@ Prysics wattan UPTO Renesas Chemistry EMO iC a CEC Cosry Seto) Eons it (ay Heat! bitoni : Eerie}(thm 46 YEARS PYQS cece Ts ees S YEARS PYQs eet SUPERNOVA _ats + Chapterwis &topiwise Solved, 104 tod relovont problems for Chopteuise & opieise solved papers of post 46 years Original Peper from beth Session-1 and od EE Aeveneed Weightage analysis of Post 5 YeursJEE Sesson-2 of 5 Years (2019-2023) iia tatieiiacsiaead ‘Advanced Papers + 100% Vorifed from NTA Answer Keys tndontanding end ek too Questionwse ffiuty level enclyss in + Erorfee, indepth solutions fr all 3000-+ Puchi meaelb ie wi rong W) an jestion 3s MSQs, Paragraph Matching Li, real-time with Coreet (9), Wrong(W) ond Questions Cas EO, Fama eg Li, f Questions Unattempted (UA) questions response . tagging provided by IITJEE jE Eom SEAS MATHEMATICS CULUS CORE ee “tm BRAHMAST © Single Correct Choice Questions * One or Multiple Correct Choice Questions ‘* Integer/Numerical type Questions * Comprehension type Questions * Basie fo Advanced Level + Detailed Theory with Topic wise Solved Examples + JEE Wain & MT-IEE Advanced Exercises + Sachin Sir Specil ($) + Giticol Thinking Questions (CTQ)Chapter Wise Weightage (in %) ) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (2.82%) Redox Reaction (1.75%) @ solutions (4.54%) Chemical Thermodynamics and Energetics (3.65%) ® Equilibrium (4.44%) +n the basis of Past S Years JEE Main Papers CHEMISTRY,EDITION: 2024-25 Published By: Physicswallah Private Limited @ Physics Wallah Publication Printed by: PWP ISBN: 978-93-6034-153-4 Mobile App: Physics Wallah (Available on Play Store) Bete be Website: wwwpwilive ‘Youtube Channel: "Physics Wallah - Alakh Pandey JEE Wallah Competition Wallah NCERT Walla Email: publication@pwilive Rights All ights willbe reserved by Publisher. 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Redox Reaction...... 4 Parikshit UEE Advanced LEVI) un T27-129 FH TREOTY ven 4 PYQs (Past Year Questions) 130-133 4 —-Rarambh (Solved Examples) nnn 1-43 ff siete =e © Prararnbh (Topic 4 Prabal (JEE Main Level amined i 4 Parikshit VEE Advanced Level. A169 seas 4 PYO's (Past Year Questions) mum oso 5 Equilibrium . 36-191 PWChallenger nnn e253, * Theory 136-168, © AnaWer Key 5A 4 Aarambh (Solved Examples). 169-172 4 Prarambh (Topicwise) oA BATT 3. Solutions. 55-91 Prabal (JEE Main Level), 177-182 $B THEOLY semen 55-74 Parikshit (JE Advanced Level) 182-185 & — Aarambh (Solved Examples 1677 PYA\S (Past Year Questions) ..nsunnn 4 B6-18B Prarambh (Topicvi¢0) so. 78-80 PW Chatlengers. 189 Prabal (JEE Main Level) 80-83 % Answer Key. coven 90-191Chemistry ~ substance which occupies space, possesses mass and can be felt by any one or more of the five senses is called rater. Physical Classification of Matter It is based on physical state under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure, (@) Solid: A substance is said to be solid if it possesses a definite volume and a definite shape, e.g. sugar, iron, gold, wood ete, (8) Liquid: A substance is said to be liquid if it possesses @ definite volume but not definite shape. They take up the shape of the container, eg. water, milk, oil, mercury, alcohol etc. (©) Gas: A substance is said to be gas if it neither possesses a definite volume nora definite shape. This is because they fill up the whole container, e.g. Hydrogen (H,), Oxygen (O,), Carbon dioxide (CO,) etc. Chemical Classification of Matter (a) Pure Substance: A material containing only one type of substance. Pure Substance can not be separated into simpler substance by physical method. eg: Element = Na, Mg, Ca wnnunn Compound = HCI, H,0,CO,, INO, Pure substance is classified into two types: () Element (i) Compound (D) Element: ‘The pure substance containing only one kind of atoms. Iti classified into 3 types () Metal > Zn, Cu, Hg, Ac, Sn, Pb ete Gi) Non-metal Np, Oy, Cly, Bry, Fy, Py, Spt Gili) Metalloids > B, Si, As, Te ete. (11) Compound: Itis defined as pure substance containing ‘more than one kind of elements or atoms which are combined together in a fixed proportion by weight and which can be decomposed into simpler substance by the suitable chemical method. The properties of a ‘compound are completely different from those of its constituent element, e.g. HCl, H,0, H,SO,, HCIO,, HINO, ete. Some Basic Conce pts of (@) Mixture: A material which contain more than ne type of substances and which are mixed in any ratio by weight is called as mixture. The property of the mixture is the property of its components. The mixture can be separated by simple physical method. Classification of Mixture S. © Homogencous mixture: The mixture, in which all the ‘components are present uniformly is called as homogeneous mixture. Components of mixture are present in a single hase, e.g, Water + Salt, Water + Sugar, Water + alcohol. Homogeneous substances are of two types: (@) Pure substances: Substances which have definite and constant chemical composition are known as pure substances. For example, all elements and compounds are pure substances, (©) Solutions: A homogenous mixture of two or more pure substances is known'as a solution. For example, air, a mixture of NaCI and water, alcohol and water, te. A solution does not have a definite composition. (i) Heterogeneous mixture: ‘The mixture in which all the components ate present non-uniformly, e.g. Water + Send, Water + Oil, blood, petral ete, ATOMS AND MOLECULES 3 Atos smallest part Atom The term atom was introduced by Dalton, Atom is the lc of matter that takes part in a chemical reaction. also defined as the smallest particle of an element that retains all the properties of an element, Molecule: The term molecule was introduced by Avogadro. “Molecule isthe smallest particle of matter that exists independently and is formed by'the combination of atoms. Molecule is also defined as the smallest particle of matter that can exist and retains all the properties of that substance. Physical and Chemical Properties: (@) Physical Property: The property which ean be measured without changing the chemical composition ofthe substance is known as physical property like mass, volume, density, refractive index etey whi evaluated (6) Chemical Property: The property which can be © itpe cost of ater set i known as cherical property. Fot ‘example combustible nature of hydrogen gas can be verified by ‘buming of hydrogen, The sweet taste of sugar by consuming it. Physical Quantity and their Measurements in Chemistry Physical Quantities All quantities that can be measured are called physical quantitie eg. time, length, mass, force, work done, ete Fundamental Quantities A set of physical quantities which are completely independent of each other but al other physical quantities can be expressed in terms of these physical quantities is calle al Quantities, Fundamental units are those units which ean neither be derived from cone another nor they ean be further resolved into any other units ‘The Fundamental Quantities that are currently being accepted by the scientific community are mass, time, Iength, current, temperature, luminous intensity and amount of substance. International System (SI) of Units ‘Table: SI base quantities and their units ork REN ee Se oe sie FER ass Gran ae 3 [Time sont [as Te Ree eae feist} nov acct i=] tel tegen eRe aE eae ee 7 [Amountofsubsunce | mele | ml if number P can be expressed as PHAx 108 1S A < 10, this is called Sciemtfic Notation whei dy is ealled order of magnitude of the number. iudes of physieal qu an elvetr SI Prefixes: The m wide range. The mass of ur carth is about 6» 10% ky, of 10. Table shows these prefixes: ities vary over a 9.1 10 ky and that of ndard prefixes for ¢ tain power at figures (SF) i are known with cet igures or iy plus one that is uncertain, Larger the numberof significant figures obtained inaameasuremtent, ‘greater is its accuracy and vice v 1. Rules to find ont the number of significant figures: Rule: All the non-zero digits are significant e.g, 1984 has 4 SF. WT Rule: All the zeros between two nonzero digits are significant, e.g, 10806 has 5 SF. HII Rule: All the zeros to the left of first non-zero digit are not significant, ¢,g.00108 has 3 SF. TV Rule: Ifthe number is less than 1. zeros on the right of the decimal point but to the left of the first non-zero digit ate not significant, e.g. 0.002308 has 4 St V Rule: The trailing zeros (zeros to the right of the last non= ) in a number with a decimal point are cg. 01,080 has 4 SF, YI Rule: The trailing zeros in « number without a decimal point are not significant e.g. 010100 ha VIE Rule: When the number is expressed in exponential form, the exponential term does not affect the number of S.F. For example inx = 12.3= 1.23% 10'= 123s 102 = 0.0123 < 10" = 123 10 ¥ each term has 3 SE only. (Note: W has 3 significant figure in each expression.) 2. Rules for arithmetical operations with si T Rute: In audition or subtraction the number af dei places in the result should be equal to the number of de places of that term in the operation which contain lesser jeant figures: umber of decimal places, e. 12.987 12,5 QO87 = O41 Ce second tera contain lesser ie. ane decimal place) 1 Rute: In multiplication or division, the number of SE in the product or quotient 1s sane as the siallest number of SE in oF the WI, SO SOLIS 0625 062 Haver dhe continsion regarding the tings zeros of then the best way is Wo report 4 ‘nent in setentiie notation (in the power of 10). 