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What Makes Effective
Whistleblowing
Global Comparative
Studies from the Public
and Private Sector
Edited by
Carmen R. Apaza
Yongjin Chang
What Makes Effective Whistleblowing
 Carmen R. Apaza • Yongjin Chang
Editors

What Makes Effective

Whistleblowing
Global Comparative Studies from the Public
and Private Sector
Editors
Carmen R. Apaza Yongjin Chang
Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener Faculty of Global Management
Lima, Peru Chuo University
Tokyo, Japan

ISBN 978-3-030-40199-3    ISBN 978-3-030-40200-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40200-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Pattern © Melisa Hasan

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Effective Whistleblowing Conceptual Framework  1

Carmen R. Apaza and Yongjin Chang

2 Whistleblowing in Belgium 11
Frankie Schram

3 Whistleblowing in Brazil 31
Carmen R. Apaza

4 Whistleblowing in Finland 49
Olli-Pekka Viinamäki, Niina Mäntylä, and Annukka Jokipii

5 Whistleblowing in Japan: The Case of Masaharu Hamada 71

Yongjin Chang

6 Whistleblowing in the Philippines 87

Gerald Glenn F. Panganiban

v
vi Contents

7 Summary and Conclusions101

Carmen R. Apaza, Yongjin Chang, Frankie Schram, Gerald
Glenn F. Panganiban, Olli-Pekka Viinamäki, Niina Mäntylä,
and Annukka Jokipii

Index113
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Organisation of the channels in the Flemish whistleblowing

system17
Table 2.2 Summary table of the case 26
Table 2.3 Effectiveness indicators of the case 26
Table 3.1 Summary table of the case 45
Table 3.2 Effectiveness indicators of the case 45
Table 4.1 Summary table of the case 67
Table 4.2 Effectiveness indicators of the case 67
Table 5.1 Summary table of the case 82
Table 5.2 Effectiveness indicators of the case 83
Table 6.1 Summary table of the case 97
Table 6.2 Effectiveness indicators of the case 97
Table 7.1 Effectiveness indicators in the study of whistleblowing cases 110
Table 7.2 Assessment of effectiveness in the study whistleblowing cases 112

vii
 Introduction

In recent years whistleblowing has been crucial to uncovering corruption

scandals all over the world. For instance in the previous edition of this
book, four cases from Peru, South Korea, Thailand, and the United States
were analyzed. Each case was analyzed applying Apaza and Chang’s
(2011) effective whistleblowing conceptual framework, which identifies
five elements of effectiveness in whistleblowing that are relevant in all
democracies: type of whistleblowing, coverage by mass media,
documentation of evidence, retaliation, and legal protection. In all
instances, authorities successfully prosecuted or punished prominent
public figures in spite of high-level corruption and official cover-ups. Each
case had strong political, legal, and social repercussions that at least
promised permanent reforms.
In this edition, five more cases from Belgium, Brazil, Finland, Japan,
and the Philippines are analyzed applying the aforementioned
whistleblowing conceptual framework. Hence, in the first chapter we
revise the five factors of effectiveness in whistleblowing and explain the
methodology to conduct the research. Then, the cases of Belgium, Brazil,
Finland, Japan, and the Philippines are described and analyzed in the
second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth chapters, respectively. Chapter 7
assesses the effectiveness of the whistleblowing process in each case and
analyzes the comparative findings including additional appropriate

ix
x Introduction

benchmarks for reform. Based on the results, it suggests improvements in

whistleblower protection systems for each country that may be applied in
other countries as well.

Reference
Apaza, C., & Chang, Y. (2011). What makes whistleblowing effective:
Whistleblowing in Peru and South Korea. Public Integrity, 13(2), 113–130.
 CHAPTER 1

Effective Whistleblowing Conceptual

Framework

Carmen R. Apaza and Yongjin Chang

Abstract Apaza and Chang develop an analysis framework for effective

whistleblowing that contains five crucial factors: (1) the type of whistle-
blowing (Internal and External Whistleblowing), (2) the role of the mass
media (use of mass media to disclose corruption), (3) the documentation
of evidence (collection of supporting documentation before blowing the
whistle), (4) the form of retaliation (inappropriate work assignments or
transfer, threats of physical harm, harassment, humiliation, or isolation,
etc.), and (5) legal protections (whistleblowing protection laws issued and
implemented).

