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List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history
List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history
List_of_kingdoms_in_Africa_throughout_history
There are only three current sovereign monarchies in Africa;[7][8] two of which (Lesotho and Morocco) are
constitutional monarchies where the rulers are bound by laws and customs in the exercise of their powers,
whilst one (Eswatini) is an absolute monarchy where the monarch rules without bounds. Sovereign
monarchies are labelled (SM).
There have been a number of autocrats in Africa who invoked hereditary succession in order to preserve
their regimes,[9] such as the Bongos of Gabon,[10] Gnassingbés of Togo,[11] or Aptidon–Guelleh of
Djibouti,[12] generating the term monarchical republic.[13] These have been tentatively included due to their
similarities to, and possibly even taking inspiration from, the institution of monarchy and are labelled (MR).
Criteria
Only kingdoms and tribal kingdoms as per Elman Service's classifications that were once independent are
included, excluding bands, tribes, and most chiefdoms. Dates have [one date for loss of independence] /
[one date for loss of nominal rule]. Additional information such as notable articles may accompany entries.
The intercontinental Islamic empires that covered parts of North and Northeast Africa are not included, and
should be discussed as part of the Muslim world, however the residual fragments that had their capital on
the continent of Africa are.
Outside of North Africa, most of African political history relating to this time period has been pieced
together through archaeological discoveries. There is very little written information about Sub–Saharan
Africa at this time, besides that from outsiders such as "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", dated to the 1st
century AD, and the accounts of Claudius Ptolemy, dated to the 2nd century AD, both illuminating the East
African coast. The delicate threads of oral tradition generally do not go back this far.
Sub–Saharan African societies have broadly been labelled "oral civilisations", contrasted with "literate
civilisations", due to the emphasis placed on oral tradition and the important place it has in their cultures. As
such, most of African history predating the colonial period has been preserved orally, passed down from
generation to generation, and served a different function to the academic discipline of history. Perhaps the
most famous examples of this is the Griots of West Africa, such as Balla Fasséké in the Mali Empire, who
held largely hereditary positions. One of their roles was to study and memorise their people's history and
serve in the king's court as an advisor, to represent the past, and to identify lessons. Whilst many oral
traditions refer to this particular time period, over time they have taken on a more narrative–based,
parabolic, or mythological form, limiting but not eradicating their usefulness to modern historians, as
displayed in the oral traditions about the Empire of Kitara, an empire in the Great Lakes region that existed
from around the 10th century to 15th century AD.
Following the spread of Islam to Africa in the 7th century AD, there were many more written histories, most
notably from Ibn Khaldun, but also from al–Masudi, al–Bakri, al–Idrisi, Yaqut, Abulfeda, al–Umari, and
Ibn Battuta. Ge'ez literature also began covering history from the 14th to 16th century.
Increased trade with Europe and an influx of Catholic missions from the 16th century onwards produced
more written information which supplemented the Arabic literature, however African historiography as we
view it today didn't take off until the 19th century under increased European interest in the region. These
histories have been invaluable to modern historians, however they were often written from the colonial
perspective under the pretence of Western superiority, occasionally for the purpose of disseminating colonial
narratives. This has provided the fuel for anti–African bias, particularly regarding their history, which still
persists in many countries today.[15][16]
1. Despotic Kingdoms (D): Kingdoms where the king controlled the internal and external
affairs directly and personally appointed overseers. The king kept a monopoly on the use of
force. Examples include Rwanda, Nkore/Ankole, and Kongo of the 16th century.
2. Regal Kingdoms (R): Kingdoms where the king controlled the external affairs directly, and
the internal affairs via a system of overseers where most local chiefs kept their positions but
not their autonomy after conquest. The king and most of his administration belonged to the
same religion, group and/or family.
3. Incorporative Kingdoms (I): Kingdoms where the king only controlled the external affairs
and the nucleus with no permanent administrative links between him and the chiefs of the
provinces. The local chiefs of the provinces were left largely undisturbed after conquest.
Examples are the Bamileke, Luba and the Lozi.
4. Aristocratic Kingdoms (A): The only link between central authority and the provinces was
payment of tribute which symbolised subordination. These kingdoms were kept together by
the superior military strength of the nucleus. This type is rather common in Africa, examples
include Kongo of the 17th century, Kazembe, Kuba, the Ha, and Chagga states of the 18th
century.
5. Federations (F): Kingdoms where the external affairs were regulated by a council of elders
headed by the king, who is simply primus inter pares, such as in the Ashanti Union.