1 hi without the decianal pont ‘is the base muniber bel tnewalive exponent of 10, The base number ais written ind foun with the decimal after the frst digit, While counting number of SF only base number is considered (Rule VID. sn Den 12 tera B) ea 6 rey 3 kilo. 2 hecto endl deca Refract tt deci @ 4 The change in the unit of measurement of a quantity does not affect the mimber of SF, For example in 2.308 em = 23.08 mm = 0,02308 m= 23080 jum each term has 4 SF, @ cE Dropper Module-1 CHEMISTRY‘The sccuracy of a measurement is a measure of how close the measured valve is to the true value of the quantity. Precision tells ts to what resolution or limit the quantity is measured. mnustration: Assertion: Ifthe true value fora result is 2.00 g and fa student “A’ takes two measurements and reports the results as 1,95 g and 1.93 g. These values are precise as they are close to cach other but are not accurate. ‘ Reason: Precision refers tothe closeness of various measurements for the same quantity. Whereas, accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the rue value of the result. Inthe light ofthe above statement, choose the correct answer from, the options given below: (@) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion, E (#) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of Assertion (©) Assertion is tre but Reason is false, (@ Assertion is false but Reason is true. Sol. (2) Mlustration: Assertion: 100 has only one significant figure, but 100.0has three significant figures and 100.0has four significant figures. Reason: Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of the decimal point Inthe light ofthe above statement, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (@) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion, (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of Assertion. (6) Assertion is tre but Reason (a) Assertion is false but Reason is true Sol. (a) Ilustration: Assertion: All the zeros to the left of first non-rera digit are not significant. Reason: Zeros at the end or right ofa non-zero digit ate si provided they are on the right side of the decimal point Inthe light ofthe above statement, choose the correct answer from the options given below: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is correet explanation of Asser (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of Assertion, (0) Assertion is true but Reason is false (a) Assertion is false but Reason is rue, Sol. (6) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry ‘The law of conservation of mass (Law of Indest matter) According to this law, the mass can neither be created not be destroyed in a balanced chemical reaction but one form js changed into another form. In a chemical change total mass remains conserved i.c, total mass before the reaction is always equal to total mass after the reaction. 1 He) + 70,@)> #00 I mole imole mole mole mol 1 Mass before the reaction = | x 2+ > * 32=18 gm ‘Mass after the reaction = I x 18 = 18 gm [Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products + Mass of ‘unreacted reactants] Law of constant composition (definite proportions): All chemical compounds are found to have constant composition of elements irrespective of their method of preparation or sources. Eg. In H,0. hydrogen & oxygen combine in 2: L molar ratio, this ratio remains constant whether itis tap water, river water ot seawater or produced by any chemical reaction. Law of Multiple Proportions: When one element combines with the other clement to form two or more different compounds, the ‘mass of one element, which combines with a constant mass of the ‘other bear a simple ratio to one another. Nitrogen and oxygen combine to form five oxides: weights of oxygen which combine with the fixed weight of nitrogen in these oxides are calculated as under: Oxide Ratio of weights of nitrogen and oxygen N,0 216 NO 2 N,0, 248; N,0, ot ny 28:80 Number of parts by weight of oxygen which combine with 14 pasts by weight of nitrogen from the above are 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 respectively, Their ratio is 1:2: 3:4: 5, which isa simple whole number ratio. Henee, the law of multiple proportion is iMlusteated, F OME | Law of Reciprocal Proportion: The ratio of elements A and B which combine separate ‘of the third element Cis either the same or some sit ‘of the ratio of the masses in which A and Bo EER AG JH,0- ieGay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volume: Gases combine in a simple whole number ratio of their volumes provided all ‘measurements should bedoneat the same temperature and pressure, H,(@) + Cl(g) > 2HCI 1 vol 1 vol. 2 vol. Avogadro's hypothesis: Equal volume ofall gases have equal number ‘of molecules (not atoms) at same temperature and pressure condition. S-TP. (Standatd Temperature and Pressure) Temperature = O°C oF 273 K, Pressure = | stm = 760 mm of He. Volume of one mole of gas at STP is found to be experimentally ‘equal to 22.4 litres which is known as molar volume. Measuring the volume is equivalent to counting the number of molecules of the gas, Example 1: A 15.9 g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution of acetic acid weighing 20.0 g. The ‘two substances react, releasing carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere. After reaction, the contents of the reaction vessel weigh 29.3 g, What is the mass of carbon dioxide given off during the reaction? Sol. The total mass of reactants taken = 15.9 + 200 = 35.9 gm. From the conservation of mass, the final mass of the contents of the vessel should also be 35.9 gm. But it is only 29.3 gm, The difference is due to the mass of released carbon dioxide gas. Hence, the mass of carbon dioxide gas released =35.9-29.3 = 6.6 gm Example 2: The following are the results of analysis of two samples of the same or two different compounds of phosphorus and chlorine. From these results, decide whether the two samples are from the same or different compounds. Alsostate the law, which will be obeyed by the given samples. ‘Amount of P_ Amount of C Compound A 1.156 gm 3.971 gm CompoundB 1.542 gm 5.297 am Sol. The mass ratio of phosphorus and chlorine in compound Ay mp: mgy~ 1.156:3.971 = 0.2911:1.000 ‘The mass ratio of phosphorus and chlorine in compound B, Imp i me, = 1.542:5.297 = 0,2911:1.000 AAs the mess ratio is same, both the compounds are same and the samples obcy the law of definite proportion. Example 3: 2.5 ml of a gascous hydrocarbon exactly requires 12.5 ml oxygen for complete combustion and produces 7.5 ml carbon dioxide and 10.0 ml water vapour. All the volumes are measured at the same pressure and temperature. Show that the data illustrates Gay Lussac’s Taw of volume combin Sol. Visirocarton' Vexspen ' Vearton dioxide 25:12.5:7.5: 10.0 =1:5:3:4 (simple whole no. ratio) Hence, the data is according to the law of volume ‘combination. y, water sapour Cees A sample of pure carbon dioxide, itrespectve of its souree contains 27.27% carbon aid 72.73% oxygen ‘The data support: (@ Law of constant composition, @) Law of conservation of mass. © Law of reciprocal proportions, (@ Law of multiple proportions, 2, ‘The percentage of hydrogen in water and hydrogen peroxide is 11.1 and 5.9 respectively. These figures illustrate: (@) Law of multiple proportions. (@) Law of conservation of mass. (©) Law of constant proportions. @ Law of combining volumes. 3. 1.0 g of an oxide of A contained 0.5 g of A. 4.0 g of another oxide of A contained 1.6 g of A. The data indicate the law of: (@ Reciprocal proportions. (©) Constant proportions. (©) Conservation of energy. (@ Multiple proportions, 4. Carbon is found to form two oxides which contain 42.9% 627.3% of carbon respectively show that these figures shows the {@) Law of multiple proportion (8) Law of definite proportion (©) Law of mass conservation (@ Allofthese ATOMIC MASS & MOLECULAR MASS Relative Atomic Mass: One of the most important concept from Dalton’s atomic theory was that of relative atomic mass or relative atomic weight. This is done by expressing mass of one atom with respect to a fixed standard. Dalton used hydrogen as the standard (H=1), Later on oxygen (O= 16) replaced hydrogen asthe reference, Tho present standard unit which was adopted internationally in 1961. is based on the mass of one earbon-12 isotopic atom, taken as exactly 12.000 u (amu). Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) __Mass of one stom of an element FE cat ofon som ome Mate Unt (rtm The omic mas wit (om) : 1 Tamu= 75 mass of one C!? isotopic atom mass of one nucleon in C”? atom. 1 amu =1.66 « 10 gm or 1.66% 10 kg‘g Today, amu has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as ‘unified atomic mass ‘s Onc amu is also called One Dalton (Da). 