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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

Chapter 6
Solutions

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.1: Convert the viscosity of mercury (1.5×10–3 kg/(m ⋅ s)) to the dimensions of
slug/(ft ⋅ s) and centipoise.

Solution:
Use the USCS and SI conversion factors listed in Table 3.P6. Recall that 1 P = 0.1 kg/(m ⋅
s) and that 1 cP = 0.01 P.
 kg  P  cP 
µ = 1.5 × 10 −3 10 100 
 m ⋅ s  kg (m ⋅ s )  P 
= 1.5 cP
 kg   slug   m
µ = 1.5 ×10 −3   6.8522 ×10−2   0.3048 
 m⋅s   kg   ft 
slug
= 3.133 ×10−5
ft ⋅ s
1.5 cP
slug
3.133 ×10−5
ft ⋅ s

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.2: Michael Phelps won a record-setting 8 gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Now imagine if Phelps had competed in a pool filled with pancake syrup. Would you
expect his race times to increase, decrease, or stay the same? Research the issue and
prepare an approximately 250-word report supporting your answer. Cite at least two
references for your information.

The report may outline a number of different concepts, including the impact of viscous
forces, inertial forces, or body size on Phelps’ performance. Some of the basic ideas that
the students should be able to discuss and explore in the report are summarized in the
following:

The thickness, or viscosity, of syrup is much different than water. Viscosity is a

measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It also measures how strongly a top layer of
the fluid to the surface of an external object. The greater the viscosity of the liquid
someone is swimming in, the greater the frictional drag against their intended
direction. However, in accordance with Newton's third law of motion, the swimmer
would also benefit from frictional force since it generates an equal and opposite
reaction, which in this case would be a propulsion force. So, the viscosity of the
syrup should slow Michael Phelps down due to drag but at the same time, it should
cause a reaction force propelling him faster. These forces could conceivably cancel
out, implying that there may be little difference between swimming in water and
swimming in syrup. The Reynolds number captures this ratio of inertial forces to
viscous forces and would help predict how a swimmer would fare in syrup. Also,
body size is a key factor, as Phelps’ large body size helps lower the impact of a
more viscous fluid. A smaller body or object would have a more difficult time
navigating through the syrup.

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.3: The fuel tank on a sport-utility wagon holds 14 gal of gasoline. How much heavier is
the automobile when the tank is full compared to when it is empty?

Approach:
Use Equation (6.3) to calculate the weight of gasoline in the tank, with the density 1.32
slugs/ft3 from Table 6.1. From Table 3.5,1 gal = 0.1337 ft3.

Solution:
Volume:
 ft 3 
V = (14 gal ) 0.1337  = 1.872 ft 3
 gal 
Weight:
 slug   ft 
w = 1.32 3   32.2 2  1.872 ft 3 ( )
 ft   s 
slug ⋅ ft
= 79.56 = 79.56 lb
s2
79.56 lb

Discussion:
Using a nominal vehicle weight of 3500 lb, this represents an additional 2.3% of weight.
This impact of this additional weight on the vehicle performance would be negligible.

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.4: The pressure at the bottom of an 18 ft deep storage tank for gasoline is how much
greater than at the top? Express your answer in the units of psi.

Approach:
Use Equation (6.4) to determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank. With p0 being
standard atmospheric pressure, the change in pressure at the tank's bottom is ∆p = p – p0 =
pgh. From Table 6.1, the density of gasoline is 1.32 slug/ft3. Use the value in Table 6.2 to
convert between psf and psi.

Solution:
Pressure increase:
 slug   ft 
∆ p = 1.32 3   32.2 2  (18 ft)
 ft   s 
slug
= 765.1
ft ⋅ s 2
 slug ⋅ ft   1 
= 765.1  2  2 
 s   ft 
lb
= 765.1 2 = 765.1psf
ft
Convert to psi:
 psi 
∆ p = (765.1 psf )  6.944 × 10 −3  = 5.313 psi
 psf 
5.313 psi

Discussion:
Standard atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi. An equivalently deep tank of water would have
a larger pressure difference since water is denser than gasoline. This pressure increases
with tank depth, but does not depend upon tank width.

