Handouts-for-Design-of-Anchor-Bolts-in-Accordance-with-ACI-318-19-1684527395938

Design of Anchor Bolts
in Accordance with ACI 318-19

ASCE Continuing Education Webinar
Presented by Alexander Newman, P.E.
Copyright © 2011-2023 Alexander Newman.

All rights reserved.
Reproduction of this material without a written permission
of the copyright holder is a violation of the U.S. law.
1
DO NOT post the handouts on company servers or on the Internet.
 Agenda
 Introduction
 Typical construction
 Relevant provisions of IBC
 ACI 318 Chapter 17
 Resisting tension loads
 Resisting shear
 Combined loading
 Comprehensive design example
 Conclusion, final Q&A
Our main focus: cast-in anchors within concrete.

2-day ASCE seminar Design of Anchors, Embedments, and
Foundations to Resist Horizontal and Uplift Forces considers
2 other design issues.
1
Anchor Bolts:
Typical Construction
 The Name
 Traditional: ‘Anchor Bolts’
 AISC: ‘Anchor Rods’ (vs. steel-to-steel structural bolts)
 AISC COSP considers anchor rods and embedments that
receive structural steel elements to be structural steel
 The Function
 Extend from column base plate into concrete foundation to:
 Stabilize structure during erection
3  Transfer horiz. & uplift reactions from column to foundation
 OSHA Specifies Function During Erection

 Minimum loading criteria for design
 Anchorage must resist tension caused by bending moment
from a 300# person 18” from face of column
 Anchor Bolts: Minimum Number

 OSHA: 4 min, except posts. A ‘post’ is “essentially vertical”
member that either…
1) weighs < 300# and is axially loaded or
2) is not axially loaded, but is laterally restrained above
OSHA Safety and Health Standards for the Construction Industry, 29 CFR 1926 Part R, Safety Standards for Steel
4 Erection, Paragraph 1926.755(a)(2)
2
 Anchor Bolts
 Headed anchors are preferred today
 Do not use L, J bolts when calculated tension exists*
 “A heavy-hex nut or forged head is adequate to develop the
concrete shear cone.” (AISC 360-22, -16, -10, -05 Comm. J9)
*See the discussion in AISCM 14th and 13th editions, p. 14-10.
 Anchor Bolts: Load Transfer to Column
Nonshrink
grout
Structural steel,
with grout MBS, no grout
3
 A Typical Headed Anchor

 Threaded top and bottom vs. all-threaded rod
TOP NUT
PLATE WASHER
BOTTOM NUT
 Keeping the Bottom Nut in Place

 For Gr. 36 A.B.s, tack weld
 For higher grades, add another nut at bottom and tighten
it, peen threads under bottom nut (or apply adhesive)
7
 Anchor Bolt Materials

 ASTM F1554: 36, 55 and 105 ksi yield strength
 Typ., use 36 ksi (55-ksi grade is weldable only if special
weldability and carbon req’ts are specified)
 Color coding: 36 ksi – blue, 55 ksi – yellow, 105 ksi – red
 Do not specify A325 bolts (Lmax = 8”) and do not specify
pretension for mild-steel bolts
4
 Anchor Bolt Materials, Cont’d
 Nuts: ASTM F1554 for req’ts
 Strongest: ASTM A563 (typ. used for HS bolts). Heat-
treated, so careful with welding to them… best to use
adhesive (threadlocker) or damage the treads of treaded
rods than to tack weld
 Nuts and their threads exceed strength of rod (ASD
0.375Fu in 14th and 13th ed’s. vs. 0.33Fu in 9th ed.)
 Washers: ASTM A36 stock
 ASTM F435 washers are typ. too thin
Relevant Provisions of IBC

 Anchorage to Concrete per IBC-12, -09
 IBC-12 Section 1908 (IBC-09 Section 1911), ASD
 Applies to headed bolts and headed stud anchors in NW
concrete (not post-installed anchors, strength design, EQ)
 Assumes bolts comply with ASTM A307 or approved eq’t
 IBC-12 Sec. 1905 modifies some provisions of ACI 318-11

App. D. (IBC-09 Sec. 1908 modifies ACI 318-08.)
 IBC-12 Table 1908.2, Allowable Service Loads on Embedded
Bolts lists allowable tension (Pt) and shear (Vt) capacities,
using various dia, embedment, spacing, edge distance, f’c
10
5
 IBC-12 Table 1908.2: Representative Values
 ¾” bolts, min. 5” embed., 9” spacing, f’c = 3000 psi
 With 4.5” ED (6 dia), Pt = 2250#, Vt = 3560#
 With 7.5” ED (10 dia), Pt = 2950#, Vt = 4300#
 1” bolts, min. 7” embed., 12” spacing, f’c = 3000 psi, 6” ED
(6 dia, the only choice), Pt = 3250#, Vt = 4500#
 1 ¼” bolts (max.), min. 9” embed., 15” spacing, f’c = 2500 –
4000 psi, 7 ½ ” ED (the only choice),
Pt = 4000#, Vt = 5800#
* Same as IBC-09 Table 1911.2

Edge distance Spacing
11

 IBC-12 Table 1908.2, Cont’d
 The tabulated values can be modified as follows:
 Reduced by 50% if ED and spacing reduced by 50%
 Use linear interpolation if reduction less than 50%
 Can increase by 1/3 if Sec. 1605.3.2 permits it for wind
 Can increase Pt (not Vt) by 100% with special inspection
 Anchor design for combined loads

(Ps / Pt)5/3 + (Vs / Vt)5/3 < 1,
where Ps and Vs are applied tension and shear,
Pt and Vt are allowable tension and shear
12
6
 Anchorage to Concrete per IBC-12, Cont’d
 Section 1909, Strength Design
 Design headed bolts, headed studs, J- or L-bolts and post-
installed expansion and undercut anchors per ACI 318
App. D, with mod’s by IBC Sec. 1905.1.9 & 1905.1.10
(discussed below)
 Applies to strength design and EQ load
 Strength design of anchors not within the scope of App. D
“shall be in accordance with an approved procedure.”
13

 IBC-15, -18 and -21
 Since 2015, the table of bolt capacities is removed
 Section 1901.3, Anchoring to Concrete: comply with ACI 318
 Which IBC and ACI 318 Edition to Use?

