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Physics, 4e (Walker/Gatch)
Chapter 10 Rotational Kinematics and Energy

10.1 Conceptual Questions

1) A car is moving in a circular path. At a certain instant, it has zero tangential acceleration and a
non-zero centripetal acceleration. What is the car doing at that instant?
Answer: It is moving with a non-zero velocity and zero instantaneous angular acceleration.
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

2) A car is traveling along a highway at 65 mph. Which point in the tires is moving forward at 65
mph?
Answer: the center of the tire
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

3) A car is traveling along a highway at 65 mph. What is the linear speed of the top of the tires?
What is the linear speed at the bottom of the tires?
Answer: 130 mph; 0 mph
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-9

4) A hollow cylinder and a solid cylinder are constructed so they have the same mass and radius.
Which cylinder has the larger moment of inertia?
Answer: the hollow cylinder
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

5) The preferred positive direction for angular displacement is the clockwise direction.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

6) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same angular
displacement.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

7) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same linear
displacement.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

8) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same angular
speed.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same
tangential speed.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

10) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same angular
acceleration.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

11) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same
tangential acceleration.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

12) When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis all the points in the body have the same
centripetal acceleration.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

13) Mass can be considered concentrated at the center of mass for rotational motion.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

14) Rolling without slipping depends on static friction between the rolling object and the ground.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

15) Two children are riding on a merry-go-round. Child A is at a greater distance from the axis
of rotation than child B. Which child has the larger angular displacement?
A) Child A
B) Child B
C) They have the same zero angular displacement.
D) They have the same non-zero angular displacement.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

16) Two children are riding on a merry-go-round. Child A is at a greater distance from the axis
of rotation than child B. Which child has the larger linear displacement?
A) Child A
B) Child B
C) They have the same zero linear displacement.
D) They have the same non-zero linear displacement.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
17) Two children are riding on a merry-go-round. Child A is at a greater distance from the axis
of rotation than child B. Which child has the larger angular speed?
A) Child A
B) Child B
C) They have the same zero angular speed.
D) They have the same non-zero angular speed.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

18) Two children are riding on a merry-go-round. Child A is at a greater distance from the axis
of rotation than child B. Which child has the larger tangential speed?
A) Child A
B) Child B
C) They have the same zero tangential speed.
D) They have the same non-zero tangential speed.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

19) Two children are riding on a merry-go-round. Child A is at a greater distance from the axis
of rotation than child B. Which child has the larger centripetal acceleration?
A) Child A
B) Child B
C) They have the same zero centripetal acceleration.
D) They have the same non-zero centripetal acceleration.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

20) Two children are riding on a merry-go-round. Child A is at a greater distance from the axis
of rotation than child B. Which child has the larger tangential acceleration?
A) Child A
B) Child B
C) They have the same zero centripetal acceleration.
D) They have the same non-zero centripetal acceleration.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
21) A boy and a girl are riding a merry-go-round which is turning at a constant rate. The boy is
near the outer edge, while the girl is closer to the center. Who has the greater tangential
acceleration?
A) the boy
B) the girl
C) Both have the same non-zero tangential acceleration.
D) Both have zero tangential acceleration.
E) There is not enough information given to answer the question.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

22) Two children ride on a merry-go-round, George is at a greater distance from the axis of
rotation than Jacques. It is a true statement that
A) Jacques has a greater angular velocity than George.
B) Jacques and George have the same angular velocity.
C) Jacques has a smaller angular velocity than George.
D) both have zero angular velocities.
E) Cannot tell which one has the greater angular velocity without knowing their masses.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

23) Two children ride on a merry-go-round, George is at a greater distance from the axis of
rotation than Jacques. It is a true statement that
A) Jacques has a greater tangential speed than George.
B) Jacques and George have the same tangential speed.
C) Jacques has a smaller tangential speed than George.
D) both have zero tangential speeds.
E) Cannot tell which one has the greater speed without knowing their masses.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

24) Rolling without slipping depends on

A) kinetic friction between the rolling object and the ground.
B) static friction between the rolling object and the ground.
C) normal force between the rolling object and the ground.
D) tension between the rolling object and the ground.
E) the force of gravity between the rolling object and the earth.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
25) A wheel of radius R is rolling on a horizontal surface. Its center is moving forward with
speed v. A point on the wheel a distance r/3 below the center is moving forward at a speed 2v/3.
The wheel is
A) rolling without slipping.
B) not rotating at all.
C) made of rubber.
D) slipping because its angular speed is too low to be rolling without slipping.
E) slipping because its angular speed is too high to be rolling without slipping.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

26) What is the quantity used to measure an object's resistance to changes in rotational motion?
A) mass
B) moment of inertia
C) torque
D) angular velocity
E) angular acceleration
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

27) A dumbbell-shaped object is composed by two equal masses, m, connected by a rod of

negligible mass and length r. If I1 is the moment of inertia of this object with respect to an axis
passing through the center of the rod and perpendicular to it and I2 is the moment of inertia with
respect to an axis passing through one of the masses we can say that
A) I1 = I2.
B) I1 > I2.
C) I1 < I2.
D) There is no way to compare I1 and I2.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