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.5: Blood pressure is conventionally measured in the dimensions of millimeters in a

column of mercury, and the readings are expressed as two numbers, for example, 120
and 80. The first number is called the systolic value, and it is the maximum pressure
developed as the heart contracts. The second number is called the diastolic reading, and
it is the pressure when the heart is at rest. In the units of kPa and psi, what is the
difference in pressure between the given systolic and diastolic readings? The density of
mercury is 13.54 Mg/m3.

Approach:
The pressure difference ∆p arises because of the height difference 120 mm – 80 mm = 40
mm in the column of mercury. Use Equation (6.4) to calculate the pressure difference.
Recall that 1 Mg = 1000 kg. Convert from Pa to psi using the factor from Table 6.2.

Solution:
Pressure:
 kg   m
∆ p = 13.54 × 103 3   9.81 2  (0.04 m )
 m  s 
kg  kg ⋅ m   1 
= 5313 = 5313  2   2 
m ⋅s 2
 s  m 
N
= 5313 2 = 5313 Pa = 5.313 kPa
m
Convert to USCS:
 psi 
∆ p = (5313 Pa ) 1.450 × 10 −4  = 0.7704 psi
 Pa 
5.313 kPa
0.7704 psi

Discussion:
This difference in pressure was found using the blood pressure for a healthy person (120
over 80). However, for people with higher or lower blood pressure, the difference between
the upper systolic value and the lower diastolic value may be very similar. Not only does
the strength and health of the heart impact a person’s blood pressure, but gravity, the valves
in blood vessels, the contraction of skeletal muscles, diet, and other lifestyle and genetic
factors also impact blood pressure.
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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.6: A 6 m high, 4 m wide rectangular gate is located at the end of an open freshwater
tank. The gate is hinged at the top and held in place by a force F. From Equation (6.4),
the pressure is proportional to the depth of the water, and the average pressure pavg
exerted on the gate by the water is
∆p
pavg =
2
where ∆p is the difference in pressure between the bottom of the gate (p1) and the
surface (p0). The resulting force of the water on the gate is
Fwater = pavg A
where A is the area of the gate the water acts upon. The resulting force acts 2 m from the
bottom of the gate because the pressure increases with depth. Determine the force
required to hold the gate in place.

Approach:
Using the density of water from Table 6.1, calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank
using Equation (6.4). Calculate the pressure difference between the bottom of the tank and
the surface to eliminate the surface pressure in the calculations. The average pressure is
then half of the pressure difference. The water acts on the surface of the wall, therefore
calculate the surface area of the wall. Calculate the resulting force of the water on the gate
using Equation (6.1). To counter the force of the water there is a force applied on the
opposite side of the wall to stop the wall from rotating. Since the wall does not rotate, it has
a zero moment about its hinge. Using Equations (4.8) and (4.11), sum the moments about
the hinge and solve for the applied force. The force of the water creates a counterclockwise
moment about the hinge while the applied force creates a clockwise moment.

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

Solution:
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank using Equation (6.4):
 kg  m N
p1 = p0 + ρgh = p0 + 1000 3  9.81 2 (6 m ) = p0 + 58,860 2 = p0 + 58,860 Pa
 m  s  m
Calculate the change in pressure:
∆ p = p1 − p0 = p0 + 58,860 Pa − p0 = 58,860 Pa
Calculate the average pressure:
∆ p 58,860 Pa
pavg = = = 29,430 Pa
2 2
Calculate the area the water is acting upon:
A = (6 m)(4 m) = 24 m 2
Calculate the force exerted by the water (Equation (6.1)):
N
Fwater = pavg A = 29,430 Pa ⋅ 24 m 2 = 29,430 2 ⋅ 24 m2 = 706,300 N
m
Using Equations (4.8) and (4.11), calculate the force necessary to hold the wall in place.
N 2