 IBC-18 and -15 both reference ACI 318-14
 IBC-21 References ACI 318-19 (and AISC 360-16)
 As promised, we follow ACI 318-19
 But . . .
14
7
 But Why Not to Simply Use the Latest ACI 318?
 You should not mix and match building code and referenced
standards, which are often one step ahead of IBC
 IBC takes exceptions to some of their provisions
 E.g., see IBC Sec. 1905 for changes to ACI 318 anchoring
provisions
 Paragraph numbering changes from edition to edition makes
it challenging for referencing
 We’ll discuss ACI 318-19
 And occasionally, some changes from previous editions
15
ACI 318-19 Chapter 17
 Previous ACI 318-11—02 Appendix D

 ACI 318-11 vs. -14: Same provisions, different numbering
 Search the internet for a table called 318-
14_CrossReference_2011to2014
 What It Covered in 2014 and 2011

 Cast-in and some post-installed anchors listed next
 Post-installed must meet the assessment criteria:
 ACI 355.2 for expansion and undercut
 ACI 355.4 for adhesive anchors (since 2011)
16
8
ACI 318
 What ACI 318-14, -11 Did Not Cover
 Through-bolts, specialty inserts
 Multiple anchors connected to a single steel plate at
embedded end [but covered plates at the top]
 Grouted anchors
 “Direct” anchors, such as powder-actuated
 Anchors used mostly for hi-cycle fatigue or impact loading
Grout
17
ACI 318
 ACI 318-19 Chapter 17: What Changed?
 Relocated anchor inspection requirements from Chapter 17
 Chapter is reformatted
 Now covers:
 Screw anchors
 Shear lugs
18
9
ACI 318
 General Methodology
 Based on Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) method
 Provisions changed in every edition of ACI 318 since ’02
 Design approach depends on: N
 Type of load (EQ or not)

 Rigidity of base plate
 Embedment of anchors
 Tension on anchor groups
 If concentric, even distribution
(ensure the base plate does not yield
and allows prying action to develop)
19
ACI 318
 Tension on Anchor Groups, Cont’d
 Eccentric T or M: distribution by elastic analysis…
 …but plastic analysis OK if the req’d anchor ductility exists.
Then, equal distribution among tension anchors M
 For both cases, the exact location of C cannot
be found by RC formulas.
 Without web stiffeners, may be assumed at
the leading edge of column
 With web stiffeners, may be at edge of
C T
the base plate*
*Sources: ACI 318-14--08, PCA Notes on ACI 318-08

20
10
ACI 318
 Anchors with EQ Loads in SDC C – F
 A major change in 2011
 Previous approach: “Ductile anchors” req’d (ductile yielding
of bolt controls over concrete capacity)
 ACI 318-08 App. D required that strength be governed by a
ductile steel element, not embedment, unless reduced:
 The attachment is designed to yield at a force < 0.75ΦNn or
0.75ΦVn governed by concrete failure modes, or
 Take design strength of non-ductile anchors =
(0.4)(0.75)ΦNn or (0.4)(0.75)ΦVn …
 …Or for stud bearing walls, (0.5)(0.75)ΦNn or (0.5)(0.75)ΦVn
21 (because of redundancy)
ACI 318
 EQ Loads in SDC C – F in ACI 318-11 – 19
 Revision of “ductile anchor” requirements for tension,
elimination of them for shear
 Added 20% threshold value for N or V for triggering EQ req’s
 When EQ component of total Nu or Vu on anchor or group is
< 20%, can design without special EQ provisions
 Otherwise, special EQ provisions apply:
 Follow ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.10.5 for N; ACI 318-19 Sec.
17.10.6 for V
 For “non-ductile anchors,” alternate forms of protection
against anchor failure can be provided
22
11
ACI 318
 Options for Ductile Anchors N per Sec. 17.10.5.3*
a) “Ductile anchor” req’d over 20% threshold for single anchor.
See below for various provisions for a group (details next)
b) Design anchor(s) for max. transmitted tension based on
development of ductile yield mechanism in the attachment**
c) Design anchor(s) for max. tension transmitted by a non-
yielding attachment** (e.g., crushing of wood sill plate)
d) Design anchor(s) for max. tension from design load comb.’s
that include E, with E increased by overstrength factor Ωo***
*See 2009 NEHRP Provisions for additional commentary on these options

**Compute design tensile strength per ACI Sec. 17.10.5.4 with red. factors
***Compute design tensile strength per ACI Sec. 17.10.5.4
23 (without any add’l EQ reduction factors). See below for examples of Ωo
ACI 318
 More on 17.10.5.3 Opt. (a)
 For a group of anchors, to comply with option (a),
“the ratio of the tensile load on the most highly stressed
anchor to the steel strength of that anchor shall be” > “ratio
of the tensile load on tension-loaded anchors to the concrete-
governed strength of those anchors.”
C T
24
12
ACI 318
 ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.10.5.3 Option (a), Cont’d
 In any case (for an anchor or a group):
1. Steel strength = 1.2Nsa (nom. steel strength of anchor)
2. Concrete-governed strength = least of nominal strengths for
applicable limit states for N
3. Anchors transmit N via ductile steel element with a stretch length > 8
anchor dia. (see below)
4. Where load can reverse, protect anchor from buckling
5. For partly threaded ductile bolts futa : fya > 1.3 unless upset ends are
used
6. For deformed bars used as ductile elements, comply w/Sec. 20.2.2*
(e.g., except in special seismic systems use A615, A706, A955, A996,
otherwise use A706; max yield = 80 ksi).
25
ACI 318
 Stretch Length in Option (a)
 For load reversal, restrain buckling by a chair or tube
 But these should not share in resisting tension
Anchor chair
Stretch length
> 8 dia.
Deception Bridge, WA, c. 1935
See photos of actual performance after EQ in John F. Silva

26 “Anchors Aweigh,” Modern Steel Construction, 10/12.
13
ACI 318
 Stretch Length, Another Version
Stretch length
> 8 dia.
Sleeve
After ACI 318-19 Fig. R17.10.5.3

27
ACI 318
 More on Option (d), Using Ωo
 IBC Chap. 19 adds an exception that wall anchors designed
for out-of-plane designed per ASCE-16 Eq’s 12.11-1 and
12.14-10 (wall anchorage forces) are complying with Option
(d) – see a later discussion for stud wall anchors
See ASCE 7-16 and -10 Table 12.2-1 for Ωo values

