Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 44

Foundations of Marketing 5th Edition

Pride Test Bank


Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-marketing-5th-edition-pride-test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Foundations of Marketing 6th Edition Pride Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-marketing-6th-
edition-pride-test-bank/

Foundations of Marketing 8th Edition Pride Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-marketing-8th-
edition-pride-test-bank/

Foundations of Business 5th Edition Pride Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-business-5th-
edition-pride-test-bank/

Foundations of Marketing 6th Edition Pride Solutions


Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-marketing-6th-
edition-pride-solutions-manual/
Foundations of Marketing 7th Edition Pride Solutions
Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-marketing-7th-
edition-pride-solutions-manual/

Foundations of Marketing 8th Edition Pride Solutions


Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-marketing-8th-
edition-pride-solutions-manual/

Foundations of Business 5th Edition Pride Solutions


Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-business-5th-
edition-pride-solutions-manual/

Foundations of Business 6th Edition Pride Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-business-6th-
edition-pride-test-bank/

Foundations of Business 4th Edition Pride Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/foundations-of-business-4th-
edition-pride-test-bank/
Chapter 8—Reaching Global Markets

ESSAY

1. Describe the cultural and social forces that affect international marketing strategy.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


OBJ: 08-01 Understand the nature of global marketing strategy.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

2. In what ways can a nation restrict the flow of imported goods?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

3. Describe how economic and technological forces affect marketing strategies.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy MSC: Knowledge

4. What marketing and ethical problems can bribes create in international marketing transactions?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Ethics | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

5. What effects are technological forces having on international marketing? What opportunities exist in
the global marketplace that marketers can exploit with regard to technology?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Technology | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

6. What effect is NAFTA having on the international trade of the following countries: United States,
Canada, Mexico, and Japan?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

7. Explain why the mode of entry into an international market is a major issue for managers to consider.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

8. In what ways can businesses become involved in international marketing activities?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 263


OBJ: 08-05 Examine various forms of global organizational structures.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | CBE: Model Strategy | CBE: Model International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

9. How do globalized marketing strategies differ from customized marketing strategies? What are the
implications of each for marketing managers?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-06 Examine the use of the marketing mix internationally.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

10. Describe the difficulties encountered in standardizing the marketing mix globally.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate


OBJ: 08-06 Examine the use of the marketing mix internationally.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Marketing Plan | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge
SHORT ANSWER

11. International marketing refers to ____________________.

ANS:
developing and performing marketing activities across national boundaries.

PTS: 1 DIF: Easy


OBJ: 08-01 Understand the nature of global marketing strategy.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

MULTIPLE CHOICE

12. Before the 1990s, most firms entered international markets


a. globally and quickly.
b. incrementally and slowly.
c. incrementally and quickly.
d. domestically and slowly.
e. regionally and quickly.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-01 Understand the nature of global marketing strategy.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

13. According to your text, ____ are small technology-based firms operating in international markets
within two years of their establishment and realizing as much as 70 percent of their sales outside the
domestic home market.
a. "natural globals"
b. "multinational corporations"
c. "born globals"
d. "born multinationals"
e. "multinational enterprises"
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-01 Understand the nature of global marketing strategy.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: Marketing Plan | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

14. Approximately ____ of the world's purchasing power is outside of the United States.
a. 1/10
b. 1/3
c. 2/3
d. 1/2
e. 9/10
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-01 Understand the nature of global marketing strategy.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

15. The environmental forces that affect foreign markets may differ dramatically from those affecting
domestic markets. This makes a careful ____ a critical part of a successful international marketing
strategy.
a. background check
b. regulatory analysis
c. social audit
d. environmental analysis
e. marketing statement analysis
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

16. Differences in standards of living, credit, buying power, and income distribution are all examples of
____ forces that must be considered in international marketing efforts.
a. economic
b. cultural
c. ethical
d. technological
e. legal
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

17. In China, the price of imported Scotch is $30 per glass as opposed to Scotch from China which is $3.
Which of the following do you think accounts for the difference in price?
a. Exchange control
b. Balance of trade
c. Import tariff
d. Embargo
e. Export tariff
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Pricing | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

18. Which of the following is often used to raise revenue for a country and/or to protect domestic
products?
a. Quota
b. Warning label
c. Embargo
d. Import tariff
e. Exchange control
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

19. If Tasmania levied a duty on all goods purchased from the United States and other countries outside its
borders that were brought into Tasmania, its businesses and citizens would be paying a(n)
a. embargo.
b. import tariff.
c. travelers' tax.
d. export tax.
e. foreign duty.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

20. If Germany, in an attempt to bolster the sales of its own auto manufacturers, decided to limit the
number of automobiles that could be brought in from other countries, Germany would be using a(n)
a. embargo.
b. boycott.
c. exchange control.
d. import tariff.
e. quota.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

21. A limit on the amount of goods an importing country will accept for certain product categories during
a specified time period is called a(n)
a. exchange control limit.
b. embargo.
c. quota.
d. import tariff.
e. balance limit.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

22. When a glove manufacturer in China is allowed to sell only a certain number of plastic gloves into
Japan, that firm is facing a(n)
a. tariff.
b. embargo.
c. restrictive product standard.
d. quota.
e. balance of trade restriction.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

23. The United States' prohibition against importing cigars from Cuba is an example of a(n)
a. health control.
b. quota.
c. embargo.
d. exchange control.
e. import control.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

