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Exam Ref 70-764 Administering a
SQL Database Infrastructure

Victor Isakov
Exam Ref 70-764 Administering a SQL Database Infrastructure
Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by: Pearson
Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2018 by Pearson Education
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication
is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the
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ISBN-13: 978-1-5093-0383-0
ISBN-10: 1-5093-0383-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953072
First Printing September 1 17
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Contents at a glance
Introduction
Preparing for the exam
Chapter 1 Configure data access and auditing
Chapter 2 Manage backup and restore of databases
Chapter 3 Manage and monitor SQL Server instances
Chapter 4 Manage high availability and disaster recovery
Index
Contents
Introduction
Organization of this book
Microsoft certifications
Acknowledgments
Microsoft Virtual Academy
Quick access to online references
Errata, updates, & book support
We want to hear from you
Stay in touch
Preparing for the exam
Chapter 1 Configure data access and auditing
Skill 1.1: Configure encryption
Implement column-level encryption
Implement Always Encrypted
Configure transparent data encryption
Implement backup encryption
Configure encryption for connections
Troubleshoot encryption errors
Skill 1.2 Configure data access and permissions
Create and maintain users
Create and maintain custom roles
Manage database object permissions
Configure row-level security
Configure dynamic data masking
Configure user options for Azure SQL Database
Skill 1.3: Configure auditing
 Configure an audit on SQL Server
Query the SQL Server audit log
Manage a SQL Server audit
Configure an Azure SQL Database audit
Analyze audit logs and reports from Azure SQL Database
Thought experiment
Thought experiment answers
Chapter summary
Chapter 2 Manage backup and restore of databases
Skill 2.1: Develop a backup strategy
Design a backup strategy
Back up databases
Back up VLDBs
Manage transaction log backups
Configure backup automation
Skill 2.2 Restore databases
Design a restore strategy
Restore a database
Perform piecemeal restores
Perform page recovery
Perform point-in-time recovery
Restore a filegroup
Develop a plan to automate and test restores
Skill 2.3 Manage database integrity
Implement database consistency checks
Identify database corruption
Recover from database corruption
Thought experiment
Thought experiment answers
 Chapter summary
Chapter 3 Manage and monitor SQL Server instances
Skill 3.1: Monitor database activity
Monitor current sessions
Identify sessions that cause blocking activity
Identify sessions that consume tempdb resources
Configure the data collector
Skill 3.2 Monitor queries
Manage the Query Store
Configure Extended Events and trace events
Identify problematic execution plans
Troubleshoot server health using Extended Events
Skill 3.3 Manage indexes
Identify and repair index fragmentation
Identify and create missing indexes
Identify and drop underutilized indexes
Manage existing columnstore indexes
Skill 3.4 Manage statistics
Identify and correct outdated statistics
Implement Auto Update Statistics
Implement statistics for large tables
Skill 3.5 Monitor SQL Server instances
Configure database mail
Create and manage operators
Create and manage SQL Agent alerts
Define custom alert actions
Define failure actions
Configure policy based management
Identify available space on data volumes
Identify the cause of performance degradation
 Thought experiment
Thought experiment answers
Chapter summary
Chapter 4 Manage high availability and disaster recovery
Skill 4.1: Design a high availability solution
Skill 4.2: Design a disaster recovery solution
Skill 4.3: Implement log shipping
Architect log shipping
Configure log shipping
Monitor log shipping
Skill 4.4: Implement Availability Groups
Architect Availability Groups
Configure Windows clustering
Create an Availability Group
Configure read-only routing
Monitor Availability Groups
Manage failover
Create Distributed Availability Group
Skill 4.5: Implement failover clustering
Architect failover clustering
Configure failover clustering
Manage Shared Disks
Configure Cluster Shared Volumes
Thought experiment
Thought experiment answers
Chapter summary

Index

What do you think of this book? We want to hear from you!

Microsoft is interested in hearing your feedback so we can continually
improve our books and learning resources for you. To participate in a brief
online survey, please visit:
https://aka.ms/tellpress
Introduction
First and foremost, thank you for your purchase and all the best of luck in
your endeavor to become certified and an expert in the SQL Server data
platform. The 70-764 exam is intended for database professionals who
perform installation, maintenance, and configuration tasks on the SQL Server
platform. Other responsibilities include setting up database systems, making
sure those systems operate efficiently, and regularly storing, backing up, and
securing data from unauthorized access.
This book is geared toward database administrators who are looking to
train in the administration of SQL Server 2016 infrastructure. To help you
prepare for the exam you can use Microsoft Hyper-V to create SQL Server
virtual machines (VMs) and follow the examples in this book. You can
download an evaluation copy of Windows Server 2016 from
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-server-2016/.
SQL Server 2016 can be downloaded for free from
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sql-server/sql-server-downloads. You can
download the AdventureWorks databases from
https://msftdbprodsamples.codeplex.com/. The Wide World Importers
database can be downloaded from https://github.com/Microsoft/sql-server-
samples/releases/tag/wide-world-importers-v1.0.
This book covers every major topic area found on the exam, but it does not
cover every exam question. Only the Microsoft exam team has access to the
exam questions, and Microsoft regularly adds new questions to the exam,
making it impossible to cover specific questions. You should consider this
book a supplement to your relevant real-world experience and other study
materials. If you encounter a topic in this book that you do not feel
completely comfortable with, use the “Need more review?” links you’ll find
in the text to find more information and take the time to research and study
the topic. Great information is available on MSDN, TechNet, and in blogs
and forums.

