11-Aquatic Pollution and Invasive Species- ADMANLICLIC-compressed

Lecture Notes in
AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY

Mentor: ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Click to edit Master title style

AQUATIC RESOURCES
AND ECOLOGY
Aquatic Pollution and Invasive
Species
ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC
Lecture 7-8
11 September 2021
ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM

Licensure Examination for 1
FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021
Aquatic
Pollution
Adrian Deil Manliclic
Fisheries Development Network

Licensure Exam for Fisheries Technologists 1
Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Water
• Essential for the existence of all life forms

• A key element for sustaining life as it is a foundational building
block that supports the biochemistry of all life on the planet
• It links and maintains all ecosystems on the planet
• Propel plant growth
• Provide permanent dwelling for aquatic species
• Provide temporary home or breeding ground for multiple amphibians,
insects, and other water-birthed organism
• Provide nutrient, and minerals necessary to sustain life
• Necessary of human survival
Aquatic Pollution
• Any change in water that is
harmful to living organisms.
• Water becomes polluted when

foreign substances enter the
environment and are transported
into the water cycle.
• These substances, known as

pollutants, contaminate the
water and are sometimes harmful
to organisms and the
environment.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Aquatic Pollution
“the introduction by human or machine, directly or
indirectly, of substances or energy to the aquatic
environment which result or is likely to result in such
deleterious effects as to harm living and non-living
aquatic resources, pose potential and/or real hazard
to human health, hindrance to aquatic activities such
as fishing and navigation, including dumping/disposal
of waste and other marine litters, discharge of
petroleum or residual products of petroleum or
carbonaceous materials/substances and other
radioactive, noxious or harmful liquid, gaseous or solid
substances, from any water, land or air transport or
other human-made structure. Deforestation, unsound
agricultural practices such as the use of banned
chemicals and excessive use of chemicals, intensive
use of artificial fish feed, and wetland conversion,
which cause similar hazards and deleterious effects
shall also constitute aquatic pollution.”
-amended RA 8550
Pollution Sources
1. Point sources
• The well-defined sources that emits
pollutants or effluents directly into different
water bodies
• The point sources of pollution can be
effectively checked
• Ex. Pipe attached to a factory, oil spill from a
tanker, effluents coming out from industries
2. Non-point sources
• pollution that comes from many
miscellaneous or diffuse sources rather than
from an identifiable, specific point.
• difficult to identify and may come from
pesticides, fertilizers, or automobile fluids
washed off the ground by a storm
• Ex. Run off from agricultural fields, urban
waste, etc.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Classify each of the potential pollution sources listed below as point

source (PS) or nonpoint source (NPS).
1. Factory discharge pipe 1. PS

2. City sewage plant 2. PS
3. Farm runoff entering streams 3. NPS
4. Oil spill from a ship 4. PS
5. Air pollution settling on water 5. NPS
6. Runoff from city parking lots entering creeks 6. NPS
Types of Pollutants
1. Domestic and Municipal

Pollutants (Sewage)
2. Industrial Pollutants
3. Agricultural Pollutants
4. Thermal Pollutants
5. Oil
6. Sediments

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
1. Domestic and Municipal Pollutants (sewage)

• Although many cities and towns have sewage treatment plants, at
times, such as during a flood event some may be unable to handle
the amount of sewage produced
• Some coastal cities are still using the open ocean as a sewage
dumping site
• May contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates that could
contribute to eutrophication of receiving water bodies
• Contains pathogens, plastic, soaps, detergents, human excreta,
antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogens and other
therapeutic drugs
• A 2019 global survey of antibiotics tested water from 165 rivers

across 72 countries.
• At 66% of sites, at least one antibiotic was found, while many had
more than one and approximately 15% contained unsafe levels of
antibiotics.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

• Microplastics are a form of pollution contaminating aquatic and
marine habitats, including estuaries, the breeding grounds for
many fish species.
• Over 690 marine species have been impacted by plastic debris

and microplastics, which are adversely affecting increasing
numbers of marine organisms from all trophic levels, including
zooplankton, barnacles, bivalves, decapod crustaceans, fish,
marine mammals, and seabirds.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
2. Industrial Pollutants
• Many industries are located near rivers
and lakes.
• These are responsible for discharging their

untreated effluents into water bodies like
highly toxic heavy metals such as
chromium, arsenic, lead, mercury, etc.
along with hazardous organic and
inorganic wastes (e.g., acids, alkalies,
cyanides, chlorides, etc.)
• During the Minamata Bay tragedy (1953-