24. Government restrictions on the amount of a particular country's currency that can be bought or sold are
known as
a. embargoes.
b. quotas.
c. exchange controls.
d. import controls.
e. balance of trade controls.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

25. ____ can force businesspeople to buy and sell foreign products through a central agency, such as a
central bank.
a. Embargoes
b. Export tariffs
c. Quotas
d. Import tariffs
e. Exchange controls
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

26. Which of the following is used to help maintain a more favorable balance of trade by a country?
a. Limiting imports
b. Limiting exports
c. Establishing exchange controls
d. Increasing gross domestic product
e. Changing political systems
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

27. The ____ is the difference in value between a nation's exports and its imports.
a. net trade value
b. export/import ratio
c. gross domestic product
d. balance of payments
e. balance of trade
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy MSC: Knowledge

28. The gross domestic product is


a. a measure of the profit made by all firms in a nation.
b. the average annual earnings per person in a nation.
c. a measure of the types of products produced by a nation.
d. an overall measure of a nation's economic standing.
e. a ratio of domestic products to products produced in foreign countries.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy MSC: Knowledge

29. The country with the highest GDP is


a. Japan.
b. the United Kingdom.
c. Brazil.
d. the United States.
e. China.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

30. In considering the viability of potential international markets for Pepsi products, PepsiCo is advised to
take into account ____, which provides insight into market potential.
a. per capita gross domestic product
b. gross domestic product
c. the quantity of exports
d. the quantity of imports
e. total consumer income
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

31. The Mont Blanc Company plans to export expensive consumer gift items to Germany. The best overall
economic measure of market potential would be Germany's
a. gross domestic product.
b. gross domestic product per capita.
c. gross national product.
d. balance of trade.
e. unemployment rate.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

32. Caterpillar would like to better understand factors that would affect its ability to market construction
equipment in various countries. Which of the following forces determine how trade barriers affect
Caterpillar's marketing efforts?
a. Political and legal
b. Interpersonal
c. Social
d. Technological
e. Industrial
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

33. Special interest groups and regulatory bodies are ____ forces that must be taken into account in
international marketing.
a. socioeconomic
b. technological
c. economic
d. social and ethical
e. political and legal
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

34. Select the true statement.


a. Legislation regulating marketing in many foreign countries is being eased.
b. A government's attitude toward cooperation with importers has little impact on marketing
to that country.
c. Refusing to give payoffs and bribes in some foreign countries may put a marketer at a
competitive disadvantage.
d. Bribes and payoffs are considered unethical in all countries and cultures.
e. Bribes and payoffs are supported by U.S. trade policies under certain conditions.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Comprehension

35. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 makes it illegal for U.S. firms to
a. attempt to make large payments or bribes to influence policy decisions of foreign
governments.
b. offer foreign businesses any type of incentive for purchasing their company's products and
services.
c. change their ethical standards when dealing with foreign firms.
d. give even small tips or gifts in countries where such gifts are customary business practices.
e. introduce any type of corruption into foreign businesses that have higher ethical standards
than those of the U.S. firm.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

36. If a certain country considered handshakes in business transactions to be taboo and preferred to use
nodding, this would be an example of differences in ____ forces.
a. cultural
b. political
c. economic
d. technological
e. regulatory
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

37. When products are introduced into one nation from another, acceptance is far more likely
a. if prices are set very low.
b. when bribes are paid to local officials to aid distribution.
c. if there are similarities between the two cultures.
d. if packaging is adjusted to match local preferences.
e. when retailers are given incentives to push the products.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: International Perspective | MKTG: Product
MSC: Knowledge

38. Marketers of computer software, music CDs, and books are particularly affected by cultural
differences in
a. socioeconomic status of citizens.
b. advances in technology.
c. differences in cross-cultural exchange behavior.
d. ethical codes of conduct for businesses.
e. standards regarding intellectual property.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Product | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

39. Many companies choose to standardize their ____ across national boundaries to maintain a consistent
and well-integrated corporate culture.
a. technology
b. ethical behavior
c. language
d. dress code
e. products
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Ethics | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

40. In many developing countries around the world, technology is enabling opportunities to "leapfrog"
existing technology. What does this mean?
a. These countries are able to forgo current technological advances in order to wait for even
better technology to be developed.
b. More advanced technology is reaching these countries even though they lack technological
infrastructures.
c. Technological advances are often offered at prices considerably lower than in
well-developed countries.
d. The technology in developing countries is rapidly surpassing the technology in
well-developed countries.
e. The existing technological infrastructures in these countries are rapidly being replaced by
newer, more advanced technology.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Technology | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

41. The unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge when
encountering new and different cultures is known as
a. the "when-in-Rome" approach.
b. the Fraedrich Principle.
c. cultural relativism.
d. the self-reference principle.
e. the self-reference criterion.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

42. ____ refers to the idea that morality varies from one culture to another and that business practices are
therefore differentially defined as right or wrong by particular cultures.
a. The self-reference criterion
b. Global ethics
c. Economic relativism
d. Cultural relativism
e. Moral relativism
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-02 Analyze the enviromental forces that affect international marketing efforts.
NAT: AACSB: Ethics | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

43. Maquiladoras are


a. exchange controls from central banks in Latin American countries.
b. production facilities in north-central Mexican states.
c. import-export agents of the Mexican government.
d. global marketing programs established in Latin American countries.
e. freight forwarders from Mexico.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