Some examples:
Steel braced frames Ωo = 2 or 2.5
Steel moment-resisting frames Ωo = 3
Steel systems not specifically detailed for seismic
resistance Ωo = 3
28
14
ACI 318
 ACI 318-19 Req’ts for Shear in SDC C – F
 ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.10.6
 When EQ component of total Vu on anchor or group is < 20%,
can design without special EQ provisions
 Otherwise, special EQ provisions apply.
 Follow ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.10.6.3, which lists 3 design
options (next)
 If anchor reinf. used, no further capacity reduction req’d
 But no req’ts for “ductile anchor” behavior V
 IBC Chap. 19 provides some exceptions for light

frame construction (discussed in a separate section)
29
ACI 318
 3 Options for Shear per Sec. 17.10.6.3
a) Design anchor(s) for max. transmitted shear based on
development of ductile yield mechanism in the attachment
b) Design anchor(s) for max. shear transmitted by a non-
yielding attachment
c) Design anchor(s) for max. shear from design load comb.’s
that include E increased by overstrength factor Ωo*
*Compute design shear strength per ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.10.6.3
30
15
ACI 318
 Strength of Anchors – General, Sec. 17.5
 Based on calc’s or testing for the following limit states:
 Steel strength of anchor in tension and in shear
 Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension and shear
 Pullout strength of anchor in tension
 Concrete side-face blowout strength in tension
 Concrete pryout strength in shear
 For adhesive anchors, bond strength in tension
31
ACI 318
 How to Determine Strength of Anchors
 Sec. 17.5.1.2: Can be based on calc’s using models of Sec.
17.5.1.2 . . .
 . . . or test results using 5% fractile for the used limit states
 See Sec. 2.3 for definitions: 90% confidence that there is
95% probability of the actual strength exceeding nominal
 This is why some adhesive anchor mfr’s tables contain
values that exceed those computed for cast-in anchors!
5% Tested
strength
32
16
ACI 318
 Cracked Concrete Assumption
 ACI 318: Assume concrete is cracked for anchor design
unless can be shown otherwise
 Why?
 Reduced holding capacity if crack passes through anchor
 Anchor is a natural “stress concentrator”
 What about reinforced pedestals?
33
ACI 318
 Design for Tension per Sec. 17.6

 Nominal steel strength of an anchor in tension:
Nsa = Ase,Nfuta where
Nsa = nom. strength of anchor in tension, gov’d by steel
Ase,N = effective area of anchor in tension, in2
futa shall not be taken larger than the smaller of
1.9fya or 125,000 psi [D.N.G. for 36-ksi steel]
 For several (n) anchors, multiply Nsa by n.
34
17
ACI 318
 Design for Tension: Some Practical Data
 Finding Ase,N (same as Ase,V), also Abrg of ‘heavy hex’ head or
nut (used in shear calc’s)
¾” dia. Ase,N = 0.334 Abrg = 0.911
7/8” dia. Ase,N = 0.462 Abrg = 1.188
1” dia. Ase,N = 0.606 Abrg = 1.501
1 1/8” dia. Ase,N = 0.763 Abrg = 1.851
1 ¼” dia. Ase,N = 0.969 Abrg = 2.237 (in2)
35 Source: PCA Notes on ACI 318-08 Table 4-2
ACI 318
 Design for Tension: Some Practical Data, Cont’d
 Finding futa : For ASTM F1554 Gr. 36 futa = 58 ksi
 Strength reduction factors Φ for tension for load comb’s of
ACI 318-19 Table 17.5.3(a)
 0.75 if governed by ductile steel element
 0.65 if governed by brittle steel element
 E.g., (4) ductile ¾” dia. A.B.s, Tu = 0.75(4)(0.334)(58) = 58.1 k

 ASTM F1554 Gr. 36 is ‘ductile’
36
18
ACI 318
 More on Φ Factors for Tension and Shear: Table
17.5.3(b)
 For cast-in anchors governed by concrete breakout, side-face
blowout, bond
 0.75 if supplementary reinforcement (discussed later) is
present,
 0.70 if not
 For concrete pullout and pryout: 0.70
 See Table 17.5.3(b) for Φ factors for post-installed anchors
37
ACI 318
 Concrete Breakout Strength in Tension
 Develop ‘breakout prism’ f.k.a. ‘concrete cone failure’
 ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.3.2: Provisions for concrete breakout
strength apply for anchors w/ dia. < 4”*
 4” is max. dia. covered in ASTM F1554
 The angle (~ 35 deg.) is different from 45 deg. used before
 hef = embedment length N
TOP OF CONCRETE
1.5
1
h ef
*ACI 318-02 thru -08 Sec. D.4.2.2
limited these to anchors w/ dia. < 2”,
embedment length < 25”
38 Lines start at centerline of anchor
19
ACI 318
 Concrete Breakout Strength in Tension, Cont’d
 Should we use a plate at bottom to increase the prism area?
 ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.6.2.1.3 allows calculating projected area
from the effective perimeter of the plate or washer
 Added width of eff. perimeter < plate thickness each side
 Probably not worth the effort
N
TOP OF CONCRETE
1.5
1
h ef
tpl tpl
39 Lines start at effective edge of plate
ACI 318
 Sec. 17.6.2: Nom. concrete breakout str.: Ncb and Ncbg

 Ncb (for single anchor) = (ANc/ANco)ψed,Nψc,N ψcp,NNb
Eq. 17.6.2.1a
 Ncbg (for a group of anchors) = (ANc/ANco)ψec,N ψed,N ψc,N ψcp,NNb
Eq. 17.6.2.1b
 ANco (projected area of 1 anchor)
= 9hef2 3hef
 ANc = projected area of a group (next)

ANc < nANco
When anchors are located < 1.5hef from 3 or more edges,
40
remember to modify hef by the effects of Sec. 17.4.2.3 3hef
20
ACI 318
 Projected area of a group (ANc) with 4 anchors close to edge
ca1 = min. edge distance
ANc 1.5hef
s2
ca2
When anchors are located < 1.5hef from 3 or ca1 s1 1.5hef

more edges, remember to modify hef by the
41
effects of Sec. 17.6.2.1.2
ACI 318
 Nb = basic concrete breakout strength for a single anchor
located away from other anchors and edges, in cracked conc.
 Nb = kcλa(f’c)1/2hef1.5 Eq. 17.6.2.2.1
where kc = 24 for cast-in anchors
kc = 17 for post-installed anchors
λa = mod. for LW conc. per 17.2.4 (= 1.0λ for cast-in)
 Alternatively, for cast-in headed bolts and studs with
11” < hef < 25”
Nb = 16λa (f’c)1/2hef 5/3 Eq. 17.6.2.2.3
When anchors are located < 1.5hef from 3 or more edges, remember
42 to modify hef by the effects of Sec. 17.6.2.1.2
21
ACI 318
 Sec. 17.6.2.1.2: Modify hef for computing ANc in accordance
with Sec. 17.6.2.1.1 when anchors are located < 1.5 hef from 3
or more edges:
 Use h’ef the greater of ca, max /1.5 or smax /3
 The value of h’ef applies to ACI Eq’s 17.6.2.1 – 17.6.2.4
Ca2,1
s2
h’ef is instructor’s term, not in ACI
ANc = projected area of a group Ca2,2
ca1 s1 1.5hef
43
ACI 318
 Example: Find h’ef and ANc for four anchors shown
Solution:
ca, max = 12”
ca, max /1.5 = 8”
smax / 3 = 4”/ 3 = 1.33”
ca2,1 = 12”
Use h’ef = 8” and 1.5 h’ef = 12”
s2 = 4”
ANc = (8 + 4 + 12)(6 + 4 + 12) =
Ca2,2 = 8”
= 528 in2
ca1 s1 1.5h’ef
44
6” 4”
22
ACI 318
 Modification ‘psi’ factors ψec,N ψed,N ψc,N ψcp,N (Sec. 17.6)