3 atomic mass = R.A.M x 1 amu ‘= Relative atomic mass indicates the number of nucleons present in the atom, average / Mean Atomic Mass ‘The woighted average of the isotopic masses of the element's aturally occurring isotopes. Mathematically, average atomic mass of X (A,) ant +A,%, Mt tah 100 Where: : - yyy My atomic mass of isotopes. and ¥,,%.X;-----mole% of %of natural abundance of isotopes. (© Atomic weights of many elements are not whole numbers due to the presence of stable isotopes. (© The number of atoms of a particular isotope present in 100 atoms ofa natural sample ofthat element is called its relative abundance which always remains constant for a given element © Shorteut for % determination if average atomic weight is given for X having isotopes XA & XB. Average atomic weight —wt of X® difference in weight of X* & X® Ilustration: Naturally occurring chlorine is 75% CIS which has an atomic mass of 35 anu and 25% CP” which has a mass of 37 amu, Calculate the average atomic mass of eblorine: (a) 35.Samu (0) 36.5amu (c) Tamu (d) T2ama Sol. (a) Average atomic mass “= (oof isotope) * (ts AM) + (% of isotope) x (8 A.M.) x 100 (_ 15x35+25%37 100 1 A xmass of one C — atom 2 5 + Molecular mass = Relative molecular mass x 1 amu Mean Molar Mass or Molecular Mass ‘The average molar mass of the different substance present in the My #1,My +.nM, Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Where: M,.M,M, are molar masses. Dy Nyy My yao FE moles Of Substances. Formula Mass ‘The formula mass of a substance is defined as the sum of the atomic masses of constituent atoms in an ionic compound. This is generally used for ionic compounds which do net contain discrete ‘molecules, but ions as their constituent units, For example: Formula mass of NaClis: Formula mass = mass of sodium atom + mass of chlorine atom 3 +35.5)u=585u Mlustration: The molar composition of polluted air is as follows: Gas Atowt mole percentage composition Oxygen 16 16% Nitrogen 14 80% Caron dioxide 03% Sulphur dioxide 01% ‘Whats the average molecular weight ofthe given polluted ais? (Given, atomic weights of C and $ are 12 and 32 respectively. & Here Sn, = 100 Example 4: Find the relative atomic mass of “0° atom and. its atomic mass. Sol. The number of nucleons present in *O” atom is 16. Relative atomic mass of “O" atom = 16, Atomic mass =R.A.M * Lamu 16% Tamu = 16 amu Example 5: The weight of one atom of uranium is 235 amu. Its actual weight in g is: Sol, 235 * 1.67 107% g 3.951072 9 Create 5. The Relative molecular mass of ammonia is: @I7 2 © Was 6. ‘The mass of an atom of soxlium is: ()) 23m @ ame (@ 23 amu (©) 46 amu 7. The atomic mass & molecular mass of hydrogen is: (b) Zama & 4 amu (@ 4amu& 8 ame (@) Lamu & 2amu (©) 3amu & Gamu8, One ‘u’ stands for the (@ mass of an atom of carbon-12 atom. (@) 1/12" of mass of carbon-12. (©) 1/12" of mass of hydrogen atom. (@) mass of one atom of any of the element. 9. Mass of J amu in g is equal to: (@) 1.66 x 10% g @ 1.66 x 107g © 1.008 g @ 9.18 10% Mole Mole is a counting unit mostly used for microscopic particles and is defined as follows: A mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many ‘entities (atoms, molecules or other particles) as there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg (or 12 gm) of the carbon-12 isotope. From mass spectrometer we found that there are 6.022 x 103 atoms present in 12. gm of C! isotope. ‘The number of entities in 1 mol is 50 important that itis given a separate name and symbol known as Avogadro constant denoted by Ny. ie., on the whole we can say that I mole is the collection of 6.022 x'10® entities. Here entities may represent atoms, ions, molecules or even pens, chair, paper etc but as this number (N,)is very large therefore it is significant only for very micro-partices. Mlustration: Chlorophyll, the green colouring material of plants contains 3.68 % of magnesium by mass. Calculate the number of ‘magnesium atom in 5.00 g of the complex. Sol. Mass of magnesium in 5.0 g of complex 68 x 5.00= 0.184 g = Yoo Atomic mass of magnesium 24g of magnesium contain = 6,022 < 10 atoms 6.022%1073 0.184 g of magnesium would contain = = 4.617 x 102! ‘Therefore, 5.00 g of the given complex would contain 4,617 * 10 atoms of magnesium. How Big is a Mole? ‘Amount of water in world’s oceans (litres) x 0.184 ‘Age of earth (seconds) Population of earth I Avogadro's number 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 Distance from earth to sun (centimeters) ‘= In modem practice gram-atom and termed as mole. Gram Atomic Mass: The atomic mass of an element expressed in gram is called gram atomic mass of the element. Itis also defined as mass of 6.022 « 10 atoms, It is also defined as the mass of one mole atoms. amu For example, for oxygen atom: Atomic mass of (O° atom = mass of one ‘0” atom = 16 amu Gram atomie mass = mass of 6.022 * 1023 *O” atoms, = 16 amu x 6,022 * 10% = 16 x 1.66 x 10° g x 6.022 x10? = 16g (22 1.66 « 10% x 6.022 « 10 = 1) Gram Molecular Mass: The molecular mass of a compound expressed in gram is called the gram-molecular mass of the compound. or Tkis also defined as mass of 6.022 10% molecules. or Itis also defined as the mass of one mole molecules. For example, for ‘O,’ molecule: Molecular mass of 0,” molecule ‘mass of one ‘O,” molecule = 2x mass of one “O" atom = 2 * 16 amu = 32 amu Gram molecular mass ~ mass of 6.022 x 108 “0,” molecules = 32 amu x 6.022 x 10% 52 1.66% 10 gmx 6022x108 =32¢m (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAM AND 5 ote of one C stom For carbon (C!*) atom, | mole C= 12 gm = 6.022 x 10? atoms: ‘wt. of 6.022 x 10 C! atoms = 12 gm Lam (Ng Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 1033) 1 ental 12 Tamu = Tz ofwt ofone C® atom = 5x > gm 2 12 l tamu =— em, nee (METHODS OF CALCULATIONS OF MOLE) (@) Ino, of particles of tome specesis given, then no. of oles Given of parties “2! (©) If weight of given species is given, then no, of moles = Given Wor atoms), ‘Atomic wt Given we Given Wt (for molecules Molecular wt. ‘ »(©) Hvolume ofa gas is given along with its temperature (T) PV. and pressure (P) use n = 7™ (assuming gusto be ideal) ‘where R = 0.0821 litatm/mol-K (when Pisin atmosphere and V isin ite.) Y-map: Interconversion 6f mole - volume, mass and number of particles: = mol. wt. |] mol. wt. or ora wt) | fo At. wt) (atomicity) It is equal to number of atoms present in one molecule. For example atomicity of H,, CO,, Os, CCl,, respectively, (DENsiTY. For Liquids and Solids, (@) Absolute density Mass Volume Absolute density (Relative density Density of substance Density of standard substance __ .._Densityof substance 8. Specific Bavity = Density of H,O at4rC For Gases: Relative density PM Absolute density (mass / volume) = er where P is pressure of gas, M = mol. wt. of gas, R is the gas constant, Tis the temperature, Vapour density: [tis defined only for gas. Itis a density of gas with respect to H, gas al same temperature & pressure ae PMpx/RT Myx M ay, 7 PM TRE My, 2 | © 1g0,1g0,,1g0, each have same number of oxygen atoms. © Density ofliquid waterat 4°Cis | pimL~ 1 yico= 10° kg/m? Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Train Your Brain Example 6: Total number of atoms ofall elements present in I mole of ammonium dichromate is? @ 14 @ 19 © 6x10” @ 114x108 Sol. (NH,),Cr,0, =19*6,022%10® ~ 114 * 10 atoms. Example 7: How many atoms of oxygen are there in 16 g of oxygen? @2% ON WISN @ 4 Sol. Letx atoms of oxygen are present 1 16 1.66% 10 xx= 16 g=>x: So, x=16g eeu om =Na Example 8: Calculate the volume in litres of 20 g hydrogen gn8 at STP. @ 2247 (@) 241 © 24L Sol. No. of moles of hydrogen 888 = WE mass 20em = Fam = 1m! ‘Volume of hydrogen gas at STP= 10 « 22.4 L Example 9: The number of atoms contained in 11.2 L of. SO, atS.TP. are: (@ 3/2 6.022 10% (b) 2% 6,022 108 (©) 6.022 « 108 @ 4% 6.022% 108 Sol. 22.4 litre gas has = | mole 1 1 Uitve gas has = 35-7 *11.2= > mole of molecules L =3x4 moleof atoms 2 3 = 5 * 6.022 x 10% atoms Example 10:7. lite of the particular gas at SP weighs V6 gram, What isthe VD. of gas? 15 16 ma™M “8 M= 48 grim; VD. = “S34, ind the density of CO,(g) with respect to Sol. Moles at 8:7) Example 11: N,0(). Mut. of CO, _ 44 VD. a Mavtof N,0 44 Example 12: Find the vapour density of N,O,. Mol.wt, of N05 _ 108 2Cito |. The number of electrons present in 1 mol of methane molecule are: (@) 6.022 « 108 (b) 6.022 » 10 (©) 6.022 * 10 (@) 6.022 10? |. The mass of one molecule of water is approximately (@) 3% 10 g @® Be (©) 15% 107g @ 45% 107% ‘The molar mass of ferrous sulphate (FeSO,.7H,0) is: (@) 152 am () 278 em © 137 am (D None of these ‘The vapour density of carbon dioxide is: @4@ O82 ©2 wR ‘The density of airs 0.001293 g/em? at STP. Identify which of the following statement is correct? (@) Vepour density is 12.72. (©) Molecular weight is 28.96. (©) Vapour density is 0.001293 g/cm? (@) Vapour density and molecular weight cannot be determined. ‘ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS For n mole of a compound (C,H,0,); Moles of C Moles of H ‘Moles of 0 PERCENTAGE FORMULAE COMPOSITION. % of element in a compound ‘Atomic weight of element Number of atom thet lementinonemaleculex100 Total molecular weightof compound Here we are going to find out the percentage of each element in the compound by knowing the molecular formula of compound, EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA ‘Wehavejustscenthatknowing the molecular formulaofthecompout ind, ‘we can calculate percentage composition ofthe elements. Conversely, if we know the percentage composition of the elements init wwe can calculate the relative number of atoms of each element ‘molecules of the compound. This gives us the empirical formula of ly, the the ‘compound, Further ifthe molecular mass is known then the molecular formula can easily be determined An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms present in a compound. ‘The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms of each elementina molecule. The molecular formula shows the exact number Of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound. “The molediilar formula isan integral multiple ofthe empirical formula, Molecular formula = Empirical formula * nv Molecular Formula Mass Empirical Formula Mass where n + Ifsum of mass percent of all elements is less than 100, then difference is due to oxygen. 