44. The agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico that merges these three countries into
one marketplace is called
a. EU.
b. MERCOSUR.
c. APEC.
d. NAFTA.
e. GATT.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge
45. Walmart is currently expanding its stores into Canada and Mexico. This expansion is being facilitated
by the
a. European Union.
b. North American Free Trade Agreement.
c. Pacific Rim Unification Act.
d. International Retail Alliance Association.
e. Latin American Free Trade Association.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

46. One of the effects of NAFTA is the simplification of country-of-origin rules. This will likely hinder
the international trade activities of
a. Canada.
b. Japan.
c. Brazil.
d. Cuba.
e. Panama.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

47. Which of the following is not true of NAFTA?


a. The agreement has a long adjustment phase-in time period.
b. Increased competition should lead to a more efficient market.
c. It will provide additional opportunities for the United States in long-term affiliations with
other countries in the Western hemisphere.
d. It is controversial.
e. Business licensing requirements have been increased.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Comprehension

48. Which of the following is true about NAFTA?


a. It remains politically controversial.
b. It will increase the total output of goods and services to foreign markets.
c. It will decrease the total number of jobs in the United States.
d. It eliminated all tariffs on goods traded between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
e. It will reduce the number of illegal aliens in the United States.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

49. Another name for the European Union is


a. the Common Market.
b. the European Market.
c. the Euro.
d. NAFTA.
e. AECO.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

50. The unification of Europe through the European Union (EU)


a. produced the largest single market in the world.
b. calls for greater customization of products and attention to regulations and restrictions of
European countries.
c. means that members of the EU have become more heterogeneous in their needs and wants.
d. required the countries to be segmented into many different markets.
e. permits virtually free trade among the member nations of the EU.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

51. The exchange rates of several European countries are linked together to a common currency, the
a. lira.
b. euro.
c. dollar.
d. peso.
e. ropea.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

52. Johnston Chemicals' president is very excited about the possibility of the firm's British subsidiary
having access to customers in the entire EU. He realizes that it will be some time before this area truly
becomes one market, primarily because of differences in which of the following?
a. Available advertising media
b. Cultural factors
c. Legal challenges
d. Technological advances
e. Economic environmental factors
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Diversity | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Application

53. The trade alliance that includes Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and other countries is known as
a. OPEC.
b. APEC.
c. MERCOSUR.
d. NAFTA.
e. the Common Market.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

54. Which of the following alliances/agreements is the United States not a part of?
a. NAFTA
b. APEC
c. GATT
d. WTO
e. MERCOSUR
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

55. The Common Market of the Southern Cone (MERCOSUR) includes countries from
a. Africa.
b. Asia.
c. Central America.
d. South America.
e. the Pacific Islands.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

56. Which of the following trade alliances differs from others in its commitment to facilitating business
and its practice of allowing the private sector to participate in a wide range of activities?
a. NAFTA
b. EU
c. MERCOSUR
d. WTO
e. APEC
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

57. Which of the following countries has made the greatest inroads into other world markets?
a. Indonesia
b. Philippines
c. Malaysia
d. Japan
e. China
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

58. Many marketers claim that ____ will become the world's largest market.
a. Japan
b. the United States
c. China
d. Thailand
e. India
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Customer | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

59. Which of the following agreements provides a forum for tariff negotiations, reducing trade restrictions,
resolution of international trade problems, and ground rules for international trade?
a. The World Trade Organization
b. The North American Free Trade Agreement
c. The Latin American Free Trade Agreement
d. The European Union Free Trade Agreement
e. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: International Perspective MSC: Knowledge

60. If a newly formed country wanted to increase its international trade and reduce worldwide tariffs, it
would most likely try to become a part of
a. NAFTA.
b. WTO.
c. MERCOSUR.
d. APEC.
e. EU.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

61. The term dumping refers to the sale of


a. products sold in foreign markets that cannot be sold in the United States.
b. products sold in foreign markets at prices above those charged in the United States.
c. all discontinued U.S. products in foreign countries.
d. products sold in foreign countries at unfairly low prices.
e. products sold in foreign markets that cannot pass safety standards in the United States.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Pricing | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

62. If Hyundai, a Korean automobile manufacturing firm, started selling its cars at unfairly low prices to
Germany, Hyundai would be engaging in
a. quota-enforcing.
b. embargoing.
c. shoveling.
d. dumping.
e. dipping.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Pricing | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

63. The World Trade Organization accomplishes all of the following except
a. educating companies about international trade rules.
b. lending money to businesses interested in developing international markets.
c. serving as a forum for trade negotiations.
d. helping settle trade disputes.
e. providing legal ground rules for international commerce.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

64. At the heart of the ____ are agreements that provide legal ground rules for international commerce and
trade policy.
a. United Nations
b. GATT
c. MERCOSUR
d. WTO
e. APEC
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-03 Understand several important international trade agreements.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

65. When a firm's products sell in foreign countries with little or no effort to obtain foreign sales, the firm
is engaging in
a. international marketing.
b. global marketing.
c. limited exporting.
d. product licensing.
e. unplanned exporting.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

66. Miller's Home Furnishings uses marketing strategies aimed at markets within the United States, its
home country. Miller's engages in
a. domestic marketing.
b. localized marketing.
c. globalized marketing.
d. limited exporting.
e. international marketing.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy MSC: Application
67. Which of the following lists the levels of involvement in global marketing from the lowest to the
highest?
a. International marketing, limited exporting, domestic marketing, globalized marketing
b. Limited exporting, domestic marketing, globalized marketing, international marketing
c. Globalized marketing, international marketing, limited exporting, domestic marketing
d. Domestic marketing, globalized marketing, international marketing, limited exporting
e. Domestic marketing, limited exporting, international marketing, globalized marketing
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