 ψec,N = for anchor groups loaded ecc’lly (Eq. 17.6.2.3.1)
 ψed,N = for edge effects for single anchor or groups in tension
 If ca, max > 1.5 hef ψed,N = 1.0 (Eq. 17.6.2.4.1a)
 If ca, max < 1.5 hef ψed,N = 0.7 + 0.3(ca, min) / (1.5 hef)
(Eq. 17.6.2.4.1b) h’ef applies
 ψc,N = (upward) adjustment for uncracked concrete
 ψc,N = 1.25 for cast-in anchors
 ψc,N = 1.4 for post-installed (if kc = 17 in Eq. 17.6.2.2.1, which

45 assumes anchors are in cracked concrete)
ACI 318
 Breakout splitting factor ψcp,N (modifies tensile strength of
post-installed anchors in uncracked concrete w/o suppl. reinf.)
 See ACI Eq’s 17.6.2.6.1a and 17.6.2.6.1b
 ψcp,N = 1.0 for cast-in anchors
 When anchor reinforcement used, can use its strength instead

of concrete breakout strength to find ΦNn (Φ = 0.75)
 Anchor reinforcement must be developed (extend > Ld or
Ldh) past both sides of breakout surface…
 …and placed “as close as practicable to the anchor” but <
46
0.5hef
23
ACI 318
 Example of using anchor reinforcement to resist tension in a
large footing N
 See next for pedestals
Surface reinforcement
extends beyond
breakout prism
hef > Ldh
> Ld
Anchor reinforcement
(a symm. pair) to enclose
surface reinforcement, if any < 0.5hef on centers
47
ACI 318
 Resisting Tension in Column Pedestals
 Using pedestal’s vertical bars
 Not illustrated in ACI 318
48
24
ACI 318
 Resisting Tension in Column Pedestals, Cont’d
 Using anchor reinforcement (2” shown, must be < 0.5hef)
Per ACI 318-19, hook coverage is best
set at 2.5” (see a discussion later
about
hook concrete coverage)
Anchor
See a discussion later about
Anchor vs Supplementary reinforcement
49
ACI 318
 Pullout Strength in Tension of Single Anchor
 For a cast-in, expansion, screw or undercut anchor
 Npn (nominal pullout strength) = ψc,PNp (Eq. 17.6.3.1)
ψc,P = 1.4 for uncracked concrete (by analysis); 1.0 cracked
Np = 8Abrgf’c for headed bolt or stud (Eq. 17.6.3.2.2a)
N
Abrg = net bearing area of the head, in2
See Eq. 17.6.3.2.2b for J- and L-bolts
 Pullout strength is a function of concrete
crushing under head, does not depend on
embedment
50
25
ACI 318
 Pullout Strength in Tension, Cont’d
 Probably used L anchors…
Source: OSHA, “Investigation of the July 27, 2011 Systems-engineered Metal Building Collapse in San Marcos,
51
TX,” January 2012 https://www.osha.gov/doc/engineering/2012/2012_r_04.pdf#page=42
ACI 318
 Concrete Side-Face Blowout Strength of a
Single Headed Anchor in Tension Close to Edge
 Applies when hef > 2.5ca1
 Max. nominal side-face blowout strength
Nsb = 160ca1(Abrg)1/2λa (f’c)1/2 Eq. 17.6.4.1
for tension, ca1 = minimum edge distance N
ca2 = perp. edge distance

If ca2 < 3ca1 multiply Nsb by (1 + ca2/ca1) / 4
where 1 < ca2/ca1 < 3
52
26
ACI 318
 Concrete Side-Face Blowout Strength for Group
of Headed Anchors in Tension Close to Edge
 When hef > 2.5ca1 and spacing s < 6ca1 nominal side-face
blowout strength for those anchors where hef > 2.5ca1
Nsbg = [1 + s/(6ca1)]Nsb Eq. 17.6.4.2
where s = distance between
N
outer anchors along the edge
Nsb from ACI 17.6.4.1 w/o mod. for
perp. edge distance (see prev. slide).
 Compare Nsbg to proportion of N applied to
those anchors
53
ACI 318
 Design for Shear per ACI 318 Sec. 17.7
 Nominal steel strength of a headed stud anchor in shear
Vsa = Ase,Vfuta Eq. 17.7.1.2a
Ase,V = effective area of anchor in shear, in2 (see above)
futa same as for tension (see above)
 For cast-in headed and hooked bolt anchors
(and some post-installed anchors)
Vsa = 0.6Ase,Vfuta Eq. 17.7.1.2b V
 If grout pads are used, multiply Vsa by 0.8
For several (n) anchors, multiply Vsa by n

54
27
ACI 318
 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear
 Nominal concrete breakout strength: Vcb and Vcbg
 Shear perpendicular to edge (often controls for anchors close
to edge):
 Single Vcb = (AVc/AVco)ψed,Vψc,V ψh,VVb Eq. 17.7.2.1a
 Group Vcbg = (AVc/AVco)ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V Vb Eq. 17.7.2.1b
 Shear parallel to edge: Can take 2x values above, with shear
assumed to act perp. to edge and ψed,V = 1
 For corner anchors, use smaller Vcb or Vcbg for both directions
 Vb = basic concrete breakout strength (below)
55
ACI 318
 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear, Cont’d
 AVco is projected area for one anchor in deep member
(distance from edges > 1.5ca1 in direction perp. to shear force)
AVco = 4.5(ca1)2 Eq. 17.7.2.1.3
Note: ca1 changes to c’a1 when “narrow
section” applies per 17.7.2.1.2 Inverted ½ pyramid
ca1
Avco is
V projected 1.5ca1
surface of V
this area
1.5ca1 on the
side of 1.5ca1
concrete
ca1
56
28
ACI 318
 AVc is total projected area of failure surface on the side of
concrete: AVc < nAVco or n4.5(ca1)2
 What’s Concrete Breakout, Anyway?
57
ACI 318
 Sec. 17.7.2.1.2: Mod. of ca1 for anchors in “narrow sections of
limited thickness” (both ha and ca2,max < 1.5ca1)
 c’a1 < the largest of: ca2, max /1.5; ha /1.5; or s/3
 for Eq’s 17.7.2.1 – 17.7.2.6 (see below) and for AVc (above)
Actual failure surface
ca1
c’a1 ca2,1
Assumed
V failure
surface V
s
Actual
ha anchor ca2,2
c’a1
58 ca1
29
ACI 318
 Example: Find Avc for ca1 = 11”, ca2,1 = 6”, ca2,2 = 5”, s = 4”, ha =
12”
Solution: Since ha and both ca2,1 and ca2,2 < 1.5ca1 = 16.5”,
c’a1 is the larger of 6/1.5 = 4”, or 12/1.5 = 8”, or 4/3 = 1.33”
Use c’a1 = 8”
Avc = (6 + 4 + 5)(1.5x8) = 180 in2 Actual failure surface
ca1 = 11”
c’a1 Ca2,1 = 6”
Assumed
V failure V
surface s = 4”
Actual
ha anchor Ca2,2 = 5”
12”
c’a1
59 ca1 = 11”
ACI 318
 Determination of ψ factors in
 Single anchor Vcb = (AVc/AVco)ψed,Vψc,V ψh,VVb
 Group Vcbg = (AVc/AVco)ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V Vb
 Factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in shear ψec,V