∑ M o ,i = ∑ M hinge,i = (Fwater ⋅ 4 m) − (F ⋅ 3 m ) = 0
i =1 i=1

706,300 N ⋅ 4 m
F= = 942,000 N
3m
942,000 N

Discussion:
This large force illustrates how much force water pressure can create on a vertical surface.
If the water was deeper not only would the average water pressure be larger, but the
moment arm about the hinge for the resultant force of the water would be longer. This
would require a larger applied force to keep the gate in place.

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.7: For the system in P6.6, suppose your design requirement was to minimize the force
necessary to hold the gate closed. Would you rather put the hinge at the top of the gate
or at the bottom? Support your answer.

Approach:
Using the density of water from Table 6.1, calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank
using Equation (6.4). Calculate the pressure difference between the bottom of the tank and
the surface to eliminate the surface pressure in the calculations. The average pressure is
then half of the pressure difference. The water acts on the surface of the wall, therefore
calculate the surface area of the wall. Calculate the resulting force of the water on the gate
using Equation (6.1). To counter the force of the water there is a force applied on the
opposite side of the wall to stop the wall from rotating. Since the wall does not rotate, it has
a zero moment about its hinge. Using Equations (4.8) and (4.11), sum the moments about
the hinge when it is placed at the top (P6.6) and at the bottom and solve for the applied
forces. When the hinge is at the top, the force of the water creates a counterclockwise
moment about the hinge while the applied force creates a clockwise moment. When the
hinge is at the bottom, the force of the water creates a clockwise moment about the hinge
while the applied force creates a counterclockwise moment.

Solution:
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the tank using Equation (6.4):
 kg  m N
p1 = p0 + ρgh = p0 + 1000 3  9.81 2 (6 m ) = p0 + 58,860 2 = p0 + 58,860 Pa
 m  s  m
Calculate the change in pressure:
∆ p = p1 − p0 = p0 + 58,860 Pa − p0 = 58,860 Pa
Calculate the average pressure:
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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

∆ p 58,860 Pa
pavg =
= = 29,430 Pa
2 2
Calculate the area the water is acting upon:
A = (6 m)(4 m) = 24 m 2
Calculate the force exerted by the water (Equation (6.1)):
N
Fwater = pavg A = 29,430 Pa ⋅ 24 m 2 = 29,430 2 ⋅ 24 m2 = 706,300 N
m
Using Equations (4.8) and (4.11), calculate the force necessary to hold the wall in place
when the hinge is at the top and at the bottom:
Hinge at the top: Hinge at the bottom:

N 2 N 2

∑M o ,i = ∑ M hinge ,i = (Fwater ⋅ 4 m ) − (F ⋅ 3 m ) ∑ M o ,i = ∑ M hinge,i = −(Fwater ⋅ 2 m) + (F ⋅ 3 m)

i =1 i=1 i =1 i=1
706,300 N ⋅ 4 m 706,300 N ⋅ 2 m
F= = 942,000 N F= = 471,000 N
3m 3m
942,000 N 471,000 N

To minimize the force required to hold the gate closed, the hinge should be placed on the
bottom of the wall.

Discussion:
Placing the hinge at the bottom would create a shorter moment arm for the force of the
water. However, placing the hinge at the bottom may create other challenges, including
accessing the hinge to maintain and repair it. Also, depending upon how any release of the
water needs to be controlled, placing the hinge at the bottom may not be advantageous.

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.9: An ancient king's supposedly golden crown had a mass of 3 kg, but it was actually
made by a dishonest metal smith from an equal mix of gold (1.93×104 kg/m3) and silver
(1.06×104 kg/ m3). (a) Suppose that Archimedes suspended the crown from a string and
lowered it into water until it was fully submerged. If the string was then connected to a
balance scale, what tension would Archimedes have measured in the string? (b) If the
test was repeated, but this time with the crown replaced by a 3-kg block of pure gold,
what tension would be measured?

