Supporting Inclusive Growth and

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Edited by
Elena G. Popkova ∙ Bruno S. Sergi ∙ Lubinda Haabazoka
Julia V. Ragulina

Supporting Inclusive
Growth and Sustainable
Development in
Africa - Volume I
Sustainability in Infrastructure
Development
Supporting Inclusive Growth and Sustainable
Development in Africa - Volume I
 Elena G. Popkova • Bruno S. Sergi
Lubinda Haabazoka • Julia V. Ragulina
Editors

Supporting Inclusive
Growth and
Sustainable
Development in
Africa - Volume I
Sustainability in Infrastructure
Development
Editors
Elena G. Popkova Bruno S. Sergi
Moscow State Institute of International Davis Center for Russian and
Relations (MGIMO) Eurasian Studies
Moscow, Russia Harvard University
Cambridge, MA, USA
Lubinda Haabazoka
Graduate School of Business Julia V. Ragulina
University of Zambia Chair of Compliance and Controlling
Lusaka, Zambia RUDN University
Moscow, Russia

ISBN 978-3-030-41978-3    ISBN 978-3-030-41979-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41979-0

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

Part I Sustainability in Infrastructure Development   1

1 Resilient Off-Grid Solar PV Power Supply for Rural

Communities  3
Sebastian Namukolo and Ackim Zulu

2 Alternative Dispute Resolution in Kenya 17

Ekaterina P. Rusakova

3 Engineering Skills Development Through Mega

Construction Projects (MCPs) 27
Tshepo Jeremia Lephoto and Nthatisi Khatleli

4 A Conceptual Review of Factors Influencing Succession

in Small- and Medium-Sized Construction
Firms in Nigeria 41
Aliyu Muhammad Jungudo, Nuruddeen Usman,
Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu, and Abdullahi Nafiu Zadawa

v
vi Contents

5 Constitutional Bases of Social Rights in South African

States and Their Compliance with Generally Accepted
International Standards 51
Natalia V. Putilo, Natalia S. Volkova, Yuliya N. Kashevarova,
and Natalia V. Antonova

6 Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges

and Opportunities 67
Marina Ledeneva, Irina Okhremenko, Elena Inshakova,
and Tatiana Plaksunova

7 International Commercial Arbitration in African

Countries: Development Prospects 91
Ekaterina P. Rusakova and Irina A. Gronic

8 Recognition, Enforcement and Challenges of Decisions

of the General Court of Justice and Arbitration of the
Organization for the Harmonization of Commercial
Law in Africa (OHADA)103
Agnessa O. Inshakova, Evgenia E. Frolova, Elena P. Ermakova,
and Sergei Sh. Shakirov

9 Role of the Basel and Bamako Conventions in the Fight

Against Wastes in Africa119
Karina Zhavoronkova

10 The Impact of Colonial Heritage and Other Factors on

Evolution of Legal Regulation of Civil Justice, Arbitrage
and Mediation in the West African States Included in the
ECOWAS131
Evgenia E. Frolova, Agnessa O. Inshakova, Elena P. Ermakova,
and Sergei Sh. Shakirov
 Contents vii

11 The Nature of Customary (Traditional) Law and

Customary Courts in ECOWAS Countries147
Elena P. Ermakova, Elena Inshakova, Evgenia E. Frolova, and
Agnessa O. Inshakova

12 The Role of Agriculture in African Countries as a

Direction of Economy Diversification163
Tatiana N. Litvinova

Part II Infrastructure Project Delivery Systems 175

13 Assessing the Utility of the Retention Bond as an

Alternative to Cash Retention for Small-Scale
Contractors in Zambia177
Chipozya Tembo-Silungwe, Danstan Bwalya Chiponde,
and Nomsa Shankaya

14 Issues of Corruption in Construction Projects and

Infrastructure Development in Nigeria: An Empirical
Approach191
Chinedu Adindu, Ikechukwu Diugwu, Saheed Yusuf,
and Musa Musa

15 Root Causes of Delays in Ghanaian Public Sector

Competitive Tendering Process201
Jemima Antwiwaa Ottou, Bernard Kofi Baiden,
and Gabriel Nani

16 Perceived Unethical Engineering in Road Construction

in Zambia215
Alinani Msisya

17 Retrospective Analysis of Failure Causes of Small-Scale

Contractors’ Business in Zambia: Contractors’
Perspective225
Sidney Kawimbe
viii Contents

18 A Skills Measurement Framework for the Construction

Industry: A Case of Lusaka Province243
Pauline Phiri, Erastus M. Mwanaumo, and Balimu Mwiya