1960), fish died due to mercury pollution
and those who ate fish were affected by
mercury poisoning and quite a few died.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
3. Agricultural Pollutants
• Manure, fertilizers, pesticides, uneaten

feeds, and any other wastes from farms
• They contribute to water pollution through
stormwater runoff.
• The water body receiving large quantities
of fertilizers (phosphates and nitrates) or
manures becomes rich in nutrients which
leads to eutrophication and consequent
depletion of dissolved oxygen.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area

Herbicides can affect the symbiotic algae damaging their
partnership with coral and resulting in bleaching

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
4. Thermal Pollutants
• Various industries, nuclear power plants and thermal plants require
water for cooling and the resultant hot water is often discharged into
rivers or lakes
• This results in thermal pollution and leads to the imbalance in the
ecology of the water body.
• Higher temperature lowers the dissolved oxygen level (which is very
essential for marine life) by decreasing the solubility of oxygen in water.
• Fish and other aquatic organism can get affected by a sudden change in
water temperatures
5. Oil
• Oil pollution with its toxic
constituents, such as polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is
one of the most conspicuous
and acutely damaging forms of
aquatic pollution.
• It may enter water bodies via

storm water drains, industrial
discharge, untreated waste
disposal, and mining, as well as
shipping mishaps and
recreational boating.
• Oil pollution causes significant

harm to aquatic biota and
coastal fisheries.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
After major oil spills commercially important species such as

oysters, shrimp, herring, and tuna can suffer population
decline and become too contaminated to be caught and
safely eaten.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
6. Sediments
• Soil particles carried to streams, lakes or oceans form the
sediments.
• The sediments may damage the water body by introducing a
large amount of nutrient matter.
• Sediment pollution has a smothering effect on seagrass
and shellfish beds with excess sediment also filling in critical
deep-water fish habitat.
• Fish larvae can confuse sediment particles for food, which
impacts their nutrition and survival

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Global emissions of Plastic into the Ocean
The largest contributing country estimated by the model was the

Philippines, with 466 out of 1,656 of the world’s rivers dumping more than
356,371 metric tons of plastic waste annually.
The world’s most polluting river when it comes to plastic is the 27-kilometer
Pasig River which runs through Metro Manila, accounting for 63,000 tons
of plastic entering oceans from rivers per year.
© Science Advances

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Controlling Pollution
The most effective means of controlling pollution results from cooperation
between scientists, legislators, citizens and industry

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Controlling Pollution
The most effective means of controlling pollution results from cooperation
between scientists, legislators, citizens and industry
Suggested Readings
• https://ipen.org/transfer/embargo/aquatic_pollutants_in_oceans_an
d_fisheries_ipen-en.pdf

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Invasive Species in The Philippines
Important Terminologies
Native or Indigenous
• A biological taxon (genus,
species, subspecies, variety, etc.)
native to a particular area or Chanos chanos
region; can be found naturally in
other areas.
• Ex. Milkfish (Chanos chanos),

Manila Sea Catfish (Arius
Manillensis)
Arius Manillensis

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Endemic Species
• A biological taxon (genus, species,
subspecies, variety, etc.) native to
and restricted to a particular area
or region and not found naturally
anywhere else in the world.
Sardinella tawilis
• Endemic species are a subset of
native or indigenous species.
• Ex. Freshwater sardine (Sardinella

tawilis), Silver therapon
(Leiopotherapon plumbeus)
Leiopotherapon plumbeus

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Exotic or Introduced Species

• A biological taxon (genus,
species, subspecies, etc.) that is
not native or indigenous to a
particular area or region and
that has been accidentally or
deliberately introduced into
the area.
• Some introduced species never

become established. However, Oreochromis niloticus
once established some
introduced species become
invasive.
• Ex. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis

niloticus) and other tilapia
species

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Invasive Species
• Also referred as invasive alien species (IAS)
• A species that is non-native or introduced to

an ecosystem that becomes established,
spreads, and is likely to cause damage to
biodiversity, agricultural production, or human
health.
• They can compete with and displace native

plants and animals, alter ecosystem functions Pomacea canaliculata
and cycles significantly, hybridize with native
species, and promote other invaders.
• Top drivers of environmental change globally,

and are known to threaten food security,
human health, and economic development
• Ex. Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata),

Blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron)
Sarotherodon melanotheron

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Is it possible for a
native/endemic species
become invasive in the
same country?