28) A boy and a girl are riding on a merry-go-round that is turning. The boy is twice as far as the
girl from the merry-go-round's center. If the boy and girl are of equal mass, which statement is
true about the boy's moment of inertia with respect to the axis of rotation?
A) His moment of inertia is 4 times the girl's.
B) His moment of inertia is twice the girl's.
C) The moment of inertia is the same for both.
D) The boy has a greater moment of inertia, but it is impossible to say exactly how much more.
E) The boy has a smaller moment of inertia, but it is impossible to say exactly how much
smaller.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
29) Two uniform solid spheres have the same mass, but one has twice the radius of the other.
The ratio of the larger sphere's moment of inertia to that of the smaller sphere is
A) 4/5.
B) 8/5.
C) 1/2.
D) 2.
E) 4.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

30) Consider a hoop of radius R and mass M rolling without slipping. Which form of kinetic
energy is larger, translational or rotational?
A) Translational kinetic energy is larger.
B) Rotational kinetic energy is larger.
C) Both are equal.
D) You need to know the speed of the hoop to tell.
E) You need to know the acceleration of the hoop to tell.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

31) Consider a solid sphere of radius R and mass M rolling without slipping. Which form of
kinetic energy is larger, translational or rotational?
A) Translational kinetic energy is larger.
B) Rotational kinetic energy is larger.
C) Both are equal.
D) You need to know the speed of the sphere to tell.
E) You need to know the acceleration of the sphere to tell.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

32) A solid cylinder is rolling without slipping. What fraction of its kinetic energy is rotational?
A) 1/3
B) 2/3
C) 1/2
D) 1/4
E) 3/4
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

33) A solid sphere and a solid cylinder of the same mass and radius roll without slipping at the
same speed. It is correct to say that the total kinetic energy of the solid sphere is
A) more than the total kinetic energy of the cylinder.
B) less than the total kinetic energy of the cylinder.
C) equal to the total kinetic energy of the cylinder.
D) impossible to compare to the total kinetic energy of the cylinder.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
34) A disk and a hoop of the same mass and radius are released at the same time at the top of an
inclined plane. Which object reaches the bottom of the incline first?
A) The hoop
B) The disk
C) Both reach the bottom at the same time.
D) It depends on the angle of inclination.
E) It depends on the length of the inclined surface.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

35) A solid sphere, solid cylinder, and a hollow pipe all have equal masses and radii. If the three
are released simultaneously at the top of an inclined plane, which will reach the bottom first?
A) sphere
B) pipe
C) cylinder
D) they all reach bottom in the same time
E) It depends on the angle of inclination.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

36) A disk, a hoop, and a solid sphere are released at the same time at the top of an inclined
plane. They all roll without slipping. In what order do they reach the bottom?
A) disk, hoop, sphere
B) hoop, sphere, disk
C) sphere, disk, hoop
D) hoop, sphere, disk
E) hoop, disk, sphere
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

37) Suppose a solid sphere of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down an inclined plane
starting from rest. The linear velocity of the sphere at the bottom of the incline depends on
A) the mass of the sphere.
B) the radius of the sphere.
C) both the mass and the radius of the sphere.
D) neither the mass nor the radius of the sphere.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
38) Suppose a solid sphere of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down an inclined plane
starting from rest. The angular velocity of the sphere at the bottom of the incline depends on
A) the mass of the sphere.
B) the radius of the sphere.
C) both the mass and the radius of the sphere.
D) neither the mass nor the radius of the sphere.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

FIGURE 10-1

39) A ball is released from rest on a no-slip surface, as shown. After reaching its lowest point,
the ball begins to rise again, this time on a frictionless surface as shown in Figure 10-1. When
the ball reaches its maximum height on the frictionless surface, it is
A) at a greater height as when it was released.
B) at a lesser height as when it was released.
C) at the same height as when it was released.
D) impossible to tell without knowing the mass of the ball.
E) impossible to tell without knowing the radius of the ball.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

40) Two balls, one of radius R and mass M, the other of radius 2R and mass 8M, roll down an
incline. They start together from rest at the top of the incline. Which one will reach the bottom of
the incline first?
A) The small sphere
B) Both reach the bottom together.
C) The large sphere
D) It depends on the height of the incline.
E) It depends on the length of the inclined surface.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.2 Quantitative Problems

1) Express an angle of 450° in radians.

Answer: 7.85 rad
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

2) Express an angle of 35.20 rad in degrees.

Answer: 2017°
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

3) The diameter of the Moon is 3.78 × 106 m. It subtends an angle of 0.00982 radians at the
surface of Earth. How far is the Moon from Earth?
Answer: 3.85 × 108 m
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

4) The Sun subtends an angle of 0.00928 radians at the surface of the earth. Its distance from
Earth is 1.50 x 1011 m. What is the diameter of the Sun?
Answer: 1.39 × 109 m
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

5) Express an angular speed of 33.3 rpm in rad/s.

Answer: 3.49 rad/s
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

6) What is the angular speed in rad/s of the minute hand of a clock?

Answer: 0.105 rad/s
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

7) An artificial satellite in a low orbit circles the earth every 98.0 minutes. What is its angular
speed in rad/s?
Answer: 0.00107 rad/s
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

8) A grinding wheel is spinning at a rate of 20.0 revolutions per second. When the power to the
grinder is turned off, the grinding wheel slows with constant angular acceleration and takes 80.0
s to come to a rest.
(a) What was the angular acceleration of the grinding wheel as it came to rest?
(b) How many rotations did the wheel make during the time it was coming to rest?
Answer: (a) 1.57 rad/s2
(b) 800 revolutions
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) A centrifuge takes 100 s to spin up from rest to its final angular speed with constant angular
acceleration. A point located 8.00 cm from the axis of rotation of the centrifuge moves with a
speed of 150 m/s when the centrifuge is at full speed.
(a) What is the average angular acceleration of the centrifuge as it spins up?
(b) How many revolutions does the centrifuge make as it goes from rest to its final angular
speed?
Answer: (a) 18.8 rad/s2
(b) 1.49 × 104 revolutions
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