19 Suitable Infrastructure Projects for Public Private

Partnerships in Zambia259
Erastus M. Mwanaumo, Sampa Chisumbe, Naomi Mbewe,
Mwewa Mambwe, and Lubinda Haabazoka

20 Analysis of the Factors Influencing Residential Housing

Consumers’ Location Preferences in Uyo271
Godfrey Okon Udo, Awa Kalu Nwojo, and
Uduakobong Enamidem Akpan

21 Effectiveness of Waste Management Control Systems

in Bloemfontein285
Fidelis Emuze and Michael Oladokun

22 Exploring the Impact of SMME Participation in

Township Development Projects299
Hlulani Mathebula, Fidelis Emuze, and Michael Oladokun

23 Indicators of Management Capability in Small and

Medium-Sized Construction Organisations: A Literature
Review311
Marcia Mampholo Raphiri, Innocent Musonda, and
Chioma Sylvia Okoro

24 Marketing Tools of Implementing the National

Oncological Projects in Developing Countries Within the
Scenario of Digital Medicine Development325
Yuri V. Przhedetsky and Natalia V. Przhedetskaya
 Contents ix

25 Developing Countries on the Path of Implementing the

National Oncological Projects: Market Barriers and
Marketing Tools for Overcoming Them335
Yuri V. Przhedetsky, Natalia V. Przhedetskaya,
and Victoria Y. Przhedetskaya

26 Modern Africa on the Path of Sustainable Development:

A View into the Future345
Elena G. Popkova, Bruno S. Sergi, Lubinda Haabazoka,
and Julia V. Ragulina

Index 349
 Notes on Contributors

Chinedu Adindu is a senior lecturer in the Department of Project

Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna,
Nigeria.

Uduakobong Enamidem Akpan is a faculty member in the Department

of Estate Management, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu is a faculty member of Estate Management and

Valuation Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria.

Natalia V. Antonova is a member of the Institute of Legislation and

Comparative Law, Russia.

Bernard Kofi Baiden is a faculty member in the Department of Const-

ruction Technology and Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science and Technology, Ghana.

Danstan Bwalya Chiponde is a postgraduate student, Northumbria

University, United Kingdom.

Sampa Chisumbe is a faculty member in the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, University of Zambia, Zambia.

xi
xii Notes on Contributors

Ikechukwu Diugwu is a senior lecturer in the Department of Project

Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna,
Nigeria.

Fidelis Emuze is Professor of Department of Built Environment,

Central University of Technology, Free State, Republic of South Africa.

Elena P. Ermakova is a faculty member of RUDN University, Russia.

Evgenia E. Frolova is a faculty member of RUDN University, Russia,

and the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law.

Irina A. Gronic is a faculty member of RUDN University, Russia.

Lubinda Haabazoka is a professor at University of Zambia, Zambia.

Agnessa O. Inshakova is a faculty member of Volgograd State University,

Russia.

Elena Inshakova is a faculty member of Volgograd State University,

Russia.

Aliyu Muhammad Jungudo is a faculty member of Building Technology

Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria.

Yuliya N. Kashevarova is a member of the Institute of Legislation and

Comparative Law, Russia.

Sidney Kawimbe is a faculty member of Zambia Centre for Accounting

Studies University, Zambia.

Nthatisi Khatleli is a senior lecturer at the School of Construction

Economics and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.

Marina Ledeneva is a faculty member of Plekhanov Russian University

of Economics, Russia.

Tshepo Jeremia Lephoto is Master of Economics in Project Management

from the School of Construction Economics and Management, University
of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa.
 Notes on Contributors xiii

Tatiana N. Litvinova is a faculty member of Volgograd State Agrarian

University, Russia.

Mwewa Mambwe is a faculty member in the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, University of Zambia, Zambia.

Hlulani Mathebula is a student in the Department of Construction

Management, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa.

Naomi Mbewe is a faculty member in the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, University of Zambia, Zambia.

Alinani Msisya is a member of the National Road Fund Agency, Zambia.

Musa Musa is an assistant lecturer in the Department of Project

Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna,
Nigeria.

Innocent Musonda is Associate Professor of Construction Management

and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Erastus M. Mwanaumo is a lecturer in the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, University of Zambia, Zambia.

Balimu Mwiya is assistant dean of the Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, University of Zambia, Zambia.

Sebastian Namukolo is a lecturer at the School of Engineering,

University of Zambia in Lusaka, Zambia.

Gabriel Nani is a faculty member in the Department of Construction

Technology and Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science
and Technology, Ghana.