Keywords Framework • Effective • Whistleblowing • Legal

protections • Mass media • Retaliation • Documentation of evidence

C. R. Apaza (*)
Universidad Privada Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
Y. Chang
Faculty of Global Management, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: yongjin.01g@g.chuo-u.ac.jp

© The Author(s) 2020 1

C. R. Apaza, Y. Chang (eds.), What Makes Effective Whistleblowing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40200-6_1
2 C. R. APAZA AND Y. CHANG

Whistleblowing is a crucial mechanism in the fight against corruption. It

is specially critical for public corruption because whistleblowing disarms
corruption (Perez 2018) through the revelation of secret wrongdoings
and operations that affect a whole nation (Guerrero 2018).
Whistleblowing is the disclosure of illegal, immoral, or illegitimate
practices by employee(s), former or current, of public or private organiza-
tions to persons or organizations that may be able to take or initiate some
action (Near and Miceli 1985; Figg 2000).
Whistleblowers are source of valuable information that neither the gov-
ernment nor the public can get from oversight systems. Moreover, they
are knowledgeable people who know precisely what their organizations
are doing. Thus, whistleblowing is an important means of improving gov-
ernment transparency and accountability (Apaza and Chang 2011;
Rosenbloom 2003; Jos 1991; Rosen 1998).
However, whistleblowing is not always welcomed by organizational
members and puts the person in very dangerous situations depending on
legal protection or organizational culture. But, in spite of the fact that
there is still negative belief in whistleblowing, whistleblowing is socially
desirable and positively influence employees, organizations, and society
(Culiberg and Mihelic 2017). This can be reflected by both the increasing
whistleblowing actions and whistleblowing research in the world.
Indeed, after the first edition of this book, whistleblowing actions and
whistleblowing research increased significantly. This happened not only
because more and more whistleblowers from the public and private sectors
decided to blow the whistle but also because an increasing number of
researchers analyzed the process. For example, whistleblowing and social
action against corruption in Latin America (Salas 2017), serious public
wrongdoings in Australia (Cassematis and Wortley 2013), whistleblowing
process in Norwegian labor market (Skivenes and Trygstad 2017), whis-
tleblowing intentions of public accountants in Indonesia (Latan et al.
2018), whistleblowing intentions in South Africa and Mauritius (Pillay
et al. 2018), propensity of whistleblowing in China, Taiwan, and the USA
(Hwang et al. 2013), moral reasoning and retaliation on whistleblowing
in New Zealand (Liyanarachchi and Newdick 2009).
In most of those cases there was a positive action against the wrongdo-
ing. Hence, they were somehow effective. But what is exactly effective
whistleblowing?
 1 EFFECTIVE WHISTLEBLOWING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3

1   Effective Whistleblowing

In the first edition of this book we identified five factors that define effec-
tive whistleblowing: type of whistleblowing, role of mass media, docu-
mentation of evidence, retaliation, and legal protection (Apaza and Chang
2017). These factors were determined by a careful study of the theory
existed then.
In this regard, we found that Near and Miceli (1995) defined effective-
ness in whistleblowing as “the extent to which the questionable or wrong-
ful practice (or omission) is terminated at least partly because of
whistle-blowing and within a reasonable time frame” (p. 681). Likewise,
Dworkin and Baucus (1998) suggested that effectiveness is attained “if the
organization launched an investigation into the whistleblower’s allega-
tions—on their own initiative or required by a government agency, or if
the organization took steps to change policies, procedures, or eliminate
wrongdoing” (p. 1289). In the same sense, Ellison, Keenan, Lockhart,
and Van Schaik (1985) suggested that successful whistleblowing should
have two components: the activeness of the purpose and the influence
in others.
Based on those previous findings, and critically analyzing whistleblow-
ing cases in Peru, South Korea, Thailand, and the USA, we found that an
effective whistleblowing is a disclosure of a wrongdoing mainly done
through mass media coverage such as TV and internet), that led to: (i)
government or non-governmental investigation, (ii) to take steps to
change policies or procedures, and (iii) to terminate the wrongdoing
within a reasonable time frame (Apaza and Chang 2017). Accordingly, we
suggested 5 factors of effective whistleblowing:

1. Type of whistleblowing (Internal and External Whistleblowing)

An internal whistleblowing is the person who discloses the infor-
mation following the procedures of his/her organization. In con-
trast an external whistleblower is a person who reports an
organization’s illegal, immoral, or illegitimate workings to someone
outside the organization (Dworkin and Baucus 1998). Unfortunately,
in both cases whistleblowers usually suffer retaliation in differ-
ent levels.
But by looking at the results of the whistleblowing (i.e. investiga-
tions done, organizational positive changes implemented as a
consequence of the disclosure), external whistleblowing is more
­
4 C. R. APAZA AND Y. CHANG

effective than the internal one (Rothschild and Miethe’s 1999;

Dworkin and Baucus 1998). For example, corruption cases in Peru
and South Korean got attentions after blowing the whistle through
mass media (Apaza and Chang 2017).
2. Role of mass media
The use of mass media to disclose corruption highly depends on
social and cultural aspects, which may affect whistleblowers’ deci-
sion on whether to blow the whistle. For instance, in societies where
a high percent of the population watches popular national TV news
programs, such as in Peru, whistleblowers would prefer to blow the
whistle through this channel (Apaza 2017). However, in a culture
where people highly value group loyalty and safe face, like in Japan,
people would use other channels (Davis and Konish 2007).
But most of the effective whistleblowing started from the mass
media and nowadays more and more whistleblowers are choosing
mass media to blow the whistle (Dworkin and Brown 2013). In
most cases the whistle firstly was blown through internal channels
but then turned to external ones (Nielsen 2018; Callahan and
Dworkin 1994; Dworkin and Brown 2013).
3. Strong evidence
Strong evidence is necessary to initiate any kind of investigation
specially in the legal environment. Hence, whistleblowers need to
collect all the supporting documentation and even they need to be
cautious about determining when to blow the whistle (Devine
2017) because it may be long and may be “a tortuous path of litiga-
tion” (Rosenbloom 2015, p. 146), Actually, because during the liti-
gation the information will be exposed to hard scrutiny,
whistleblowers need to double check the veracity and relevancy of
their information before blowing the whistle (Amoedo 2017).
One thing to take into consideration is that having good quality
evidence usually lead whistleblowers to blow the whistle through
external means (Near and Miceli 1995; Dworkin and Baucus 1998).
This has been totally be proven in the Brazilian case about the huge
Odebrecht corruption scandal that negatively impacted all Latin
America. The whistleblower had objective evidence of all the cor-
ruption process (see the Brazil chapter).
To sum up, acquiring strong evidence should be the first element
when whistleblowers decide to blow the whistle (Apaza and
Chang 2011).
 1 EFFECTIVE WHISTLEBLOWING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 5

4. No retaliation
An effective whistleblowing means that the whistleblower did not
suffer a brutal retaliation. But in the real world a whistleblower
always suffers a certain level of retaliation, which may be defined as
an undesirable action taken against a whistleblower (Rehg et al.
2008). These actions include intimidation (Guerrero 2018) nega-
tive performance appraisals, inappropriate work assignments or
transfer, threats of physical harm, harassment, humiliation, or isola-
tion (Park et al. 2018), sent to jail (Jakes 2003), dismissal or even
killed (Devraj 2003).
When the whistle was blown through internal channels public
organizations common retaliations include: denial of a job promo-
tion (Apaza 2008), dismissal or forcing to resignation (Jos et al.
1989) or to retire (Rothschild and Miethe 1999).
But when the whistle was blown through external channels, orga-
nizations used more comprehensive forms of retaliation against
external reporting (Dworkin and Baucus 1998).
In any case, retaliation frequently happens after the whistleblow-
ing (Guerrero 2018; Kenny et al. 2018), and it is closely associated
with whistleblowing intention (Cho and Song 2015). Nevertheless,
in the dimension of an effective whistleblowing retaliation should be
prevented through a well-established and implemented whistle-
blowing legal protection system (Apaza and Chang 2017).
5. Legal protection
The existence of a legal protection system for whistleblowers is basic
for an effective whistleblowing. Recently many whistleblowing pro-
tection laws have been issued and implemented (Amoedo 2017).
Based on our case studies we find that whistleblowing were more
effective in countries where there was a legal protection system
already implemented for whistleblowers.

