STAT2225 Module 7. Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter

Hypothesis Testing for
One Population Parameter

Jomel R. Alanzalon
STAT 2225: Elementary Statistics & Probability
2nd Semester, A.Y. 2023-2024
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Inferential
Statistics
Hypothesis
Estimation
Testing
About one About two

Point Interval
population population
Estimation Estimation
parameter parameter
Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 2

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of a Formal Hypothesis Test
Hypothesis
• claim or conjecture about a population parameter
• may or may not be true
Hypothesis Testing
• test of significance
• procedure for testing a claim about a parameter such as mean (𝜇),
variance (𝜎 2 ), standard deviation (𝜎), and proportion (𝑝)

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝟎 )

• hypothesis that states that there is no difference between a parameter
and a specific value, or that there is no difference between two
parameters
• =, ≥, ≤
Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 or 𝑯𝟏 )

• hypothesis that states the existence of a difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or states that there is a difference
between two parameters
• ≠, <, >
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Illustration 1. Identify the claim and state the 𝐻0 and 𝐻𝑎 .
a. The mean weight of airline passengers with carry-on baggage is at most 195 lbs.
Claim: mean weight is at most 195 lbs → (𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟗𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟗𝟓
b. The standard deviation of IQ scores of college students is equal to 15.
Claim: standard deviation is equal to 15 → (𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝈 ≠ 𝟏𝟓
c. The proportion of workers who gets job through networking is less than 45%
Claim: proportion less than 0.45 → (𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝒑 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Try this!
d. Test the claim that the population mean is no longer 75.
Claim: population mean is no longer 75 → (𝝁 ≠ 𝟕𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟕𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟕𝟓
e. The attorney for the Food and Drug Administration claims that the Medassist
Pharmaceutical Company makes cold caplets that contain amounts of
acetaminophen with a mean different from the 650 mg amount indicated on the
label.
Claim: mean different from 650 mg → (𝝁 ≠ 𝟔𝟓𝟎)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟔𝟓𝟎
f. The proportion of graduating students is higher than last year’s proportion of 68%
Claim: proportion higher than 68% → (𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝒑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Test Statistic
• value used in making a decision about 𝐻0
Critical Region
• rejection region
• range of values of the test statistic that cause us to reject the 𝐻0
Acceptance Region
• nonrejection region
• range of values of the test statistic that indicates that the difference
was probably due to chance and that the null hypothesis should not be
rejected
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Critical Value
• value that separate the critical region and the acceptance region
• depends in the nature of 𝐻0 , sampling distribution, and the
significance level 𝛼
Distribution’s Tail
• identifies the extreme regions bounded by critical values
• type of distribution’s tail depends on the 𝐻𝑎
 Two-tailed ( 𝐻𝑎 is ≠ )
 One-tailed
 Left-tailed ( 𝐻𝑎 is < )
 Right-tailed ( 𝐻𝑎 is > )
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Two-Tailed Test
• If 𝐻𝑎 uses ≠
Rejection Region
Acceptance Region Rejection Region
It means that if the test

statistic fall in this region, It means that if the test It means that if the test
we reject Ho statistic fall in this region, statistic fall in this region,
we failed to reject Ho we reject Ho

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Left-Tailed Test or One-Tailed to the Left

• If 𝐻𝑎 uses <
Acceptance Region
Rejection Region
statistic fall in this region,
It means that if the test we failed to reject Ho
we reject Ho

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Right-Tailed Test or One-Tailed to the Right

• If 𝐻𝑎 uses >
Acceptance Region
Rejection Region
we failed to reject Ho It means that if the test
we reject Ho