Organization of this book

This book is organized by the “Skills measured” list published for the exam.
The “Skills measured” list is available for each exam on the Microsoft
Learning website: https://aka.ms/examlist. Each chapter in this book
corresponds to a major topic area in the list, and the technical tasks in each
topic area determine a chapter’s organization. If an exam covers six major
topic areas, for example, the book will contain six chapters.

Microsoft certifications
Microsoft certifications distinguish you by proving your command of a broad
set of skills and experience with current Microsoft products and technologies.
The exams and corresponding certifications are developed to validate your
mastery of critical competencies as you design and develop, or implement
and support, solutions with Microsoft products and technologies both on-
premises and in the cloud. Certification brings a variety of benefits to the
individual and to employers and organizations.

More Info All Microsoft certifications

For information about Microsoft certifications, including a full
list of available certifications, go to
https://www.microsoft.com/learning.

Acknowledgments
Victor Isakov I would like to dedicate this book to Christopher, Isabelle,
Marcus and Sofia. With your love and “infinite patience” I am the luckiest
guy on this planet! It would be remiss of me not to also thank Trina
MacDonald and Troy Mott for their “infinite patience” in helping me
complete this “impossible task.”

Microsoft Virtual Academy

Build your knowledge of Microsoft technologies with free expert-led online
training from Microsoft Virtual Academy (MVA). MVA offers a
comprehensive library of videos, live events, and more to help you learn the
latest technologies and prepare for certification exams. You’ll find what you
need here:
https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com
Quick access to online references
Throughout this book are addresses to webpages that the author has
recommended you visit for more information. Some of these addresses (also
known as URLs) can be painstaking to type into a web browser, so we’ve
compiled all of them into a single list that readers of the print edition can
refer to while they read.
Download the list at https://aka.ms/exam764administersql/downloads.
The URLs are organized by chapter and heading. Every time you come
across a URL in the book, find the hyperlink in the list to go directly to the
webpage.

Errata, updates, & book support

We’ve made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this book and its
companion content. You can access updates to this book—in the form of a
list of submitted errata and their related corrections—at:
https://aka.ms/exam764administersql/errata
If you discover an error that is not already listed, please submit it to us at
the same page.
If you need additional support, email Microsoft Press Book Support at
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Please note that product support for Microsoft software and hardware is
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or hardware, go to https://support.microsoft.com.

We want to hear from you

At Microsoft Press, your satisfaction is our top priority, and your feedback
our most valuable asset. Please tell us what you think of this book at:
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We know you’re busy, so we’ve kept it short with just a few questions.
Your answers go directly to the editors at Microsoft Press. (No personal
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Stay in touch
Let’s keep the conversation going! We’re on Twitter:
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Important: How to use this book to study
for the exam
Certification exams validate your on-the-job experience and product
knowledge. To gauge your readiness to take an exam, use this Exam Ref to
help you check your understanding of the skills tested by the exam.
Determine the topics you know well and the areas in which you need more
experience. To help you refresh your skills in specific areas, we have also
provided “Need more review?” pointers, which direct you to more in-depth
information outside the book.
The Exam Ref is not a substitute for hands-on experience. This book is not
designed to teach you new skills.
We recommend that you round out your exam preparation by using a
combination of available study materials and courses. Learn more about
available classroom training at https://www.microsoft.com/learning.
Microsoft Official Practice Tests are available for many exams at
https://aka.ms/practicetests. You can also find free online courses and live
events from Microsoft Virtual Academy at
https://www.microsoftvirtualacademy.com.
This book is organized by the “Skills measured” list published for the
exam. The “Skills measured” list for each exam is available on the Microsoft
Learning website: https://aka.ms/examlist.
Note that this Exam Ref is based on publicly available information and the
author’s experience. To safeguard the integrity of the exam, authors do not
have access to the exam questions.
Chapter 1. Configure data access and
auditing

Important Have you read page xiii?

It contains valuable information regarding the skills you need to
pass the exam.