68. The purchase of products from a foreign source is called


a. exporting.
b. dumping.
c. importing.
d. licensing.
e. venturing.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

69. When the American company Exxon purchases crude oil from Saudi Arabia, it is engaging in
a. licensing.
b. importing.
c. free trade.
d. exporting.
e. dumping.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

70. Henderson Synthetics' management believes that several of the firm's products could have sizable
markets in other countries. To maintain a low level of commitment with minimum effort and cost,
Henderson should engage in international marketing through
a. contract manufacturing.
b. exporting.
c. joint ventures.
d. licensing.
e. subsidiaries.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

71. The extent of Raytheon's participation in global business is selling the batteries it manufactures to
companies in Spain. In this case, Raytheon is a(n)
a. trading company.
b. importer.
c. exporter.
d. franchiser.
e. contract manufacturer.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

72. The Grummond Group buys computer peripherals in industrialized countries and sells them to
customers in developing countries. Grummond is most likely classified as a(n)
a. trading company.
b. strategic alliance.
c. joint venture.
d. licensee.
e. exporter.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

73. The role of export agents is to


a. bring buyers and sellers from different countries together and collect a commission for
arranging sales.
b. purchase products from different companies and sell them to foreign countries.
c. help a firm to make direct investments in foreign countries.
d. contact domestic firms about the opportunities available in exporting.
e. arrange for licensing agreements between domestic and foreign firms.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

74. How does using an exporting intermediary limit the risk involved with global marketing?
a. Most exporting intermediaries assume all financial risks on behalf of their clients.
b. Exporting intermediaries are not subject to the same laws as companies, and therefore
limit the legal risk involved.
c. Using an exporting intermediary restricts a company to being involved with joint ventures
and not direct ownership.
d. Exporting intermediaries guarantee that the products a company is selling will be a good
fit for the foreign markets they are entering.
e. This approach involves limited risk because the company has no direct investment in the
foreign country.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

75. A company not involved in manufacturing that brings together buyers and sellers in different countries
is usually referred to as a
a. franchise.
b. contract manufacturer.
c. strategic intermediary.
d. trading company.
e. joint venture.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

76. A large farming cooperative that focuses on the production of fruits and vegetables uses a business that
sells the farmers' products in foreign countries and also provides consulting, insurance, legal
assistance, and warehousing to the cooperative. This business would most likely be called a(n)
a. trading company.
b. export specialist.
c. contract wholesaler.
d. licensor.
e. strategic partner.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

77. A(n) ____ is an organization that links buyers and sellers in different countries but is not involved in
manufacturing.
a. trading company
b. exporter
c. joint venture
d. strategic alliance
e. licensee
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Distribution | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

78. Questor Corporation owns the Spalding brand name but does not produce a single golf club or tennis
ball. This arrangement is an example of what type of involvement level for international marketing?
a. Exporting
b. Trading
c. Joint venture
d. Strategic alliance
e. Licensing
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

79. If Caterpillar wished to reach the market in Malaysia but was leery of a direct investment in the
country, it might provide a Malaysian operation with the knowledge to produce and market its
products in exchange for a commission. This type of arrangement is called
a. licensing.
b. exporting.
c. a strategic alliance.
d. a joint venture.
e. contract manufacturing.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

80. What level of commitment in international marketing may be most attractive when the political and
economic stability of a foreign country is questionable?
a. Joint ventures
b. Direct ownership
c. Exporting
d. Limited exporting
e. Licensing
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

81. A special form of licensing in which one company grants another company the right to market its
product in accordance with its standards in exchange for a financial commitment is called
a. a joint venture.
b. contract manufacturing.
c. direct licensing.
d. franchising.
e. a strategic alliance.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

82. In many countries, Wendy's allows foreign businesspeople to use its name, logo, methods of operation,
advertising, and products. In exchange, Wendy's receives a financial commitment and an agreement to
conduct business in accordance with its standard of operations. Wendy's is engaging in
a. contract manufacturing.
b. licensing.
c. franchising.
d. exporting.
e. direct investment.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

83. Franchising offers all the following benefits for franchisers except
a. franchise agreements require a certain standard of behavior from franchisees, which helps
protect the franchise name.
b. franchisers can retain control of their name while increasing global penetration of their
products.
c. the franchisee's revenue stream is fairly consistent because franchisers pay fixed fees and
royalties.
d. the franchiser's revenue stream is fairly consistent because franchisees pay fixed fees and
royalties.
e. franchisers do not have to put up a large capital investment.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Comprehension

84. Which of the following would be a benefit to a franchiser, such as Jiffy Lube, in expanding into
international marketing?
a. There are no risks involved with allowing a foreign franchisee.
b. The franchiser does not have to put up a large capital investment.
c. The franchiser does not have to share its name or operational procedures.
d. The franchisee only pays a set fee every month to the franchiser.
e. An equal partnership is formed between the franchiser and franchisee.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Analytic | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

85. Which of the following describes a company hiring a foreign firm to produce a designated volume of
its product to specification?
a. Licensing
b. Contract manufacturing
c. Exporting
d. Importing
e. Direct investment
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Knowledge