Awa Kalu Nwojo is a faculty member in the Department of Estate

Management, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

Irina Okhremenko is a faculty member of Plekhanov Russian University

of Economics, Russia.
xiv Notes on Contributors

Chioma Sylvia Okoro is Lecturer of Finance and Investment

Management, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Michael Oladokun is a research fellow in the Department of Built

Environment, Central University of Technology, South Africa, and a
senior lecturer in the Department of Building, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

Jemima Antwiwaa Ottou is a faculty member in the Department of

Management Science, Ghana Institute of Management and Public
Administration (GIMPA), Accra, Ghana.

Pauline Phiri is an associate engineer at WCE Zambia Limited, Zambia.

Tatiana Plaksunova is a faculty member of Volgograd State

University, Russia.

Elena G. Popkova is a professor at Moscow State Institute of

International Relations, Russia.

Natalia V. Przhedetskaya is a faculty member of Rostov State Economic

University, Russia.

Victoria Y. Przhedetskaya is a member of Rostov Cancer Research

Institute, Ministry of Health, Russia.

Yuri V. Przhedetsky is a member of Rostov Cancer Research Institute,

Ministry of Health, Russia.

Natalia V. Putilo is a member of the Institute of Legislation and

Comparative Law, Russia.

Julia V. Ragulina is head of the Chair of Compliance and Controlling

at RUDN University, Russia.

Marcia Mampholo Raphiri is a postgraduate student of Construction

Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg,
South Africa.
 Notes on Contributors xv

Ekaterina P. Rusakova is a docent at RUDN University, Moscow,

Russian Federation.

Bruno S. Sergi is an instructor on the Economics of Emerging Markets

and the Political Economy of Russia and China at Harvard University
and an Associate of the Harvard’s Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian
Studies and the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. He teaches
Political Economy and International Finance at the University of
Messina, Italy

Sergei Sh. Shakirov is a faculty member of RUDN University, Russia.

Nomsa Shankaya is a quantity surveyor at Mopani Copper

Mines, Zambia.

Chipozya Tembo-Silungwe is Lecturer of Construction Economics

and Management, Copperbelt University, Zambia.

Godfrey Okon Udo is a faculty member in the Department of Estate

Management, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

Nuruddeen Usman is a faculty member of Building Technology

Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria.

Natalia S. Volkova is a member of the Institute of Legislation and

Comparative Law, Russia.

Saheed Yusuf is a graduate assistant in the Department of Project

Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna,
Nigeria.

Abdullahi Nafiu Zadawa is a faculty member of Quantity Surveying

Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria.

Karina Zhavoronkova is a faculty member of RUDN University, Russia.

Ackim Zulu is a senior lecturer at the School of Engineering, University

of Zambia in Lusaka, Zambia.
 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Flow process for lightning protection risk assessment 11

Fig. 1.2 Subsystems of lightning protection for PV plant 11
Fig. 4.1 Conceptual framework of the study 48
Fig. 6.1 Economy’s growth rate in Sub-Saharan Africa,
2010–2019. (Source: Drawn up by the authors
according to The Data 2019) 82
Fig. 6.2 Dynamics of China’s trade turnover with African countries,
2000–2017. (Source: Drawn up by the authors according to
Deych 2018: 122) 85
Fig. 12.1 Autocorrelation of the share of agriculture in the structure of
GDP and the obtained advantages in African countries in
2018. (Source: Calculated and compiled by the author) 168
Fig. 12.2 Regression curve of the dependence of food security on the
share of agriculture in the structure of GDP in African
countries in 2018. (Source: Calculated and compiled by the
author)168
Fig. 12.3 The map of agriculture and food security in African coun-
tries in 2018. (Source: Built by the author based on The
Economist Intelligence Unit (2019), World Bank (2019b)) 169
Fig. 12.4 The components of conditions for the functioning and
development of agriculture in African countries by the
example of Zambia in 2018, points 1–100. (Source:

xvii
xviii List of Figures

Compiled by the author based on The Economist

Intelligence Unit (2019)) 170
Fig. 16.1 Typical life of flexible pavement over time. (Source:
South African Pavement Design Engineering Manual
Pavement Design) 218
Fig. 18.1 A Skills Measurement Framework 255
Fig. 20.1 Occupation of Respondents 278
Fig. 21.1 Waste management control systems. (Source: developed and
compiled by the authors) 291
Fig. 21.2 Causes of waste. (Source: developed and compiled by the
authors)292
Fig. 21.3 Waste minimization systems. (Source: developed and
compiled by the authors) 292
Fig. 21.4 Effectiveness of waste management control systems. (Source:
developed and compiled by the authors) 293
Fig. 24.1 The level of consumers’ satisfaction with the activities of
cancer detection centers in Russia in 2019. (Source:
Developed and compiled by the authors) 329
Fig. 24.2 The model of applying the marketing tools during imple-
mentation of the national oncological projects in developing
countries within the scenario of digital medicine develop-
ment. (Source: Developed and compiled by the authors) 331
Fig. 25.1 Evaluation of the effectiveness of implementation of the
national oncological projects by the consumers through the
prism of marketing mix. (Source: Calculated and built by
the authors) 339
Fig. 25.2 The concept of implementation of the national oncological
projects in developing countries based on marketing tools.
(Source: Developed and compiled by the authors) 341
 List of Tables