(Confederations are not included; see "List of confederations").
Almost all sultanates embody (R) due to the nature of the Islamic version of kingship.[17] For this reason,
and in the interest of highlighting differences, classifications for sultanates will only reference the
relationship between the sultan and their administration.
Classifications not given as examples by Vansina are open to scrutiny (here). Ones where two
classifications are given and joined by an "and" mean that the kingdom had elements from both present; [a]
refers to the king's place and power, particularly in the nucleus, whilst [b] refers to the relationship between
king and administration.
North Africa
Ancient
Protodynastic period in Egypt: (preceded by various cultures in which it is unclear if the
institution of kingship existed) (preceded by nomes and nomarchs)
Lower Egypt Kingdom (3500–3100 BC)
Upper Egypt Kingdom (3400–3150 BC)
Early Dynastic Egypt ((D)[a] and (A)[b])[18] (3150–2686 BC)
Old Kingdom of Egypt (((D) to (R))[a] (4th dynasty) and ((R) to (A))[b] (6th dynasty)) [19]
(2686–2181 BC)
Kingdom of Kerma (2500–1500 BC)
First Intermediate Period in Egypt: (2181–2055 BC)
Heracleopolis
Thebes
Middle Kingdom of Egypt ((D) in 12th dynasty)[20] (2055–
1650 BC)
Second Intermediate Period in Egypt (1700–1550 BC)
14th dynasty at Xois (1700–1650 BC)
15th dynasty and the Hyksos (1650–1550 BC)
Abydos dynasty (1640–1620 BC)
16th dynasty (1650–1580 BC)
17th dynasty (1571–1540 BC) Old and Middle Kingdoms of Ancient
New Kingdom of Egypt (1550–1077 BC) Egypt
Post–classical
Modern
Kingdom of Fazughli (1500–1685 AD)
Sultanate of Sennar/Funj (1504–1821 AD)
Saadi Principality of Sus and Tagmadert (1509–1554 AD) (Sous) (at times ruled separately
from Saadi Sultanate)
Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1872 AD)
Kingdom of Kuku (1515–1638 AD)
Regency of Algiers (1516/1659–1830 AD) (Odjak of Algiers Revolution)
Fezzan Sultanate (1550–1812 AD)
Saadi dynasty (1554–1659 AD) (Morocco)
Regency of Tunis (1574/1591/1613–1705 AD) (Muradid dynasty) succeeded by Beylik of
Tunis (1705–1881 AD) (Husainid dynasty)
Naqsid Principality of Tetouan (1597–1673 AD)
Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874 AD, 1898–1916 AD)
(Keira dynasty)
Republic of Bou Regreg (1627–1668 AD) (Elective
monarchy?)
Dila'iya Sultanate (1637–1668 AD)
Alaouite dynasty (1666 AD–current) (SM of Morocco)
(Makhzen)
Dar Tama Sultanate[29][30] (17th century AD–?) (Tama
people)
Regency of Tripoli (1551/1711–1835/1912 AD)
(Karamanli dynasty)
Senussi Order including sphere of
Taqali Kingdom (1750–1884 AD, 1889–1969 AD)
influence circa 1880
(Tagale people)
Emirate of Abdelkader/Mascara (1832–1847 AD)
Dar Qimr Sultanate[31][32] (1850–?/1945 AD) (mentioned in Sultan#West Asia and North
Africa)
Mahdist State (1885–1889 AD)
Dar Masalit Sultanate[33] (19th century–early 20th century AD)
Muhammad Ali dynasty (1914–1951 AD) (Egypt)
Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949–1951 AD)
Senussi dynasty (1951–1969 AD) (Libya) preceded by Senusiyya (1837 AD–present)
Kingdom of Tunisia (1956–1957 AD)
East Africa
Ancient
Kingdom of Punt (2400–1069 BC)
Ancient Somali city–states (1000 BC – 5th century AD)
Opone, Mundus, Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion,
Mudun, Damo, Miandi, Qandala, Botiala, Essina,
Bosaso, Gondershe, Hannassa, Salweyn, Bulhar
and Merca
Domains of the Aksumite Empire and
Macrobian Kingdom (1000–500 BC)
the Adal Sultanate.