86. If The Limited Company relies on hiring a foreign textile manufacturer to produce a designated
amount of clothing for its Express, Limited, and other stores, it is using
a. exporting.
b. franchising.
c. contract manufacturing.
d. a joint venture.
e. licensing.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 08-04 Identify methods of international market entry.
NAT: AACSB: Communication | MKTG: Strategy | MKTG: International Perspective
MSC: Application

87. The contracting of noncore operations or jobs from internal production within a business to an external
entity that specializes in that operation is known as
a. outsourcing.
b. licensing.
c. franchising.
d. contract manufacturing.
e. contract sourcing.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Yhtäkkiä hän tunsi hurjan repäisyn rinnassaan, korvissa humisi, ja
jostain syvästä rotkosta, oman järkytetyn sielunsa pohjalta, hän kuuli
kamalan naurun: Jonas… miksei! Miljoonakavaltaja… Mikä estää
sitä pettämästä omaa vaimoansa, joka pettää koko yhteiskunnan,
tuhannet luottavat ihmiset!

Ja nyt seisoi tuolla toinen julkea ja alhainen ihminen odottamassa


hänen avuliasta palvelustaan saadakseen käsiinsä häpeän setelin…
verirahan…

Niin suuri kuin vastakohdannut häpeä ja nöyryytys olikin, kävi se


tämän kautta tuhansin kerroin kammottavammaksi. Kaikesta
huolimatta oli hänellä äsken vielä tuki, jalansija, millä seistä, ja se
tuki oli ollut hänen miehensä luuloteltu uskollisuus.

Luuloteltu — niin — sillä tarvitsihan sukeltautua esiin vain jonkun


hämärän Linen — ja kaikki, kaikki oli hukassa!

Ylpeyden ja omanarvontunnon esiinpyrkivä välähdys herätti hänet


tästä musertavan pettymyksen tuottamasta huumauksesta.

Ei ainakaan tuo tuolla saanut hänen masennustaan huomata!

Ja niinkuin ainakin jalo ihminen, joka jonkun erityisen syyntähden


on kulkenut kappaleen matkaa toverinsa rinnalla rikoksen tietä,
mutta kääntyy heti pois, kun yhä suurempi rikos avaa hänen
silmänsä, nousi Marttakin, vaikka jalat horjahtivat, sulki kirjeen, vei
sen odottavalle Line Kjällille sanoen tyynesti kuin tavarakuittia
antaessaan:

— Tässä se näkyy olevan.

*****
Vieraan mentyä valtasi hänet polttava halu juosta heti pois tästä
talosta.

Monet uhkeat, rikkaasti sisustetut huoneet, jotka olivat olleet


hänelle äärettömän rakkaat, kasvit, joita hän hellin käsin oli hoitanut,
ja monet kymmenet pikkutavarat, jotka hän oli kasannut tänne kuin
lintu korsia pesäänsä, kävivät vieraiksi ja sietämättömiksi yhtäkkiä.
Ne eivät enää olleet hänen.

Ah, vähät siitä, jos ne olisi pitänyt uhrata Jonaksen rikoksen


tähden — siitä hän oli jo viimeisen unettoman yön kuluessa ehtinyt
itsensä kanssa sopia. Mutta tämä, että tuntematon, saastainen käsi
pyyhkäisee kaiken yli ja asettaa kaikki eletyt onnelliset päivät aivan
toiseen valoon kuin siihen auringonkirkkaaseen, jossa ne vuodesta
vuoteen olivat hohtaneet!

Oliko hän enää Jonas Herlevin vaimo —?

Tuskin, tuskin aikoihinkaan, vaikkei hän itse ollut siitä tiennyt.


Hänen avio-onnensa, josta hän oli iloinnut, kuten iloitaan harvinaisen
timantin omistamisesta, olikin vain kurja hely, niin taitavasti
väärennetty, että vasta väärentäjien oma varomaton menettely
saattoi sen ilmaista hänelle.

Hän kulki kuin unessa huoneesta huoneeseen, kertomusten


aaveiden lailla, jotka eivät saa rauhaa haudassaan. Jos hän pysähtyi
missä tahansa, kiinnitti katseensa mihin tahansa, aina kurkistivat
esiin iloiset, huolettomat muistot. Tämä koti oli kuin puisto, jossa
kukki, tuoksui ja soi… oli ollut…

Nyt kattoi valkea härmä sen ihanuudet, ja talvinen sää uhkasi


nietostaa joka sopen.
*****

Hyvä Jumala, hänen täytyi mennä Jonaksen luokse — ehkä vielä


jotakin oli pelastettavissa.

Mutta hän ei voinut tulla lämpimänä kuten edellisellä käynnillään.


Epätoivoisesta sydämestään täytyi hänen kysyä heti — heti:

— Kuka on Line Kjäll, ja mitä sinulla on hänen kanssansa?

Mies, jolta kaikki portit olivat suljetut ja joka oli saanut tuhansien
ihmisien kunnioituksen itseänsä kohtaan vaihtumaan
halveksumiseksi, säpsähti. Hänellä ei ollut voimaa kätkeä
rikollisuuden ilmettä siltä ainoalta, jolta hän vielä odotti lämpöä.
Vajaan vuorokauden oli hän istunut täällä telkien takana jaksamatta
ajatella muuta kuin menetettyä kunniaansa. Tämä aika, niin lyhyt
kuin se olikin, oli ankaruudellaan ehtinyt riisua häneltä kaiken
ylpeyden ja vilpin — ne eivät enää auttaneet. Hän oli valmis
tekemään tiliä jokaisesta teostaan ja avoimesti vastaamaan kaikkiin
tehtyihin kysymyksiin. Hänellä ei ollut enää mitään muuta
kaunistuksen keinoa.