Usually, a legal protection system for whistleblowers reduces the

chances of retaliation against whistleblowers by their employers or col-
leagues (Guerrero 2018) and can change “organizational culture to view
whistleblowing as a civic obligation and public virtue, rather than insubor-
dination, snitching, or tattling” (Rosenbloom 2003, p. 133). The main
purpose of whistleblowing legislation is to defend whistleblowers from
reprisals (Vandekerckhove 2010; Rosenbloom 2015). Also, the existence
of an adequate legal protection law influences in the decision of
6 C. R. APAZA AND Y. CHANG

whistleblowers whether to blow or not the whistle (Chang et al. 2017;

Mesmer-­Magnus and Viswesvaran 2005; Rothschild 2008).
But apart from the existence of a legal protection system for whistle-
blowers, it is important to consider the present and positive influence of
independent, fair, and strong, law enforcement agencies (Amoedo 2017;
Johnson 2004). This is very important for effective whistleblowing, For
instance in Brazil, the investigation of the expensive Odebrecht corrup-
tion scandal was positively influenced by an effective law enforce-
ment system.
But unfortunately, only a few countries, such as the United Kingdom,
South Africa, the United States, Canada, and Japan have comprehensive
laws (Banisar 2006; Kaplan 2001), others have sectorial laws (OCDE
2011), and others don’t have any protection law for whistleblowers. But,
we don’t only need comprehensive laws (National Whistleblower Center
2019) but we also need the establishment of a comprehensive protection
system to adequately implement the whistleblowing protection law. It
means that the existence of an independent law enforcement agency and
an independent judicial system is also crucial (see more in the Brazil
chapter).
To sum up, the aforementioned five factors were considered for analyz-
ing effective whistleblowing in the first edition of this book. In this new
edition we apply the same factors and discover new ones through the study
of whistleblowing cases from Belgium, Brazil, Finland, Japan, and the
Philippines.

2   Methodology
To evaluate the aforementioned factors influencing effective whistleblow-
ing, we apply the case study method, as in the previous edition. A case
study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenome-
non within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between
phenomenon and context are not clearly evident (Yin 2003, p. 13, 2009,
p. 18). The case study method is well suited to whistleblowing research
because it can show conditional findings in detail and can examine interac-
tions of a cause-and-effect relationship (Jensen and Rodgers 2001).
Moreover, the case study method helps to do an in-depth study of an
organization culture (Benson and Ross 1998), which is crucial for under-
standing why whistleblowers decide not to blow the whistle within their
own organizations.
 1 EFFECTIVE WHISTLEBLOWING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7

Case analysis enables scholars to build concepts and theories of public

administration research with systematic knowledge (Rosenbloom 1994)
and can help practitioners understand “what to do and what to avoid,
what works and what does not in specific circumstances” (p. 44). Likewise,
George, Bennett, Lynn-Jones, and Miller (2005) also identified four
strengths of case study methods: (1) achieving “high levels of conceptual
validity” (p. 19); (2) identifying “new variables and hypotheses through
the study of deviant or outlier cases” (p. 20); (3) examining “the opera-
tion of causal mechanisms in individual cases in details” (p. 21); (4)
accommodating “complex causal relations” (p. 22).
Even though somehow case studies are criticized because of selection
bias, degree of freedom, generalizability of case study results, and lack of
replicability (Rosenbloom 1994; George et al. 2005; Jensen and Rodgers
2001), we believe that the case study method is a suitable method to study
whistleblowing.
To sum up, applying the case study method, this study considers five
units of analysis referring to effective whistleblowing in Belgium, Brazil,
Finland, Japan, and the Philippines.

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 CHAPTER 2

Whistleblowing in Belgium

Frankie Schram

Abstract In recent years a whistleblowing legislation in the public sec-

tor has been developed in Belgium on the federal and Flemish level. In
both systems an important place is given to the ombudsman institutions,
because they can give legal protection to the whistleblower. In the given
case, it is shown that whistleblowing can move towards a more ethical and
effective decision making process. It makes also clear that the use of media
as channel for whistleblowing creates a pressure to change things in pub-
lic sector. From the point of legal protection it finds his limits in the free-
dom of expression. Civil servants must exercise restraint so as not to
unnecessarily jeopardize the public’s belief in the public sector.