Table 6.1 Industrialization indicators for Sub-Saharan Africa 70

Table 12.1 Indicators of the role and value of agriculture in African
countries in 2018 167
Table 13.1 Cost comparison between cash retention and retention
bond at lowest and highest rates 187
Table 14.1 Analysis of respondents by gender 196
Table 14.2 Analysis of respondents by age 197
Table 14.3 Analysis of respondents by level of education 197
Table 14.4 Analysis of respondents by level of education 197
Table 14.5 Analysis of respondents by professional experience 197
Table 15.1 Delayed and timely competitive tendering processes 209
Table 15.2 Categorisation of causes of delays 209
Table 15.3 Empirical findings from the three selected cases 211
Table 16.1 Failure table of the selected five roads 219
Table 17.1 Response classification 232
Table 17.2 Importance index range 234
Table 17.3 Importance index 235
Table 17.4 Difficulty in acquiring work 235
Table 17.5 Delayed payments 236
Table 18.1 Skills requirement for tasks 249
Table 18.2 Rating scale for skills competency ranking 250
Table 18.3 Investigated factors influencing skills demand and supply 251
Table 18.4 Skills competency ratings of workforce 252

xix
xx List of Tables

Table 18.5 Responses on vacancies for high skilled occupations 253

Table 18.6 Coding framework from content analysis of interviews 254
Table 19.1 Years of professional experience 265
Table 19.2 Suitability of projects for execution using PPP 267
Table 19.3 Chi-square test results of the types of infrastructural
projects in which PPPs are mostly suitable 268
Table 20.1 Occupation of respondents 276
Table 20.2 Designation of respondents 276
Table 20.3 Factors influencing choice of residential housing
neighborhood277
Table 20.4 Binary logistic regression showing the factors influencing
residential housing consumers’ location preference 279
Table 22.1 The importance of factors of work conformance 304
Table 22.2 The importance of factors of the financial dynamics of
SMMEs305
Table 22.3 The importance of factors of SMMEs’ capabilities to tender
for work 305
Table 22.4 The importance of factors constituting the conduct of
SMMEs306
Table 22.5 Agreement to the financial motives of SMMEs and their
effects307
Table 22.6 The agreement to factors involving SMMEs in township
development projects 308
Table 24.1 Comparative analysis of implementing the national
oncological projects in developing countries within the
scenario of digital medicine development based on the
regulatory and marketing tools 330
Table 25.1 The process of implementing the national oncological
projects through the prism of the elements of marketing
mix in model 6P 339
 Introduction

The global goals in the sphere of sustainable development, adopted in

2015 by the international community under the guidance of the UN,
which are officially known as “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development”, are officially supported by all countries of
the world, but are implemented with the help of different approaches.
Sustainable development goals are oriented at solving the current prob-
lems of the modern society, law, and economy. These problems are uni-
versal and peculiar for all countries of the world, but they are more vivid
in developing countries, which bear the main costs of economic growth
of the global economic system.
The global goals in the sphere of sustainable development include the
goals of increasing the population’s quality of life—liquidation of poverty
and famine, development of healthcare, and increase of accessibility of
clean water; the goals of provision of social justice—guarantee of gender
equality, creation of inclusive society, creation of effective normative and
legal institutes, and development of justice; the goals of development of
human potential—wide accessibility of high-quality education, provision
of decent work, and opportunities for career growth for economically
active population; the goals of environment protection—creation of cir-
cular cities and communities, responsible consumption and production,
fighting climate changes, and preservation of sea and land eco-systems;