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Illustration 2. Determine the distribution’s tail.
a. The mean weight of airline passengers with carry-on baggage is at most 195 lbs.
Claim: mean weight is at most 195 lbs → (𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟗𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟗𝟓 Right-tailed
b. The standard deviation of IQ scores of college students is equal to 15.
Claim: standard deviation is equal to 15 → (𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝈 = 𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝈 ≠ 𝟏𝟓 Two-tailed
c. The proportion of workers who gets job through networking is less than 45%
Claim: proportion less than 0.45 → (𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝒑 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 Left-tailed
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Try this!
d. Test the claim that the population mean is no longer 75.
Claim: population mean is no longer 75 → (𝝁 ≠ 𝟕𝟓)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟕𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟕𝟓 Two-tailed
e. The attorney for the Food and Drug Administration claims that the Medassist
Pharmaceutical Company makes cold caplets that contain amounts of
acetaminophen with a mean different from the 650 mg amount indicated on the
label.
Claim: mean different from 650 mg → (𝝁 ≠ 𝟔𝟓𝟎)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟔𝟓𝟎 Two-tailed
f. The proportion of graduating students is higher than last year’s proportion of 68%
Claim: proportion higher than 68% → (𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖)
𝑯𝟎 : 𝒑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖
Right-tailed
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Decisions
• Reject the null hypothesis
• Fail to reject null hypothesis
Decision Criterion
• Reject 𝐻0 if the value of the test statistic falls within the critical region.
• Fail to reject 𝐻0 if the value of the test statistic does not fall within the
critical region

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Errors
True State of Nature
Decision
𝐻0 is TRUE 𝐻0 is FALSE
TYPE I ERROR
REJECT 𝐻0 (Rejecting a True 𝐻0 ) Correct Decision
𝜶
TYPE II ERROR
FAIL TO REJECT 𝐻0 Correct Decision (Failing to Reject a False 𝐻0)
𝜷
𝜶 – probability of committing a Type I error

𝜷 – probability of committing a Type II error RouTiNe FoR FuN
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Rejected true 𝐻0 Failed to

reject false 𝐻0
Example: (Types of Error)

Ho: The patient is not pregnant.
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Significance Level (𝜶)

• level of significance
• allowed probability of making mistake of rejecting the true 𝐻𝑜
• allowed probability of committing a type I error
o The commonly used level of significance are 0.10, 0.05 and 0.01 levels. That is, if
the null hypothesis is rejected, the probability of a type I error will be 10%, 5%, or
1%, depending on which level of significance is used.
o Note that in a hypothesis-testing situation, the researcher decides what level of
significance to use. It does not have to be the 0.10, 0.05, or 0.01 level. It can be any
level, depending on the seriousness of the type I error

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
• It is important to summarize the results of a statistical study correctly.

The following table will help you when you summarize the results.
Claim
Decision
Claim is 𝐻𝑜 Claim is 𝐻𝑎
There is enough There is enough
Reject Ho evidence to reject the evidence to support
claim that … the claim that …
There is no enough There is no enough
Failed to reject Ho evidence to reject the evidence to support
claim that … the claim …
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. Identify the claim. State the null 𝐻0 and alternative 𝐻𝑎 hypotheses.

2. Determine the test statistic to use and its distribution’s tail.
3. Find the critical value and the critical region and formulate decision rule.
4. Compute for the value of test statistic.
5. Make a decision.
6. State the conclusion in terms of the claim.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Test of Hypothesis about One Population Mean
Requirements
1. The sample is a random sample.
2. The data (or variable) is normally distributed or the sample size is

large (𝑛 > 30).

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Case Test Statistic 𝑯𝒂 Decision Rule
Case 1 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if |𝑍𝑐 | ≥ 𝑍𝛼Τ2
𝑋ത − 𝜇0 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝛼
Z-test 𝑍𝑐 = 𝜎
(𝝈 is known) 𝑛 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if 𝑍𝑐 < − 𝑍𝛼
Case 2 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | ≥ 𝑡𝛼Τ2, 𝑛−1

𝑋ത − 𝜇0 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1
t-test 𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠
(𝝈 is unknown) 𝑛 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if 𝑡𝑐 < − 𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Z-test for One Population Mean
Case 1: Z-test for One Population Mean
(𝝈 is known)
Degree of Level of Critical Value