Kingdom of Dʿmt (980–650 BC)
Azania (?–1st century AD) (Rhapta) (Southern Cushitic
people and the Bantu expansion)
Aksumite/Axumite Empire (R)[34] (50–937 AD) (List of kings of Axum)
Empire of Zanj and the Swahili city states (50–10th century AD) (Bantu expansion and Zanj)
(List of historic Swahili coast settlements)
Kilwa, Kunduchi, Mbuamaji, Tongoni, Kimbiji, Kaole, Malindi, Gedi, Pemba sultanates[35]
(Hadimu), Tumbatu, and Mombasa
Kingdom of Semien/Falasha (350–351, 960–1329 AD) (Beta Israel) (only according to
legend)
Post–classical
Harla Kingdom (501–1500 AD)
Sultanate of Dahlak (7th century–16th century AD)
Sultanate of Shewa/Shoa (896–1286 AD) (List of rulers of Shewa)
Hubat (9th century–14th century AD)
Gidaya (9th century–14th century AD)
Hargaya (9th century–14th century AD)
Mora (9th century–14th century AD)
Beja Kingdoms:
Bazin (9th century–15th century AD)
Belgin (9th century–15th century AD)
Jarin (9th century–15th century AD)
Qita'a (9th century–15th century AD)
Nagash (9th century–15th century AD)
Tankish (9th century–15th century AD)
Mezega/Belew/Bellou/Kelew[36] (15th century AD–?) (Balaw)
Tunni Sultanate (9th century – 13th century AD)
Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century AD)
Empire of Kitara ((D) in oral tradition, disputed by modern scholars whose accounts align
with (A))[37][38][39][40] (10th century–15th century AD) (Tembuzi dynasty/Batembuzi followed
by Chwezi dynasty/Bachwezi)
Modern
West Africa
Ancient
Kintampo Complex (2500–1400 BC)
Dhar Tichitt Civilization (1600–300 BC)
Nok Civilization (1000 BC – 300 AD)
Djenné–Djenno Civilization (250 BC – 900 AD)
Igodomigodo (40 BC–1180 AD) succeeded by Benin
Empire (1180–1897/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria) 13th–century Africa – Map of the main
(List of the Ogiso) trade routes and states, kingdoms and
Ghana/Wagadu Empire (200–1240 AD) (Kaya empires.
Magan Cissé) (institution of kingship was very likely
to exist in Mali at this time, and in West Africa well
before, due to large tumuli)[110]
Bura Civilization (300–1300 AD)
Post–classical
Aoudaghost Kingdom (?–12th century/17th century AD)
Takrur Kingdom (6th century–1456/1526 AD)
Bainuk kingdom (7th century–13th century AD)
Gao/Kaw Kaw Empire (D)[111] (7th century–1430 AD) (Za dynasty)
Igbo kingdoms:
Kingdom of Nri (948 – 1911/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of rulers of Nri)
(Emergence of the Ugbo) (Igbo–Ukwu)
Nnewi Kingdom (1498–1904/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of Nnewi monarchs)
Aguleri Kingdom
Kingdom of Bonny (15th century–1886/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Nembe Kingdom (1639–1884/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Arochukwu and the Aro Confederacy ((F) or (I))[112] (1690–1902 AD): Arondizuogu, Ajalli,
Ndikelionwu, Agbowa–Ikosi, Bonny, Opobo, Nembe and the Efik of Akwa Akpa
Onitsha (NSM in Nigeria)
Agbor (NSM in Nigeria) (Ika people)
Ugbo Kingdom (NSM in Nigeria) (Olugbo of Ugbo Kingdom)
Aboh
Oguta
Eri Kingdom (Eri (king))
Hausa Kingdoms
Kingdom of Kano (999–1349 AD) succeeded by Sultanate of Kano (1350–1805 AD)
(NSM in Nigeria)
Gadawur Kingdom (?–15th century/present) (conquered by Kano)
Rano (1001–1819/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Zazzau/Zaria (11th century–1808/1902/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Gobir (11th century–1803/? AD) (centre of Jihad of Usman dan Fodio)
Katsina (A)[113] (1348–1807/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Maradi, Niger (19th century AD)
Daura (?–1805/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria) ("mother city")[114]
Hadejia (?–1810/1991/? AD)
Bastard states:
Zamfara (11th century–1804 AD)
Kwararafa (1500–1840 AD) (kingdom or tribal confederation) (Jukun people)
Nupe/Kede (R)[115] (1531–1835 AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Kebbi (A)[116] (?–1808 AD)
Yauri/Yawri
Gwari
Maranda Kingdom[117] (10th century AD) (Ibn al–Faqih's account)
Takedda Kingdom (10th century–14th century AD)
Tadmekka Kingdom[118] (10th century–14th century AD) (Tadmekka)
Gajaaga/Galam Kingdom (1000–1858 AD)
Yoruba Kingdoms:[119] (Oduduwa) (Yoruba Civil Wars and Kiriji War)
Owo (1019–1893/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Ilesa/Ijesha (1150 AD–?/present) (NSM in Nigeria)
Ife Empire (1200–1420 AD, ?–present) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of rulers of Ife) ("mother
city")[120]
Ìsèdó (13th/14th century AD–?)