 Max. ψec,V = 1.0
ca1
Eq. 17.7.2.3.1 e’v
V
Remember to modify ca1 by the effects of
60
Sec. 17.7.2.1.2 (narrow section) if applicable
30
ACI 318
 Edge effect factor ψed,V
 If ca2 > 1.5ca1 ψed,V = 1.0 Eq. 17.7.2.4.1a
 If ca2 < 1.5ca1 ψed,V = 0.7 + 0.3(ca2 )/(1.5ca1 )
Eq. 17.7.2.4.1b
ca1
ca2
61
ACI 318

 Cracked concrete factor ψc,V
 If no cracking by analysis “in anchor regions” at service
loads, ψc,V = 1.4
 Otherwise, ψc,V varies from 1.0 to 1.4, depending on
whether supplementary reinforcement exists –
see ACI Sec. 17.7.2.5.1
62
31
ACI 318
 Shallow concrete factor ψh,V when ha < 1.5ca1
ψh,V = (1.5ca1/ ha )1/2
but > 1.0
ca1 Avc is 1.5ca1
projected
V
surface
of this V
area s1
ca2
ha
ca1
This is separate from Sec. 17.5.2.4 [D.6.2.4]
provisions, but still need to modify ca1 by the
63 effects of Sec. 17.5.2.4 if applicable.
ACI 318
 Breakout thickness factor ψh,V when ha < 1.5ca1
ψh,V = (1.5ca1/ ha )1/2
but > 1.0
ca1 Avc is 1.5ca1
surface
V
of this
projected V
area s1
ha
ca2
ca1
This is separate from Sec. 17.7.2.1.2 (narrow
section) provisions, but still need to modify ca1
64 here
32
ACI 318

 AVc for anchors near a corner
 Remember, for shear parallel to edge, Vparallel = 2Vperp
ca1
V Avc is
surface 1.5ca1
of this
1.5ca1 V
projected
area
ca2
ca1
65
ACI 318
 Vb = basic concrete breakout strength in shear for 1 anchor in
cracked concrete; taken as the smaller of a) and b):
a) Vb = 7(Le /da)0.2 (da)1/2 λa(f’c)1/2 (ca1)1.5 Eq. 17.7.2.2.1a
where Le = load-bearing length of anchor for shear

ca1
Le = hef for headed studs
V
da = bolt’s shaft diameter
Le < 8da in all cases Le < 8da
Or . . .
66
33
ACI 318
b) Vb = 9λa(f’c)1/2 (ca1)1.5
Eq. 17.7.2.2.1b (Independent of hef)
 For cast-in headed anchors, headed studs or hooked bolts
“continuously welded to steel attachments” [e.g., plate],
Vb is the lesser of this equation and . . .
ca1

67 Sec. 17.7.2.1.2 (narrow section) if applicable
ACI 318
Vb = 8(Le /da)0.2 (da)1/2 λa(f’c)1/2 (ca1)1.5 Eq. 17.7.2.2.2

Provided that:
 tattachment is the greater of 3/8” and 1/2da
 For groups, use strength of anchor row farthest from the
edge [discussed below]
 Spacing s > 2.5” ca1
V
 If ca2 < 1.5hef provide corner
reinforcement
Le < 8da

68
34
ACI 318
 Groups of Anchors: Summary of Provisions
for Breakout Strength in Shear
 Consider Cases 1, 2 and 3 (next), depending on s vs. ca1,1
 Case 1: Shear divided equally between anchors
 Case 2: Shear taken by farthest bolt for anchors welded

to common plate
 Case 3: Shear taken by closest
bolt to edge (except if welded to
common plate)
V
 Check Cases 1 and 2 when s > ca1,1
ca1,1 s
69
ACI 318
 Breakout Strength in Shear: AVc for Group
 Case 1: Shear divided equally between closest and farthest
anchors from the edge. The closest anchor controls: ca1= ca1,1
 Avc = 2(1.5ca1,1)1.5ca1 for deep members (ha > 1.5ca1)
 Otherwise, Avc = 2(1.5ca1)ha
 Consider only when s > ca1,1 Inverted ½ pyramid
ca1,1
½V ½V
1.5ca1,1
Avc is ½V ½V
surface of
1.5ca1,1
this
ha s projected 1.5ca1,1
area
ca1,1
70 ca1,2
35
ACI 318
 AVc for Group, Cont’d
 Case 2: All shear taken by the farthest anchor, neglect
closest anchor. Take ca1 = ca1,2
 Avc = 2(1.5ca1)1.5ca1 for deep members (ha > 1.5ca1)
 Otherwise, Avc = 2(1.5ca1)ha Inverted ½ pyramid
ca1
1.5ca1
Avc is V
V
surface
of this
1.5ca1 area ca1,1 1.5ca1
ha s
71
ca1,2
ACI 318
 AVc for Group, Case 2, Cont’d
 Consider Case 2 when:
1) Anchors welded to common plate for any s
2) If no plate, consider when s > ca1,1
 For anchors welded to a common plate (for any s), only this
case needs checking ca1,1 s
 Similar to PCI Design Handbook approach V
72
36
ACI 318
 AVc for Group, Case 3 (Added in 2011)
 Shear taken by the closest bolt to edge. Take ca1= ca1,1
 Avc = 2(1.5ca1)1.5ca1 for deep members (ha > 1.5ca1)
 Otherwise, Avc = 2(1.5ca1)ha
 Consider only when s < ca1,1
 Does not apply to anchors Inverted ½ pyramid
welded to common plate
1.5ca1,1
V Avc is V
surface
ca1
of this
1.5ca1 area 1.5ca1,1
ha
ca1,1 s
ca1,1
73 ca1,2
ACI 318
 Case 3: A New “Penalty” for MBS and Other
Structures with Closely Spaced Anchors?

 Typically, here s < ca1,1
Edge of concrete
74
37
ACI 318
 For shear in two directions, compute capacities separately?