xxi
xxii Introduction

and the goals of industrialization, innovative development, and interna-

tional integration for sustainable development.
These problems are very urgent in the countries of modern Africa, and their
solutions are complicated due to deficit of the infrastructural provision of
sustainable development. Infrastructure is to become a guarantee of the future
society-oriented and innovations-oriented economic growth of the countries
of modern Africa. This book presents a view into the future of Africa. The
scientific methodology is used for determining and substantiating the perspec-
tive directions of Africa’s development during realization of the sustainable
development goals. Infrastructural barriers on the path of practical realization
of these barriers are determined, and complex recommendations for overcom-
ing these barriers and achieving the sustainable development goals in modern
Africa are offered.
This book is comprised of two parts. The first part is devoted to scien-
tific substantiation of the current contribution of infrastructure into
provision of sustainable development in countries of Africa and develop-
ment of the concepts of maximization of this contribution based on
improvement of the infrastructure, its modernization, expansion, and
increase of accessibility. The second part considers the current infra-
structural projects and determines their advantages for sustainable devel-
opment of society and economy in Africa. The authors reflect and
systematize the modern experience of infrastructure’s development on
various territories of the African region of the global economic system,
due to which the book is oriented as the very wide target audience,
which includes representatives of the international academic commu-
nity, who study the process of realization of the global goals in sustain-
able development, sustainable development of emerging markets,
economic growth, social progress, innovative development, and infra-
structural provision of African countries.
This book’s target audience also include representatives of state reg-
ulation of the African economy, who are ready to start new infrastruc-
tural projects in their countries, representatives of African business,
international investors who are interested in participation in modern
Africa’s infrastructural projects, and people who are interested in the
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 Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
This Interesting Model Cableway was Built by a
Boy for Play and Experimental Purposes: The
Principle by Which the Weight of the Car is
Compensated in Single and Multiple Systems is
Indicated in the Diagrams Above. Cars Propelled
by Sail Rigging or by a Small Battery Motor may
Also be Used

A model of the compensated cableway, as shown in the page

plate, or on a smaller scale, may be made by a boy of fair
mechanical skill. For experimental purposes the detail may, of
course, be refined to a high grade of workmanship, if desired. The
size and dimensions of the parts need not be proportioned precisely
as shown, but may depend more or less upon the materials
available. The track cable should be made of galvanized-iron wire,
the compensating cable of fishline, and the towers of 1-in. stuff, the
width of the pieces making up the A-frames being increased in
proportion to the height. Grooved pulley wheels, set in housings
fixed to the top of the A-frames, carry the compensating cable.
These may be made of wood, built up in three sections, to provide a
flange on each side of the cable groove. The A-frames should be
joined strongly at the top, and braced to anchors, sunk into the
ground as shown. The hooks from which the track cable is
suspended are made of heavy wire, bent so as not to interfere with
the H-frame hanger supporting the car, and looped around the cable.
Various types of hangers may be devised to house the two pulley
wheels which ride on the track cable. A simple H-frame hanger is
shown in the detail sketch in the page plate. The grooved pulley
wheels are set on bolts, and a heavy wire is bent and set through the
center block as a support for the car. For experimental purposes, or
even for play, when it is not desired to make a more elaborate car, a
wooden block or other object of sufficient weight may be used as a
load. An interesting feature of the work, especially for a boy, is to
devise a realistic coach model, as suggested in the sketch. A
wooden block forms the base, and the roof and platforms are made
of sheet metal. The windows and doors are painted on the metal.
The inventive boy may, of course, build a car with a hollow metal or
wooden body, and weight it properly to provide the necessary load.
The motive power is provided by means of a cord, or traction
cable, carried around two large grooved pulleys, mounted in
supports fixed to the landing stages at each end of the cableway.
They are made of wood, a suitable groove being cut around the
edge with a saw, and smoothed with a small round file, or sandpaper
wrapped over a round rod. The traction pulley is turned by means of
a crank, set on the bolt which is used as an axle. The traction cable
must be drawn sufficiently taut to provide the necessary pressure on
the grooved pulleys, or it will slip. Rosin applied to the pulleys and
the cable will tend to prevent this.
 Fig. 7
The Car is Propelled by the Wind Action on a Sail Controlled Like the
Main Sheet of a Sailboat in Tacking. The Trigger Device Releases the
Sail, Reversing the Course of the Car

If the frames and other fittings have been properly set up, the
cableway will support a sail car, shown in Fig. 7, or a two-cell electric
car, driven by a small motor, as shown in Fig. 8. The sailing-car
arrangement is often feasible, since a stiff breeze is common in
gorges, cañons, narrow valleys, or even in ravines where such a
cableway might be set up. The hanger is an H-frame having the
grooved pulleys bolted in it, and further reinforced by small blocks at
the ends. A braced frame, supporting a deck on which a mast is set,
is suspended from the hanger by four curved wires, as shown in the
side view, Fig. 7. A sail with boom and gaff is supported by the mast.
It is arranged to be shifted around the mast, which is accomplished
automatically at the end of a run, or “tack,” by means of the trigger
device shown in the top view. The sail is controlled in relation to the
wind much as is the main sheet of a sailboat. The car can be
operated in this manner only at right angles to the direction of the
wind, or nearly so. For play purposes, a boy stationed at each end of
the cableway can shift the sail, but the trigger device shown makes
this unnecessary. A rubber band is attached to the boom, as
indicated in the top view, and a cord and wire are arranged to
engage a trigger. A stop for the trigger is fixed to the A-frame so that
it is sprung when the car reaches the end of the run. The rubber
band reverses the sail, the car having been set on the cable
originally so that the forward end is in proper relation to the wind.
Fig. 8
 The Electric Car Is Self-Contained and may be Reversed Automatically,
if the Motor Is of the Reversible Type, by Contact of the Lever with the
Stop Fixed to the A-Frame