10) A child is riding a merry-go-round which completes one revolution every 8.36 s. The child is
standing 4.65 m from the center of the merry-go-round.
(a) What is the tangential speed of the child?
(b) What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the child?
Answer: (a) 3.49 m/s
(b) 2.63 m/s2
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

11) A bicycle whose wheels have a radius of 66 cm is traveling at 2.0 m/s. If the wheels do not
slip, what is the angular speed of the wheels?
Answer: 3.0 rad/s
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

12) A 10-m plank is being moved by rolling it over two cylindrical logs placed 2 m from either
end of the plank. As the plank is pushed, the logs roll on the ground without slipping, and they
do not slip with respect to the plank. How far can the plank be moved before the rear log reaches
the end of the plank?
Answer: 4 m
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

13) A 10-m plank is being moved by rolling it over two cylindrical logs with a radius of 20 cm,
placed 2 m from either end of the plank. As the plank is pushed, the logs roll on the ground
without slipping, and they do not slip with respect to the plank. Through what angle will the logs
have rotated when the plank has moved 2 m?
Answer: 286°
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

14) A massless rod of length 1.00 m has a 2.00-kg mass attached to one end and a 3.00-kg mass
attached to the other. The system rotates about a fixed axis perpendicular to the rod that passes
through the rod 30.0 cm from the end with the 3.00-kg mass attached. The kinetic energy of the
system is 100 J.
(a) What is the moment of inertia of this system about this axis?
(b) What is the angular speed of this system?
Answer: (a) 1.25 kg∙m2
(b) 2.01 rev/s
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
15) A solid sphere of mass 1.5 kg and radius 15 cm rolls without slipping down a 35° incline that
is 7.0 m long. Assume it started from rest. The moment of inertia of a sphere is given by I=
(2/5)MR2.
(a) Calculate the linear speed of the sphere when it reaches the bottom of the incline.
(b) Determine the angular speed of the sphere at the bottom of the incline.
(c) Does the linear speed depend on the radius or mass of the sphere? Does the angular speed
depend on the radius or mass of the sphere?
Answer: (a) 7.5 m/s
(b) 50 rad/s
(c) The linear speed depends on neither the radius nor the mass of the sphere. The angular speed
depends on the radius of the sphere.
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

16) A 2.00-kg solid sphere of radius 5.00 cm rolls down a 20.0° inclined plane starting from rest.
(a) What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the center of mass of the sphere?
(b) How far down the plane does it roll without slipping in 1.00 s?
Answer: (a) 2.44 m/s2
(b) 1.22 m
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-6

17) An object is moving in a circular path with an angular speed of 1.52 rad/s. How long does it
take the object to complete one revolution?
A) 4.13 s
B) 2.07 s
C) 118 s
D) 4.77 s
E) 8.26 s
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

18) A compact disk rotates at 210 revolutions per minute. What is its angular speed in rad/s?
A) 11.0 rad/s
B) 22.0 rad/s
C) 45.3 rad/s
D) 69.1 rad/s
E) 660 rad/s
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
19) A fan is turned off, and its angular speed decreases from 10.0 rad/s to 6.3 rad/s in 5.0 s. What
is the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the fan?
A) 086 rad/s2
B) 0.74 rad/s2
C) 0.37 rad/s2
D) 11.6 rad/s2
E) 1.16 rad/s2
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

20) How long does it take for a rotating object to speed up from 15.0 to 33.3 rad/s if it has an
angular acceleration of 3.45 rad/s2?
A) 4.35 s
B) 5.30 s
C) 9.57 s
D) 10.6 s
E) 63.1 s
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

21) An experiment that can be used to measure the velocity of a bullet is to have two cardboard
disks attached to a rotating shaft some distance apart and to measure the angular separation of the
holes made by the bullet. In such an experiment, two cardboard disks are placed 0.534 m apart
on a shaft that is rotating at 3000 rpm. The bullet is fired parallel to the axis and the angular
separation of the holes is measured to be 22.0°. What is the speed of the bullet?
A) 72.8 m/s
B) 139 m/s
C) 219 m/s
D) 437 m/s
E) 1380 m/s
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-1

22) A wheel that is rotating at 33.3 rad/s is given an angular acceleration of 2.15 rad/s2. Through
what angle has the wheel turned when its angular speed reaches 72.0 rad/s?
A) 83.2 rad
B) 316 rad
C) 697 rad
D) 66.8 rad
E) 948 rad
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
23) A wheel rotates through an angle of 13.8 rad as it slows down from 22.0 rad/s to 13.5 rad/s.
What is the magnitude of the average angular acceleration of the wheel?
A) 0.616 rad/s2
B) 5.45 rad/s2
C) 111 rad/s2
D) 22.5 rad/s2
E) 10.9 rad/s2
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

24) A pulley has an initial angular speed of 12.5 rad/s and a constant angular acceleration of 3.41
rad/s2. Through what angle does the pulley turn in 5.26 s?
A) 113 rad
B) 22.6 rad
C) 42.6 rad
D) 19.3 rad
E) 160 rad
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

25) A wheel rotates through an angle of 320° as it slows down from 78.0 rpm to 22.8 rpm. What
is the magnitude of the average angular acceleration of the wheel?
A) 2.34 rad/s2
B) 5.48 rad/s2
C) 6.50 rad/s2
D) 8.35 rad/s2
E) 10.9 rad/s2
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-2