Approach:
The two crowns have the same mass but different volumes since their densities are not the
same. The buoyancy forces exerted by the water on the crown, and on the solid gold block,
will be different according to Equation (6.5): FB = ρfluidgVobject. This difference in buoyancy
force will influence the scale reading. The density of fresh water is 1000 kg/m3 from Table
6.1.

Solution:
(a) Average crown density:
1 kg kg
ρ = (19.3 + 10.6) ×103 3 =14.95 ×103 3
2 m m
Volume:
3 kg
V= = 2.01 × 10 −4 m 3
kg
14.95 × 103 3
m
Buoyancy force:
 kg   m
FB = ρwater gV = 1000 3   9.81 2  ( 2.01 × 10 −4 m 3 ) =1.969 N
 m  s 
String tension:
 m
T = w− FB = (3 kg )  9.81 2  − 1.969 N = 27.46 N
 s 
27.46 N

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

(b) Volume:
3 kg
V= = 1.55 × 10 −4 m 3
kg
19.3 × 103
m3
Buoyancy force:
 kg   m
FB = 1000 3   9.81 2  (1.55 × 10 −4 m 3 ) = 1.525 N
 m  s 
String tension:
 m
T = (3 kg )  9.81 2  − 1.525 N = 27.91 N
 s 
27.91 N, 1.6% difference in the two cases

Discussion:
This difference would be difficult to discern by hand, but precision scales could effectively
identify it. If the metal smith used a material with a density less than silver such as zinc or
iron, the difference in tension would be larger.

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.10: Scuba divers carry ballast weights to have neutral buoyancy. At that condition, the
buoyancy force on the diver exactly balances weight, and there is no tendency either to
float toward the surface or to sink. In freshwater, a certain diver carries 10 lb of lead
alloy ballast of density 1.17×104 kg/m3. During an excursion in seawater, the diver
must carry 50% more ballast to remain neutrally buoyant. How much does this diver
weigh?

Approach:
In each case, the combined weight of the diver and ballast equals the buoyancy force,
which is found using Equation (6.5) FB = ρfluidgVobject. The density of fresh water is 1000
kg/m3, and the density of sea water is 1026 kg/m3 from Table 6.1. The weight and volume
of the diver are both unknown, and are found from the two given conditions of ballast
weight.

Solution:
Let w = diver's weight and V = diver's volume. Look at the fresh and sea water cases
separately:

Fresh water:
Volume of ballast =
 N
(10 lb)  4.448 
=  lb 
= 3.875 × 10 −4 m 3
 m  kg 
 9.81 2  11.7 × 10 3 
3

 s  m 
Ballast buoyancy force =
 kg   m
= 1000 3   9.81 2  (3.875 × 10 −4 m 3 ) = 3.802 N
 m  s 
 kg   m
w+ 44.48 N = 3.802 N + 1000 3   9.81 2  V
 m  s 
9810 V – w = 40.678 N (1)

Sea water:
Volume of ballast = (1.5) (3.875 × 10– 4 m3) = 5.8125× 10 – 4 m3
 kg   m
Ballast buoyancy force = 1026 3   9.81 2  (5.8125 × 10 −4 m 3 ) = 5.850 N
 m  s 
 kg   m
w + 66.72 N = 5.85 N + 1026 3   9.81 2  V
 m  s 
10,065 V – w = 60.87 N (2)
Multiply (1) by (10,065)/(9810) = 1.026:
10,065 V –1.026 w = 41.735 N (3)
Subtract (3) from (2):
0.026 w = 19.135 or w = 736 N

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

736 N or 165 lb

Discussion:
A weight of 165 lb is reasonable from an order of magnitude perspective. The diver must
carry more ballast in sea water because it is denser than fresh water which makes the diver
more buoyant. Alternatively, equations (1) and (2) could be used to solve for V which then
could be used to solve for w.