 No clear design provisions in ACI 318
 Use software (with caveats below)…
Exterior edge
V2
V1
75
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement vs. Supplementary
Reinforcement for Concrete Breakout
 Two different elements, though might be detailed the same
 Anchor reinforcement is designed to supersede concrete
capacity in breakout.
 Designed in accordance with ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.5.2.1: For V,
either developed per Chap. 25 on both sides of breakout
surface, or it “encloses and contacts the anchor and is
developed beyond the breakout surface.”
 “For practical reasons, anchor reinforcement is only used for
cast-in anchor applications.” (ACI 318-19 Comm. R17.5.2.1)
76
38
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement vs. Supplementary, Cont’d
 Supplementary reinforcement is not designed for any load but

is detailed to be in the right location. It enhances concrete
capacity and allows higher Φ factors to be used (e.g., 0.75 vs
0.7) – discussed earlier.
77
ACI 318
 Using anchor reinforcement per Sec. 17.5.2.1
 Must be developed (extend > Ld or Ldh) past both sides of
breakout surface…
 …Or must enclose and contact the anchor and developed
beyond the breakout surface
 Can use its strength instead of concrete breakout
strength to find ΦVcb (use Φ = 0.75 for N and V)
 Should be in contact with anchor (Comm. R17.5.2.9) and
be near concrete surface
 Commentary recommends No. 6 bar max.
78
39
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement for Shear
 Two types
 Stirrups or hairpins
 Edge reinforcement + ties
79
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement for Shear: Hairpins
 Straight, enclosing the anchor (As = total area of hairpin)
 Design: ΦVn = 0.75(As)60,000 psi
 For #3 hairpin As = 0.22 in2; ΦVn = 0.75(0.22)60,000 = 9,900#
ca1
V Per ACI 318-19, hook coverage is best
2.5” set at 2.5” (see next)
> Ld
1.5ca1
V
80
40
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement for Shear: Hairpins
 Straight, enclosing the anchor (As = total area of hairpin)
 Design: ΦVn = 0.75(As)60,000 psi
ca1
V Per ACI 318-19, hook coverage is best
2.5” set at 2.5” (see next)
> Ld
1.5ca1
V
81
ACI 318
 Ld of Bars and Hooks per ACI 318-08—14:
 For #3 Hairpin Bars

 For f’c = 3000 Ld for top bars = 44db x 1.3 = 44(3/8)(1.3) = 21.5”
 Ldh = 8.2”
 Ldh = 7.1”
 For #4 Hairpin Bars

 Ldh = 11.0”
 Ldh = 9.5”
82 Source: PCA Notes on ACI 318-08 Table 4-2
41
ACI 318
 Ldh for Hairpin and Hooked Bars in ACI 318-19
 See Sec. 25.4 for new formulas and tables.
 New concrete strength factor ψc is introduced.
For f’c < 6000 psi, ψc = f’c /15,000 + 0.6
For f’c = 4000 psi ψc = 0.867
For f’c = 3000 psi ψc = 0.8
 New confining reinforcement factor ψr is introduced
 ψr = 1 for “widely spaced bars” with s > 6db
 Otherwise, ψr = 1.6, unless hook confinement ties or
stirrups provided (next)
 For #3 bars 6db = 2.25”
 For #4 bars 6db = 3”  use for min. hooked bar spacing
83
ACI 318
 Ldh in ACI 318-19, Cont’d
 Unless side and top cover > 2.5”, need confining ties or
stirrups. So for practical designs, try to use 2.5” cover.
 Per Sec. 25.4.3.1, Ldh is largest of:

a)
b) 8db
c) 6”
Comm. R25.4.3.2: Using the new factors Ldh is “as much as 50
percent longer than required by Codes prior to ACI 318-19.”
84
42
ACI 318
 Using fy = 60,000 psi, NW concrete f’c = 4000 psi, plain #4 bars
spaced 3” o.c., side cover 2.5” (so “location factor” ψ0 = 1):
a) Ldh = (60,000x1x1x1x0.867)0.51.5/[55(4000)1/2] = 5.29”
b) Ldh = 8 x 0.5 = 4”
c) Ldh = 6”  gov.
 Same for #3 bars, 6” controls
 For f’c = 3000 psi, #4 bars
Ldh = (60,000x1x1x1x0.8)0.51.5/[55(3000)1/2] = 5.63” < 6”
Can use Ldh = 6” in all these cases if spacing and other

conditions are met.
85
ACI 318
 Try #5 bars, same conditions (needed later as a last resort)
a) Ldh = (60,000x1x1x1x0.867)0.6251.5/[55(4000)1/2] = 7.4” 
b) Ldh = 8 x 0.625 = 5”
c) Ldh = 6”
Can use Ldh = 7.4”
 To keep ψr = 1 for “widely spaced bars” with s > 6db . . .

use min. spacing of 6(0.625) = 3.75”
86
43
ACI 318
 Hairpin Anchor Reinforcement for Shear, Cont’d
 Flared, enclosing the anchor
> Ld
ca1
V 2.5”
V
1.5ca1
87
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement for Shear, Cont’d
 A combination of edge and anchor reinforcement
Edge reinforcement
Anchor reinforcement
(one or more pairs) > Ldh > Ld
ca1 1.5ca1
V 2.5”
V
s1
1.5ca1
< the ca2

smaller of
0.5ca1 or
ca1
88
0.3ca2
44
ACI 318
 Anchor Reinforcement for Shear, Cont’d
 Remember the bend radii for anchor reinforcement
 Cannot hook over pedestal ties, need separate edge bars
2 #4 tie sets 2” clear to top