Kuitenkin nyt, Martan seisoessa hänen edessään tämä kysymys


huulillaan, lysähti hän kokoon, painoi päänsä alas ja vaikeni. Kuinka
hän jaksaisi vastata siihen… kuinka luopua parhaimmasta, mitä vielä
jäljellä oli…

— Ole rehellinen, Jonas. Ainoastaan sillä voit jotain pelastaa.

Jonas Herlevi istui kauan ääneti. Hikipisarat kihosivat hänen


otsalleen, ja tuontuostakin hän väänteli käsiään tuskallisesti. Viimein
hän nosti kyyneltyneet silmänsä ja koetti puhua, mutta kaikki, mitä
hän sitten tahtoikin sanoa, supistui kahteen tukahtuneeseen sanaan:

— Anna anteeksi!

Miehen nöyryys hellytti Martan mieltä, ja hänen äänensä ei ollut


enää ankara kuten äsken, hänen sanoessaan:

— Onko sinulla enää oikeutta anteeksipyyntöönkään…

— Kaikilla on siihen oikeus. Joskaan ne, joilta sitä pyydetään,


eivät läheskään aina ole velvolliset anteeksi antamaan… Martta, on
kauheata seisoa sinun edessäsi kaksinkertaisena rikollisena…

— Joskin vasta sitten, kun rikokset ovat tulleet ilmi…

— En tahdo puolustautua — millä sen tekisinkään. Mutta sinä olit


parhain puoliso, ja siksi uskallan —

— On oikein sanoa olit. Nyt kai en sitä enää saata olla.

— Martta! Niin et sanonut eilen. Mikset voi, mikset saattaisi?

— Siksi että sitä on myöskin Line Kjäll.

— Line Kjäll — on paljasta roskaa vain. Semmoista on maailman


meno.

— Hänestä sinä kuitenkin huolehdit viime hetkelläsi. Oi hyvä, hyvä


Jumala, olisit edes sulkenut tuon kirjeen!

— Olinko sen sitten jättänyt sulkematta?

Rouva Herlevi kohautti olkapäitänsä.


— Tämä on kohtaloa, Martta, tämä kuten sekin, että viimeisten
pitojamme aikana tarkastaja saapui pankkiin… Sinä ainoa, älä jätä
minua!

Jonas Herlevi tapaili vaimonsa kättä — turhaan. Kyyneleet estivät


häntä näkemästä, kuinka Martta kätki kätensä selkänsä taa,
peräytyen miltei tiedottomasti askeleen taaksepäin.

— Olen luottanut sinuun kuin taivaalliseen isäämme. Voitko


käsittää miltä tuntuu nyt…

— Miltä tuntuneekaan, anna anteeksi — anna!

— Jos en voi…

— Sinä voit!

Se tuli varmaan luottavimmasta sydämestä, niin toivorikkaalta se


kuulosti.

Rouva Herlevi painoi rajusti päänsä käsiinsä. Sinä voit! Sinä voit!
humisi hänen korvissaan. — Sinä et voi! kiisti toisaalta vastaan.

Ja vasta tällä hetkellä selvisi hänelle täydellisesti, kuinka särjetty ja


rikkirevitty hän oikeastaan oli… kuinka epätietoinen ja vaappuva, kun
tosi-taistelu tuli kysymykseen. Ja että taistelu oli alkava nyt…
epätoivoinen ja raju, sen hän tunsi. Nämä kauheat olosuhteet
järkyttivät hänen sieluansa niin suuresti, ettei hän pitkään aikaan
pääsisi täysin selville ratkaisusta — senkin hän tunsi. Hän vihasi
itseään tuntiessaan säälistä Jonakseen joutuneensa sisimmässään
ristiriitaan. Ja pyrkiessään selviytymään ristiriidastaan sääli hän
omaa heikkouttaan.
Jos hän olisi muutamaa päivää aikaisemmin saanut miehensä
uskottomuuden tietoonsa — olisi hän nyt kaukana täältä, iäksi
poissa!

Ei, hän takertui siihen ajatukseen sittenkin katsahtaessaan


Jonaksen masentuneihin kasvoihin.

Iäksi — niinkö?

Ja taas hän ei ollut varma, etteikö sittenkin kavalluksen ja


vangitsemisen viesti olisi palauttanut häntä — säälistä —
tuhoutuneen miehensä luokse.

— Martta, sinä et sano mitään… Etkö voi … etkö tahdokaan…

— En tiedä, Jonas… Siltä, joka on lyöty tainnoksiin, ei voi vaatia


vastausta. Minun täytyy ensin tointua tästä. Ja sitten, kun olen
selvillä itsestäni… sitten Jonas…

Miehen murtuneet kasvot sävähtivät epätoivosta. Tämä hänen


ensimäinen tuomionsa oli varmaan ankarin. Eikä ollut mihinkä
vedota siitä…

— Jätä minulle edes toivon kipinä! huudahti hän. — Martta,


rakkahin, älä vie kaikkea… Kuinka minä muuten jaksaisin tämän
pimeän ajan ylitse…

Sehän se juuri oli Martankin paula. Siitä silmukasta hän ei päässyt


irralleen.

Toivon kipinän — sen hän saattoi antaa. Mutta enempään, hyvä


Jumala, enempään ei hänellä ollut voimaa…
KARKURI

Hiljainen koputus kuului ovelta.