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.12: Water flows through a 5 cm diameter pipe at the average velocity of 1.25 m/s. (a) In
the dimensions of L/s, what is the volumetric flow rate? (b) If the diameter of the pipe is
reduced by 20% at a constriction, by what percentage does the water's velocity change?

Approach:
Calculate the volumetric flow rate using Equation (6.10), and the conversion factor 1000 L
= 1 m3. When the pipe's diameter decreases, the fluid flows faster following Equation
(6.13).

Solution:
(a) Cross–sectional area:
π
A= (0.05 m ) 2 = 1.963 × 10 −3 m 2
4
Volumetric flow rate (Equation 6.10):
 m m3
q = (1.963 × 10 −3 m 2 ) 1.25  = 2.454 × 10 −3
 s  s
Convert dimensions (Table 6.3):
 −3 m  
3
Ls  L
q =  2.454 ×10  1000 3  = 2.454
 s  m s s
L
2.454
s

(b) Smaller diameter pipe:

π
A' = ((0.8)(0.05 m ))2 = 1.257 ×10 −3 m 2
4
Constant volumetric flow rate (Equation 6.13):
3
(1.257 ×10 −3 m 2 )v' = 2.454 ×10 −3 ms
m
v' = 1.953
s
Percentage change in velocity:
1.953 −1.25
= 0.562 or 56%
1.25
56% increase in velocity

Discussion:
The velocity must increase significantly because of the incompressibility of water. As a
result, the volumetric flow must remain constant between the larger and smaller diameters.
If the reduction in diameter is even larger, the volume in the smaller diameter section must
also increase.

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Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.13: In a pipeline that connects a production oilfield to a tanker terminal, oil having
density 1.85 slug/ft3 and viscosity 6×10-3 slug/(ft⋅s) flows through a 48 in. diameter
pipeline at 6 mph. What is the Reynolds number? Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

Approach:
Apply the definition Re = ρvL/µ from Equation (6.6) with the characteristic length L being
the pipeline's diameter.

Solution:
Velocity in consistent units (1 mi = 5280 ft in Table 3.5):
 mi   ft   − 4 hr  ft
v = 6   5280   2.778 ×10  = 8 .8
 hr   mi   s  s
Reynolds number:
 slug   ft 
1.85 3   8.8  (4ft )
Re = 
ft   s
= 1.09 ×10 4
slug
6 ×10 −3
ft ⋅ s
Since this value is larger than 2000, the critical value for transition between laminar and
turbulent flow in a pipe, the oil flow is turbulent.
Re = 1.1× 104 (turbulent)

Discussion:
If an engineer wanted to decrease the Reynolds number into the laminar region, they could
decrease the velocity of the oil or decrease the diameter of the pipeline.

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 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.14: For the parabolic pressure profile in Equation (6.7), show that the average flow
velocity is half the maximum value [Equation (6.11)].

Approach:
Average the fluid's velocity across the pipe's cross–sectional area. The influence of the
velocity in Equation (6.7), which changes with radius, is equivalent to vavg over the area
πR2. Integrate velocity (6.7) over the area element dA = (2πr)dr.

Solution:
From Equation (6.7):
  r 2 
v ( r ) = vmax 1 −   
 R 
 
The average velocity across the pipe's cross–sectional area is:
R
1
v(r )(2π r dr )
π R 2 ∫0
vavg =

1
R
  r 2 
 ( 2π rdr )
π R 2 ∫0 max   R  
= v 1 −
R R
2v 2v
= max2 ∫ rdr − max4 ∫ r 3dr
πR 0 πR 0
From the properties of indefinite integrals:
1 2
∫ r dr = 2 r
1 4
∫ =
3
r dr r
4
The average velocity becomes:
 2 v  1 2   2 vmax  1 4 
vavg =  max 2 
R  −  4  R 
 R  2   R  4 
1
= vmax − vmax
2
1
= vmax
2
which is the same as Equation (6.11).