26) A child is riding a merry-go-round which completes one revolution every 8.36 s. The child is
standing 4.65 m from the center of the merry-go-round. What is the tangential speed of the child?
A) 5.64 m/s
B) 3.49 m/s
C) 0.556 m/s
D) 1.75 m/s
E) 1.80 m/s
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

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Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
27) Earth's radius is 6.38 × 106 m, and it completes one revolution every day. What is the
tangential speed of a person standing on the equator?
A) 232 m/s
B) 148 m/s
C) 464 m/s
D) 21.5 m/s
E) 73.8 m/s
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

28) A child is riding a merry-go-round which completes one revolution every 8.36 s. The child is
standing 4.65 m from the center of the merry-go-round. What is the magnitude of the centripetal
acceleration of the child?
A) 6.84 m/s2
B) 3.94 m/s2
C) 2.63 m/s2
D) 0.0664 m/s2
E) 0.696 m/s2
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

29) Earth's radius is 6.38 × 106 m, and it completes one revolution every day. What is the
magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of a person standing on the equator?
A) 0.00844 m/s2
B) 0.00343 m/s2
C) 0.0337 m/s2
D) 0.343 m/s2
E) 0.000854 m/s2
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

30) A string is wound tightly around a fixed pulley whose radius is 5.0 cm. As the string is
pulled, the pulley rotates without slipping. What is the angular speed of the pulley when the
string has a linear speed of 5.0 m/s?
A) 100 rad/s
B) 50 rad/s
C) 25 rad/s
D) 20 rad/s
E) 10 rad/s
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

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31) A car with tires whose radius is 35 cm is traveling along a highway at 29.8 m/s. What is the
angular speed of the tires?
A) 90 rad/s
B) 85 rad/s
C) 80 rad/s
D) 75 rad/s
E) 70 rad/s
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

32) A scooter has wheels with a diameter of 120 mm. What is the angular speed of the wheels
when the scooter is moving forward at 6.00 m/s?
A) 47.7 rpm
B) 955 rpm
C) 72.0 rpm
D) 50.0 rpm
E) 100 rpm
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

33) A potter's wheel is rotating at 1.00 rpm. What centripetal force is required to hold a 1.00 g
lump of clay in place, 10.0 cm from the axis of rotation?
A) 1.10 × 10-6 N
B) 1.20 × 10-6 N
C) 1.30 × 10-6 N
D) 1.40 × 10-6 N
E) 1.50 × 10-6 N
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

34) A child is riding a merry-go-round, which has an instantaneous angular speed of 1.25 rad/s
and an angular acceleration of 0.745 rad/ . The child is standing 4.65 m from the center of the
merry-go-round. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the child?
A) 8.05 m/s2
B) 7.27 m/s2
C) 2.58 m/s2
D) 3.46 m/s2
E) 4.10 m/s2
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

15
Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
35) A child is riding a merry-go-round, which has an instantaneous angular speed of 1.25 rad/s
and an angular acceleration of 0.745 rad/s2. The child is standing 4.65 m from the center of the
merry-go-round. What angle does the acceleration of the child make with the tangential
direction?
A) 90.0°
B) 25.5°
C) 32.5°
D) 64.5°
E) 45.0°
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

36) In a bicycle, the pedals drive the chainwheel, which is connected by means of a chain to the
cogwheel, a small wheel attached to the rear wheel. In a certain bicycle, the radius of the
chainwheel is 12.0 cm, the radius of the cogwheel is 4.0 cm, and the radius of the rear wheel is
66.0 cm. At what rate should the cyclist be pedaling in order for the bicycle to have a forward
speed of 10.0 m/s?
A) 48.2 rpm
B) 16.1 rpm
C) 12.1 rpm
D) 24.1 rpm
E) 60.3 rpm
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

37) A child is riding a tricycle. The pedals are attached directly to the front wheel, which has a
radius of 13 cm. The rear wheels are smaller, and have a radius of 8.0 cm. If the child is
pedaling at 16 rpm, what is the angular speed of the rear wheels?
A) 15 rpm
B) 26 rpm
C) 24 rpm
D) 20 rpm
E) 50 rpm
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

38) A Ferris wheel with a radius of 8.00 m rotates at a constant rate, completing one revolution
in 30.0 s. What is the apparent weight of a 60.0-kg passenger when she is at the top of the wheel?
A) 589 N
B) 568 N
C) 615 N
D) 325 N
E) 432 N
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

16
Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
39) A Ferris wheel with a radius of 14.0 m rotates at a constant rate, completing one revolution
in 30.0 s. What is the apparent weight of a 60.0-kg passenger when she is at the bottom of the
wheel?
A) 589 N
B) 562 N
C) 625 N
D) 852 N
E) 432 N
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-3

40) A soccer ball whose radius is 11 cm rolls a distance of 10 m in 3.50 s. What is the angular
speed of the ball?
A) 5.1 m/s
B) 13 m/s
C) 26 m/s
D) 39 m/s
E) 52 m/s
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

41) Two wheels with fixed centers are in contact with each other and rotate without slipping.
Wheel A has a radius of 12.0 cm and is rotating with an angular speed of 35.0 rad/s. Wheel B has
a radius of 17.0 cm. What is the angular speed of wheel B?
A) 49.6 rad/s
B) 24.7 rad/s
C) 5.83 rad/s
D) 4.97 rad/s
E) 12.4 rad/s
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