The electric car is especially interesting in that it provides self-

contained motive power by means of a battery of dry cells, and a
motor belted to the hanger, as shown in Fig. 8. The hanger is of the
H-frame type with heavy blocks between the sidepieces to provide
for the small grooved driving pulley set on the axle of one of the
larger pulleys. A wooden deck, supported by four heavy wires set
into the center block of the hanger, carries the motor, and the dry
cells are fixed under it. The motor is of the small reversible battery
type, and should be provided with a reversing lever. This will make it
possible to reverse the car when it reaches the end of its course.
The motor and cells should be disposed so as to balance, tests
being made for this purpose before setting them in place finally. A
cord or small leather belt connects the drive pulley of the motor with
the proper pulley on the hanger. These pulleys should be in line, and
that on the hanger should be five times the diameter of the one on
the motor shaft. The power is shut off at the end of the course by a
shut-off switch which strikes a stop crank attached to the A-frame.
When the reversing lever and stop are used, the stop crank is
unnecessary. A nonreversing motor can be made to drive the car in
a reverse direction by removing the belt from the motor pulley and
replacing it to make a figure-eight twist.

¶When babbitt metal is heated some of the tin and antimony in it is

burned out, making it unsuited for use in machinery bearings, and
similar purposes, after several heatings. The oxidation of the metal is
indicated by the formation of a scum on the surface.
 A Miniature Fighting
Tank
That Hurdles Trenches
By EDWARD R. SMITH

Among the engines of war in action on land, probably none has

created greater interest than the now famous “fighting tank,”
which, according to reports, pours out missiles of destruction on the
enemy from armored turrets, and crawls over trenches, shell craters,
and similar obstructions, like a fabled giant creature of prehistoric
ages. The tank described in this article, while not as deadly as those
on the battle fields of Europe, performs remarkable feats of hurdling
trenches, and crawling over obstructions, large in proportion to its
size. The model, as shown in the heading sketches, is full-armored,
and has a striking resemblance to these war monsters. The turret is
mounted with a magazine gun, which fires 20 projectiles
automatically, as the tank makes its way over the rough ground. The
motive power for the tractor bands is furnished by linked rubber
bands, stretched by a winding drum and ratchet device, on the rear
axle, as shown in Fig. 1. When the ratchet is released, the rear axle
drives the fluted wheels on it, and they in turn drive the tractor
bands, as shown in the side elevation, Fig. 6. The wire-wrapped
flywheel conserves the initial power of the rubber-band motor, and
makes its action more nearly uniform.
The tank will run upward of 10 ft. on the rubber-motor power,
depending on the size and number of the bands used. The gun is
fired by a spring hammer, actuated by a rubber band. The trigger
device is shown in Fig. 1. The pulley A is belted, with cord, to the
front axle. Four pins on its inner side successively engage the wire
trigger, drawing it out of the gun breech B, and permitting another
shell to drop into place. As the pulley revolves, the trigger is
released, firing the projectile. This process goes on until the motor
runs down, or the supply of shells is exhausted.
The tank is guided by the pilot wheel, shown in Fig. 1. The sheet-
metal armor, with its turret, is fitted over the mechanism, and can be
removed quickly. It bears on angles bent up, as detailed in Fig. 2, to
fit on the ends of the wooden center crosspiece of the main frame,
and is held by removable pins at the ends of this frame. While the
rubber motor is easy to make and install, the range of the tank can
be increased by using a strong spring motor, the construction
otherwise being similar.
The construction is best begun by making the wooden frame
which supports the armor. The perspective sketch, Fig. 1, used in
connection with the working and detailed drawings, will aid in making
the latter clear. Make the frame C, as detailed in Figs. 5 and 6, ³⁄₈ by
1³⁄₄ by 11 in. long, with an opening cut in the center, 1 in. wide, 1 in.
from the rear, and 1¹⁄₄ in. from the front end. Make the crosspiece D
³⁄₈ by 1³⁄₄ by 5⁷⁄₈ in. long; the gun support E, as detailed in Fig. 4, ³⁄₈
by 1⁵⁄₁₆ by 6¹⁄₄ in. long. Shape the support E as shown. Fasten the
frame C and the crosspiece D with screws, setting the piece D 5³⁄₄
in. from the front, and its left end 3 in. from the side of the frame, as
shown in Fig. 5. This is important, as the fitting of the other parts
depends on the position of these wooden supports.
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Perspective Sketch, Showing the Arrangement of the Parts, with the Armor
and the Tractor Bands Removed, and Details of the Gun Mechanism and the
Armor