Confidence significance Two-tailed Right-tailed Left-Tailed
(1 − 𝛼) (𝛼) 𝑍𝛼ൗ 𝑍𝛼 −𝑍𝛼
2
90% 0.10 𝑍0.10ൗ = 1.645 𝑍0.10 = 1.282 −𝑍0.10 = −1.282

2
95% 0.05 𝑍0.05ൗ = 1.960 𝑍0.05 = 1.645 −𝑍0.05 = −1.645

2
99% 0.01 𝑍0.01ൗ = 2.575 𝑍0.01 = 2.326 −𝑍0.01 = −2.326
2

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Example 1. In a study, it was found out that the average IQ score of students is
101.5. The variable is normally distributed, and the population standard
deviation is 15. A school superintendent claims that the students in her school
district have an IQ higher than the average of 101.5. She selects a random
sample of 30 students and finds the mean of the test scores is 106.4. Test the
claim at 𝛼 = 0.05.
Given: 𝜎 = 15, 𝜇0 = 101.5, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑋ത = 106.4, 𝛼 = 0.05
Step 0: Verify if the requirements are met.

The samples are random samples and the data is normally distributed,
hence, the requirements are met.
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Step 1: Identify the claim. State 𝐻0 and 𝐻𝑎 .

Claim: average IQ score of student is higher than 101.5 ⟹ 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟓
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟓
Step 2: Determine the test statistic to use and its distribution’s tail.
Test statistic: z-test (since 𝜎 is known)
Distribution’s tail: right-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝜇 > 101.5)

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Step 3: Find the critical value and the critical region. Formulate decision rule.
Since 𝛼 = 0.05 and the test is a

right-tailed test, the critical value is
Rejection
𝑍𝛼 = 𝑍0.05 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓. Acceptance Region
Region
𝑧 = 1.645
Decision Rule:

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS


DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
Region
𝑧 = 1.645
Decision Rule:
Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝑎 , that is,
Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒁𝒄 > 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Step 4: Compute for the test statistic.
Given: 𝜎 = 15, 𝜇0 = 101.5, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑋ത = 106.4
𝑋ത − 𝜇0 106.4 − 101.5
𝑍𝑐 = 𝜎 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟗
15
𝑛 30
Step 5: Make a decision.
Recall: Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑍𝑐 > 1.645
Since 1.789 > 1.645, we reject 𝑯𝟎 .

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Step 6: State the conclusion in terms of the claim.
At 5% significance level, there is enough evidence to support the claim that

the IQ of the students is higher than 101.5.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Example 2. A researcher claims that the average wind speed in a certain city is
8 miles per hour. A random sample of 32 days has an average wind speed of
8.2 miles per hour. The standard deviation of the population is 0.6 mile per
hour. At 𝛼 = 0.05, is there enough evidence to reject the claim?
Given: 𝜇0 = 8, 𝑛 = 32, 𝑋ത = 8.2, 𝜎 = 0.6, 𝛼 = 0.05

Step 0: The requirements are met, since samples are random samples and
𝑛 > 30.
Step 1: Claim: average wind speed is 8 miles per hour ⟹ 𝝁 = 𝟖
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟖 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟖

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Distribution’s tail: two-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝜇 ≠ 8)
two-tailed test, the critical value Rejection Acceptance Rejection
Region Region Region
is 𝑍𝛼Τ2 = 𝑍0.05Τ2 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔.
𝑧 = −1.96 0 𝑧 = 1.96
Decision Rule:

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS


DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Distribution’s tail: two-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝜇 ≠ 8)
two-tailed test, the critical value Rejection Acceptance Rejection
is 𝑍𝛼Τ2 = 𝑍0.05Τ2 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔.
𝑧 = −1.96 0 𝑧 = 1.96
Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻𝑜 if 𝑍𝑐 ≥ 𝑍𝛼Τ2 , that is