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Invasive Species in the Philippines

and their Impacts
• The IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)’s

Global Invasive Species Database(GISD) lists 47
alien species that have been introduced to the
Philippines, 6 with biostatus uncertain, and 23 that
are native to the Philippines region and invasive
elsewhere (ISSG, 2006a)

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
1. Invasive Aquatic Plants
Water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes)
• Fast growing plant with population
known to double in as little as 12 days
• its invasiveness is related to clogging

waterways, impeding boat transport and
fishing activities, and reducing fisheries
productivity
• Covered at least 20% of the water

surface of Laguna de Bay in the 1980s
and caused heavy damage on the fish
pens and cages during typhoons.
• It is also considered a nuisance as it

reduces phytoplankton growth and food
of fish, thereby affecting fishing and
aquaculture activities in major lakes in
the Bicol Region.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Water fern
(Salvinia molesta)
• Thought to have been introduced
into the Philippines in Negros
Occidental in 1979.
• Since introduction into Panay in
1981, it has spread rapidly
throughout the island.
• It was introduced into Guimaras in
1984 as an ornamental plant and
into Lucban, Quezon City in 1985 as
an aquarium plant.
• It is now a major problem in
irrigated lowland rice, negatively
affects the biodiversity and
abundance of freshwater species
including fish and submerged
aquatic plants, and thus affects
fishing activities, and boat travels.
Water lettuce/ Duck weed

(Pistia stratiotes)
• an invasive free floating

weed capable of forming
dense mats on the
surfaces of lakes, ponds,
rivers and other bodies of
water.
• Also common in rice

fields, but its biostatus is
still uncertain.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
2. Invasive Fishes and Mollusks
Golden apple snail

(Pomacea canaliculata)
• Originally introduced to
increase the protein source of
Filipino diet, but now a major
pest hindering the promotion
and adoption of direct-seeded
rice.
• This snail is also blamed to

displace the native edible snail,
Pila conica, in Luzon (Pagulayan,
1997).
• It is also a vector of rat

lungworm parasite that affects
humans.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Freshwater Mussel
(Cristaria plicata)
• Occurs in shallow bodies of
water like canals, creeks,
swamps, ponds, shallow pools of
rivers and littoral areas of lakes
and reservoirs
• Can be a nuisance in ponds

as the sharp shells can injure
workers when they step on it,
hence, poses an occupational
hazard
• Source of food and income, can

be polycultured with tilapia
Fishes
Gambusia affinis
Channa striata
Cyprinus carpio

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Clown knife fish (Chitala ornata)
• Believed to have escaped into Laguna de Bay

after a flooding caused by Typhoon Ondoy in
2009, this fish is now wreaking havoc on the
milkfish and tilapia industries of the lake.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Blackchin Tilapia
(Sarotherodon melanotheron)
• Gloria, arroyo
• This was first observed in

Laguna de Bay but it
eventually spread to the
brackish waters (mixed
fresh and salt waters) of
Bulacan and Bataan.
• Its presence is not yet much

of a concern.
Rice Paddy Eel

(Monopterus albus)
• reported to infest rice paddies in the
Cagayan Valley.
• Locally known as kiwet,” it feeds on small
fish, frogs and shrimp, and burrows into
the bunds of the paddies causing water
loss
• earlier reported to be a “pest” in Northern
Luzon is now a major export commodity
and may no longer be considered invasive.
• According to the BFAR, the export of the
live species as food fish to other Asian
countries has earned PhP 517 million from
January to June in 2013 for the country
(Chavez 2013; Lazaro 2013).