17
Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
 FIGURE 10-2

42) Figure 10-2 illustrates a simplified roller bearing. The inner cylinder has a radius of 1.0 cm
and is stationary. The outer hollow cylinder has a radius of 1.2 cm and is rotating at 10 rpm.
Between the two cylinders are several small cylinders with a radius of 0.10 cm, which roll
without slipping on both the inner and outer cylinders. Only one of these cylinders is shown in
the figure. What is the angular speed of the small cylinders?
A) 12 rpm
B) 10 rpm
C) 60 rpm
D) 36 rpm
E) 50 rpm
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

43) Figure 10-2 illustrates a simplified roller bearing. The outer hollow cylinder has a radius of
1.2 cm and is stationary. The inner cylinder has a radius of 1.0 cm and is rotating at 10 rpm.
Between the two cylinders are several small cylinders with a radius of 0.10 cm, which roll
without slipping on both the inner and outer cylinders. Only one of these cylinders is shown in
the figure. What is the angular speed of the small cylinders?
A) 12 rpm
B) 10 rpm
C) 20 rpm
D) 62 rpm
E) 50 rpm
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

18
Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
44) Figure 10-2 illustrates a simplified roller bearing. The outer hollow cylinder has a radius of
1.20 cm and is stationary. The inner cylinder has a radius of 1.00 cm and is rotating at 12.0 rpm.
Between the two cylinders are several small cylinders with a radius of 0.100 cm, which roll
without slipping on both the inner and outer cylinders. Only one of these cylinders is shown in
the figure. How long does it take a small cylinder to complete a full revolution around the inner
cylinder?
A) 6.00 s
B) 11.0 s
C) 5.64 s
D) 0.542 s
E) 1.38 s
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

45) A spool whose inner core has a radius of 1.00 cm and whose end caps have a radius of 1.50
cm has a string tightly wound around the inner core. The spool is free to roll without slipping on
a horizontal surface. If the string unwinds horizontally from the top of the core with a constant
speed of 29.0 cm/s, what is the speed of the spool?
A) 17.4 cm/s
B) 25.0 cm/s
C) 37.5 cm/s
D) 50.0 cm/s
E) 75.0 cm/s
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Var: 5 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

46) A spool whose inner core has a radius of 1.00 cm and whose end caps have a radius of 1.50
cm has a string tightly wound around the inner core. The spool is free to roll without slipping on
a horizontal surface. If the string unwinds horizontally from the bottom of the core with a
constant speed of 25.0 cm/s, what is the speed of the spool?
A) 5.00 cm/s
B) 15.0 cm/s
C) 25.0 cm/s
D) 37.5 cm/s
E) 75.0 cm/s
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

19
Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
47) In a part of a printing press, a roller with a radius of 10 cm, rolls without slipping on the
outside of a fixed cylinder with a radius of 30 cm. There is a connecting rod that connects the
center of the cylinder to the axle of the roller. If the angular speed of the roller is 60 rad/s, what
is the angular speed of the connecting rod?
A) 15 rad/s
B) 20 rad/s
C) 120 rad/s
D) 150 rad/s
E) 180 rad/s
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-4

48) A solid cylinder with a radius of 10 cm and a mass of 3.0 kg is rotating about its center with
an angular speed of 3.5 rad/s. What is its kinetic energy?
A) 0.18 J
B) 0.092 J
C) 0.96 J
D) 1.05 J
E) 0.53 J
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

49) The moment of inertia of a uniform rod (about its center) is given by I = ML2/12. What is the
kinetic energy of a 120-cm rod with a mass of 450 g rotating about its center at 3.60 rad/s?
A) 0.350 J
B) 4.20 J
C) 0.700 J
D) 0.960 J
E) 2.10 J
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

50) An object is made up of three masses connected by massless rods of fixed length. Mass A is
located at (30.0 cm, 0 cm) and has a mass of 250 grams, mass B is located at (0 cm, 30.0 cm) and
has a mass of 350 grams, mass C is located at (-30.0 cm, 0 cm) and has a mass of 450 grams.
What is the moment of inertia of this object about an axis perpendicular to the x-y plane and
passing through the origin?
A) 0.0945 kg m2
B) 0.315 kg m2
C) 0.185 kg m2
D) 0.0135 kg m2
E) 0.0450 kg m2
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10-5

20
Copyright (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Fig. 156.—Chrysomyxa abietis: a leaf
of the Fir, with 5 clusters of basidiospores
(× 4); b branched rows of teleutospores
springing from the mycelium (m).
 Fig. 157.—Cronartium ribicola: a mass of uredospores (× 50); b an
uredospore; c a column of teleutospores (× 60); d a small portion of the
same more highly magnified, with a basidium and two basidiospores (s).
To the Fungi of which the æcidium is known, whilst the remaining forms are still
undetermined, but which are without doubt heterœcious, belong Æcidium
elatinum, which produces the enormous “witches’ brooms” and barrel-shaped
swellings on stems and branches of Abies alba; and Æcidium strobilinum (Fig.
158), which attacks Fir-cones, causing all the scales to become covered with
clusters of æcidia opening by a lid. Hemileia vastatrix destroyed the coffee
plantations in Asia.
 Fig. 158.—Æcidium strobilinum: a scale of cone of Picea excelsa, with
numerous æcidia; b æcidiospores arranged in a series; c a cell of the
peridium.
Order 2. Auriculariaceæ. The long, transversely divided basidia
bear laterally 4 long sterigmata with basidiospores (Fig. 160 B) and
are united to form an hymenium on the surface of the fruit-body.
Parasites or saprophytes.
Auricularia sambucina (Auricula judæ), Judas’-ear, has large fruit-bodies, which
may attain the size of several inches, resembling an ear or a mussel shell. In the
moist condition they are flesh-coloured, tough and gelatinous, but when dried,
become hard, grey and wrinkled; the exterior is covered with short hairs; while the
internal surface bears the hymenium. Habitat: stems and branches of old Elder-
trees (Sambucus).