within top 5” tie, 2.5” to
per ACI 318-19 anchor reinf.
Sec. 10.7.6.1.5
Edge bars
Anchor
reinforcement
for shear
(double
hooked bars)
Concrete
pedestal Bar cover per Sec. 20.5.1, exposed to
weather: 2” clear to #6--18, and 1.5” to
89
< #5 bars
ACI 318
 Concrete Pryout Strength in Shear, Vcp
 ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.7.3
 Single anchor Vcp = kcpNcp where Ncp = Ncb
 Group Vcpg = kcpNcpg where Ncpg = Ncbg
 Ncb and Ncbg determined as for concrete breakout strength
for tension
 kcp = 2.0 for hef > 2.5” <= typ. in practical designs
V
 kcp = 1.0 for hef < 2.5” hef
90
45
ACI 318 N
 Combined V and T
 Determine by tests or…
 When Vua > 0.2ΦVn and Nua > 0.2ΦNn:
Nua / ΦNn + Vua / ΦVn < 1.2
 May neglect interaction if either:
 Vua < 0.2ΦVn or
 Nua < 0.2ΦNn
91
ACI 318
 Minimum Anchor Edge Distances, Spacing
 To prevent splitting failure, unless suppl. reinf. provided
(smaller distances OK if tested), comply with Sec. 17.9.2
 Spacing s: 4da for untorqued cast-in anchors and 6da for
torqued cast-in (& most post-installed anchors)
 So, common 4” c-c untorqued A.B. spacing in MBS works
for only for da < 1” (need suppl. reinf. for larger anchors)
 Min. edge distance for untorqued cast-in anchors are same as
cover for rebars; 6da for torqued cast-in anchors
 ACI 318: Use 2” for concrete exposed to earth in forms
(ex. as gov’d by fire or corrosion protection req’ts)
92
46
ACI 318
 Comprehensive Design Example
 Problem: Design four headed anchors welded to plate to
support Nu = 12,000# and Vu = 6,000# at the base of MBS
frame in SDC B. Concrete f’c = 3000 psi NW. Foundation pier
is 30” deep, 24” x 24” in plan, reinforced as shown. A.B.’s are
4” o.c. #4 @10” tie sets Vertical
Also act as pier bars
corner bars (6) #7
hef 10”
N
30”
V 4”
10”
10” 4” 10”
93
ACI 318
 Comprehensive Design Example
 Solution:
Try (4) ¾” dia. ASTM F1554 Gr. 36 anchors 18” embedment.
hef = 18”
ca1 = 10”, ca2 = 10”
s = 4”, ha = 30”
- Design for tension
- Design for shear Ca2,1 = 10”
- Tension and shear interaction N
s2 = 4”
V
Ca2,2 = 10”
Following Example 34.6 of PCA Notes on ACI 318-08 ca1 s1 ca1

94 = 10” = 4” =10”
47
ACI 318
 First, Design without Either Anchor or
Supplementary Reinforcement
 But can rely on corner reinforcement by pier ties, if needed
 Design for Tension

 Steel strength of anchor in tension (Φ = 0.75)
ΦNsa = 0.75(4)Ase,Nfuta
For ¾” dia. anchor Ase,N = 0.334, Abrg = 0.911 (in2)
futa = 58,000 psi
ΦNsa = 0.75 x 4 x 0.334 x 58,000 = 58,116#
95
ACI 318
 Design for Tension, Cont’d
 Concrete breakout strength for group (Φ = 0.70, no suppl. reinf.)
ΦNcbg = Φ(ANc/ANco)ψec,N ψed,N ψc,N ψcp,NNb
Reduce hef per Sec. Sec. 17.6.2.1.2:
h’ef = camax/1.5 or h’ef = s/3 = 1.33
Use h’ef = 10”/1.5 = 6.67” and 1.5h’ef = 10”
Since camax = 10” < 1.5hef = 27”, ANc = 24” x 24” = 576 in2
ANco projected area of 1 anchor = 9hef2 = 9(6.67)2 = 400 in2
Check ANc = 576 < (4)400 = 1600 (in2) O.K.

96
48
ACI 318
 Comprehensive Design Example, Cont’d
 Find ψec,N = 1.0 (no ecc’ty)
 Find ψed,N (edge distance).
Since ca, max < 1.5 hef ψed,N = 0.7 + 0.3(ca, min) / (1.5 h’ef)
ψed,N = 0.7 + 0.3(10)/(1.5 x 6.67) = 1.0
 Find ψc,N (cracking)
ψc,N = 1.25 for cast-in anchors in uncracked pier
 ψcp,N = 1.0 for cast-in anchors
 Find Nb (basic concrete breakout strength for a single anchor
located away from other anchors and edges)
Nb = kcλa (f’c)1/2h'ef1.5 where kc = 24 for cast-in anchors
97 Nb = 24 x 1 x (3000)1/26.671.5 = 22,644#
ACI 318
 ΦNcbg = 0.7[(576)/(400)](1)(1)(1.25)(1)22,644 = 28,531#
 Pullout strength
ΦNpn = Φ ψc,PNp
Φ = 0.7 for pullout; ψc,P = 1.4 for uncracked concrete pier
Np = 8Abrgf’c for headed bolt or stud

Abrg = net bearing area of the head = 0.911 (in2) see above
ΦNpn = 4(0.7)(1.4)(8)(0.911)3,000 = 4(21,427) = 85,707#
98
49
ACI 318
 Concrete side-face blowout strength
Applies when hef > 2.5ca1
hef = 18” < 2.5 x 10 = 25” side-face blowout not applicable
 Summary of tension capacities

 Steel strength 58,116#
 Concrete breakout 28,531# <= Controls
 Pullout strength 85,707#
 Concrete side-face blowout strength N/A
Use tension capacity ΦNn = 28,531#
99
ACI 318
 Design for Shear
 Steel strength (Φ = 0.65)
ΦVsa = Φn0.6Ase,Vfuta
Ase,V = 0.334 (in2); futa = 58,000 psi s1 = 4”
ΦVsa = 0.65(4)(0.6)(0.334)58,000
= 30,220# ca2 = 10”
 Concrete breakout strength V

s2 = 4”
For anchors welded to plate
use Case 2 (only the back bolts ca2 = 10”
resist V), so ca1 = 14”
ca1 = 14”
(ca1 = ED in direction of V) 10”
100
50
ACI 318
 Comprehensive Design Example 1, Cont’d
 AVc = “projected area of the failure surface on the side of the

concrete member at its edge” for 1 anchor or group
 AVco = projected area for 1 anchor in deep member with
ED > 1.5ca1 AVco = 4.5(ca1)2
 Check if Sec. 17.7.2.1.2 controls (anchors in “narrow sections
of limited thickness” such that both ca2 and ha < 1.5ca1), so
that ca1 < the larger of ca2/1.5, ha/1.5, or smax/3):
 ca2 = 10” < 1.5(14”) = 21” but
 ha = 30” > 1.5(14”) = 21”
 Sec. 17.7.2.1.2 does not control

101
ACI 318
To find Avc and Avco use projected area bounded by 1.5ca1 =
1.5(14) = 21” deep and 24” wide (since ca2 < 1.5ca1)
 AVc = (24)(1.5 x 14) = 504 in2
 Vcbg = (AVc/AVco)ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V Vb
Φ = 0.7 (no suppl. reinf.) Ca1 = 14”
ψec,V = 1.0 (no ecc’ty)
ψc,V = 1.4 (no cracking in pier by analysis) V
ψh,V = 1.0 (since ha > 1.5ca,1)