12, Meo, Horc= x x100 = Mass % of C= 3 2 Mo ‘3 Mass % of = 7g % 100 Example 13: Every molecule of ammonia always has formula NH, irrespective of method of preparation or sources. ie, 1 mole of ammonia always contains | molof Nand 3 moleofH. In other words 17 gm of NH, always contains 14 gm of N and 3 gm of H. Now find out % of each element in the compound, Sol. Mass % of N in NH, = ‘Mass of N in I mole NH, “Massof I mole of NH; Mass % of Hin NH, = 3xMass of H in I mole Nils Massof I mole of NH ~ 4 - %100-=77 *100=82.35% 100 3 ~ yy *100= 17.65 % Example 14: Acetylene and benzene both have the empirical formula CH. The molecular masses of acetylene and benzene are 26 and 78 respectively. Deduce their molecular formulae, Sol. *» Empirical Formula is CH Step-1: The empirical formula of the compound is CH + Empirical formula mass = (1x 12)+1=13, Molecular mass = 26 Step-2: To caleulate the value of ‘x? Molecular mass 26 Empirical formula mass 13” Step calewlate the molecular formula of the Compound Molecular formula =n (Empirical formula of the compound) = 2 * CH= C,H, ‘Thus the molecular formula is C, Hy larly for benzene To calculate the value of ‘n* Molecular mass B Empirical formula mass 13 Thus the molecular formula is 6 x CH = CH, @® cx Dropper Modute-1 CHEMISTRYset [Fiemeat | *Atmie [aide] Sm | fas smatst rv | inept Pow [28enas] 1 | u 13s Example 1S: An organic substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following pementage composition. C= 40.684 ; H = 5.085% and O = 54.2289 The molecular weight of the compound is 118, Calculate the molecular formula of the compound. (2) CHO, (6) CHO, @ CHO, late the empirical formula of the 1 a 74.06 _ [2 [At] #8 185 16 So empirical formula is NO, Citinecea 15, Acompound contains 25% hydrogen and 75% carbon by ‘mass, Determine the empirical formula ofthe compound. (@) CH, (8) Call, © GM ( Cl; “The empirical formula of a compound of molecular mass 120 u is CHO. The molecular formola of the compound is (@) CHO, () CWO, (©) GC, (2 Allof these Calculate the molecular formula of compound which contains 20% Ca and 80% Br (by wt.) if molecular weight of compound is 200 u. (Atomic wt, Ca ® 40. Br= 80) (4) Ca, Be (8) Cade, (©) Cae ( Ca,be Empirical Formula is C; H, Oy Step-2: To calculate the empirical formula mass, ‘The empirical formula mass of the compound is 12 x2 +3x1+16%2=59 ‘Step-3: To calculate the value of 'n’ Molecular mass us Empirical formula mass 59 Step-4: To calculate the molecular formula of the salt Molecular formula = n » (Empirical formula) CHO, = CHO, Thus the molecular formula is C,H, 0, = Example 16: Acetylene & butene have empirical formula CH& (CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION CH, respectively. The molecular mass of acetylene and butene || Concentration of a solution are 26 & S6 respectively. Deduce their molecular formula | following ways, Sol. ) by we solution 4.9% 180, by wt > 100 ym of solution contains 4.9 gm of HL,SOy. (i) % by volume: Volume of solute (in ml) dissolved in 100 ml of solution in be expressed in any of the Amount of solute (in g) dissolved in 100 gm of Empirical formula mass For Acetylene :n £. Molecular formula = C,H, 11,80, by volum 56 => 100 ml of solution contains x ml H,SO, For Butene: n= 2o = 4 i ‘i 4 (ii) % wt. by volume: wt, of solute (in g) present in 100 ml of Molecular formula = C,H, solution, Example 17: An onde of stogen gave the folowing | | (ESHCENTRATION TERMS) percentage composition by mass , {ATION TERMS N= 25.94 and O = 74.06 Molarity (MD Caleulate the empirical formula of the compound solution: (@ NO, (0) N,0, (©) NO, (d) N,O Molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute present in 1000 ml of Moles of solute Volume of solution (L) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry if1o,of moles of solute present in 1000 gmof solvent. | at of solvent ine fractions Tix mele trction of panicle component in 2 ition deal sth nanber of mses fat emponent per mole of solution. Ifa solution has n, mole of A & ny mole of B. mole fraction of A(X, mote fraction of B (Xs) X,tXpel Parts per million (ppm): Mass of solute Mass of solvent “| ‘CONVERSION OF _CONCENTRAT! 1. Molarity and % solute by mass: Let d = density of solution in gimL and let it contains x% (wit) sol xxdx10 2 Mass of solute, © Mass of solution | mass. M= my © Specific gravity has no units and its numerical value equals density in g/mL. consisting of nwo co: solvent). 5a ataion ve m= Ba. 1000 = —Ba x1) mass of solvent apap where M, is the molecular wt, of the solvent B. mole fraction of A, 1000 mole faction of 8 Mg 1000 ‘mole faction of solute molecular wt, of solvent mole fraction of 3. Mole fraction of ‘solute into molarity of solution X,€*1000 Ma —txi000— XM, +X, ‘Mole fraction of solvent and solute are X, and X, so X,+X,=1 | Suppose total mole of solution is = 1 then mole of solute and solute and solvent are X, & X, respectively weight of solute = X,M,, weight of solvent. solvent My & total wt of solution = X,M, + X.M, ‘olume of sotution = iM, = 2M y= XM +XsMy a ‘4x1000 X, xd1000 | | molarity (M1) = ' OO SM, +X, | 10 4. Molarity into mote fraction X, = 1000MY 100d — Nyy Molarity = M moles solute in 1000 ml of solution So, moles of solute ~ M & mass of solution = d » 1009 ‘wt. of solute = MM, & wt. of solvent = 1000d— MM, Where M, is molar mass of solute mole fraction of solute = 1000M / [10004 ~ MM,} mM, 1000+mM, Molality = moles of solute in 1000 gm of solvent = m 5. Molality into mole fraction X, = 1000 ‘ moles of solvent= “> where M, is molar mass of solv fraction X= 5 aN ‘mole factions To99 1000+ mM, i mdx1000 olality in M= 6 Molality into molarity M = Te sg, Molality = m moles of solute in 1000 gm of solvent mole of solute =m & weight of solute = mM, Weight of solution = 1000 + mM, volume of solution = 1000+MM, 5 _ 1000+mM, » 4 dx1000 mxd*1000 molarity = %4%1000 eee 000+ mM, Mx1000 7, Molarity into Molality m= TE M, end M, are molar masses of solvent and solute. Molarity =M mole of solute in 1000 ral of solution moles of solute = M & weight of solute = MM, ‘weight of solution = 10000 - mass of solvent = 1000d- MM, ny = _ M1000 molality = —M%1000__ Y T000d—MM, 1, My oon simplifying |é =m] 1, Ma litving| m | (DuuTION @ mxinG or Two LIQUIDS) ® Upon dilution no. of moles of solute remains constant. If ¢ particular solution having volume V, mL and molarity M, is Giluted upto volume V, mL. MV,=MV,~ M, : final molarity * Ifasoltition having volume V, and molarity M, is mixed with another solution of same solute having volume V, & molarity My then M,V, + M,V; = MR (V, +V,) MV=M.Y, VV MR = Resultant molarity = © Molality is the most convenient method to express the concentration because it involves the mass of liquids rather than their volumes. It ig also independent of the variation in temperature, @® EE Dropper Medule-1 CHEMISTRY‘No. of motes of solute = Motarity ‘ yolume of salution (in L) No. of millimoles of solute = Molarity < volume of solution (ia mL) 1 mole = 1000 millimale All those concentration terms which does not involve volume terms eg. ppan, mass °%, molality, mole frsetion are independent of temperature of the solution, For dilue aqueous solution, molarity = molality Concentration of solids or pure liquids is constant. (C=nV=an) 7 PL ciiseicciid Example 18: 0.2 mole of HCl and 0.1 mole of barium chloride were dissolved in 0.5 L of water to produce solution. The molarity of the CI ions is: (@ 006M () 0.09 M (©) 012M (@) 080M Sol HCL —> cr 0.2 mole BaCl, —+2 Cr 2*0.1=02 Total moles of Cr 42 mM=~ *1000 0.41000 (2-03) eae (ean 3008 * a Example 19: 149 g of potassium chloride (KD is dissolved in 10L of an aqueous solution, Determine the molarity of the solution. (K=39, C1= 35.) @ 02M (04M (© 05M @ 22M Sol. Molecular mass of KCI = 39+35.5 = 74.5 ¢ 1498 Motes fkci= 228 . Molaity ofthe soltion= = 0.20 Example 20: 255 g ofan aqueous solution contains 5 g of urea. What is the concentration ofthe solution in terms of molality? (Mol, wt. of urea = 60) (@ 0222 m () 0333 m (© 222m @ 333m |. Mass of urea=5 g Molecular mass of urea = 60 Number of moles of urea = =. 60 ‘Mass of solvent = (255 — 5) = 250 g Molality of the solution _ Number of moles of solute ©" Mass of solvent in gram 0.083 1000 = 0,332 m 350 *1000= 0.332 1000 ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Example 21: 117 g NaCl is dissolved in 500 mt aqueous, solution, Find the molarity of the solution, Sol. Molatty = pap Example 22: Calculate the resultant molarity of following: (@) 200 wil IM HCI +300 ml water (®) 1500 ml IMTICL+ 1825 g HCL (©) 200 ent IM HC1+ 100 ml 0.5 MHSO, (2) 200 onl IMHCL+ 100 mt0.5 MCL 200x1+0 2004300 18.25%1000 6.5. 