeding and attending.
Properly balanced ration.
Clean, sanitary quarters, fresh water, and pure air, all the time.
Constant adherence to one Strain, and that the best Strain.
Be jealous of your reputation, because it is on your reputation that
you build up a demand for breeding stock and eggs for hatching.
Care, and courtesy, and regularity in serving customers.
You will know after reading this Book that on the Farm we have
little idle time on our hands, and yet we are always willing to advise
and help those who are really seriously seeking information, and
who are willing to accept what we may be able to give them, in
addition to the contents of this Book, and in our regular way of
furnishing it.
The Authors.
 BUILDINGS ON THE CORNING EGG FARM AND
MANY HANDY DEVICES
These plans and drawings are of sufficient size to show quite
clearly the construction of every building on the Farm. Those who
care to do so are entirely welcome to duplicate the entire Plant, or
any part of it.
As the dimensions are also given, it is a simple matter to reduce
the size of the buildings to suit a flock of any number, because, as
we have made clear in the Book, the Corning Method and Buildings
are equally suitable for the largest flock, or the few hens and a
rooster kept by the average family.
We do not want to be thought egotistical, but believe we have the
most complete and economically arranged lay-out in the country, but
if any reader thinks he can point out improvements we shall be very
glad to hear of them, and to discuss those that are worth while in
some future edition of the Book.
Of course it is easier to build from an architect’s plans, and we can
furnish working size blue-prints of the principal buildings.

EXTERIOR OF THE CORNING BROODER HOUSE

Total length, 264 feet. The older part, 118 feet long, is 16 feet in breadth; the new
addition of 146 feet is 22 feet wide.
 FLOOR PLAN OF BROODER HOUSE
Equipped with Hovers, giving capacity for 12,000 Chicks at one time.

CROSS SECTION OF HOVER FLOOR

Showing hot water pipes underneath, and hinged runway, with drawing of entrance
gate from alley to Hover pen.
 BROODER HOUSE WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS
Showing details of construction.

CROSS SECTION OF BROODER HOUSE AND INCUBATOR CELLAR

 DETAIL OF BEAM FILLING
Where building is over 16 feet in width, floor beams are 2″ x 12″.