The drive-wheel axles are carried in sheet-metal hangers, F,

shown in Figs. 1 and 5, and detailed in Fig. 6. These hangers also
carry bearing wheels, G, Fig. 1, which are held between the hanger
F and a metal angle, as detailed at G, Fig. 6. These wheels are cut
on a broomstick, and mounted on nail axles. The metal for the
hangers F is drilled as shown, and bent double at the ends to make
a strong bearing for the drive-wheel axles. The upper portion is bent
at a right angle and fits over the top surface at the end of the
crosspiece D, and is fastened to it with small screws or nails. Cut the
stock for the hangers 2 by 6³⁄₈ in. long.
Next make the sheet-metal support H, Fig. 1, for the flywheel, the
rim of which is wrapped with wire to give it added weight. Cut the
stock, as detailed in Fig. 6, 1³⁄₄ by 4³⁄₁₆ in. long, and notch it to form
the spring arrangement, which holds the flywheel so that the belt will
be tight. The other sheet-metal support may then be made also. Cut
the stock for the front support J, for the rubber motor, 4¹⁄₈ by 3³⁄₄ in.
long, and shape it as shown in the detail, Fig. 6. Make the support K
from a piece of sheet metal, in general shape similar to that used for
support H, the dimensions being made as required, and no spring
arrangement being provided. Drill these metal fittings, as indicated,
for the points of fastening, and mark the places for the holes in which
shafts or axles run very carefully.
The driving mechanism can then be made, as shown in Fig. 1, and
detailed in Figs. 5 and 6. The driving shafts and their parts, as well
as the pulleys, can be turned in a lathe, or made from spools, round
rods, etc. Make the front axle L, and wheels, joined solidly, 5³⁄₄ in.
over all, the grooved wheels being ³⁄₄ in. thick, and 1⁷⁄₁₆ in. in
diameter. Wires are used as bearings for shafts for the driving axles.
If the rear axle is turned in a lathe, it is cut down to the shape
indicated, thinner at the middle, to provide a place for the cord
connected to the rubber motor. The grooved pulley and the fluted
drive wheel at the winding-key end, shown in Fig. 5, are then cut
loose; the drive wheel on the other end is cut loose, forming three
sections, mounted on the wire axle, one end of which is the winding
key. Ratchet wheels, M, are fitted between the ends of the center
section and the adjoining pieces, the ratchet wheels being nailed to
the center section and soldered to the wire axle. Pawls, U, are fitted
to the inside of the two end sections, as indicated in Fig. 1 and in
Fig. 5. When the rubber motor is wound up on the drum, the tractor
bands are gripped until it is desired to start the tank on its trip. Then
the power is communicated from the drum, or center section of the
axle, to the drive wheels by means of the ratchet wheels, acting on
the pawls.
Mount the hangers F on the center crosspiece D, fitting the axles
of the drive wheels into place. Make the weighted flywheel, and
mount it on its shaft, as shown, lining it up with the pulley on the rear
drive shaft. Fit the supports J and K into place, setting spools for the
rubber-motor cord in place, on wire axles. Arrange the belt from the
flywheel to the drive shaft, and connect the rubber bands for the
rubber motor as shown. Fasten one end in the hook of support J,
and pass the winding cord through the spools, and fix it to the drive
shaft. The device can then be operated with the fluted drive wheels,
bearing on strips of wood for tracks.
The tractor bands N are fitted over the drive wheels, as shown in
Fig. 6. They are built up of canvas strips, on which wooden shoes
are glued and sewed, as detailed in Fig. 5. The stitches which
reinforce the gluing are taken in the order indicated by the numerals.
The pilot wheel is 2 in. in diameter, and sharpened at its
circumference. Make a metal shell, O, for it, as detailed in Fig. 6.
Solder the shell to the double wire, which supports the wheel and
gives it a spring tension to take obstructions nicely. The wire is
fastened to the crosspiece D, as shown in Fig. 5.
The gun and its mechanism can be made handily before the
support E is fixed into place at the front of the crosspiece D. Shape
the magazine P from sheet metal, making it 2⁵⁄₈ in. high, as detailed
in Fig. 4. Make the gun Q from a piece of sheet metal, as detailed,
cutting the metal to the exact dimensions indicated. Mount the
magazine and the gun, and arrange the wire hammer R, and the
rubber band that holds it. Fit the pulley A into place on its axle,
supported by a small block of wood. Belt it to the front drive-wheel
axle, as shown in Fig. 5, after the gun support is fastened into place
with screws. Make the projectiles of wood, as shown, and the
fighting tank is ready to be tested before putting on the armor.
The armor is made of one deck piece, S, Fig. 3, into which the
covered turret is set, and two side pieces T, as detailed in Fig. 2.
Make one left and one right sidepiece, allowing for the flanges all
around, to be bent over and used for riveting or soldering the armor
together. The bottom extension on the sidepieces is bent double to
form an angle, on which the armor is supported, where it rests on the
top of the hangers F. The turret is fitted to the deck by cutting
notches along its lower edge, the resulting strips being alternately
turned in and out along the point of joining, as shown in Fig. 3. When
the armor is completed, it is fitted over the main frame, the gun
projecting from the turret. Small pins hold the ends of the armor solid
against the ends of the main frame C, so that the armor can be lifted
off readily. The various parts of the fighting tank can be painted as
desired, care being taken not to injure the points of bearing, on the
axles and pulleys, which should be oiled. Silver bronze is a good
finish for the exterior of the armor, which may be decorated with a
coat of arms.
 Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Plan and Side Elevation of the Interior Mechanism, with the Armor Removed,
and Details of the Metal Fittings, the Ratchets, and the Tractor Bands
A Neat and Economical Baby Crib Made from a
Clothes Basket
 A Few Sticks of Wood and a Clothes Basket Make a Convenient Cradle for
the Baby