33M |. (a) Final molarity = =0.4M. 1500%14 Final molasity= isu 200x1+ 1000.52 2004100 200%14+100%0, 200100, Example 23: 518 g of an aqucous solution contains 18 g of glucose (mol.wt. = 180). What is the molality of the solution? Sol. wt. of solvent ~ S18 ~ 18 = 500 g isiiaonees 30071000 Finalmolarity oft IM Final motarity = = So molarity Example 24: 0.25 g of a substance is dissolved in 6.25 g of a solvent, Calculate the percentage amount of the substance in the solution Sol. Wt. of solution = 0.25 + 6.25 = 6.50 0.25 80% (win) = 225.100 =3.8% ki 6.50 Example 2S: Anaqueous solutionis 1.33 molal in methanol. Determine the mole fraction of methanol & H,O, Sol. Molality Mole fraction of solute a Mole fraction of solvent x mol.wt, of solvent X= 0.02304 Xy, Xy+ Xy=l = 1.02394 Xy= 1 1.02394 2" Method: Let wt. of solvent = 1000 gm, ‘molality = 1,33 means 1.33 moles of solute are present in 1000 g solvent Xs 98, X, = 0.02 "role faction of sate racial Trae of oolue+ mele FoaTaat 133 ~ 51000” 733+ 000718) Mole fraction of solute = 0.02 Mole fraction of solvent = | 0.02 = 0.98 eee 18. If 500 ml of 1 M solution of glucose is mixed with 500 mil of 1 M solution of glucose, final molarity of solution will be: @IM 05M @2M @IsM . The volume of water that must be added to a mixture of 250 ml of 0.6 M HCI and 750 ml of 0.2 M HCI to obtain 0.25 M solution of HCI is: (@ 750m1 (6) 100m! (€) 200m! (a) 200m ). The molarity of CI in an aqueous solution which was (wiv) 2% NaCl, 4% CaCl, and 6% NH,CI will be: @ 0342) 0.721 (112 (a 28 21. 2M of 100 ml Na,SO, is mixed with 3M of 100 ml NaCl solution and | Mof 200ml CaCl, solution. Then the ratio of the concentration of cation and anion. @i2 2 O1s @1 22, Equal moles of H,O and NaClare present in a solution. Hence, molality of NaCl solution is @ 055 @) 555) 1.00 0.18 23, Mole fraction of A in H,0 is 0.2. The molality of A in H,Ois: @BI O35 (© 45 W168 J. What is the molarity of H,SO, solution that has a density of 1.84 g/cc and contains 98% by mass of H,S0,? (Given atomic mass of S = 32) @ 418M () 814M (©) 184M (@) 18M . The molarity of the solution containing 2.8% (mass! volume) solution of KOH is : (Given atomic mass of K=39)is: @ 01M 05M © 02M @IM STOICHIOMETRY BASED CONCEPT (PROBLEMS BASED ON CHEMICAL REACTION) : All chemical reaction are represented by chemical equations by using chemical formulae of reactants and products, Qualiatively & chemical equation simply describes whatthe reactants and products are. However, a balanced chemical equation gives us 1 lot of {quantitative information mainly the molar ratio in which reactants combine and the molar ratio in which products are formed. 2 Exampk ‘When potassium chlorate (KCIO,) is heated it gives potassig chloride (KCI) and oxygen (0,) KCIO, —> KC1+ 0, (unbalanced chemical equation 2KCIO0, —> 2KCI +30, (balanced chemical equation) Atributes of a balanced chemical equation: (@ Meontains an equal number of atoms of each element on both sides of equation, | | j i | (0) It should follow law of charge conservation on cither side, «© Physical states of all the reagents should be included in brackets, (d) All reagents should be writen in their standard molecular forms (not as atoms) (©) The coefficients give the relative molar ratios of each reagent. Balancing a chemical equation Many chemical equations can be balanced by tral and error. Let us take the reactions ofa few metals and non-metals with oxygen to give oxides : For Example: ‘Combustion reaction of C,H, : C,H, +0,—> CO, + H,0 (skeleton equation) Balance carbon atoms: C,H, + 0, > 2CO, + H,0 Now tlacshyrogon stom: Cly +0, 2» 260,.-3840 Now tameconre dame Gy, + 20, 200, +3140 Always remember that subscripts in formula of reactants and products eannot be changed to balance an equation. One of the most important aspects of a chemical equation is that when it is written in the balanced form, it gives quantitative relationships between the vatious reactants and products in terms of moles, masses, molecules and volumes. Mole - Mole Analysis This analysis is very much important for quantitative analysis point of view. Consider of KCI, 2KCIO, > 2KC1+30, {mn very fist step of mole-mole analysis you should read the balanced 1 equation like 2 moles KCIO, on decomposition gives oles KCI and 3 moles O, and from the stoichiometry of reaction we can write he decompositi * Moles of KCIO, _ Moles of KCI _ Moles of O, 2 2 3 Now for any general balanced chemical equation like aAtbB—>eC+dD you can write Moles of A reacted _ Moles of B reacted a > Moles of produced _ Moles of D produced © d @ 1ce Dropper Modute-1 CHEMISTRYFurther, a balanced chemical equation along with he quantitative jaformation conveyed by itis given below: saa "Ec + 0 + co, tle 2Mole Mole Mole Mole GHEE 204355) oDGSS DIG DIE =108 “Te =llg = 18g a¥gorz2AL asTt ‘Ths, (1 mole of calcium carbonate reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid to give 1 mole of calcium chloride, 1! mole of water and | mole of carbon dioxide. (i 100 g of calcium carbonate react with 73 g hydrochloric acid to give 111 g of calcium chloride, 18 g of water and 44 g (or 22.4 litres at STP) of earbon dioxide. Stoichiometry: ™ + 3H, > 2NH, I mole 3 mole 2mole 224 litre 3224 litre 2% 22.4 lite (at STP) 1 litre 3 litre 2 litre 100ml = 3000 mL. 2000 mL Im 3mL 2mL 28 gm 6am 34g (law of conservation of mass is followed). ‘& Mass can not be represented by stoichiometry. The quantitative information conveyed by a chemical equation helps in a number of calculations. The problems involving these calculations may be classified into the following different types: ‘Type (1) Mass - Mass Relationships i.e, mass of one of the reactants or products is given and the mass of some other reactant or product is to be calculated, ‘Mass - Mass Analysis Consider the reaction 2 KCIO, +» 2KC1 +30, ‘According to stoichiometry of the reaction ‘mass-mass ratio= 2% 122.5 : 2% 74.5: 3x32 or MassofKCIO, _ 2122.5 MassofKCL |” 2*74.5 Massof KCIO3 _ 2x 122.5 MassofO, 3x32 Iustration: Calculate the weight ofron which will be converted into its oxide by the action of 36 g of steam. (Given :3Fe + 44,0 —+ Fe,0, +11) Sol, Mole rato of reaction suggests, Mole of Fe Mole of H,O 3 1s Mole of Fe= 7 * mol of HO 3 of Fe= 3 <56=84g Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Mustration: What amount of ‘silver chloride iy formed by the action of 5.850 g of sodium chloride on an excess of silver nitrate? Sol. Writing the balanced equation for the reaction NaCl + AgNO; —> Agcl + mol * mol Weight _ 5.85 My 585 mole(NaC mole(AgCl) 1 => mole (AgCl) NNO, mot ft mot Ac OL mot 1 = Weight _ Weight ate Mog ass = weight=0.1 «143.5 g= 14.35 g. Mustration: How much iron can be theoretically obtained jn the reduction of 1 kg of Fe,0,? Sol. Writing the balanced equation for the decomposition rection. 0,4 270+20, ‘mole(Fe) 2 : 2x1000 ee = moles of Fe = Weight __ Weight Atomic weight 56 Weight of iron obtained = 12.5 x 56 g= 700 ‘Type (II) Mass - Volume Relationships ic, mass/volume of one of the reactants or products is given and the volume/mass of the other isto be calculated. 2KC1O,—> 2KCI +30, Mass volume ratio= 2x122S~e: 2% 145 e:3% 24Lat STP ‘we can use two relation for volume of oxysten Mass of KCIO, — _ 2122.5¢ Volume of 0, at STP — 322.41 “ Mass of KCL *74, Volume of O, at STP Illustration: How much marble of 90.5% purity would be required to prepare 10 litres of CO, at STP when the marble is acted upon by dilute HCI? Sol. CaCO, +2HCI—> CaCl, + H,0 + CO; 100 8 22line 22.4 Lof CO, at STP will be obtained from 100 gof CaCO, 10 L of CO, at STP will be obtained from pure 100 100 10 = 44.64 224 . and ii) 322.4. caco, 100 : warble required = <> * 49.326 g Impure marble required = 55g * 44.64 & B" i ethane the IMlustration: At 100°C for complete combustion of 3g ethan required volume of O, & produced volume of CO, at STP will be? Sol. 2CH, + 70s) —* 4COypy + 6H,Oy 2 1 4 6 Weight 3 M, 30 0.35 mol. Required Volume of O, at STP = 0.35 » 22.4= 7.84 L. 4 And produced moles of CO, = 5 * 0.1 = 0.2 mol. Volume of CO, obtained at STP =0.2 «22.4 = 4.48 L, Mlustration: In the following reaction, if 10 g of H, is reacted No, what will be the volume of NH, produced at STP? N,+3H, —> 2NH, Sol.N, + 3H, —> 2NIK, _ Weight ny, = Weight, Produced moles of NH, Type (IX) Volume - Volume Relationships ic. volume ofone of the reactants or the products is given and the volume of the other is to be calculated. Mlustration: At 100°C for complete combustion of 1.12 litre of butane (C,H), the produced volume of H,O(g) & CO, at STP willbe. Sol. 1 XY 4 3 Cag * Yh Or) PAC + SHO Li? litre Volume of HO, at STP=5 x 1.12 =5.6 litre Volume of COy,) at STP = 4 « 1.12 = 4.48 litre Mlustration: At25°C for complete combustion of 5 mole propane (GH), the required volume of ©, at STP will be? Sol. For C,H,, the combustion reaction is CHa * 503q—> 3COn,y) + 4H 5 mol v 24 ‘Volume of O, gas at STP (V) =25 * 22.4= 560 L. Mlustration: 3 litre of mixture of propane (CyH,) & butane (C,H) fon complete combustion give 10 litre CO,. Find the composition of the mixture, Sol, Let the volume of propane in the mixture = x litre, The volume of butane in the mixture = (3 ~ x) litre Now let us calculate the volume of CO, evolved with the help of chemical equation, Required moles of 0, = 5 5 =25 mol 14 Step: Caen volume of CO, fom: lite crap CH, +50, — 3C0, + 44,0 x litre 3x Titre Step-If: Calculation of volume of CO, from (3 ~x) lig 7 1 butane. The combustion equation for butane is: 13 (Hyp + JO, —> 4CO, + SHO Box) litre 4(3—) litre Step-IIT: Calculation of composition of the mixture, Total volume of CO, formed inthe step (1) and step qy =[Bx+4@—x] lite But the volume of CO, actually formed = 10 litre 3x+43—x)=10 or3x+12-4x=10 or x= 2ire ++ Volume of propane =x litre = 2 litre +. Volume of butane = (3 ~ x) litre = (3-2) = 1 litre Ui Chet Tet) Example 26: Write a balanced chemical equation for the following reaction: ‘When ammonia (NH,) decompose into nitrogen (N,) gas & hydrogen (H,) gas. Sol Nity2N +20 or 29438 Example 27: When 170 g NH, (M=17) decomposes, how ‘many grams of N, & H, is produced? is Sol. NH, 4Nn,+2H, ol, NH, > ON, +34 moles of NH; _ moles of N, _ molesof Hy = molesof Hy So, moles of N, 21 So, wt. of N= 5%*28= 140 g 3,170 Similarly moles of Hy = 2472 Tee 3 ay So, wt. of H = 15 x2= 30g Example 28: When 340 g NH, (M= 17) decomposes, how many litres of nitrogen gas is produced at STP? @ 224L & 24L (© 24L @ None 1 3 Sol, NHy Na +3H2 So moles of N, pee 10 J. Vol, OfN, at STP (0 22.4= 224 L. @ EE dropper Module-t CHEMISTRY(iene . If 1.5 moles of dioxygen combine with Al to form Al,0,, the weight of Al used in the reaction @ 27g =) 405g ©) 54g) Bg ., How many litres of CO, at STP will be formed when 0.01 mol of H,SO, reacts with excess of Na,CO,? 