Oyo Empire (1300–1898/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria) (List of rulers of Oyo)
Ijebu (1400–1892/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Iwo (1415 AD–?/present)
Ondo (1510–1899/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Dassa–Zoumé (1600–1889/present AD) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Dassa)
Lagos (1600–1862/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria) (Oba of Lagos)
Bussa (pre 1730–19th century AD) (Rulers of Bussa)
Savè/Sabe (1738–1894/present AD) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Sabe)
Ketu/Ketou (1795–1880s/present AD) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of Ketu) (Amedzofe
(history))
Ijaiye (1836–1861 AD)
Yewa (pre–1840s AD, 1890–1914 AD)
Egbaland (mid 19th century AD–?/present) (NSM in Nigeria)
Alake/Ake (NSM in Nigeria) (List of Alakes of Egbaland)
Owu
Oke Ona
Gbagura
Ibadan (?–1893/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Akure (?–?, 1818–1854/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Badagry (1821–1863 AD)
Others: Igbomina (Ila Orangun), Offa, Idoani Confederacy, Ipokia, Isinkan, Osogbo and
Ede
Kingdom of Diarra/Jara/Zara/Diafunu (1076–1860 AD) (at times vassal of Ghana, Mali and
Kaarta)
Sosso Empire (1076–1235 AD) (at the same time as other Ghana successors such as
Diarra, Yaresna, Ghiryu, and Sama)
Bonoman Kingdom (11th–19th century AD) (List of rulers of Bonoman)
Namandirou (11th century–1460 AD)
Mossi Kingdoms: (R)[121] (used agnatic succession and hereditary elective monarchy)
Wagadugu Empire (1182–1896/present AD) (NSM in Burkina Faso) (List of rulers of
Wogodogo) preceded by Wubritenga[122]
Tenkodogo (1120 AD–?/present) (NSM in Burkina Faso) (List of rulers of Tenkodogo)
Fada N'Gourma/Nungu (1204–1895/present AD) (NSM in Burkina Faso) (Gurma people)
(List of rulers of Nungu)
Zondoma/Rawatenga/Yatenga (pre 1333–late 19th century/present AD) (NSM in Burkina
Faso) (List of rulers of Yatenga)
Boussouma (NSM in Burkina Faso)
Bilayanga
Koala (1718 AD–?)
Minor kingdoms (some of which constituted the Buricimba/Gulmanceba Empire):[123]
Gurunsi, Bongandini, Con, Macakoali, Piela, (Ratenga, Zitenga),[124] Giti,[125]
(Konkistenga, Yako, Tema, Mane, Kugupela, Kayao, Tatenga),[126] (Builsa, Busuma)[127]
Edem Kingdom (12th century AD–?/present) (NSM in Nigeria)
Akpakip Oro (1200–1909 AD)
Kingdom of Wuli (1235–1889 AD)
Mali Empire (A)[128] (1235–1670 AD) (Kouroukan Fouga) preceded by Manden/Kangaba
Kingdom, Pre Imperial Mali, and the kingdoms of the Twelve Doors of Mali[129] (1050–1237
AD) (NSM in Mali)
Méma Kingdom (very autonomous vassal of Mali, once independent?) (Epic of Sundiata)
Kingdom of Ardra/Allada (12th/13th century–1724/present AD) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers
of Allada)
Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844/present AD) (NSM in Ghana) (capital of First Fante
Confederacy)
Kombo Kingdom (1271–1875 AD) (Kombo Civil War (1850–1856))
Waalo Kingdom (1287–1855 AD)
Ahanta Kingdom (13th century–1656/19th century AD)
Jolof Empire (13th century–1549 AD) succeeded by Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1890 AD)
Kingdom/Imamate of Wala (1317 AD–?)