Order 3. Tremellaceæ. The round, pear-shaped, longitudinally

divided basidia bear 4 elongated sterigmata, situated apically, and 4
basidiospores (Fig. 160 C, D), and are united into the hymenium on
the surface of the fruit-body. The fruit-bodies are frequently
gelatinous and quivering; similar fruit-bodies are also found in the
Dacryomycetaceæ and Hydnaceæ. Simple conidiophores, which
appear not infrequently in the basidiocarps, before the basidia, are
known in many species. Saprophytes.

Fig. 159.—Peridermium strobi:

æcidia of Cronartium ribicola (nat.
size).
 Fig. 160.—B Auricularia sambucina: a-d basidia in various stages of
development; e a sterigma bearing a spore.—C Tremella lutescens: a-d basidia
seen from various sides (b from above) and in various stages of development; e
sterigma with basidiospore (× 400). D Exidia glandulosa: a-c various stages in the
development of a basidium; d sterigma with basidiospore (× 350).
Exidia has kidney-shaped, oblong basidiospores, and small, hook-like conidia;
E. glandulosa, E. albida, etc., on wood.—Craterocolla has conidiocarps; C. cerasi
on Cherry-wood.—Sebacina incrustans; the yellow, fleshy, or cartilaginous fruit-
bodies are found in autumn covering the ground in moist woods.—Tremella has
round basidiospores; T. mesenterica has irregularly-folded, quivering, orange fruit-
bodies, about one inch in breadth; T. lutescens (Fig. 161) has orange-yellow
conidial-and yellow basidial-layers; T. frondosa has fruit-bodies upwards of a foot
in breadth.
Order 4. Pilacraceæ. The transversely divided basidia have no
sterigmata, but sessile basidiospores, and fill up the cavity of a
closed (angiocarpic) fruit-body as a gleba without a regular
arrangement (hymenium wanting).
Pilacre fagi on the old stems of the Copper-Beech; P. petersii, on dried
branches of the Hornbeam, has stalked, capitate fruit-bodies.
 Fig. 161.—Tremella lutescens: I and II fruit-bodies (nat. size); III vertical section
through a fruit-body; b basidia; c conidia; IV-VI basidia; VII basidiospore with a
second spore; VIII a basidiospore with yeast-like budding (cultivated); IX a
conidiophore. (III-IX about 400.)

Series 2. Autobasidiomycetes.
This second and larger part of the Basidiomycetes is
characterised by its more highly differentiated, undivided, club-
shaped, or cylindrical basidia, which generally bear 4 (seldom 2, 6,
8) apically-placed sterigmata and basidiospores (Fig. 145). The fruit-
bodies are partly gymnocarpic (in the first 3 orders and in some
Agaricaceæ), partly hemiangiocarpic (in orders 3–6 of the
Hymenomycetes and in the Phalloideæ, the fruit-bodies in these
orders are in the young conditions more or less angiocarpic, but later
on generally open below and bear the hymenium on the under
surface of the fruit-body), partly also angiocarpic (in the
Gasteromycetes).
 Fig. 162.—Dacryomyces deliquescens: I fruit-body (nat. size); II vertical section
through the hymenium; III germinating basidiospore; IV a portion of mycelium with
conidia; V a germinating conidium; VI and VII chains of oidia more or less strongly
magnified; VIII basidiospore of D. longisporus; IX germinating basidiospore of D.
ovisporus; X and XI Calocera viscosa; X fruit-body (nat. size); XI basidia with
basidiospores (highly magnified); XII Dacryomitra glossoides (nat. size).
 Family 1. Dacryomycetes.
The long, club-shaped basidia bear two tapering sterigmata,
which develope remarkably large basidiospores (Fig. 162 II, XI) and
form gymnocarpic fruit-bodies with hymenium. 1 order:
Order 1. Dacryomycetaceæ. This order comprises 4 genera of
which the first two develope the hymenium on the whole surface of
the fruit-body, but the two last only on its apex.
Dacryomyces: the folded, gelatinous, Tremella-like fruit-bodies break out in
winter on dried wood (hedges) in the form of red or yellow drops. D. deliquescens
is very common (Fig. 121). The following genera have cartilaginous fruit-bodies.—
Calocera (Fig. 162), with club-like, simple, or branched, Clavaria-like, fruit-bodies;
the orange coloured fruit-bodies of C. viscosa grow aggregated together on the
wood of Conifers.—Guepinia resembles a Peziza, and has the hymenium only on
the hollow upper surface.—Dacryomitra resembles a Mitrula (Fig. 162).