Keywords Whistleblowing legislation • Belgium • Public sector •

Ombudsman • Legal protection • Media • Pressure • Freedom of
expression

F. Schram (*)
Faculty of Social Science, Public Governance Institute, University KU Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
e-mail: Frankie.schram@kuleuven.be
© The Author(s) 2020 11
C. R. Apaza, Y. Chang (eds.), What Makes Effective Whistleblowing,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40200-6_2
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 es souvenirs, ce soir, me séparent de toi;
Au-dessus de tes yeux, de ta voix qui me parle,
De ce frais horizon d’églises et de toits,
J’entends, dans ma mémoire où frémit leur émoi,
Les hirondelles sur le ciel d’Arles!

La nuit était torride à l’heure du couchant.

Les doux cieux languissaient comme une barcarolle;
Deux colonnes des Grecs, levant leurs bras touchants,
Semblaient une Andromaque éplorée, et cherchant
A fléchir une ombre qui s’envole!

Ce qu’un beau soir contient de perfide langueur

Ployait dans un silence empli de bruits infimes;
Je regardais, les mains retombant sur mon cœur,
Briller ainsi qu’un vase où coule la chaleur,
Le pâle cloître de Saint-Trophime!

Une brise amollie et peinte de parfums,

Glissait, silencieuse, au bord gisant du Rhône.
Tout ce que l’on obtient me semblait importun,
Mes pensers, mes désirs, s’éloignaient un à un
Pour monter vers d’invisibles zones!

O soleil, engourdi par les senteurs du thym,

Parfums de poivre et d’huile épandus sur la plaine,
Rochers blancs, éventés, où, dans l’air argentin,
On croit voir, se gorgeant des flots du ciel latin,
Les rapides Victoires d’Athènes!

Soir torturé d’amour et de pesants tourments,

Grands songes accablés des roseaux d’Aigues-Mortes,
Musicale torpeur où volent des flamants
Musicale torpeur où volent des flamants,
Couleur du soir divin qui promets et qui ments,
C’est ta détresse qui me transporte!

Ah! les amants unis, qui dorment, oubliés,

Dans les doux Alyscamps bercés du clair de lune,
Connaissent, sous le vent léger des peupliers,
Le bonheur de languir, assouvis et liés,
Dans la même amoureuse infortune;

Mais les corps des vivants, aspirés par l’été,

Sont des sanglots secrets que tout l’azur élance.
Je songeais sans parler, lointaine à vos côtés;
Qui jamais avouera l’âpre infidélité
D’un cœur sensuel, dans le silence!...
LA NUIT FLOTTE...
 a nuit flotte, amollie, austère, taciturne,
Impérieuse; elle est funèbre comme une urne
Qui se clôt sur un vague et sensible trésor.
Un oiseau, intrigué, dans un arbre qui dort,
Parait interroger l’ombre vertigineuse.
La lune au sec éclat semble une île pierreuse;
Cythère aride et froide où tout désir est mort.

Une vague rumeur émane du silence.

Un train passe au lointain, et son essoufflement
Semble la palpitante et paisible cadence
Du coteau qui respire et songe doucement...

Un parfum délicat, abondant, faible et dense,

Mouvant et spontané comme des bras ouverts,
Révèle la secrète et nocturne existence
Du monde végétal au souffle humide et vert.

Et je suis là. Je n’ai ni souhait, ni rancune;

Mon cœur s’en est allé de moi, puisque ce soir
Je n’ai plus le pouvoir de mes grands désespoirs,
Et que, paisiblement, je regarde la lune.

Je suis la maison vide où tout est flottement.

Mon cœur est comme un mort qu’on a mis dans la tombe;
J’ai longuement suivi ce bel enterrement,
Avec des cris, des deuils, du sang, des tremblements,
Et des égorgements d’agneaux et de colombes.

Mais le temps a séché l’eau des pleurs et le sel.

D’un œil indifférent, sans regret, sans appel,
Eclairé par la calme et triste intelligence,
Je regarde la voûte immense où les mortels
Je regarde la voûte immense, où les mortels
Ont suspendu les vœux de leur vaine espérance,

Et je ne vois qu’abîme, épouvante, silence;

Car, ô nuit! vous gardez le deuil continuel
De ce que rien d’humain ne peut être éternel...
L’ÉVASION
 ibre! comprends-tu bien! être libre, être libre!
Ne plus porter le poids déchirant du bonheur,
Ne plus sentir l’amère et suave langueur
Envahir chaque veine, amollir chaque fibre!