Sitä tuskin eroittikaan tuulen ruskinalta ja aaltojen pauhulta, jotka


lakkaamatta löivät rantapenkereeseen tuvan akkunan alla. Vasta
tarkan kuulostamisen jälkeen pääsi varmuuteen siitä, että ihminen
siellä liikuskeli.

Ja silloin karkasi tuvassa yksin istuva tyttö ylös työnsä äärestä,


viskasi tukun päreitä tuleen ja hiipi ovelle kuulostamaan.

— Kuka siellä?

Kysymykseen ei kuulunut hiljaisintakaan vastausta. Laineet vain


meurusivat rannalla täydentäen pauhinallaan pimeän syysillan
kolkkoutta.

— Kuka siellä — vastatkaa!

Kysyjän ääni oli tuikea, mutta pelon värettä se ei kyennyt tyyten


salaamaan.

— Ystävä on — avaa!
Vapisevin käsin raoitti tyttö ovea, vetäisi sen kiinni ja raoitti taas.
Siten hän taisteli hetken oman arkuutensa ja sisäänpyrkijän äänen
herättämän turvallisuuden välillä. Mutta ulkopuolella-olija ei jaksanut
odottaa. Hän tarttui oveen suurella, tahraisella kädellään ja työnnälsi
huoneeseen.

Takassa loimottavan tulen valossa tyttö näki kookkaan miehen,


jonka parroittuneet kasvot näyttivät väsyneiltä. Koko hänen
jättimäisestä olennostaan kuvastui syvä uupumus ja raukeus.

Mutta silmissä oli eloa. Ne miltei leimusivat levotonta sielun


kuohua, ja nopeasti kuin tulen liekki kulki niiden katse ympäri tuvan,
katto-orsien, permannon, lieden ja peittämättömien akkunoiden
välillä.

Sitten vasta hän katsahti tyttöön.

— Oletko sinä Anna Mari?

— Olen.

— Ja niin olet tullutkin äitiisi…

Vieras ojensi arkaillen kätensä, ja arkaillen otti tyttökin sen


omaansa.

— Kuka te sitten olette?

Miehen katse kiersi uudelleen tuvan, kiersi tarkemmin kuin äsken,


ja hänen kasvonsa vavahtivat omituisesti. Vastaamatta tytön
kysymykseen hän sanoi:

— Lienetkö tullut äitiisi luonteesikin puolesta.


— Ja jos olen… mitä sitten?

— Sitten sen sanoisin…

— Minkä?

— Nimeni.

Anna Mari tuijotti hämmästyneenä vieraaseen, jonka puhetapa ja


katse olivat niin kummalliset. Ensi kertaa näki hän tuon miehen
edessään, ja kuitenkin tuntui, kuin tapaisi hän hänessä vanhan
tuttavan. Ja niin hänen pelkonsa alkoi haihtua.

— Mutta sanokaa, sanokaahan toki! huudahti hän välittömästi. —


Eihän teille voi siitä mitään vahinkoa koitua.

Jättiläisen kasvot vavahtivat jälleen. Niissä kuvastui suuri


mielenliikutus. Sitä peittääkseen hän kumartui lieden kulman
pimentoon ja vetäisi sieltä kuin vanhasta tottumuksesta esiin lyhyen
penkin, jolle istahti.

— Anna Mari, sanoi hän sitten, etkö sinä tunne minua?

— En.

— Etkö muista koskaan nähneesikään?

— En.

— Ei ihmekään, olithan siihen aikaan vielä pieni tyttö.

— Mihin aikaan sitten?

— Siihenpä siihen, kun isäsi… vangittiin.


Anna Marilta putosi puu, jota hän juuri oli asettamassa lieteen, ja
hän kuiskasi pelokkaasti:

— Isä! Olisitteko…

Mies käänsi hetkeksi katseensa toisaalle, ja Anna Mari huomasi,


kuinka hänen hartiansa hytkähtelivät. Mutta pian hän jälleen
oikaisihe ja tytön puoleen kääntyen virkkoi:

— Kas niin, älä nyt pelkää, Anna Mari, ethän? Ettehän te minua
vielä odottaneet… eikä minun aikani ollut vielä tullutkaan… Mutta
minä en kestänyt siellä kauempaa… totisesti, minä en jaksanut… Ja
kun viimein sattui tilaisuus, jolloin saatoin karata, tein sen, vaikka
henkeni uhalla. Ehkä olet lukenut siitä sanomalehdistä?

Anna Mari tuijotti sanatonna eteensä. Hänen jalkansa vapisivat


niin, että hän töintuskin kesti seisaallaan.

Ja muistot, jotka vuosien kuluessa olivat haaltumistaan haaltuneet,


leimahtivat ilmi eläviksi jälleen. Hän muisti päivän, jona isä
vangittiin… muisti kirstun, johon ruhjottu mies pantiin… ja muisti
äidin, joka siitä päivin kulki kuin varjo maan päällä, kunnes hänet —
kolme vuotta sitten — peitettiin kirkon multaan.

Tuoko nyt oli isä —?

Niin, suuren ja voimakkaan hän muisti hänen olleen.

Mutta tämä tässä oli hiljainen ja hyvä…

Isä oli aina ollut kuin tulenliekki, eikä hänen suustaan oltu lempeitä
sanoja totuttu kuulemaan.
Siitä huolimatta täyttyi Anna Marin sydän suurella hellyydellä —
hänhän oli kaikessa tullut niin äitiinsä — ja taistellen ujoutta vastaan,
joka yhtäkkiä yllätti hänet, astui hän isänsä viereen ja laski kätensä
tämän olkapäälle.