1Na,C0, + H,S0,—> Na,S0, + CO, +H,0 (@ 24L (0) 224L (@) 0224L @ 1.12L . How many moles of potassium chlorate need to be heated to produce 11.2 litre oxygen at STP. KCI0, —>Kci+30, @ Jomo Quite often one of the reactants is present in larger amount than the other as required according to the balanced equation. The amount of the product formed then depends upon the reactant which has reacted completely. This reactant is called the limiting reactant. ‘The excess of the other is left unreacted Limiting Reagent (L.R.): The reactant which is completely consumed in a reaction is called as LR. Calculation of Limiting Reagent: (@) By calculating the required amount by the equation and comparing it with given amount. [Useful when only two reactant re there] (8) By calculating amount of any one product obtained taking cach reactant one by one irrespective of other reactants. The cone giving least product is limiting reagent. (©) Divide given moles of each reactant by their stoichiometric coefficient, the one with least ratio is limiting reagent. [Useful ‘when number of reactants are more than two.) Ex. A + 2®B—— > C+ 20D Given moles 3 9 o 0 3-3 9-6 ° 3 3 6 AisLR. Formula for checking L.R. = Given value (moles, volume, or molecules) ‘Stoichiometry Coefficient Least value indicate the LR. Ex. A B 3 9 323 2 T 2 3<45 0 SA 245 isLR Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (EnceNTacE Vier) The percentage yield of product Actual yield. ~ Theoretical maximum yield 1° ‘The actual amount of any limiting reagent consumed is given by (yield * given moles of limiting reagent). a ye ( LIL Clete Example 29: A. +58 —C+3D, in this reaction which is aLR?” Sol. Fork ForB 10 10_ War Bea 2<10 So, BisLR ‘Example 30: H,(g) + FO —11,0@) + in the above reaction, what is the volume of water vapour produced at sTP? (@) 448L (©) 2247, () 487 @ u2L 1 Sol. H,(g) + 50;(g)—>H,0(8) te a For H, For 0, 4 32 q72mol n= 35 = Imol 2 1 ForLR 5-2 7 =2mol Moles of H,O,,, produced = 2 mol = Both H, & O, are LR. ‘Volume of H,0,,, produced at STP= 22.4 «2 = 44.8 litre Example 31: AtSTP, Ina container 100 mLN, and 100 mL. of H, are mixed together. Then find out the produced volume of NH,. 2a (@) 6.66 mL (©) 66.6 mL | (©) 3.33 mL (@ 5.55 mL Sol. Balanced equation will be N, ~ 3H, > 2NH,. Given 100mL 100mL. For determination of Limiting reagent. Divide the given quantities by stoichiometry coefficients a = 33.3 (Limiting reagent) 56 sis limiting reagent so reaction will proceed according to Hy. According to stoichiometry from 3 mL of Hy produced volume of NH, = 2 ml ‘That is from 100 mt of H, produced volume of Nui =} ¥ 100 = 66.6 mL Example 32: Number of moles of NH, produced if 140 gmt of N, reacts with 40 gm of hydrogen. (Given % yield of reaction is 50%) @2 10 So. oN, + 3H, MoOgm —40.gm or Smol 20 mol = Number of moles of NH, produced = $x2x0.5 = 5 mole os M6 2NH, Come aeaaleeen 4 mole of MgCO, is reacted with 6 moles of HCI solution. Find the volume of CO, gas (in litres) produced at STP, the react MgCO, + 2HCI— MgCl, + CO, + H,0. @ 12 ® ©) 672 @ 448 |. Fora reaction, N,(g) + 3H.(g) > 2NH,(g); which of the following reaction mixtures has dillydrogen (H,) a8 a limiting reagent, (@ 14g of N, + 4g of H, (©) 28g of Ny + 6g of Hy . The percent yield for the follow jon carried ‘out in carbon tetrachloride (CC1,) solution is 80%, Br, * Cl, —> 2BrCL How many moles of BrCl is formed from the reaction 0f 0.025 mol Br, and 0.025 mol Cl,? (a) 0.04 () 0.08) () 002 @ 001 - F240 g of carbon is taken in a container to convert it completely to CO, but in industry it has been found that 280 g of CO was also formed along with CO, Find the mole percentage yield of CO,, The reactions 3 (d@) S6g oN, + Wgotll, BofN, +Sgorl, c+0,—s¢0;:¢+40, 960 (a) 25) 50 7S Wd 3s COMES ie SEQUENTIAL REACTION Here, we solve problems in whieh the proc used up inone or more subsequent reactions. non ate such problems the following solving strategy as to be use. (© Thebatanced and molecular equations:are written fora reactions involved separately. ‘of one rection g (Later the equations are multiplied, asa whole, by suitay factors so that products of one reetion Which are ulin {n subsequent reactions are eancelled out. (Gi) The final reaction obtained is used to find out ‘quantities. Mustration: How many, kilograms of pure H,S0, coul be obtained from one kilogram of pure iron pyres’ (Fe§. according to the following reactions? B08, + 110, — he requir $0, +H,0 —> 1,80, (@) O184kg (©) 2683kx Sol. Gram mol Gram molecular weight of HySO, = 98 g Lotus multiply the equations with suitable factors. 4FeS; +110; 0, +880, 280, +0;—+ 280, 4 $0, + H,0 —+ 11,80, <8 +110; —> 28.0, 1 8805 (*) L633k —> 2Fe; sor >SHLSO, :SUO——> 2Fe0, + 8180, From the above, it is elear that, 4 moles of FeS, produces Smoles of WSO, (or) 120g (L mole) of Fes, 180, 2598 2 moles) of 10002698 10003 (ky) of Fes, 163.338 120 or 1.633 ky of 1,8 Therefore, 1.633 kg of H1,S0, is produced from 1 kg of iron pyrite. 2 20 g of KC1O, on heating give enough oxygen ct completely with hydrogen produced by the action of dil. 1,0, on zine. Find the weight of zine required for the purpose, The reactions are as follows: (K = 39, Zn = 65, c1=35.5) i @ ice Dropper Modute-1 CHEMISTRYE @ 2KC1O, —> 2KcI +30, " (ip 72+H,80, —+ 7080, +1, He © Gi +0, —> #0 z @ 13843 © 248g © 3184s @) 43.48¢ Sol. Gram molecular weight of KCIO, = 122.5 g | Gram atomic weight of zine = 65 g | Letus multiply the equations with suitable factors. 2KCIO, —> 2KC1+30, Za+H,S0,—+ ZnSO, +H, «6 Hy +4 0, —> H,0*6 2KC10, —s 2KC1+ 307 62Za+6H,80,—>62nS0, + 947 GHC + 30 61,0 2KCIO, + 6Zn + 6,80, —>2KCI+ 6Zn$0, + 6H0 From the above itis clear that,2 moles of KCIO, requires 6 moles of Za (or) 1 mole of KCIO, —5 3 moles of Zn 1225 g( mole) of KCI, "> 3x65 £6 mole). of 2a 20x3%65 » 2 gofKCIO, BBE, ZENS a : 125 ‘Therefore, 31.84 g of Znis required for the given purpose. POAC POAC is based upon law of conservation of mass. Atoms are conserved, hence moles of atoms shall also be conserved in a chemical reaction (but notin nuclear reactions.) Consider the reaction: KCIOs) + KCU(s) + 0,(¢) (unbalanced chemical reaction) Apply POAC for K atoms, Moles of K atoms in reactant (KCIO;) = moles of K atoms in product (KCI) Moles of K atoms in KCIO, = 1 x moles of KIO, and moles of K atoms in KCI = 1 x moles of KCl «, moles of KCIO, = moles of KCL wt of KCIO, ing ‘mol. wt. of KCIO, ‘Again, applying the POAC for O atoms, moles of O in KCIO, = 3 x moles of KCIO, moles of 0 in O, = 2x moles of O, 3 x moles of KCIO, = 2 x moles of O, _MLof KIO, _., vol. of 0, at STP mol wtof KCI, AL 1.84 g of Za. or or 3x: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry IMustration: 0.32 mole of LiAlH, in ether solution was placed in a flask and 74 g (1 moles) of t-butyl alcohol was added. The product is LiAIHC,;H,,0;. Find the weight of the product if lithitim atoms are conserved. (Li=7,Ai=27, H=1,C= 12,016] Sol. Applying POAC for lithium atoms, 1 x moles of LiAIH, = 1X moles of LIAIH C,,H,03 4, Weight of LiAllH CypHy,Os 254 wt, of LiAIH C,,H,,0, = 81.28 g. Mustration: 27.6 g K,CO, was treated by a series of reagents so as to convert all of its earbon to K,Za, [Fe(CN),],- Caleulate the ‘weight of the product. mol. wt. of K,CO, = 138 and mol. wt. of K,Zn, [Fe(CN)g], 98] 032=1 Sol. Here we have not knowledge about series of chemical reactions but we known about initial reactant and final product accordingly K,co, SS K,Za, [Fe(CN)gh Since C atoms are conserved, applying POAC for C atoms, roles of C in K,CO, = moles of C in K,Zn, (Fe(CN),], 1 x moles of K,CO, = 12 * moles of K,Zn, [Fe(CN),], WLofK,CO, _1 5, whof theproduct Tol. wi.ofK,CO, mol. wt.of product, 27.6, 698 wt, of K,2n, [Fe(CN)gh,= Taq 168 STRENGTH (LABELLING) OF OLEUM j Oleum is SO, dissolved in 100% H,SO,. Sometimes, oleumt is reported as more than 100% by weight, say y% (where y > 100). ‘This means that (y - 100) grams of water, when added to 100 g of given oleum sample, will combine with al the free SO, in the olcum to give 100% sulphuric acid, Hence, ‘weight % of free SO, in oleum = 80 (y-100V/8. IFin a sample of oleum, mole fraction of SO, is 0.5. Label the oleum sample Sol. Total moles= 1 Examph Moles of SO, = mole of H,SO, = 0.5 Total Mass of SO, & H,S0,=40 +49 = 89 gm SO, +H,0—> H,80, os 0s Mass of H,0 required = 0.5 «18 = 9 gm 89 gym require 9 gm H,O 9 require = 2100=10.11 gm 100 gm require = 55 er % Labelling = (100 + 10.11) = 110.1% 71. 