Akyem Kingdoms:
Adansi Kingdom (14th century–18th century AD) (List
of rulers of Adansi) constituent states seceded after
Ashanti conquest, (all conquered by Denkyira in
1680s?):[130]
Akyem Abuakwa (14th century AD–?) (NSM in
Ghana) (List of rulers of Akyem Abuakwa)
Akyem Kotoku (14th century AD–?) (List of rulers
of Akyem Kotoku)
Akyem Bosome (1831 AD–?) (List of rulers of
Akyem Bosomoe) Jolof Empire in the 15th century
Modern
Okrika/Wakirike Kingdom (?–1913 AD)
Agona/Denkyira Kingdom (1500–1701 AD) (List of
rulers of Denkyira)
Kingdom of Koya/Temne/Quoja (1505–1896 AD)
Igala Kingdom (1507–1900/present AD) (NSM in
Nigeria)
Kingdom of Gã (1510 AD–?/present) (Gã Mantse)
(King Okaikoi and Dode Akaabi)
Yamta/Biu Kingdom (1535–1740 AD) West Africa circa 1875
Kaabu Empire (1537–1867 AD)
Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879 AD) (Lat Soukabé Ngoné Fall united Cayor with Baol from
1697 to 1720)
Kingdom of Baol (1555–1874 AD) (Lat Soukabé Ngoné Fall united Cayor with Baol from
1697 to 1720)
Kingdom of Savalou (1557–1769/1894/present AD) (NSM in Benin)
Akwamu Kingdom (1560–1733/present AD) (NSM in Ghana) (List of rulers of Akwamu and
Twifo) preceded by Twifo Kingdom (1480–1560 AD)
Kingdom of Whydah/Ouidah (1580–1727/present AD) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers of
Whydah)
Pashalik of Timbuktu (A) (to (I) in the late 17th century)[138] (1591–1833 AD) (Arma people)
Djenné, Gao and either Bamba, Mopti or Bamba, Gao Region were very autonomous
with only nominal Timbuktu rule
Tougana Kingdom (1591 AD–?) and Gorouol Kingdom
Kingdom of Bissau (pre 16th century–1915/present AD) (NSM in Guinea–Bissau)
Kingdom of the Sapes[139][140] (AD pre–16th century) (mentioned in Mane people) (exonym,
not sure of alternative/native name as they were multiethnic) succeeded by: (History of Sierra
Leone)
Bullom
Loko (Loko people)
Bureh/Bure
Sherbro (Sherbro people)
Baté Empire (16th century–19th century AD)
Idoma Kingdom[141]
Gonja Kingdom (R) (to (I) in the 19th century)[142] (16th century AD–?/present) (NSM in
Ghana) (Yagbongwura) (Yagbum) (1892 Sack of Salaga)
Huba/Kilba Kingdom[143] (16th century–1904 AD)
Biafada Kingdoms:
Guinala/Quinala (pre 15th century AD–?) (vassal of Kaabu)
Biguba
Bissege (Bissagos Islands?)
Kingdom of Dwaben/Dwabeng (1600/1874 AD–?) (List of rulers of Dwaben)
Kingdom of Dahomey (1600–1900/present AD) (NSM in Benin)
Agaja dynasty[144] (1600–1818 AD)
Ghezo dynasty (1818–1900 AD)
Emirate of Trarza (1640–1902/present AD) (NSM in Mauritania)
Emirate of Tagant (17th century–19th century AD) (NSM in Mauritania) (mentioned in Trarza)
Emirate of Brakna[145] (17th century–19th century AD) (mentioned in Trarza)
Kénédougou Kingdom (1650–1898 AD)
Gyaman/Jamang/Abron Kingdom (1650–1888/1897 AD) (List of rulers of Gyaman)
Kingdom of Kaarta (1650–1890/1904 AD)
Lafia Kingdom (1650 AD–?/present)
Asante/Ashanti Empire (F)[146] (1670/1701–1902 AD, 1935–1957/present AD) (NSM in
Ghana) (Golden Stool) (List of rulers of Asante)
Imamate of Nasr ad–Din (1673–1674 AD) (Char Bouba/Mauritanian Thirty Years' War)
Khasso/Xaaso Kingdom (1681–1880 AD)
Bundu Kingdom (1690–1858 AD)
Sefwi Kingdoms:[147] (pre 17th century AD–?)