— En ole kuullut siitä mitään, sanoi hän. — Mutta eikö ne etsi teitä
nyt… tavoita joka paikasta?

— Kyllä kai — sehän on heidän velvollisuutensa. Mutta tähän asti


olen minä onnistunut, he eivät. Ja tätä on nyt kestänyt kolme viikkoa.

Tuulen kumea kohina kuului akkunan takaa, ja rapisten ilmestyi


ruutuihin pieniä vesipisaroita. Syysräntää.

Anna Maria värisytti.

Hän kuvitteli miesjoukon kulkevan metsän läpi karannutta etsien ja


tuossa tuokiossa, tietämättä tarkoin itsekään mitä teki, kiiruhti hän
peittämään akkunoita ja lukitsemaan ovea. Ja sitä tehdessään oli
hän varma siitä, että äiti olisi tehnyt samoin…

Kun hän palasi takaisin ja istahti isänsä viereen, näki hän


kyynelkarpalon vierivän tämän poskea pitkin ja katoavan karkean
parran kätköön. Sitä seurasi toinen… kolmas…

Isä kyseli äidistä.

Anna Mari kertoi tarkoin, kertoi kuolinyön ja mitä äiti oli sanonut.

— Olivatko ne hänen viimeiset sanansa? kysyi isä.

— Olivat. Aina muistan kuinka hän pyysi minua kumartumaan


puoleensa ja kuiskasi sitten: Kun isä palaa, sano hänelle, että kaikki
on annettu anteeksi.

— Vaikka sitä oli paljon… Jumala nähköön… niin paljon että…

Yhtäkkiä hypähti karkuri ylös ja kuulosti. Hänen silmissään


kuvastui hurja kauhu. Anna Mariinkin tarttui hänen pelkonsa, ja hän
hiipi ovelle, painoi korvansa lautaa vasten — eikä kuullut muuta kuin
oman sydämensä rajut lyönnit.

— Tuuli se vain on… ei siellä ole ketään, ei ketään.

Isäkin rauhoittui vähitellen. He puhuivat kuiskaten, ja heillä oli vielä


paljon sanomista toisilleen. Mutta aika kului, ja sen, joka joka hetki
pelkäsi takaa-ajajia, täytyi valmistautua lähtemään.

— Isä, viipyisitte vielä vähäsen, niin saisitte nähdä Antinkin.


Muistattehan, että tähän aikaan kestää nuotanveto aamupuoleen
asti.

— Minä olen nähnyt hänet… nuottarannalla. Ennenkuin tulin


tänne, seisoin kauan aikaa metsässä ja katselin häntä, kun hän istui
keittotulilla toisten miesten kanssa. Suuri ja vahva mies… oikea
korvenraataja… Mutta sanohan, Anna Mari, eihän hän vain ole
saanut isänsä luontoa?

Anna Mari painoi katseensa alas huokaisten.

— En minä sitä niin tarkoin tiedä… mutta kiivas ja kova hän


useinkin on…

— Sinullekin… omalle sisarelleen?

Tyttö nyökkäsi.
Se myönnytys sai karkurin kiristämään hampaitaan ja puristamaan
kätensä nyrkkiin — vain siten voi hän pidättää kipeän voihkaisun.
Mitä hyödytti hänen oman mielensä muutos … mitä päätöksensä
pyrkiä meren taakse tekemään työtä ja kokoamaan omaisuutta
lapsilleen, jos pojassa eli se… se hirveä, joka oli tuhonnut hänen
oman elämänsä ja hänen kättensä kautta toistenkin elämän…

Hyvä Jumala! Hän palaisi tältä paikalta vapaaehtoisesti vankilaan,


jos vain Antti… Antti…

Mutta velikään ei voi veljeänsä lunastaa, ja tulevaisuus vasta


näyttää mihin Antinkin tie viepi, mitä luonteensa hänellä teettää ja
mitä kaikkea ne, jotka tulevat olemaan lähinnä häntä, saavat
kärsiä… Eikä voi tietää, keventääkö anteeksianto hiventäkään hänen
kuormastaan.

— Sanoiko äiti tosiaankin, että kaikki on annettu anteeksi? kysyi


isä ajatuksiensa jatkoksi.

— Sanoi.

— Ja ne olivat hänen viimeiset sanansa?

— Ne.

Partaiset kasvot kirkastuivat hetkeksi. Ne muistuttivat


syysmaisemaa, johon aurinko väistyvien pilvien lomasta valahtaa. Ja
suru pojan tähden liukui loitommaksi hänen mielestään, kun hän
ajatteli omaa, hiljaista iloaan.

— Anna Mari, ne olivat lohdutuksen ja voiman sanoja, sanoi hän


sitten. — Niille minä nyt rakennan. Jos onnistun pakenemaan
maasta ja pääsemään aikomusten! perille, niille rakennan. Tai jos
joudun kiinni ja tyrmään uudelleen, rakennan sittenkin.

Puolituntisen kuluttua oli karkuri kadonnut jälleen pimeään,


myrskyiseen yöhön.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARRASKUUN
ILTA ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.


copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE


THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free


distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and


Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be


used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other


immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived


from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted


with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project


Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this


electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,


performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing


access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who


notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™

You might also like