1.80 g of certain metal burt in oxygen gave 3.0 g of its oxide. 1.50 g of the same metal heated in steam gave 2.50 of its oxide. The law shown by above data is: @ Law of constant proportion @) Law of multiple proportion © Law of reciprocal proportion @ Allof the above Sol. In the first sample of oxide, ‘Weight of metal = 1.80 g; ‘Weight of oxygen = (2.01.80) g= 1.2 wtof metal _ 1.80g “tof oxygen 12g. In the second sample of the oxide, Weight of metal = 1.50 g ‘Weight of oxygen = (2.50- 1.50) g=1¢ wt of metal Woof oxygen Thus, in both samples of the oxide, the proportions of the weights of the metal and oxygen are fixed. Hence the results follow the law of constant propertion, ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 2. Calculate the total charge present on 4.2 gm of N*. (@) 867% 108C @) 9.05 « 10*C () 8.67 * 10°C (@) 7.67 x 10°C =15 win gm Sol, Mole= Fonicwe qq 703 Total no, of ions = 0.3 x N, ions. Sol. Sol. 18 Total charge = 0.3 N,*3 * 1.6 « 10 = 0.3 6.022 x 10? x 3 x 1.6 x 10-9 = 8.67 x 10°C ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 3. How many carbon atoms are presentiin 0.35 mol of C,H,,0,? (@) 6.022 * 10 carbon atoms. (©) 1.26 * 10 carbon atoms, (©) 1.26 x 10% carbon atoms. (@ 6.022 « 10% carbon atoms. 1 mol of CqHl;,0, has 6 N, atoms of C +. 0.35 mol of C,H,,0, has 6 x 0.35 N, atoms of C 1 * 6.022 * 10% = 1.26 10% carbon 2.1N, atoms = atoms. Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. 4. How many molecules are present in 5.23 gm of glucose (C200)? (a) 1.65 «10 (©) 1.75 «10 180 gm glucose has = (6) 1.75» 108 (@ None of these (, molecules AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES) Sol. 6. Sol. Sol. 5.23% 6.022%10 ‘ icose has = ©25%6. 5.23 gm glucose has ao 51.75 10% molecules ‘Therefore, option (6) is the correct answer. A sample of (C,H) ethane has the same mass molecules of methane. How many CH, molecules da sample contain? (a) 534% 105 @) 1.26» 108 (©) 4.26 «108 (@ 6.022 108 10” Moles of CH, = Ne 7 inner 1 6 mas f 107 x16 Ny x30 107 x16 Na x30” ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. From 160 g of SO; (g) sample, 1.2046 * 10 mo} of SO, are removed then find out the volume of lef g, SO, (@) at STP So Moles of C,H, ‘So no, of molecules of CH=: 34% 15, (@ N2L (® 125L © 95L (@) 108% i 160 _ Given moles = “E> =2.5. 1.204610 Removed moles = 6.022%10° So left moles = 0.5, Volume left at STP= 0.5 x 22.4 = 11.2 L, ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 14 gof Nitrogen gas and 22 g of CO, gas are mixed tot Find the volume of geseous mixture at STP. (a) 102L ® 122. (9 SSL (@) 24L 14 Moles of N, = 35 ‘Moles of CO, So total moles So vol. at STP. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. . How many years it would take to spend Avogadro's mu of rupees at the cate of 1 million rupees per second? (@) 19.098 « 10" years (6) 19.098 years (©) 19.098 x 10° years (d) None of these ®@ JEE Dropper Module-1 CHEMISTol “7 10° rupees are spent in I seo. "602210 rupees are spent in 1x6.022%10" 108 16,0210 © 0% x60x60%24x365 ‘Therefore, option (c) isthe correct answer. 9, The density of O, at STP is 1.429g/litre. Calculate the standard molar volume of gas. (@ 2Alit. @) U2it (©) 3361 @ Soli. 1.429 gm of O, gas occupies volume = | litre, years = 19.098 x 10° years Sol. 32. i Tap 7224 litre/mat ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 10, Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating 200 kg of 95% pure lime stone (CaCO,). :.32 gm of O, gas occupies (© 1044kg () 105.4kg (© 2128kg @ 106.4%, Sol. + 100 kg impure sample has pure CaCO, =95 kg +. 200 kg impure sample has pure CaCO, 95200 ip angen CaCO, + C20 + CO, “+ 100 kg CaC, gives Ca0 = 56 kg. : 56190 *. 190 kg CaCO, gives Ca0 = “77°. ~ 106.4 kg. ‘Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. ‘11. A compound containing beryllium has the following composition, Be = 6.1%, N = 37.8%, CI=48%, H= 8.1% One mole of the compound has mass of 148g and average atomic mass of beryllium is 9. The molecular formula of the compound is (©) BENH:Ch (© BHC, (©) BeN,H, Cl @ BeN HC, Sol. Element % IA ‘Simplest ratio Be 61 6.1/9 = 0.677 1 N 378 37.8/14=2.7 4 a 48 48/35.5= 1.35 2 H 81 BL =8: 2 Empirical formula = BeN,ChH;, +564 71412 48> n=1 Molecular formula = BeN,ClH» ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 12, One lite of a mixture of CO and CO, is passed through red hhotcharcoal in tube. The new volume becomes 1.4 litre, Find cout % composition of mixture by volume, All measurements sae made at same P and T. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Sol. 2B. Sol 14, Sol. 15. Sol. 2 @ CO, 40%, CO.60% — (b) CO, 60%, CO 40% © CO, 25%,CO75% (a) CO, 30%, CO 70% On passing through charcoal only CO, reduces to CO. CO+C—> No reaction Volume a co, +C—»2.00 Volume before reaction b ° Volume ater reaction 0 2 As given a+b=1 and a+2b=14 2.05046 lite e.oto= 4 100=40% a= 0.6 lite vo tota= 2S x 100=60% ‘Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Calculate the molarity of Hi ion in the resulting solution ‘when 200 ml 0.5M HCI is mixed with 200 ml 0.5M H,SO, ny, “0.1 (from HC) & n,, = 0.2 (from H,S0,) ToulH'=n,. (fomHC) + n,,. (fomH,S0,)=0.1 +0. Total volume = 200 +200 = 400 mL = 0.4L Ny 03 og "075M Ans. MR = Resultant molarity = v. ‘Therefore, [0.75] is the correct answer. What are the final concentration of all the ions when following are mixed 50 ml of 0.12 M Fe(NO;), + 100 mi of 0.1 MFeCl, + 100 ml of 0.26 M Mg(NO,),. 4 50%0.12%3+100%0.26x2 _18+52 _ 70 _, no 250 Sas 20 ae [Cl] =0.12 M; (Mg**]= 0.104 M; [Fe] = 0.064 M ‘Therefore, 0.064] is the correct answer. A sample of 3 g containing Na,CO, and NaHCO, loses 0.248 g when heated to 300°C, the temperature at which NaHCO, decomposes to Na,CO,, CO, and H,O. What is the percentage of Na,CO, in the given mixture? ‘The loss in weight is due to removal of CO, and HO which escape out on heating, ‘wt. of Na,CO, in the product = 3.000.248 = 2.752 g Let wt. of Na,CO, in the mixture be x g :. wt. of NaHCO, = (3.00) Since Na,CO, in the products contains x g of unchanged reactant Na,CO, and rest produced from NaHCO,, ‘The wt. of Na,CO, produced by NaHCO, = (2.752-2)g NaHCO, —> Na,CO, + (H,0+C0,)? G.0-x) (2.752-x) Applying POAC for Na atom 1x moles of NaHCO, = 2 moles of Na,CO, oo Bo* ag y 2752-¥) 84 106 = 2.328 £. WofNa,CO, = ‘Therefore, [77.6] is the correct answer. 2.328 % 100= 77.6% 19FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES, LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION 2G ( (@) 325.232 +2. The correctly reported answer of the area ofrectangle which is 12.34 om long and 1.23 cm wide is: @ (@) 152.0m* ©) Wie @ 18.17 cm? 3. Two elements X and Y combine in gaseous state to form XY in the ratio 1:35.5 by mass. The mass of ¥ that will be required to react with 2 g of X is: (Tig ()355¢ (Tle (@ 3558 .t g of en oxide of nitrogen gives 2.24 L of nitrogen and 60 g of asother oride of nivogen gives 22.4 of nitrogen ax S.TP. The deze illustrates: (@) Lew of conservation of mass (b) Lew of consten (6) Law of multiple proportions (d) Lew of reciprocal proportions 5. Two elements X and ¥ combine to form compounds A, B and C. The ratio of different masses of Y which combine witha fixed mass of X in A. Band C is 1:3: 5. 1f32 parts by mass of X combines with 84 parts by mass of Y in B, then in C, 16 parts by mass of X will combine with; (a) 14 pens by mass of ¥ () 42 parts by mass of Y (c) 70 parts by mass of Y (d) 84 parts by mass of Y ATOMIC MASS & MOLECULAR MASS, MOLE CONCEPT AND APPLICATIONS 6. Imsol of CH, contains: (a) 6.02» 10 atoms of H (6) 4g-atom of Hydrogen (c) 1.81 * 10 molecules of CH, (2) 3.0. of carbon 7. 75 grams of a gas cccupy 5.6 lites of volume at STP, the aasis: (a)NO (6) NO (e) CO (@) CO, 8. The number of atoms in 4.25 g of NH, is approximately: (a) 14108 (6) 2% 10 (c) 4% 108 (a) 6* 108 9. One litre ofa gas at STP weighs 1.16 g. The possible gas is: (a) CH, (co () O, (@ CH, 10. If N, is Avogadro’s number, then number of valence electrons in 4.2 g of nitride ions (N*-) is: = (@) 24N, ©) 42N, ,, © LEN, @ 32N, nt LL. The numberof molecules atSTP in | mo nal (@ 6x10" © 269 tanita (©) 269x108 @ None ofthese ' . Volume of a gas at STP is 1.12 x 197 a be molecules intare HI2* 107 cs. The ‘umber gf (@ 3.01 x 10 @ 3.01 x yor (©) 3.01 x 10 (@) 3.01 x 10% f 13, 4.4 g of an unknown gas occupi ‘gota nioor sen 224th (@) Carbon dioxide (8) Carbon monoxide (c) Oxygen (d) Sulphur dioxide 14, The number of oxygen atoms in 4.4 g of CO, is approx: (@ 1.2% 108 (B) 6x 102 (0) 6* 108 @ 12* 108 5. The total number of protons in 10 i 15. ee ene a gofcalcium exten (a) 1.5057 x 10% (8) 2.0478 x 10% 1 (o) 3.0115 10% (a) 4.0956 « 10 \ 16. Number of molecules in 100 ml each of O,,NH, and C0, at STP are: 3 (a) Inthe order: CO, Naalo, +H, (@) 22.4 lites @) 448 titres (©) 67.2 litres @ 33.6 litres 12.g of Mg (at, mass 24) will react completely with acid to give: (@ One mole of Hy (© 12 mole of Hy (6) 2/8 mole of O, @ Both 1/2 mol of H, and 1/2 mol of 0, 36. 100g CaCO, reacts with | litre 1 N HCI. On completion of , reaction, how much weight of CO, will be obtained? @ 55g @ug (c) 228 @ Be What weight of HNO, is needed to convert 5 ¢ of iodine into iodic acid according to the reaction, 1, + 10HNO, + 2HIO, + 10NO, + 41,0 (a) 124g (6) 2488 (©) 0248 g (@ 4968 38. How much Cl, at STP is liberated when 1 mole KMnO, reacts with HCI? (@) U2L () RAL (© 448 (@ 56L 39. If 0.50 mole of BaCl, is mixed with-0.20 mol of Na,PO,, the maximum number of moles of Ba,(PO,), that can be 35, 37. formed is: (a) 0.70 (8) 0.50 (©) 0.20 @ 0.10 40. 