167
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

Discussion:
This demonstrates the principle illustrated in Figure 6.17 and is applicable to laminar flow
only.

168
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.15: The average velocity of blood flowing in a certain 4 mm diameter artery in the
human body is 0.28 m/s. Calculate the Reynolds number and determine whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent. The viscosity and density of blood are approximately 4 cP
and 1.06 Mg/m3, respectively.

Approach:
Recognize that blood does not flow in steady manner and that it is not a homogenous
liquid. However, assume steady and homogeneous flow for these calculations. Calculate
the Reynolds number by using Equation (6.6). Fluid flow in a pipe is expected to be
laminar if Re is less than 2000.

Solution:
In dimensionally consistent units:
 P  kg (m ⋅ s )  kg
µ = (4 cP ) 0.01   0.1  = 0.004
 cP   P  m ⋅s
 Mg   kg  kg
ρ = 1.06 3  1000  = 1006 3
 m  Mg  m
The Reynolds number is:
 kg   m
1006 3   0.28  (0.004 m )
Re = 
m  s 
= 281.7
kg
0.004
m ⋅s
Since this is much less than 2000, the flow is laminar.
Re = 282 (laminar)

Discussion:
The laminar flow of blood allows for a steady amount of blood to be supplied across the
body. To become turbulent, the velocity of the blood and/or the artery diameter would need
to increase significantly. It is advantageous that the blood flow in our bodies remains safely
in the laminar region. This is only an approximation since blood is not a homogenous
liquid and since the blood flow is not steady but instead pulses.

169
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 6: Fluids Engineering

P6.16: (a) Determine the volumetric flow rate of blood in the artery of P6.15. (b) Calculate
the maximum velocity of blood across the artery's cross section. (c) Determine the
amount by which the blood pressure decreases along each 10 cm length of the artery.

Approach:
The volumetric flow rate is given by Equation (6.10), where the cross–sectional area and
average velocity are known. For laminar flow (the result of P6.14), the maximum velocity
is twice the average value (Equation 6.11). Likewise, the pressure drop ∆p can be obtained
from Equation (6.12).

Solution:
(a) Volumetric flow rate
Cross–sectional area:
π
A= (0.004 m)2 = 1.257 ×10−5 m 2
4
Volumetric flow rate:
 m m3
q = (1.257 × 10 −5 m 2 ) 0.28  = 3.519 × 10 −6
 s  s
3
m
q = 3.519 × 10 −6
s

(b) Maximum velocity (laminar flow):

 m m
v max = 2 0.28  = 0.56
 s s
m
vmax = 0.56
s

(c) Pressure drop (Equation 6.12):

128µ Lq
∆p =
πd4
 kg   −6 m 
3

  0.004  (0.1 m ) 3.519 ×10  
 128    m ⋅s   s 
=  
 π  (0.004 m) 4

 
 
kg  kg ⋅ m   1 
= 224 = 224  2   2 
m ⋅s 2
 s  m 
N
= 224 2 = 224 Pa
m
∆p = 224 Pa

170
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Paulina's prediction came true, and we were soon busy preparing for her
father's marriage with Miss Cottrell. It took place in our beautiful old church on
the thirty-first of July. The happy pair spent a week at Felixstowe and then
came back to "Gay Bowers" to fetch Pollie. It was with genuine regret that
Aunt Patty and I watched Mr. and Mrs. Dicks and Paulina take their departure.
How different were our feelings now from those with which we had received
the Americans and Miss Cottrell! The paying guests had become our friends.

"Au revoir!" cried Pollie as they drove away. "We are coming back some day.
And, Mr. Faulkner, please don't forget that you are going to bring Nan to
Indianapolis some time."

We watched them pass out of our sight with the sadness most partings
inevitably bring, for who could say whether we should all meet again?