1.5ca1
= 21”
102
51
ACI 318
 AVco = 4.5(ca1)2 = 4.5(14)2 = 882 in2
Check AVc < nAVco 504 < 2(882) O.K.
Find ψed,V for ca2 < 1.5ca1 10” < 21”
ψed,V = 0.7 + 0.3(ca2)/ (1.5ca1) = 0.7 + 0.3(10)/21 = 0.84
 The single anchor shear strength Vb (assume corner

reinforcement is provided)
Vb = 8(Le /da)0.2 (da)1/2 λa (f’c)1/2 (ca1)1.5
103
ACI 318
 Le = hef for headed studs, but not more than 8da = 6”
⟹ Use Le = 6”
Vb = 8(Le /da)0.2 (da)1/2 λ (f’c)1/2 (ca1)1.5
Vb = 8(6 /0.75)0.2 (0.75)1/2 (1.0)(3000)1/2 (14)1.5 = 30,129 #
 Now we can find concrete breakout shear strength for group

ΦVcbg = Φ(AVc/AVco)ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V Vb =
= 0.7(504/882)(1)(0.84)(1.4)(1)(30,129) = 14,173#
104
52
ACI 318

 Pryout strength ΦVcp probably does not govern, but check…
For a group of cast-in anchors ΦVcpg = ΦkcpNcpg = ΦkcpNcbg
where Φ = 0.7 and kcp = 2.0 for hef > 2.5”
From concrete breakout strength above
ΦNcbg = 0.7[(576)/(400)](1)(1)(1.25)(1)22,644 = 28,531#
and Ncbg = 28,531/Φ = 28,531/0.7 = 40,758#
ΦVcpg = 0.7(2.0)(40,758) = 57,062#
105
ACI 318
 Summary of shear capacities
 Steel strength ΦVsa = 30,220#
 Concrete breakout ΦVcbg = 14,173# <= governs
 Pryout strength ΦVcpg = 57,062#
Use ΦVn = 14,173#
(Note that if anchor reinf. is used, ΦVsa = 30,220# would

control)
106
53
ACI 318
 Tension and Shear Interaction
 Applied loads: Nua = 12,000# and Vua = 6,000#
 Capacities: ΦNn = 28,531# and ΦVn = 14,173#
 By observation, neither Vua < 0.2ΦVn nor Nua < 0.2ΦNn
apply, so must use interaction equation
Nua / ΦNn + Vua / ΦVn < 1.2
12,000 / 28,531 + 6,000 / 14,173# = 0.84 < 1.2 O.K.
107
ACI 318
 Check Min. Anchor Edge Distances, Spacing

 Min. spacing, s: 4da (3”) for untorqued cast-in anchors and
6da (4.5”) for torqued cast-in
 Actual 4” O.K. for untorqued, N.G. for torqued
 Min. edge distance for untorqued cast-in anchors: Same as
cover for rebars (2”); 6da (4.5”) for torqued cast-in anchors
 Actual 10” O.K. for both cases
 Conclusion: Four ¾” anchors w/ 18” embedment welded to

common plate are OK
108
54
ACI 318
 Anchor and Pier Layout…and a Note of Caution
 The design loads were very light.
 Relatively heavy pier good for only minor A.B. loads!
 But how can anchor bolts be welded to a common base
plate? OSHA still wants A.B.s!
Vertical pier bars (6) #7
10”
#4 @10”
tie sets 4”
(also act
as corner
10”
reinforcement)
109
10” 4” 10”
ACI 318
 The Answer– the Newman Anchor*!
 Anchors are attached to a common plate…
 …but also protrude above the plate for column erection
 One issue: Adjustability
Column and base plate

Common cast-in plate with with oversized holes,
welded-on anchors at top and weld to cast-in plate
bottom of standard holes
An alternative: bolts attached to
plate via internal thread
110
Weld where shown to reduce fixity
55
Q&A
Alexander Newman, P.E.

www.newmanauthor.com
111
56

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Design of Anchor Bolts

in Accordance with ACI 318-19

Copyright © 2011-2023 Alexander Newman.

Our main focus: cast-in anchors within concrete.

3  Transfer horiz. & uplift reactions from column to foundation

 OSHA Specifies Function During Erection

 Anchor Bolts: Minimum Number

 A Typical Headed Anchor

 Keeping the Bottom Nut in Place

 Anchor Bolt Materials

Relevant Provisions of IBC

 IBC-12 Sec. 1905 modifies some provisions of ACI 318-11

* Same as IBC-09 Table 1911.2

Relevant Provisions of IBC

 Use linear interpolation if reduction less than 50%

 Can increase by 1/3 if Sec. 1605.3.2 permits it for wind

 Can increase Pt (not Vt) by 100% with special inspection

 Anchor design for combined loads

Relevant Provisions of IBC

 Which IBC and ACI 318 Edition to Use?

ACI 318-19 Chapter 17

 Previous ACI 318-11—02 Appendix D

 What It Covered in 2014 and 2011

 Type of load (EQ or not)

*Sources: ACI 318-14--08, PCA Notes on ACI 318-08

*See 2009 NEHRP Provisions for additional commentary on these options

Deception Bridge, WA, c. 1935

See photos of actual performance after EQ in John F. Silva

After ACI 318-19 Fig. R17.10.5.3

See ASCE 7-16 and -10 Table 12.2-1 for Ωo values

 IBC Chap. 19 provides some exceptions for light

*Compute design shear strength per ACI 318-19 Sec. 17.10.6.3

 Concrete breakout strength of anchor in tension and shear

 Pullout strength of anchor in tension

 Concrete side-face blowout strength in tension

 Concrete pryout strength in shear

 For adhesive anchors, bond strength in tension

 Anchor is a natural “stress concentrator”

 What about reinforced pedestals?

 Design for Tension per Sec. 17.6

35 Source: PCA Notes on ACI 318-08 Table 4-2

 0.65 if governed by brittle steel element

 E.g., (4) ductile ¾” dia. A.B.s, Tu = 0.75(4)(0.334)(58) = 58.1 k

39 Lines start at effective edge of plate

 Sec. 17.6.2: Nom. concrete breakout str.: Ncb and Ncbg

 ANc = projected area of a group (next)

When anchors are located < 1.5hef from 3 or ca1 s1 1.5hef

 Modification ‘psi’ factors ψec,N ψed,N ψc,N ψcp,N (Sec. 17.6)

 ψc,N = 1.4 for post-installed (if kc = 17 in Eq. 17.6.2.2.1, which

 ψcp,N = 1.0 for cast-in anchors

 When anchor reinforcement used, can use its strength instead

hef > Ldh

ca2 = perp. edge distance

 If grout pads are used, multiply Vsa by 0.8

For several (n) anchors, multiply Vsa by n

 What’s Concrete Breakout, Anyway?

Actual failure surface

 Group Vcbg = (AVc/AVco)ψec,V ψed,V ψc,V ψh,V Vb

 Factor for anchor groups loaded eccentrically in shear ψec,V

Eq. 17.7.2.3.1 e’v

 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear, Cont’d

 Concrete Breakout Strength in Shear, Cont’d

where Le = load-bearing length of anchor for shear

Remember to modify ca1 by the effects of