Family 2. Hymenomycetes.
This family is very rich in species (more than 8000 have been
described), and to it belong all the “Mushrooms” and “Toadstools.”
The fruit-bodies present very various forms; they are generally
fleshy, very perishable, seldom leathery or corky, in the last case
often perennial. The basidia are more or less cylindrical and bear
generally 4 (seldom 2, 6 or 8) sterigmata and basidiospores. The
hymenium in the fully-formed fruit-bodies lies free on the surface: in
orders 1 and 2 and a portion of order 6 it is from the commencement
exposed, fruit-bodies gymnocarpic; orders 3–6 have
hemiangiocarpic fruit-bodies (p. 157). In the first order the basidia (or
the hymenium) are developed immediately from the mycelium (Fig.
163); the fruit-bodies of orders 2 and 3 present a higher grade of
development, and have between the mycelium and hymenium a
special hyphal-tissue, a stroma, which is crustaceous, club-like, or
coralloid, etc., and in general bears the hymenium on the largest part
of the free, smooth surface. In the forms most highly developed
(orders 4–6) a new tissue—the hymenophore—is introduced
between the stroma and hymenium, which appears on the under
side of the fruit-body in the form of warts, projections, tubes, folds or
lamellæ (Figs. 166, 167, 174 bc). Paraphyses are frequently found in
the hymenium, among the basidia. In the Hymenomycetes few
examples of conidia can be recognised at first. More frequently
chlamydospores are found, particularly oidia. The mycelium is richly
branched, generally colourless, often perennial; it lives in humus or
decaying wood, and is seldom parasitic. The hyphæ generally have
clamp-connections and unite, sometimes, to form a rhizomorpha
(Fig. 177) or sclerotia with coloured, pseudo-parenchymatous
covering.
 Fig. 163.—Exobasidium vaccinii. I Hypertrophied stem of Vaccinium vitis
idæa; II leaf with gall-like swelling; III section of II; IV transverse section: m
mycelium between the parenchymatous cells; p hypodermal cells; e epidermis
 with basidia in various stages of development; V epidermis with germinating
spores; VI and VII spores germinating in water (IV-VII × 620).
Order 1. Tomentellaceæ. To this order belong the simplest of the
Hymenomycetes. The basidia (Fig. 145) arise free and irregularly
from the mycelium; a hymenium is entirely absent or very slightly
formed (in Corticium it attains its highest development); fruit-bodies
are also wanting.—In general they form flaky, membranous or
leathery coverings on bark and wood. Some are parasites.
Hypochnus without conidia.—Tomentella with conidiophores; growing on wood
or earth.—Exobasidium vaccinii (Fig. 163), a parasite on Vaccinium, Andromeda,
Arctostaphylos, and Rhododendron, forms flaky-powdery, white or red coverings
and may cause hypertrophy of the parts attacked. E. warmingii is parasitic on
Saxifraga; E. lauri causes outgrowths on the stem of Laurus canariensis as long as
a finger, which formerly were regarded as aerial roots.—Corticium forms
membranous to leathery layers or crusts; C. quercinum on wood and bark,
particularly Oak, is flesh-coloured; C. cæruleum has a blue hymenium; C.
giganteum on the bark of fallen Pine-trees.
Order 2. Clavariaceæ. The hymenium is situated on a stroma,
and either completely covers the smooth surface of the more or less
fleshy gymnocarpic fruit-body, or is confined to a tolerably well
defined upper portion of it (Typhula). Paraphyses absent. The
vertical, white, yellow, or red fruit-bodies are roundish or club-like,
undivided or richly branched (Fig. 125). Generally on the ground in
woods, seldom on tree-stems, etc.
 Fig. 164.—Clavaria coralloides (nat. size).
Genera: Clavaria, generally large Fungi with thick, round branches. C. botrytis
has a very thick, tubercular stem with numerous short, flesh-coloured branches: it
has an agreeable taste. C. coralloides has a brittle, richly-branched fruit-body (Fig.
164); basidia with two large spores. C. pistillaris consists of a single, undivided
club of a yellowish-white colour.—Sparassis has compressed, leaf-like, curled
branches; S. crispa has fruit-bodies as large as a white cabbage-head, with an
agreeable taste.—Typhula and Pistillaria are small Fungi with filamentous stalks,
terminating in a small club. The fruit-bodies of the former often arise from a small,
spheroid sclerotium; the latter is distinguished by the basidia bearing only two
spores.
 Order 3. Thelephoraceæ. The hymenium is placed on a stroma
and covers the smooth surface of the leathery hemiangiocarpic fruit-
body, generally on its under side. The edge of the stroma, which
bounds the hymenium, is sometimes especially developed
(Stereum). Saprophytes.
Genera: Thelephora. The fruit-bodies in this genus are brown, very irregularly
shaped, and often lobed. The spores too are brown, but in the other genera
colourless. The species are found growing on barren soil. T. laciniata (Fig. 165)
has imbricate, semicircular, dark-brown pileus, which is jagged at the edge and
upper surface. The fruit-bodies are very often raised above the ground, and
although this species is not a parasite, yet it destroys young seedlings by growing
above and smothering them.—Stereum has a stiffer fruit-body, with a distinct,
fibrous, intermediate layer. It grows on bark and wood, projecting like a series of
imbricate brackets. S. hirsutum is yellow; its free edge is provided with a number of
stiff hairs, the upper surface being divided into a number of zones. S. purpureum
has a red-violet hymenium which distinguishes it from the previous species.—
Cyphella has a membranous cup- or bell-shaped fruit-body, often borne on a stalk,
the concave surface being covered with the hymenium. They are small, white
Fungi, growing on Moss and dead stems.—Solenia is closely related to Cyphella;
its fruit-bodies are smaller and hairy; they are found clustered together forming a
crust-like covering on dead wood.—Craterellus has a large, funnel-shaped fruit-
body, the hymenium covering the external surface. C. cornucopioides is shaped