0.5 mole of H,SO, is mixed with 0.2 mole of Ca(OH). The ‘maximum nurnbet of moles of CaSO, formed is: (@) 02 OE (© 04 15 2 0.1 g fluoride concentyation. Then‘contains 8 mol of ‘1. A sample of calcium phosphate Ca,(PO,); Pe eae of pole of Cats inthe sample (O atoms. The number of mole of Ca atoms in @4 @ 1s ©3 @s . 2, Ratio of masses of H,S0, and Al,(SO,), each containing 32 grams of Sis - (@) 0.86 (6) 1.72 (o) 0.43 (@ 215 of oxygen? 3, Which has maximum number of atom @ WmlH,00) (B) 0.1 mole of V.0s (© 12gn0,8) (a 12.044 x 10% molecules of CO, «4. Mass fone atom of the clement Ais 3.9854 * 10°, How any atoms are contained in Ig ofthe element A? (@) 2.509 * 10 ( 6.022 «108 (©) 12.044 * 108 (@ None of these 5, The number of atoms present in 0.5 g-atoms of nitrogen is ‘same as the atoms in: (@ 12g0fC @ 32g0fS (©) 8 gofoxygen @ 4gotMg many moles of magnesium phosphate Mz,(PO,), Will 6. How contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms? (@ 0.02 @ 3.125 «107 (© 125*107 (@ 25% 107 hhas 24 g carbon and 8 & 7, 64 g of an organic compound hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. The empirical formul the compound is: @ CHO © CHO 8, TwoelementsX (atomiemass=75) and Y (atomic mass 16) combine to give a compound having 75.8% of X. The formula of the compound is: @%Y, OXY OXY, OXY 9. A definite amount of gaseous hydrocarbon was burnt with just sufficient amount of O,. The volume of all reactants was 600 ml, after the explosion the volume of the products [CO,(g) and H,0(g)] was found to be 700 ml under the similar conditions. The possible molecular formula of the compound is: (@) CH, ©) CH (© Gi, @ CBe 10. Mole fraction of ethyl alcohol in aqueous ethyl alcobol (CH,OH) solution is 0. (Giiee na pe is 0.25 Hono, percentage of ey (@ 34% © 75% la of (&) CHO (@) None of these (b) 25% ( 46% 2 Weight of oxygen in Fe,0, and FeO in a eer amount ofa i FeO nthe simple rag, (@ 3:2 (2:1 12. A person needs on average of 2.0 mg of rbot () 1:2 @3: (vitamin B,) per day. How many gm ofbuttershoutd bet by the person per day if it is the only source of riboftayigy + Butter contains 5.5 microgram riboflavin per gm, @ 363.6 em ®) 2.75 mg © Mem @ 198 gm 43, The oxide of a metal contains 30% oxygen by weight the atomic ratio of metal and oxygen is 2:3, determine, atomie weight of metal, @ 2u © 56u OM W320 14, When a mixture of 10 mole of SO, and 15 mole of O, way passed over catalyst, 8 mole of SO, wes formed. low mole of SO,and O, did not enter into combination? (a) 2 moles of $0,, 1] moles of , (®) 3 moles of SO, 11.5 moles of 0, (©) 2 moles of SO, 4 moles of O, (@) 8 moles of SO,, 4 moles of O, 15. CgH,OH(@) + 0,(e) > CO,(8) + H,00) Magnitude of volume change if 30 ml of C,l1,OH (6) i ‘burnt with excess amount of oxygen, is: (@) 30ml (6) 60 ml (c) 20ml (d) 10m ‘Mass of sucrose C,,H,,0,, produced by mixing 84 gm ef carbon, 12. gm of dikydrogen and 56 lit. O, at atm & 273K according to given reaction, is (9) + H,(€) + 0,02) > CyHnO 69) @ 2 (b) 155.5 (e) 172: (d) 199.5 17. What volume (in ml) of 0.2 M H,SO, solution should be mixed with the 40 ml of 0,1 M NaOH solution: such that the 16. 6 resulting solution has the concentration of H,S0,28 55% @) 10 (b) 45 30 8 18. For the reaction; 2x + 3y + 42 ~> Su initially 1 mol of of wis 3 mol of y and 4 mol of 2 is taken. If 1.25 mol obtained then % yield of this reactio (@) 50% (b) 60% © 10% (@ 40% 19. 1f10 g of Agreacts with 1 gof sulphur, the amount ofAgS formed will be: @ 1156 () 0.7758 ©) llg (@) 10g @ JEE Dropper Module? CHEMIST! a20, A solution of A (MM = 29) ang shes a ion X,, = ind B (MM = 10), [Mole 4 Seacion Xp ~ 0.6 having density 07 grt aes oe and molality of B in this sotution will be id respectively. (a) 30M, 75m (®) 40M, 75m (©) 30M,65m @ 50M.55m 2. tution (ap i SP. gravity =1) is added 10 125 ml of 10% wv HCI solution egies ution. The nature of resultant @) Acidic ® Basic (2) Neutral © None of these 22. 365 % (whw) HC has density ; % sity equal to 1.20 g mi! The molarity (M) and motality (m), respectively, aes @ 152,157 12,12 (© 157,12 @ 12,157 23, 500ml ofa glucose solution contains 6.02 102 molecules of glucose. The concentration ofthe solution is (@ 01M ® 10M (© 02M @ 20m 24, Equal moles of H,O and NaCl are present in a solution, Hence, molality of NaCl solution is: @ 0.55 ® 555 © 1.00 @ 018 25. Decreasing order of mass of pure NaOH in each of the aqueous solution, L 50g 0f 40% (w/w) NaOH IL 50 ml of 50% (w/v) NaOH (4, =1.2 g/ml) Ml 50 gof 15 M NaOH (4,,,=1 g/ml). @ im © wut (©) 01, 1,1 @ m= M 26. A solution of FeCl, is 35. its molarity for CI-ion will be: M M @ ® 3 M M OD @ > 27. What volume of a0.8 M solution contains 100 milli moles of the solute? (@) 100 mL @) 125 mL (c) 500 mL @ 625 mL 28. 4.4 g of CO, and 2.24 litre of H, at STP are mixed in a container. The total number of molecules present in the container will be: | Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (ay 6.022 * 108 (B) 1.2046 « 10 (6) 6.022 « 10% (@ 6.022 « 10" 29. 10g of CaCO, on heating gives 5 g of the residue (as CaO). 1" ‘The percent yield of the reaction is approximately: @ 50% ® 2% (©) 89% (a) 100% 33.6 g of an impure sample of sodium bicarbonate when heated strongly gave 4.4 g of CO,. The percentage purity ‘of NaHCO, would be: (@ 28% @) 50% © 15% (a) 100% ‘A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 1:4 by weight. Therefore the ratio of their number of 30. a molecules is: @ 1:4 @ 1:8 QTR @ 3:16 32, 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yields a residue weighing: @ 2.168 © 2488 © 2328 @ 264g, 33. 12 gofalkaline earth metal gives 14.8 g ofitsnitride. Atomic weight of metal @ 12 @® 20 © 40 @ 48 34, How many liters of CO, at STP will be formed when 0.01 mol of H,SO, reacts with excess of Na,CO. Na,CO, +H,S0, ++ Na,S0, + CO, +,0 @ 24L @ 2247 © 0.2241, ( 112L 38. Equal weight of °X" (At. wt. = 36) and *Y” (At. wt. are reacted to form the compound X,Y,. Then (©) Xis the limiting reagent @) Yi the limiting reagent (©) No reactant is left over and mass of X,Y, formed is double the mass of *X° taken @ None of these 36. A person adds 1:71 gram of sugar (C)H,,0,,) in order to ‘sweeten his tea, The number of carbon atoms added are (mol. mass of sugar = 342) (@) 3.6102 © 1210" (©) 0.05 x 1020 @ 66% 102 37. When 100 g of ethylene polymerises entirely to polyethene, the weight of polyethene formed n(C,H1,) —> (-CH,-CH,, is @) (w2)g (®) 100g (© (100mg @ 100ng as per the equation 23 438, 0.16 g of dibasie acid requited 25 ml of M/J0 NaOH for complete neutralization, Molecular weight of acid isi" (a) 32 (&) 64 (@ Us (d) 256 39, An aqueous solution of 6.3 g oxalic acid dihydrate is made ‘up to 250 ml. Tho volume of 0.1 M-NeOH required to ‘completely neutralize 10 mi of this solution is (@) 40m (20m © 10m @ 4m 40. Which of the following contains the greatest number of oxygen atoms? (a) 1gofO (b) lgofO, © 1g0f0, (@ Allsame 41. For sequential reaction : A—> BHC ol 28 —> C+2D Gi) If % yield of (i) and (ji) reactions are 90% and 80% respectively then the overall % yield is expected to be: (a) 90% (6) 80% (c) 72% @ 10% 42, 132 g of O, contains 6.022 x 10° molecules at STP then 32 g of S, under the same conditions, will contain, @ 6.022 x 10 S atoms (©) 3.011 x10 S atoms (©) 12.044 x 10S atoms @ 1107S atoms INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS 43. The specific gravity of a solution is 1.8, having 62% by weight of acid. It is to be diluted to specific gravity of 1.2 What volume of water (in mL) should be added to 100 ml of this solution? 44, Carbon disulphide, CS,, can be made from by-product SO,, The overall reaction is SC +280, —> CS, +4CO How much CS, (in kg) can be produced from 440 kg of waste SO, with 60 kg of coke ifthe SO, conversion is 80%? a “a8. ie iron pyrite, FeS, is burnt with 50% excess g requited for complete oxidation of Fe, inacieeeg AFeS,()+ 110,48) —> 2Fe,0,6)+ 850) ‘ir eontains 20% O, and 80% Np, by volume, The percent of Ny gas in the gascous mixture, reaction, i. Mle after compieg, 46, Mixture of 10 moles of Fe,S,, 20 moles of 1,0 and of O, react with 30% yield of given reaction: Roe a Fo,$, +H,0 + 0, + Fe(OH), +8 Calculate moles of Fe(OF), that can be produced in ap oF reaction. 47, In order to obtain NaBr following set of reactions ag involved, Fe + Br, > FeBr, I FeBr, + Br, —> Fe,Br, 1 Fe;Br, +Na,CO, > NaBr+ CO, + Fe,0, tt 1f % yield of reaction 1, II & III are 60%, 20% & 30% respectively then calculate mass of iron required (ing) obtain 20.6 kg of NaBr. 48. Asolution of A (MM=20) and B (MM= 10), [Mole fratig Xq=0.6] has density 0.7 g/ml then molarity and molality of B inthis solution willbe_"Mand_mrespectve, 49. Apiece of aluminium weighing 2.7 gis heated with 75.0 mi of H,S0, (5p. gr. 1.2 containing 25% H,SO, by mass).Afer the metal is completely dissolved, the solution is diluted 400ml. Whatis the molarity ofthe free H,SO, in the resulting solution (Multiply final answer by 10)? 50. The odour of skunk is caused by chemical compounés called thiols (C,H gS). These can be deodorized by reaction with household bleach (NaOCI) according to following unbalanced reaction: C,H gS + NaOCl(aq) + CH, gS + NaCl(aq) + H,0(e9) How many gram of thiol ean be deodorized by 74.5 emo aoc? @ JEE Dropper Module-1 CHEMISTRY S