Module-5

Communication Systems
Communication
1. Communication is simply the basic process of exchanging information.
2. The electronics equipments which are used for communication purpose, are
called communication equipments. Different communication equipments when
assembled together form a communication system.
Block Diagram of Communication System
(i) Information Source As we know, a communication system serves to communicate a
message or information.

This information originates in the information source. In general, there can be various
messages in the form of words, group of words, code, symbols, sound signal etc.
However, out of these messages, only the desired message is selected and
communicated.

(ii) Input Transducer A transducer is a device which converts one form of energy into
another form.

For example, in case of radio-broadcasting, a microphone converts the information or

massage which is in the form of sound waves into corresponding electrical signal.
(iii) Transmitter
The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different
aspects

(iv) The Channel and The Noise

There are two types of channels, Wire and wireless
namely point-to-point channels and broadcast channels. Example of point-to-point
channels are wire lines, microwave links and optical fibres. Wirelines operate by
guided electromagnetic waves and they are used for local telephone transmission.
In case of microwave links, the transmitted signal is radiated as an
electromagnetic wave in free space. Microwave links are used in long distance
telephone transmission
(v) Receiver

The main function of the receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical
form from the distorted received signal.

vi) Destination

Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message

signal into its original form.
Modulation Technique

Modulation is a process of superimposing low

frequency information signal on a higher frequency
signal.
Analog Modulation Technique

AM.FM,PM

Digital Modulation Technique

ASK, FSK, PSK

Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Phase modulation is a type of modulation

where the phase of the carrier signal

varies as per amplitude variations o

f the message signal.

Comparison Between AM, FM, PM
Digital Modulation Technique
Amplitude Shift Keying: (ASK)

Frequency Shift Keying: (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying: (PSK)

Following are the benefits or advantages of ASK modulation.

➨It offers high bandwidth efficiency.

➨It has simple receiver design.

Following are the drawbacks or disadvantages of ASK modulation.

➨It offers lower power efficiency.

➨ASK modulation is very susceptible to noise interference

Following are the benefits or advantages of FSK:

➨It has lower probability of error (Pe).

➨It provides high SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio).

disadvantages of FSK:

➨It uses larger bandwidth compare to other modulation techniques such as ASK
and PSK. Hence it is not bandwidth efficient.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Phase Shift Keying

Advantage

1. This type of PSK allows information to be carried with a radio communications signal more
efficiently compare with FSK.
2. It is less vulnerable to faults when we evaluate with ASK modulation & occupies similar
bandwidth like ASK.
Disadvantage
● The bandwidth efficiency of this PSK is less compared with ASK type of modulation
● It is a non-coherent reference signal
Explain GSM Technology in brief

GSM Technology: GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. GSM is an open
and digital cellular technology used for mobile communication. It uses 4 different frequency
bands of 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz . It uses the combination of FDMA and
TDMA. This article includes all the concepts of GSM architecture and how it works.

GSM is having 4 different sizes of cells are used in GSM :

Macro : In this size of cell, Base Station antenna is installed.
Micro : In this size of cell, antenna height is less than the average roof level.
Pico : Small cells’ diameter of few meters.
Umbrella : It covers the shadowed (Fill the gaps between cells) regions.
Features of GSM are :

1. Supports international roaming

2. Clear voice clarity
3. Ability to support multiple handheld devices.
4. Spectral / frequency efficiency
5. Low powered handheld devices.
6. Case of accessing network
7. International ISDN compatibility.
GSM is nothing but a larger system which is divided into further 3 subsystems.

BSS : BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem. BSS handles traffic and signaling
between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. BSS having two
components BTS and BSC.

NSS : NSS stands for Network and Switching Subsystem. NSS is to core network
of GSM. That carried out call and mobility management functions for mobile phone
present in network. NSS have different components like VLR, HLR and EIR.

OSS : OSS stands for Operating Subsystem. OSS is a functional entity which the
network operator monitor and control the system. OMC is the part of OSS.
Difference between 1G and 2G
1G uses circuit switching While 2G circuit switching as well as packet
switching

In 1G, internet is not provided While in 2G, internet is provided.

The voice signal of 1G is analog signal. While the voice signal of 2G is digital signal

The data services in 1G are not provided. While in 2G, data services are provided except
complex data(videos)

The channelization protocol in 1G is FDMA. While the channelization protocol in 2G are

TDMA and CDMA
Examine the features of 4G
1. The features of 4G are :
2. Better download speed Extremely high voice quality.
3. Easy access to Internet, IM, social networks, streaming media, video
calling.
4. Higher bandwidth.
5. Much faster than 3G
6. Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other
broadband services.
7. High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit.
8. Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks.
9. Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Service (QoS)
requirements
10. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.
11. Ad hoc networks and multi-hop networks.
Comparison between 4G over 3G
Block diagram of digital Radio System
Source The source can be an analog signal. Example: A Sound signal
Input Transducer This is a transducer which takes a physical input and converts it to an
electrical signal (Example: microphone). This block also consists of an analog to digital
converter where a digital signal is needed for further processes. A digital signal is generally
represented by a binary sequence.
Source Encoder The source encoder compresses the data into minimum number of bits. This
process helps in effective utilization of the bandwidth. It removes the redundant bits
unnecessary excess bits,i.e.,zero esun necessary excess bits,i.e.,zeroes.
Channel Encoder The channel encoder, does the coding for error correction. During the
transmission of the signal, due to the noise in the channel, the signal may get altered and hence
to avoid this, the channel encoder adds some redundant bits to the transmitted data. These are
the error correcting bits.
Digital Modulator The signal to be transmitted is modulated here by a carrier. The signal is
also converted to analog from the digital sequence, in order to make it travel through the
channel or medium.
Channel The channel or a medium, allows the analog signal to transmit from the transmitter
end to the receiver end
Digital Demodulator This is the first step at the receiver end. The received signal is
demodulated as well as converted again from analog to digital. The signal gets
reconstructed here.
Channel Decoder The channel decoder, after detecting the sequence, does some error
corrections. The distortions which might occur during the transmission, are corrected by
adding some redundant bits. This addition of bits helps in the complete recovery of the
original signal.
Source Decoder The resultant signal is once again digitized by sampling and quantizing
so that the pure digital output is obtained without the loss of information. The source
decoder recreates the source output.
Output Transducer This is the last block which converts the signal into the original
physical form, which was at the input of the transmitter. It converts the electrical signal
into physical output (Example: loud speaker).
Output Signal This is the output which is produced after the whole process. Example −
The sound signal received. This unit has dealt with the introduction, the digitization of
signals, the advantages and the elements of digital communications. In the coming
chapters, we will learn about the concepts of Digital communications, in detail