Libre, comme une biche avant le chaud printemps!

Bondir sans rechercher l’ardeur de la poursuite,
Et, dans une ineffable et pétulante fuite,
Disperser la nuée et les vents éclatants!

Se vêtir de fraîcheur, de feuillage, de prismes,

S’éclabousser d’azur comme d’un flot léger;
Goûter, sous les parfums compacts de l’oranger,
Un jeune, solitaire et joyeux héroïsme!

A peine l’aube naît, chaque maison sommeille;

L’atmosphère, flexible et prudente corbeille,
Porte le monde ainsi que des fruits nébuleux.
On croit voir s’envoler le coteau mol et bleu.
Tout à coup, le soleil, ramassé dans l’espace,
Eclate, et vient viser toute chose qui passe;
La brise, étincelante et forte comme l’eau,
Jette l’odeur des fleurs sur le cœur des oiseaux,
Mêle les flots marins, dont la cime moelleuse
Fond dans une douceur murmurante, écumeuse...
Que mon front est joyeux, que mes pas sont dansants!
Je m’élance, je marche au bord des cieux glissants:
Dans mes songes, mes mains se sont habituées
A dénouer le voile odorant des nuées!
L’étendue argentée est un tapis mouvant
Où court la verte odeur des figuiers et du vent;
Dans les jardins bombés, qu’habite un feu bleuâtre,
Les épais bananiers, au feuillage en haillons,
Elancent de leurs flancs, crépitants de rayons,
Le fougueux bataillon des fruits opiniâtres.
Je regarde fumer l’Etna rose et neigeux;
Les enfants, sur les quais, ont commencé leurs jeux.
Chaque boutique, avec ses câpres, ses pastèques,
Baisse sa toile; on voit briller l’enseigne grecque
Sur la porte, qu’un jet de tranchante clarté
Fait scintiller ainsi qu’un thon que le flot noie;
Tout est délassement, espoir, activité;
Mais quel désir d’amour et de fécondité,
Hélas! s’éveille au fond de toute grande joie!

Et pour un nouveau joug, ô mortels! Eros ploie

La branche fructueuse et forte de l’été...
CEUX QUI N’ONT RESPIRÉ...
 eux qui n’ont respiré que les nuits de Hollande,
Les tulipes des champs, les graines des bouleaux,
Le vent rapide et court qui chante sur la lande,
Les quais du Nord jetant leur goudron sur les flots,

Ceux qui n’ont contemplé que les blés et les vignes

Croissant tardivement sous des cieux incertains,
Qui n’ont vu que la blanche indolence des cygnes
Que Bruges fait flotter dans ses brumeux matins,

Ceux pour qui le soleil, au travers du mélèze,

Pendant les plus longs jours d’avril ou de juillet,
Remplace la splendeur des campagnes malaises,
Et les soirs sévillans enivrés par l’œillet,

Ceux-là, vivant enclos dans leurs frais béguinages,

Souhaitent le futur et vague paradis,
Qui leur promet un large et flamboyant voyage
Où s’embarquent les cœurs confiants et hardis.

Mais ceux qui, plus heureux, ont connu votre audace,

O bleuâtre Orient! Incendie azuré,
Prince arrogant et fier, favori de l’espace,
Monstre énorme, alangui, dévorant et doré;

Ceux qui, sur le devant de leur ronde demeure,

Coupole incandescente, opacité de chaux,
Ont vu la haute palme éparpiller les heures,
Qui passent sans marquer leurs pieds sur les cieux chauds;

Ceux qui rêvent le soir dans le grand clair de lune,

Aurore qui soudain met sa robe d’argent
 u o e qu souda et sa obe d a ge t
Et trempe de clarté la rue étroite et brune,
Et le divin détail des choses et des gens,

Ceux qui, pendant les nuits d’ardente poésie,

Egrenant un collier fait de bois de cyprès,
Contemplent, aux doux sons des guitares d’Asie,
Le long scintillement d’un jet d’eau mince et frais,

Ceux-là n’ont pas besoin des infinis célestes;

Nul immortel jardin ne surpasse le leur;
Ils épuisent le temps, pendant ces longues siestes
Où leur corps étendu porte l’ombre des fleurs.