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol143no1/pdf/i
mpacts_of_introduced_freshwater_fishes_in_the_Phils.pdf
and many more…
3. Invasive Amphibians

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Chinese Softshell Turtle

(Pelodiscus sinensis)
• Endemic to China
• Considered invasive alien species under the DENR-
Biodiversity Management Bureau Technical Bulletin
No. 2013-02 released in 2013.
• Abundant in Pampanga and has likely established
populations in Rizal, Bulacan, Laguna, Nueva Ecija,
and Mindoro.
• Poses a potentially significant threat to Philippine
endemic and indigenous fish and aquatic animals as
well as to local fishpond and fishery operations
American Bullfrog
(Rana catesbeiana
Shaw)
• was first bred in Montalban, Rizal in 1960’s to boost

food production.
• Few years later, this government project collapsed

and 14,000 adults and tadpoles were released in Lake
Paoay and Lake Billoca, northern Luzon and Ligawasan
Marsh, Mindanao, respectively.
• It is known to be voracious predator on other

amphibian species in the United States

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Summary
• The negative impacts of invasive alien species can

be summarized as follows:
• competition for food
• reduction of the population of native fishes
• occurrence of potential new pathogenic
parasites
• pollution of major lakes
• eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs
Suggested measures for exotic aquatic species to

prevent invasive impacts (Cagauan, 2007)
• Conduct an import risk analysis to compare the

benefits to be gained against the risk involved
• Application of HACCP starting to introduction,

production, to marketing could be of help

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Conclusions and Recommendations (Guerrero

III, 2014)
• An evaluation of the 62 introduced exotic freshwater fishes in
the country showed that 48 (77%) are beneficial or non-
harmful, 10 (16%) are harmful or invasive, and four (6%) can be
considered to be potentially invasive species.
• The economic benefits derived from the beneficial

introductions are far more than the economic losses caused
by invasive species
• Introduction of most of the exotic fishes for aquaculture,

particularly for those that have become established, have
enriched fish biodiversity in the freshwater ecosystems of the
country rather than exterminating local fishes.
Suggested Readings
• https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol143no1/pdf/impacts_o
f_introduced_freshwater_fishes_in_the_Phils.pdf
• https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.843.9028&rep=rep1
&type=pdf
• http://repository.seafdec.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12066/996/SP14-
3%20aquatic%20species%20for%20inland%20aquaculture.pdf?sequence=1&isAll
owed=y
• https://www.fftc.org.tw/htmlarea_file/activities/20110826121346/paper-
729213301.pdf

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
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Thank You!!!
ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC

Licensure Examination for
FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021 75


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Lecture Notes in

AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY

Click to edit Master title style

ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM

FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021

Adrian Deil Manliclic

Fisheries Development Network

• Essential for the existence of all life forms

• Water becomes polluted when

• These substances, known as

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Classify each of the potential pollution sources listed below as point

1. Factory discharge pipe 1. PS

1. Domestic and Municipal

Fisheries Development Network

1. Domestic and Municipal Pollutants (sewage)

1. Domestic and Municipal Pollutants (sewage)

• A 2019 global survey of antibiotics tested water from 165 rivers

Fisheries Development Network

1. Domestic and Municipal Pollutants (sewage)

• Over 690 marine species have been impacted by plastic debris

Fisheries Development Network

• These are responsible for discharging their

• During the Minamata Bay tragedy (1953-

Fisheries Development Network

• Manure, fertilizers, pesticides, uneaten

Fisheries Development Network

Pesticides in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area

Fisheries Development Network

• It may enter water bodies via

• Oil pollution causes significant

Fisheries Development Network

After major oil spills commercially important species such as

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Global emissions of Plastic into the Ocean

The largest contributing country estimated by the model was the

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Invasive Species in The Philippines

• Ex. Milkfish (Chanos chanos),

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

• Ex. Freshwater sardine (Sardinella

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Exotic or Introduced Species

• Some introduced species never

• Ex. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

• A species that is non-native or introduced to

• They can compete with and displace native

• Top drivers of environmental change globally,

• Ex. Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata),

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

Invasive Species in the Philippines

• The IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)’s

Fisheries Development Network