A clothes basket on a simple but strong wooden frame, mounted

on castors, makes a cradle which is as convenient and sanitary as
many which are sold for five times its cost. It is light enough to roll
out on the porch without difficulty, and may be padded and fitted with
pillows until the most exacting mother is satisfied. The basket and
frame should be painted, preferably some light color. The whole cost,
not including pads or pillows, should not be over $2.50.—A. Switzer,
Denver, Colo.
 A Small Rheostat for Experiments and Testing

This Homemade Rheostat Has a Capacity of One-Half to Five Amperes, on a

Six-Volt Circuit

A rheostat made as shown in the sketch has been used

successfully for calibrating a large number of ammeters and
wattmeters. One of the general designs suggested will be useful for
many other purposes. The dimensions given were used for obtaining
a variation of from ¹⁄₂ to 5 amperes with a 6-volt source of
electromotive force. For other capacities the proportions may be
increased or decreased proportionately. A piece of pine, 7 by 9¹⁄₂ in.,
forms the base. For resistance wire No. 16 gauge “Climax” was
used, but wire of any material which will carry the maximum current
without excessive oxidation may be employed instead. Nails support
the resistance wire, which should be soldered to the nails to insure
good electrical contact. Leads of flexible cord are arranged as
shown. These are soldered to the first and last nails in the series. To
provide connection between the free ends of the cord and the
resistance wire or the nails, 5-ampere test clips are soldered to the
cord ends. The teeth of the clip jaws are filed off, and in their stead a
short piece of brass wire is soldered to each jaw, as indicated in the
detailed view. A nick is filed in each of the brass wires so that they
will hold firmly onto the resistance wire or nail. Suspender or display-
case clips, suitably modified, may be substituted for the commercial
test clips.
In using the device, one clip is moved along the front span. The
other is gripped to a nail in the rear row. Sliding the front clip along
the span wire insures a fine adjustment of resistance. Gripping the
rear clip on the different nails provides the coarse adjustment—R. F.
Binney, La Vina, Calif.

¶Glue applied to door-knob screws will prevent them from loosening

easily, yet they may be removed without difficulty.
 Roll-Paper Feed for Typewriter
Typewriter paper may be fed from a roll where only one copy is
necessary and where maximum speed of production is essential.
Sections, not to exceed about 11 in. in length, of the typed paper are
torn off as necessary. This practice is followed often in newspaper
offices. The roll paper can be purchased at any paper-supply house,
cut to the width required by the user. The construction of a roll-feed
attachment which may be mounted on any of the standard
typewriters will be described.
 A Paper-Roll Holder for Typewriters That can be Attached to Any Standard
Machine

First make the two uprights. Both are cut from ¹⁄₆-in. sheet brass,
as shown. After cutting, heat the pieces to anneal them before
bending. A hole is provided for the paper-roll rod in the right-hand
upright and a slot in the left-hand one. A rod, threaded on one end
and equipped with two nuts, constitutes the paper holder. For a
guide plate and cutter, cut a piece of sheet brass, 1¹⁄₂ in. wide and of
a length equal to that of the carriage, as detailed in the drawing.
Bend it as shown. A ¹⁄₈-in. slot is cut almost the entire length of the
guide.