Dr.

Dalia El-wafaey
Lecturer of Anatomy & Embryology

sinaiuniversity.net
1
 • Vertebrae P.3

• Diaphragm P.16

• Intercostal ms P.19
INDEX

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Cervical vertebrae:
• There are seven.
• They are identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse
processes called foramen transversarium
• The 3rd to 6th are typical because they have common features. The
1st, 2nd, and 7th are atypical

TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE CHARACTERS:

1-The body is small ,kidney shaped as it is broader from side to side
than from before backwards.
2-The vertebral foramen is triangular and larger than the body.
3-The transverse processes are small and pierced by Foramen
transversarium.
4- The spine is short and bifid.

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1st Cervical Vertebra (atlas):
1. It is ring shaped and has no body and no spine.
2. It consists of:
(a) right and left lateral masses connected by a short anterior arch
and a long curved posterior arch, and
(b) right and left transverse processes.
(c)The anterior arch : it has anterior tubercle on its anterior aspect,
and an oval facet on its posterior aspect for articulation with the
dens of the 2nd cervical vertebra to form atlantoaxial joint.
(d) The posterior arch is marked by a median posterior tubercle.
(e) The 2 lateral masses connect by transverse ligament

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2nd Cervical Vertebra (axis):
1. possesses a strong tooth-like process projecting upwards
from the body called odontoid process(dens).
2. The dens articulates anteriorly with the anterior arch of the atlas
and posteriorly with the transverse ligament of the atlas.
3. Dens attachmed to the apical ligament at its apex and on each
side below the apex to the alar ligaments.
3. The spine is massive, i.e., it is large, thick and very strong
.Its tip is bifid.

Seventh Cervical Vertebra :

1. called vertebra prominens because its spine is very long and forms
a prominent palpable projection in the lower part of the nuchal
furrow.
2. Its spine is thick, long, and nearly horizontal. It is not
bifid and ends in a tubercle.
3. The transverse processes are comparatively long and
large and foramen transversarium is relatively small.
Thoracic vertebrae:
1. Typical: second to eighth.
2. Atypical: first and ninth to twelfth.

TYPICAL THORACIC VERTEBRAE Characters:

1. Presence of articular facets on each side of the body and on front of
transverse processes for articulation with the ribs.
2. Body is heart shaped, Its transverse & anteroposterior measurements
are almost equal.
3. Vertebral foramen is circular.
4. Spinous process is long, slender, and directed downwards.

1st THORACIC VERTEBRAE :

• Body resembles cervical type
• Superior costal facet on the side of body circular
• Horizontal long spine

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9th THORACIC VERTEBRAE:
Only superior costal demifacet on the side of body
10th THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• Only superior large costal facet (semilunar/oval) on the
side of body.
11th THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• Only single circular costal facet on the side of body extending
on the root of pedicle
• No articular facet on the transverse process
12th THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• Resembles L1 vertebra
• Transverse process is small
• No articular facet on transverse process
• Only single large costal facet on the side of pedicle
• Articular facet on inferior articular process everted

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Lumbar vertebrae:
1. Typical: 1st to 4th
2. Atypical: fifth

TYPICAL LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Characters:

1. The body is massive & kidney shaped
2. Its transverse diameter is more than the anteroposterior
diameter.
3. The transverse processes are thin and tapering.
3. Vertebral foramen is triangular in shape.
4. The spine is quadrilateral in shape & It projects almost backward.
5. The distance between the superior articular processes is
more than that between the inferior articular processes.

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ATYPICAL LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Characters (L5):

1. The body is largest of all lumbar vertebrae

2. The transverse processes are thick, short, and pyramidal
in shape. Their base is attached to the whole thickness of
the pedicle and encroaches on the side of the body.
3. The spine is small, short, and rounded at the tip.
4. The distance between the inferior articular processes is
equal or more than that between the superior articular
processes..

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The diaphragm
Def.: is the most important muscle of respiration. It
separates the thoracic and abdominal viscera cavities.
Origin:
Sternal part: from the inner surface of xiphoid process.
Costal part: from the inner surface of the lower six costal
cartilages. These form the right and left domes (copulae).
Vertebral part: from the right and left crura and arcuate
ligaments (median, medial and lateral arcuate ligs)
Right crus: L1 to L3
Left crus: L1&L2 Central
Insertion: tendon
into the central tendon of the diaphragm. This is a thin but
strong aponeurosis. It is situated near the center of the
diaphragm. Its shape like a trifoil leaf, consisting of three
divisions or leaflets.
 (sternal part xiphoid process

central tendon

(costal part

vertebrae origin: left crus

vertebrae origin: right crus
Lateral arcuate Median arcuate ligament
ligament

Medial arcuate ligament

Nerve supply:
Motor: by the phrenic nerve.
Sensory: its central part receives sensory fibers
from the phrenic nerve, whereas the peripheral
part receives sensory fibers from the intercostal
nerves.
Action:
Main muscle of respiration
• It descends when it contracts, causing an
increase in thoracic volume by increasing the
vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity.
• It ascends when it relaxes, causing a decrease in
thoracic volume.

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The intercostal muscles
Origin:
External intercostal muscle: from the outer lip of the
costal groove of the rib above.
Internal intercostal muscle: from the floor of the costal
groove of the rib above.
Innermost intercostal muscle: from the inner lip of the
costal groove of a rib above.
Insertion: all are inserted into upper border of the rib
below.
Directions of its fibers:
External intercostal muscle:downwards, forwards and
medially .
Internal intercostal muscle & Innermost intercostal
muscle: upwards, and forwards and medially
Nerve supply: the intercostal nerves.

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internal intercostal

External intercostal innermost

intercostal
The intercostal muscles
Extension of the muscle:
External intercostal muscle: extends from the tubercle of
the rib to the costochondoral junction where it is
replaced by (anterior intercostal membrane).
Internal intercostal muscle: extends from the lateral
margin of the sternum to the angle of the rib where it is
completed by the (posterior intercostal membrane).
Action of the intercostal muscles:
1. The external intercostal elevates the ribs (called
inspiratory intercostal).
2. The internal and the innermost intercostal muscles
depress the ribs (called expiratory intercostal).
3. The three muscles prevent outward bulge or inward
retraction of the intercostal spaces during respiration.
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Sternocostalis muscle:
Origin: from the inner surface of the xiphoid process
and the lower half of the body of the sternum.
Insertion: into the inner surface of the costal cartilages
from 2nd to 6
Subcostalis muscle: sheets of muscle fibers on the
inner surface of the intercostal spaces. They ascend
upwards and laterally crossing two or three spaces Sternocostalis
from their origin to their insertion

N.B.: The sternocostalis, the subcostalis and the inner

most intercostal muscles form a continuous sheet
callled (transverses thoracis)

Subcostalis

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Sternocostalis

Post. Surface of
sternum

2nd -6th costal

cartilages

Xiphoid
process
THANK YOU

For any questions feel free

to contact me by mail
Dalia.elwafaey@su.edu.eg

Dr. Dalia El-wafaey

Lecturer of Anatomy & Embryology

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