Two days later, Alan's sisters came to spend their holidays at "Gay Bowers."
They were such nice, bright girls that I had no difficulty in making friends of
them, and I am thankful to say they seemed to take to me at once. The
brother, who was their guardian, was so great a hero in their eyes, that I
wonder they thought me good enough for him. It must have been, because
they thought he could not make a wrong choice.

Peggy joined us ere August was far advanced, and we became a very lively
party. By this time Jack had returned to the vicarage. I had the satisfaction of
seeing that Aunt Patty had rightly gauged the depth of his wound. If the news
of my engagement to Alan Faulkner hurt him, the blow was one from which he
quickly recovered. He and Peggy became good comrades; she wanted to
practise sketching during her stay in the country and he helped her to find
suitable "bits," and was her attendant squire on many of her expeditions.

I had heard nothing from Agneta since her return to Manchester, but the news
of my engagement brought me a kind though rather sad letter from her. She
said she thought that I and Professor Faulkner were exactly suited to each
other and she was glad I was going to be happy, for I deserved happiness and
she supposed she never had. She knew now that she had been utterly
deluded when she imagined that Ralph Marshman would make her happy.
She wanted me to know that she was convinced of his worthless character
and of what an escape she had had. She thanked me for the efforts I had
made to save her from her own folly, and she begged me to forgive her for
being so ungrateful at the time. She said she was sick of her life at home. She
wanted her parents to let her adopt a career of her own and live a more useful
life, but her mother refused to entertain the idea for a moment.
"I am trying to be patient," Agneta wrote; "You know you were always
preaching patience to me, Nan; and I mean to do some 'solid' reading every
day. Do send me a list of books you think I ought to read. I know, although you
never said so, that you thought me very ignorant when I was with you. I don't
forget either how you once said that I never should be happy as long as I
made myself the centre of my life. So I try to be unselfish and to think of other
people, but there is really very little I can do for others in the life I lead here. I
almost envy girls who have to work for themselves."

I felt very sorry for Agneta as I read her letter, and yet I should have been
glad, for, if her words were sincere, they augured for her happier days than
she had yet known. For what hope of happiness is there for any one who is
shut up in the prison-house of self? It was good for Agneta, as it had been for
me and for Paulina, to suffer, if her trouble had led her into a larger, fuller, and
more blessed life.

But the story of Aunt Patty's guests, as far as I have known them intimately,
must be brought to a close. After all, I did not stay quite twelve months at "Gay
Bowers." I went home for Christmas and I did not return. There was no longer
any thought of my going up for Matriculation. Even now I regret that I never
did so, but mother was bent upon my entering on a course of domestic
economy, and the value of that study I am daily proving.

Early in the New Year, Olive was married. It was a very pretty wedding and
everything went off charmingly; but her departure for India six weeks later left
us all with very sore hearts. Alan was duly appointed to the professorship at
Edinburgh, and now my home is in that beautiful old city, for in the following
year, at the beginning of the summer vacation, we were married.

I should like to write about that wedding, but Alan thinks I had better not begin.
My three sisters, Alan's two, and Cousin Agneta were my bridesmaids. Mr.
Upsher assisted at the ceremony, and Jack, such a handsome young soldier,
was one of the guests. He still showed himself devoted to Peggy, but I hope
he is not seriously attracted by her, for Peggy declares that she is wedded to
her art and is quite angry if any one suggests that she may marry. She is now
working hard in Paris and promises to develop into a first-rate artist in "black
and white."

Agneta made a very pretty bridesmaid and looked as happy as one could
wish. I say this on mother's authority, for really I cannot remember how any
one looked except Alan. The sun must have been in my eyes all the time, for
my recollection of everything is so vague and hazy. So it was wise of Alan to
advise me not to attempt to describe our wedding. Soon afterwards we heard
of Agneta's engagement, with her parents' approval, to a young medical man,
so I dare say she did look happy.

Alan and I always agree that "Gay Bowers" is the most delightful old country
house we have ever known. Apparently many are of the same opinion, for
aunt seldom has a room to spare in it.

THE END

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AUNT PATTY'S
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