like a trumpet or a “horn of plenty.” It is dark-grey, several inches in height, and
grows gregariously on the ground in forests. It is distinguished by the basidia
bearing only two sterigmata.
 Fig. 165.—Thelephora laciniata (nat. size).
Order 4. Hydnaceæ. The fruit-body is most frequently fleshy, and
varies considerably in shape, the simplest forms being resupinate,
[14] the higher ones umbrella-like. The hymenophore is found on the
free or downward-turned surface, and always takes the form of soft
emergences hanging vertically downwards. The emergencies may
be thorn-, awl-, or wart-like. The species are found growing on the
soil and on dead wood.
Genera: Hydnum has subulate, distinct emergences. H. repandum is yellow,
the stalk being placed in the centre of the pileus. It is an edible species, and often
forms “fairy rings” in woods. H. auriscalpium (Fig. 166) is dark-brown, with stalk
placed at the edge of the pileus. It grows on old Fir-cones. H. erinaceus grows on
old tree-trunks. The fruit-body is yellow and very large—as big as a human head—
with emergences as much as an inch in length.—Irpex has a leathery fruit-body,
partly resupinate, partly with free, projecting edge; the under side bears tooth-like
emergences which are arranged in rows, and Irpex thus forms a transition to the
Agaricaceæ.—Phlebia is entirely resupinate, with radially-arranged folds on the
free side, and pectinate border.
 Fig. 166.—Hydnum auriscalpium, upon a Fir-cone, in different stages of
development.
Order 5. Polyporaceæ (Pore-Fungi). An order very rich in
species (about 2000 species are described). The fruit-body is of very
different forms—resupinate, projecting like a bracket, hoof-like, or
umbrella-shaped. In some it is fleshy and edible, in others leathery or
corky, persisting for several years. The hymenophore is situated on
the under side of the fruit-body, and consists of wide or narrow tubes
or pores, whose inner surface is clothed with the hymenium (Fig.
167). In some fruit-bodies large cavities are to be found, which have
arisen as interstices between the labyrinthine curved and reticulate
folds. Chlamydospores are known in some species. Conidia occur
very rarely. Many species work considerable damage: some as
parasites on trees, others by destroying timber.
 Fig. 167.—Polyporus igniarius. Section through the under side of
the Fungus: h-h is hyphal-tissue between the tubes, formed by
irregularly felted hyphæ, many of which are seen cut across; s is the
hymenium which covers the walls of the tubes, and from which the
basidia with the spores protrude.
Genera. Polyporus (Pore-Fungus). The tubes are narrow, accurately fitted
together, and forming a thick layer on the under side of the fruit-body, appearing as
a number of fine holes. The fruit-body most frequently resembles a bracket, or is
hoof-shaped, with one side growing from a tree-trunk; it is very often perennial,
and a new layer of tubes arises in each succeeding period of vegetation. Strata,
corresponding to the periodically interrupted growth, are thus formed in storeys
one above the other, and are visible on the upper surface of the fruit-body, as well
as in the interior, as a series of concentric belts, sometimes as many as half a
score or more in number. P. fomentarius (Touchwood) attacks trees, especially the
Beech. The spores germinate on wounds from broken branches, and the hyphæ,
following the course of the medullary rays, find their way into the interior of the
tree, from whence the mycelium spreads upwards, downwards, and peripherally,
so that the wood becomes rotten (“white-rot”) and thick felts of mycelium are
formed in radial and tangential directions. A dark line, caused by the youngest
parts of the hyphæ containing a brown juice, marks the boundary between the
rotten and the unattacked parts of the stem (Fig. 168); at places where the
mycelium extends to the bark, the cambium becomes destroyed and further
growth is arrested, so that longitudinal furrows arise on the stem. It is at these
places, too, that the hoof-shaped, ash-coloured fruit-bodies are developed, which
may attain a circumference of upwards of 7 feet. The interior of the fruit-body
consists of a dried-up, loosely felted, red-brown mass of hyphæ, which has been
used for tinder and as a styptic (“Fungus chirurgorum”). P. igniarius has a harder,
dark-brown, more rounded fruit-body; it grows in a similar manner, but especially
attacks Oaks, Poplars, and Plum-trees, the wood of which becomes rotten, and is
called touchwood. P. pini (Trametes pini), (Fig. 170), a parasite on the stems of
Pinus, causes a kind of “red-rot” in the stem. P. sulphureus has a soft, cheesy,
yellow fruit-body; it produces “rot” in Oaks and Apple-trees. P. officinalis, Larch-
fungus (“Fungus Laricis” in Pharmocopœia), grows on Larch-trees in the south-
east of Europe. P. versicolor has thin, semicircular fruit-bodies, with zones of
various colours on the upper side; it is one of the most frequent species on tree-
stems. P. frondosus grows on soil in woods, and consists of numerous aggregated
fruit-bodies, which become very large and fleshy. This species is edible. P.
perennis also grows on the soil in woods; it is very leathery, with central stalk, and
has concentric zones on the upper surface of the fruit-body. P. vaporarius destroys
the wood of living Pines (Pinus silvestris) and Firs (Picea excelsa), causing it to
become red-brown; in timber this Fungus causes “red-strip” followed by a “dry-rot.”
P. squamosus destroys many Walnut-trees, and is also very destructive to Limes
and Elms. P. fulvus causes a “white-rot” in Abies alba.
 Fig. 168.—Section of stem of a Beech attacked by P. fomentarius: a
non-attacked parts of the stem; b the furrows where the mycelium has
reached the bark, and where the thick mycelium-strands reach the exterior
(⅙th of the nat. size).
 Fig. 169.—Base of a Fir-tree, with a number of fruit-bodies of
Heterobasidion annosum just beneath the surface of the soil, indicated by
the dotted line (¼th nat. size).