An organization’s data is one of its most important assets, and in the twenty-
first century securing your data is paramount. In this chapter we will exam
the skills required to protect sensitive data through encryption, to control data
access, and importantly to audit data access. In a lot of sectors there are
common compliances and governance requirements, and SQL Server has
technology and tools to help you achieve any such compliance.
Data loss comes in many forms, including hardware failure, database
corruption, malicious activity, and user error, so you should develop a DRP
to protect against all of these eventualities. It is common for organizations to
have data governance requirements, requiring you to factor these into your
data disaster strategy.
Skill 1.1 starts with the encryption of data within your SQL Server
instance. We will examine how you can encrypt data at the column-level
within the tables of your database, at the database level, and at the database
backup level. Most data breaches within organizations are performed by
employees, so it is important to configure the appropriate data access controls
and audit potential unauthorized data access. In Skill 1.2 we turn our
attention to how you control data access within your SQL Server instance.
SQL Server logins, database users, server roles, database roles, and object
permissions are covered because they might be in the exam. We will also
focus on row-level security and dynamic data masking. Finally, in Skill 1.3
we cover how to configure auditing at the server and database level within
SQL Server.
Pay attention to the new security features in SQL Server 2016, which are
Always Encrypted, row-level security, and dynamic data masking. These new
technologies make great candidates for exam questions, but of course you
must be prepared for many other technologies as well.

Skills in this chapter:

Configure encryption
Configure data access and permissions
Configure auditing

Skill 1.1: Configure encryption

Let’s start this section with how to configure encryption in SQL Server. We
will examine how you can encrypt both data at rest and data in flight. Each
encryption technology will have its own strengths, weaknesses and
administrative complexity. Some encryption technology will restrict the types
of operations that you can perform on your data.
Let’s begin by examining how you can encrypt columns within tables
using column-level encryption and the new Always Encrypted capability. We
will then move to the database level and look at how to encrypt the entire
database and the database backups. Finally, we will cover how to configure
encryption for connections, and how to troubleshoot encryption.
When configuring encryption it is critical to choose the order of which
algorithms, certificates, and keys to operate. It is important to understand
what the different encryption technologies encrypt, what they protect against,
and how to configure them. The exam may require you to choose the
appropriate encryption mechanism, list the proper business requirements, and
describe the technical constraints.

This section covers how to:

Implement column-level encryption
Implement Always Encrypted
Configure transparent data encryption
Implement backup encryption
Configure encryption for connections
Troubleshoot encryption errors
Implement column-level encryption
The ability to encrypt data at the column level is a critical capability in any
modern database engine. Column-level encryption has been supported since
SQL Server 2005. Although this capability has seen improvements through
releases of SQL Server, its core architecture has remained the same.
Consequently, I would not expect many questions on column-level
encryption in the exam because it represents older technology.
To understand and implement encryption in SQL Server you need to
understand its encryption hierarchy and key management architecture. Layers
of encryption are protected by preceding layers of encryption that can use
asymmetric keys, certificates, and symmetric keys.
Extensible Key Management SQL Server EKM enables the
encryption keys that protect the database files to be stored outside of
the SQL Server environment such as a smartcard, a USB device, and
the EKM module of Hardware Security Module (HSM). It also helps
secure the SQL Server instance from database administrators because
they will not necessarily have access to the external EKM/HSM
module.
Service Master Key The Service Master Key (SMK) is the root of the
database engine’s encryption hierarchy and is generated automatically
the first time it is needed to encrypt another key. By default, the SMK
is encrypted using the Windows data protection API (DPAPI) at the
operating system level, which uses the local machine key. The SMK
can only be opened by the Windows service account that created it, or
by a principal that knows the service account name and its password.
Database Master Key The Database Master Key (DMK) is a
symmetric key used to protect the private keys of certificates and
asymmetric keys that are present in the database. When created it is
encrypted using AES_256 and a password you provide. Query the
[sys].[symmetric_keys] catalog view to get information about the
DMK.
Asymmetric Key An asymmetric key consists of a private and
corresponding public key. Asymmetric encryption is computationally
more expensive, but more secure than symmetric encryption. You can
use an asymmetric key to encrypt a symmetric key within a database.
 Symmetric Key A symmetric key is a single key that uses encryption.
Symmetric encryption is generally used over asymmetric encryption
because it is faster and less computationally expensive.
Certificate Certificates are a digitally signed security object that
contain a public (and optionally a private) key for SQL Server, which
can generate certificates. You can also use externally generated
certificates, and just like with asymmetric keys, certificates can be used
in asymmetric encryption.
Figure 1-1 shows SQL Server’s encryption hierarchy. Note that there are
multiple ways to protect the encrypted data within the database.

FIGURE 1-1 SQL Server encryption hierarchy

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T. A. Z.
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the accredited attempts to reproduce the New England man and
woman in either verse or prose.”
 Franklin H. Giddings, professor of sociology in Columbia
University; author of “The Principles of Sociology,” “Pagan
Poems,” etc.

“I have been profoundly amused and entertained by Mr.

Bryan’s book of poems.... My only criticism of the volume is, that
it ends too soon.”

William T. Hornaday, director of the New York Zoological

Park; author of “The American Natural History,” “Old-
Fashioned Verses,” etc.

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