Assini
Abripiquem
Ankobra
Nzima Kingdom[148] (18th century AD–?) (formed by
Fula jihad circa 1830
combining Abripiquem, Ankobra and Jomoro)
Peda/Popo kingdom/s:
Grand Popo/Pla/Hulagan Kingdom (pre 17th century AD–?) and Djanglanmey
Little Popo/Gen/Glidji/Aného Kingdom (17th century–1885 AD) (NSM in Togo)
Aghwey/Agoué (19th century AD)
Lafia Chiefdom/Emirate (17th century AD–?/present)
Kingdom of Sukur/Margi (17th century AD–?) (Margi people)
Aowin Kingdom (?–?/present) (NSM in Ghana)
Wémè Kingdom[149] (17th century–18th century AD) (Ouémé Department of Benin)
Hogbonu Kingdom[150] (17th century–1863/1908/present AD) (NSM in Benin) (List of rulers
of Hogbonu (Porto–Novo))
Kalabari Kingdom (pre 1699–1900/present AD) (NSM in Nigeria)
Ewe Kingdoms:[151] (pre–1710/? AD) (conquered by Akwamu)
Anlo/Ho (List of rulers of Anlo) (Ho, Ghana)
Peki (List of rulers of Peki)
Kpando
Kong Empire (1710–1894 AD)
Bamana Empire of Segu/Segou (1712–1861 AD)
Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1897/1915 AD)
Bethio Principality (1724 AD–?/present) (NSM in Senegal)
Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1896/1912 AD) (Fugumba)
Akropong–Akuapem Kingdom (1730 AD–?/present) (NSM in Ghana) (List of rulers of
Akuapem)
Kingdom of Baule (1730–1893/present AD) (NSM in Côte d'Ivoire)
Anyi kingdoms:[152] (18th century–19th century AD)
Kingdom of Sanwi (NSM in Côte d'Ivoire)
Kingdom of Indénié
Kingdom of Bettié
Kingdom of Moronou
Kingdom of Diabe (Dabou?)
Dosso Kingdom (1750–1849 AD, 1856–1898/present AD) (NSM in Niger)
Gumel Chiefdom (1750–1754/present AD)
Akwa Akpa (1786–1896/present AD)(NSM in Nigeria)
Lebou Republic[153] (1790–1857/present AD) (Lebu people)
Solima Kingdom[154][155](18th century–1884 AD) (Yalunka people)
Central Africa
Ancient
Sao Civilization (6th century BC – 16th century AD)
Ekoi Civilisation[171] (pre 2nd century–7th/13th century
AD) (Ikom monoliths)
Modern
Mbunda Kingdom (1500–1917/present AD) (NSM in Angola) (Rulers of Mbundaland)
Wadai Empire (1501–1912/present AD) (NSM in Chad) (List of rulers of Wadai)
Dar Runga as a vassal
Sultanate of Bagirmi (1522–1897/present AD) (NSM in Chad) (List of rulers of Bagirmi)
Kingdom of Bandjoun/Baleng (1545 AD–?/present) (NSM in Cameroon)
Kingdom of Loango (1550–1883/present AD) (NSM in Republic of the Congo)
Luba Empire (I)[179][180] (1585–1885/present AD) (NSM in Democratic Republic of the
Congo) (List of rulers of Luba) vassals (once independent):
Kalundwe[181]
Kanyok (?–?, 1780–1810/? AD) (possibly part of Kalundwe)
Kalonja[182]
Duala Kingdom (16th century–1879 AD) (Douala) (Monneba) (List of rulers of the Duala)
Kingdom of Ndongo/Ngola (16th century–1671/1909/present AD) (NSM in Angola) (List of
Ngolas of Ndongo)
Humbe Kingdom[183] (16th century AD–?) (Nyanyeka)
Southern Africa
Post–classical
Kiteve[204][205]
Madanda[206]
Modern
See also
List of kingdoms and royal dynasties
List of former sovereign states
List of Muslim states and dynasties
List of current non–sovereign African monarchs
List of Nigerian traditional states
Monarchies in Africa
Chiefdom
Confederation
List of confederations
Category:Lists of rulers in Africa
Category:Archaeological sites in Africa
Category:Archaeological sites in Gran Canaria
Bibliography
'History periods':
General History of Africa: Volume 1 Methodology and African Historiography, chapters 1-
10 (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0
000042225&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_impo
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1981.
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w.jstor.org/stable/20024011). Daedalus. 100 (2). MIT Press: 442–468. JSTOR 20024011
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Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral Tradition as History (https://books.google.com/books?id=A-CV
BVzZwmAC&q=limitations&pg=PR5). The University of Wisconsin Press.
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'Comparison between kingdoms':
Vansina, Jan (October 1962). "A Comparison of African Kingdoms" (https://www.jstor.org/
stable/1157437). Africa. 32 (4): 324–335. doi:10.2307/1157437 (https://doi.org/10.2307%
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Further reading
General History of Africa volumes
Cambridge History of Africa
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