Leur âme nonchalante, et d’azur suffoquée,

Cherche la Mort, pareille à l’ombrage attiédi
Que font le vert platane et la jaune mosquée
Sur le col des pigeons, attristés par midi...
LE CIEL BLEU DU MILIEU DU JOUR...
e ciel bleu du milieu du jour vibre, travaille,
Encourage les champs, les vignes, les semailles,
Comme un maître exalté au milieu des colons!
Tout bouge; sous les frais marronniers du vallon,
L’abeille noire, avec ses bonds soyeux et brusques,
Semble un éclat volant de quelque amphore étrusque.
Sur les murs villageois, le vert abricotier
S’écartèle, danseur de feuillage habillé.
Les parfums des jardins font au-dessus du sable,
Une zone qui semble au cœur infranchissable.
L’air fraîchit. On dirait que de secrets jets d’eau
Sous les noirs châtaigniers suspendent leurs arceaux.
L’hirondelle, toujours par une autre suivie,
Tourne, et semble obéir à des milliers d’aimants:
L’espace est sillonné par ces rapprochements...
Et parfois, à côté de cette immense vie
On voit, protégé par un mur maussade et bas,
Le cimetière où sont, sans regard et sans pas,
Ceux pour qui ne luit plus l’étincelante fête,
Qui fait d’un jour d’été une heureuse tempête!
Hélas! dans le profond et noir pays du sol,
Malgré les cris du geai, le chant du rossignol,
Ils dorment. Une enfant, sans frayeur, près des tombes,
Traîne un jouet brisé qui ricoche et retombe.
Ils sont là, épandus dans les lis nés sur eux,
Ces doux indifférents, ces grands silencieux;
Et la route qui longe et contourne leur pierre,
Eclate, rebondit d’un torrent de poussière
Que soulève, en passant, le véhément parcours
Des êtres que la mort prête encor à l’amour...
Et moi qui vous avais délaissée, humble terre,
Pour contempler la nue où l’âme est solitaire,
Je sais bien qu’en dépit d’un rêve habituel,
Nul ne saurait quitter vos chemins maternels.
En vain, l’intelligence, agile et sans limite,
Avide d’infini, vous repousse et vous quitte;
E i d l i l i d b i
En vain, dans les cieux clairs, de beaux oiseaux pensants
Peuplent l’azur soumis d’héroïques passants,
Ils seront ramenés et liés à vos rives,
Par le poids du désir, par les moissons actives,
Par l’odeur des étés, par la chaleur des mains...

Vaste Amour, conducteur des éternels demains,

Je reconnais en vous l’inlassable merveille,
L’inexpugnable vie, innombrable et pareille:
O croissance des blés! ô baisers des humains!
LA TERRE
 Je me suis mariée à vous
Terre fidèle, active et tendre,
Et chaque soir je viens surprendre
Votre arome secret et doux.

Ah! puisque le divin Saturne

Porte un anneau qui luit encore,
Je vous donne ma bague d’or,
Petite terre taciturne!

Elle est comme un soleil étroit,

Elle est couleur de moisson jaune,
Aussi chaude qu’un jeune faune
Puisqu’elle a tenu sur mon doigt!

—Et qu’un jour, dans l’espace immense,

Brille, ceinte d’un lien doré,
La Terre où j’aurai respiré
Avec tant d’âpre véhémence!
UN SOIR A LONDRES
 es parfums vont en promenade
Sur l’air brumeux,
Une âme ennuyée et malade
Flotte comme eux.

Les rhodendrons des pelouses,

D’un lourd éclat,
Semblent des collines d’arbouses
Et d’ananas.

Un temple grec dans le feuillage

Semble un secret,
Où Vénus voile son visage
Dans ses doigts frais.

O petit fronton d’Ionie,

Que tu me plais,
Dans la langoureuse agonie
D’un soir anglais!

Je t’enlace, je veux suspendre

A ta beauté,
Mon cœur, ce rosier le plus tendre
De tout l’été.

Mais sur tant de langueur divine

Quel souffle prompt?
Je respire l’odeur saline,
Et le goudron!