Reject 𝑯𝒐 if 𝒁𝒄 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Given: 𝜇0 = 8, 𝑛 = 32, 𝑋ത = 8.2, 𝜎 = 0.6, 𝛼 = 0.05
𝑋ത − 𝜇0 8.2 − 8
𝑍𝑐 = 𝜎 = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟗
0.6
𝑛 32
Recall: Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻𝑜 if 𝑍𝑐 ≥ 1.96
Since 1.89 ≥ 1.96, we failed to reject 𝑯𝟎 .
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
At 5% significance level, there is no enough evidence to reject the claim that

the average wind speed is 8 miles per hour in a certain city.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS t-test for One Population Mean
Case 2: t-test for One Population Mean
(𝝈 is unknown)
Critical Value
Two-tailed Right-tailed Left-tailed
𝑡𝛼ൗ 𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1 −𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1
2 , 𝑛−1
• use t-table to get the critical value

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Example 3. A medical investigation claims that the average number of

infections per week at a hospital is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks had a
mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is
there enough evidence to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05? Assume
the variable is normally distributed.
Given: 𝜇0 = 16.3, 𝑛 = 10, 𝑋ത = 17.7, 𝑠 = 1.8, 𝛼 = 0.05
Step 0: Verify if the requirements are met.

The samples are random samples and the data is normally distributed,
hence, the requirements are met.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Claim: average number of infections per week is 16.3 ⟹ 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟔. 𝟑
Test statistic: t-test (since 𝜎 is unknown)
Distribution’s tail: two-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝜇 ≠ 16.3)

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Since 𝛼 = 0.05 and the test is a two-tailed

test, the critical value is
𝑡𝛼Τ2,𝑛−1 = 𝑡0.05Τ2,10−1 = 𝑡0.025,9 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
test, the critical value is Region
Acceptance
Region
Rejection
Region
𝑡𝛼Τ2,𝑛−1 = 𝑡0.05Τ2,10−1 = 𝑡0.025,9 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐

−2.262 2.262
Decision Rule:

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS


DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
test, the critical value is Region
Acceptance
Region
Rejection
Region
𝑡𝛼Τ2,𝑛−1 = 𝑡0.05Τ2,10−1 = 𝑡0.025,9 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐

−2.262 2.262
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | ≥ 𝑡𝛼Τ2, 𝑛−1 , that is,

Reject Ho if 𝒕𝒄 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Given: 𝜇0 = 16.3, 𝑛 = 10, 𝑋ത = 17.7, 𝑠 = 1.8, 𝛼 = 0.05
𝑋ത − 𝜇0 17.7 − 16.3
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟎
1.8
𝑛 10
Recall: Decision Rule: Reject Ho if 𝑡𝑐 ≥ 2.262
Since 2.460 ≥ 2.262, we reject 𝑯𝟎 .
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
At 5% significance level, there is enough evidence to reject the claim that

the average number of infections per week is 16.3.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Example 4. A professor obtained times of sleep for randomly selected adult

subjects included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, and
those times (in hours) are listed below. Assume that the data are normally
distributed.
4 8 4 4 8 6 9 7 7 10 7 8
A common recommendation is that adult should sleep between 7 hours and 9
hours each night. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the mean
length of sleep of adults is less than 7 hours.
s
Given: 𝑛 = 12, 𝛼 = 0.01, 𝜇0 = 7
Step 0: The requirements are met, since samples are random samples and the
data are normally distributed.
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Claim: mean length of sleep is less than 7 hours ⟹ 𝝁 < 𝟕
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁≥𝟕 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁<𝟕
Test statistic: t-test (since 𝜎 is unknown)
Distribution’s tail: left-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝜇 < 7)

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Since 𝛼 = 0.01 and the test is a left-tailed test,

the critical value is
−𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1 = −𝑡0.01, 12−1 = −𝑡0.01, 11 = −𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
the critical value is Region
Acceptance
Region
−𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1 = −𝑡0.01, 12−1 = −𝑡0.01, 11 =−𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖
−2.718
Decision Rule:

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS


DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
the critical value is Region
Acceptance
Region
−𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1 = 𝑡0.01, 12−1 = −𝑡0.01, 11 = −𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖
−2.718
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if 𝑡𝑐 < − 𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1 , that is,

Reject Ho if 𝒕𝒄 < −𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝟖

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Given: 𝑛 = 12, 𝜇0 = 7
Since the given is the data itself, compute for 𝑋ത and 𝑠, which are 𝑋ത = 6.83 and 𝑠 = 1.99
𝑋ത − 𝜇0 6.83 − 7
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠 = = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟔
1.99
𝑛 12
Recall: Decision Rule: Reject Ho if 𝑡𝑐 < −2.718
Since −0.296 < −2.718, we failed to reject 𝑯𝟎 .

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
At 1% significance level, there is no enough evidence to support the claim

that mean length of sleep of adults is less than 7 hours.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Try this!
Problem: Suppose a bottle-filling operation is supposed to have a mean of
500 ml. Assume the population is normally distributed. A random sample of
16 bottles yield a sample mean of 498.5 mL and a standard deviation of 4
mL. Is there sufficient evidence, at 𝛼 = 0.01, that the process mean is no
longer 500 ml?
(Try answering this first before looking at the answer key at the last page of this module.)

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Z-test for One Population Proportion
Test of Hypothesis about One Population Proportion
Test Statistic 𝑯𝟎 𝑯𝒂 Decision Rule
𝑝 = 𝑝0 𝑝 ≠ 𝑝0 Reject Ho if |𝑍𝑐 | ≥ 𝑍𝛼Τ2
ෝ − 𝒑0
𝒑
𝒁𝒄 = 𝑝 ≤ 𝑝0 𝑝 > 𝑝0 Reject Ho if 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝛼
𝒑𝟎 𝒒𝟎
𝒏 𝑝 ≥ 𝑝0 𝑝 < 𝑝0 Reject Ho if 𝑍𝑐 < − 𝑍𝛼
where:
𝑝Ƹ = sample proportion (proportion from the sample data)
𝑝0 = claimed proportion (indicated proportion from claim)
𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0
𝑛 = sample size
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Degree of Level of Critical Value

Confidence significance Two-tailed Right-tailed Left-Tailed
(1 − 𝛼) (𝛼) 𝑍𝛼ൗ 𝑍𝛼 −𝑍𝛼
2
90% 0.10 𝑍0.10ൗ = 1.645 𝑍0.10 = 1.282 −𝑍0.10 = −1.282

2
95% 0.05 𝑍0.05ൗ = 1.960 𝑍0.05 = 1.645 −𝑍0.05 = −1.645

2
99% 0.01 𝑍0.01ൗ = 2.575 𝑍0.01 = 2.326 −𝑍0.01 = −2.326
2

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Example 5. A television executive claims that fewer than half of the adults are
annoyed by the violence shown on television. Test the claim by using sample
data from a Roper poll in which 48% of 1,998 surveyed randomly selected
adults indicated their annoyance with television violence. Use a 0.05
significance level.
j
Given: 𝑝0 = 0.50, 𝑝Ƹ = 0.48, 𝑛 = 1998, 𝛼 = 0.05

Claim: fewer than half of the adults are annoyed by the violence
shown on television ⟹ 𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
𝑯𝟎 : 𝒑 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 < 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Test statistic: z-test for Proportion
Distribution’s tail: left-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝑝 < 0.50)
left-tailed test, the critical value Rejection
Region
Acceptance
Region
is −𝑍𝛼 = −𝑍0.05 = −𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓.
−1.645
Decision Rule:

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

ෝ − 𝒑0
𝒑
𝒑𝟎 𝒒𝟎
where:
𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0
𝑛 = sample size
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Distribution’s tail: left-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝑝 < 0.50)
left-tailed test, the critical value Rejection
Region
Acceptance
Region
is −𝑍𝛼 = −𝑍0.05 = −𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓.
−1.645
Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑍𝑐 < − 𝑍𝛼 , that is

Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒁𝒄 < −𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Given: 𝑝0 = 0.50, 𝑝Ƹ = 0.48, 𝑛 = 1998, 𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0 = 0.50
𝑝Ƹ − 𝑝0 0.48 − 0.50
𝑍𝑐 = = ≈ −𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟖
𝑝0 𝑞0 (0.50)(0.50)
𝑛 1998
Recall: Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑍𝑐 < −1.645 Rejection Acceptance
Since −1.788 < −1.645, we reject 𝑯𝟎 . Region Region
−1.645
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

fewer than half of the adults are annoyed by the violence shown on
television.
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Example 6. A commonly prescribed medicine in the market for relieving

nervous tension is believed to be only 75% effective. Results of an experiment
with a new medicine administered to a random sample of 110 adults who
were suffering from nervous tension showed that 99 received relief. Is this
sufficient evidence to conclude that the new medicine is superior (or more
effective) to the one commonly prescribed? Use a 0.05 level of significance.
Given: 𝑝0 = 0.75, 𝑛 = 110, 𝛼 = 0.05

99
𝑝Ƹ = = 0.90
110
𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0 = 1 − 0.75 = 0.25

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Claim: new medicine is superior (or more effective) to the one
commonly prescribed ⟹ 𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝑯𝟎 : 𝒑 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑯𝒂 : 𝒑 > 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
Distribution’s tail: right-tailed test (since 𝐻𝑎 is 𝑝 > 0.75)

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
Region
𝑧 = 1.645
Decision Rule:

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

ෝ − 𝒑0
𝒑
𝒑𝟎 𝒒𝟎
where:
𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0
𝑛 = sample size
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Rejection
Region
𝑧 = 1.645
Decision Rule:
Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝑎 , that is,
Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒁𝒄 > 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Given: 𝑝0 = 0.75, 𝑝Ƹ = 0.90, 𝑛 = 110, 𝑞0 = 1 − 𝑝0 = 0.25
𝑝Ƹ − 𝑝0 0.90 − 0.75
𝑍𝑐 = = ≈ 𝟑. 𝟔𝟑𝟑
𝑝0 𝑞0 (0.75)(0.25)
𝑛 110
Recall: Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻0 if 𝑍𝑐 > 1.645
Since 3.633 > 1.645, we reject 𝑯𝟎 .

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

the new medicine is superior (or more effective) to the one commonly
prescribed.
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Additional Information
There are three methods used in making the decision to a test of hypothesis.
1. Traditional Method
- classical way of hypothesis testing. See previous examples.
2. 𝒑 − value Method
- popular with the advent of modern computers; statistical softwares use 𝑝 − value
- Decision Rule: Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒑 < 𝜶
3. Confidence Interval Method

- uses the confidence interval
- Decision Rule: Reject 𝑯𝟎 if the hypothesized value falls outside the interval
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Answer!
Problem: Suppose a bottle-filling operation is supposed to have a mean of
500 ml. Assume the population is normally distributed. A random sample of
16 bottles yield a sample mean of 498.5 mL and a standard deviation of 4
mL. Is there sufficient evidence, at 𝛼 = 0.01, that the process mean is no
longer 500 ml?
Given: 𝜇0 = 500, 𝑛 = 16, 𝑋ത = 498.5, 𝑠 = 4, 𝛼 = 0.01
Step 0: The requirements are met, since samples are random samples and
the data are normally distributed.

DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Claim: the process mean is no longer 500 mL ⟹ 𝝁 ≠ 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟓𝟎𝟎
Test statistic: t-test Distribution’s tail: two-tailed test
Since 𝛼 = 0.01 and the test is a two-tailed test, the critical value is
𝑡𝛼, 𝑛−1 = 𝑡0.01, 16−1 = 𝑡0.005, 15 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟕.
2 2 Rejection Acceptance Rejection
Rejection Rule: Reject Ho if 𝒕𝒄 ≥ 𝟐. 𝟗𝟒𝟕
−2.947 2.947
DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Given: 𝜇0 = 500, 𝑛 = 16, 𝑋ത = 498.5, 𝑠 = 4, 𝛼 = 0.01
𝑋ത − 𝜇0 498.5 − 500
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠 = = −𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟎
4
𝑛 16
Since −1.500 ≥ 2.947, we failed to reject 𝑯𝟎 .
At 1% significance level, there is no enough evidence to support the claim
that the process mean is no longer 500 mL.

STAT2225 Module 7. Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter

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STAT2225 Module 7. Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter

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Hypothesis Testing for

One Population Parameter

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

About one About two

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 2

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 3

Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝟎 )

Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 or 𝑯𝟏 )

Illustration 1. Identify the claim and state the 𝐻0 and 𝐻𝑎 .

It means that if the test

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 9

Left-Tailed Test or One-Tailed to the Left

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 10

Right-Tailed Test or One-Tailed to the Right

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 11

Illustration 2. Determine the distribution’s tail.

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 14

𝜶 – probability of committing a Type I error

Rejected true 𝐻0 Failed to

Example: (Types of Error)

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 17

Significance Level (𝜶)

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 18

• It is important to summarize the results of a statistical study correctly.

Steps in Hypothesis Testing

1. Identify the claim. State the null 𝐻0 and alternative 𝐻𝑎 hypotheses.

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 20

Test of Hypothesis about One Population Mean

1. The sample is a random sample.

2. The data (or variable) is normally distributed or the sample size is

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 21

Test of Hypothesis about One Population Mean

Case 2 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | ≥ 𝑡𝛼Τ2, 𝑛−1

Degree of Level of Critical Value

90% 0.10 𝑍0.10ൗ = 1.645 𝑍0.10 = 1.282 −𝑍0.10 = −1.282

95% 0.05 𝑍0.05ൗ = 1.960 𝑍0.05 = 1.645 −𝑍0.05 = −1.645

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 23

Given: 𝜎 = 15, 𝜇0 = 101.5, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑋ത = 106.4, 𝛼 = 0.05

Step 0: Verify if the requirements are met.

Step 1: Identify the claim. State 𝐻0 and 𝐻𝑎 .

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 25

Since 𝛼 = 0.05 and the test is a

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 26

Test of Hypothesis about One Population Mean

Case 2 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | ≥ 𝑡𝛼Τ2, 𝑛−1

Since 𝛼 = 0.05 and the test is a

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 28

Step 4: Compute for the test statistic.

Given: 𝜎 = 15, 𝜇0 = 101.5, 𝑛 = 30, 𝑋ത = 106.4

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 29

Step 6: State the conclusion in terms of the claim.

At 5% significance level, there is enough evidence to support the claim that

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 30

Given: 𝜇0 = 8, 𝑛 = 32, 𝑋ത = 8.2, 𝜎 = 0.6, 𝛼 = 0.05

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 31

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 32

Test of Hypothesis about One Population Mean

Case 2 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 Reject Ho if |𝑡𝑐 | ≥ 𝑡𝛼Τ2, 𝑛−1

Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻𝑜 if 𝑍𝑐 ≥ 𝑍𝛼Τ2 , that is

Step 4: Compute for the test statistic.

Given: 𝜇0 = 8, 𝑛 = 32, 𝑋ത = 8.2, 𝜎 = 0.6, 𝛼 = 0.05

Step 6: State the conclusion in terms of the claim.

At 5% significance level, there is no enough evidence to reject the claim that

Hypothesis Testing for One Population Parameter | 36