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Bachelor of Science in Business Management Major in Financial Management (North

Eastern Mindanao State University)
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A Learning Manual Exclusive to the Criminology Students of SDSSU | Comparative Models and Policing|
A Module in
LEA 2-Comparative Models and Policing
Compiled by:
LAURENCE P. BAZAN-DEAN CCJE
EDUARD JAN E. PLAZA, RCrim, J.D.
TERESITO O. DELOS ARCOS, Jr., RCrim
CARL IAN E. CLAPERO, RCrim.
IRINE L. RIVERA, RCrim.
ARNEL S. VIRTUDAZO
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Chapter 1
COMPARATIVE MODELS AND POLICE
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
It defined as the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of
nations. It covers also the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of
various nations.
It is the Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to
another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing. It is also the subfield of
the study of Criminal Justice that compares justice system worldwide. Such study can take a
descriptive, historical, or political approach.
Moreover, it studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and
emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE
It involves the study and description of one9s country law, criminal procedure, or justice.
Comparative criminal justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice in one
country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture or institution.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
It is a term that has been used in comparative and internationals criminal justice study in
recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global issues.
It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion and or direct
or indirect effects involve in more than one country.
1. Money Laundering
2. Drug Trafficking
3. Terrorism
4. Human Trafficking
5. Cyber crimes
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INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
It defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind.
The UN has identified the following as international crimes.
1. Aggression (by one state against another)

2. Threat of aggression
3. Genocide (destroying a national, ethic, racial or religious group)
4. Terrorism
5. Drug Trafficking
WHY COMPARE SYSTEM AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
According to Harry Damner there are many reasons why we need to compare but the
basic reasons are:
1. To benefit from the experience of others

2. To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to problems
3. To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world today.
GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
GLOBALIZATION
It is a package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas,

and authority. In addition, it is also the growing interpenetration of states, markets,
communication, and ideas.
It is also the growing inter-penetration of states, markets, communications, and ideas. It

is one of leading characteristics of the contemporary world.
It is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a
way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.
It is argued that atleast five broad definitions of globalization can be found in the
literature;
1. Globalization as Internationalization
It describes the growth in international exchange and interdependence. With
growing flows of trade and capital investment there is the possibility of moving beyond
and inter-national economy in which, distinct national economies are subsumed and
rearticulated into the system by international process and transactions.
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2. Globalization as Liberation
It refers to a process of removing government-imposed restriction on movements

between counties in order to crate and pen, borderless world econmomy.
3. Globalization as Universalization
It is the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all

corners of the earth. A classic example of this would be the spread of computer,
television, etc.
4. Globalization as Westernization or Modernization
It is understood as a dynamic, herby the social structures of modernity

(Capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over,
normally destroying pre-existent cultures and local self-determination in the process.
5. Globalization as deterritorialization
It entails reconfiguration of geography so that social space is no longer wholly

mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distance and territorial borders.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON DRUG-RELATED CRIME

AND CRIMINAL ORGANIZATION
CYBERCRIME
It covers many types of activities but essentially can be used to describe violations of
law that are committed and or facilitated through the use of electronic media.
In Comparison with ordinary crime, cybercrime requires few resources relative to the
damage that can be caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the offender being
physically present in it and in many countries, offences are inadequately defined or not defined
at all; hence, personal risk and the likelihood of detection are low.
DRUG RELATED ORGANIZED CRIME
Organized Criminality has become more transnational and has been restructured and
decentralized; in other words, it too has globalized.
Transnational Criminals do not respect borders in that, in carrying out their activities, they
trail their activities across several jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risk and maximize
profits.
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They Utilized new technologies in two ways:
1. To improve the efficiency of product delivery and distribution through the

medium of secure, instant communication.
2. To protect themselves as their illicit operations from investigation by drug law

enforcement agencies, sometimes using techniques of counter-attack.
Drug traffickers use computers and electronic pocket organizers for storing
information such as bank accounts numbers, contact details of associates, databases of
assets and financial activity, sales and other business records, grid coordinates of
clandestine landing strips and recipes for synthetic drug manufacture and for electronic
mail and other correspondence.
FUTURE CHALLENGES TO LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. Opportunities for all forms of crime may increase as online communications, finance and
commerce expand. The growth and interdependence of national economies will make it easier
for criminal organization to blend their operation into legitimate economic activity.
2. Transnational Crime may increase as networks make cross-border crime easier to commit.
3. Organized crime may continue to exploit technological advances for offensive and defensive
purposes. The <IT Warrior= will become an indispensable component of organized criminal group.
4. Electronic money-laundering may increase with the growth of online financial service
companies, especially if measures against money-laundering remain a low priority and if offshore
companies continue to offer anonymity and protection from investigation. Underground banking
systems will also enjoy greater security through the use of information technology.
5. Drug-related crime may expand such crime will be committed by a larger number of people,
many of whom will not be members of organized criminal groups, nor will they fit to any criminal
profile;
6. Minor may increasingly commit crimes involving information technology as new generations
achieve computer literacy at an early age.
7. Criminal Organizations may exploit scientific developments in order to invest more heavily in
production of synthetic drugs for the illicit market.
8. Law Enforcement may have less capacity to conduct interception and surveillance activities as
drug trafficking organizations increasingly adopt encryption and other means of concealment.
9. Jurisdictions without adequate laws against crime involving information technology may
become sanctuaries;
10. Traditional frameworks for extradition and mutual legal assistance may be stretched to their
limits.
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GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM
The Causes of Terrorism:
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Those who engaged in terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons, based
on their own psychological state of mind. Their motivation may be nothing more than
hate or the desire for power.
2. IDEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Ideology defined as beliefs, values and or principles by which a group identifies
its particular aims and goals. Ideology may encompass religion or political philosophies
and programs.
3. STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE
Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When
people seek redress of their grievances through government, but fail to win governments
attention to their plight, they may resort to violence.
From this viewpoint, terrorism is the result of logical analysis of the goals and
objectives of a group, and their estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If victory
seems unlikely using more tradition means of opposition, then one might calculate that
terrorism is a better option.
GLOBALIZATION AND PEOPLE SMUGGLING
For Centuries, people have left their homes in search of better lives elsewhere. In the last
decade, the process of globalization has caused an unprecedented amount of migration from the
least developed co8ntries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe to Western Europe,
Australia and North America.
Economic instability appears to the main reason for illegal migration. People smuggling
syndicate are drawn by the huge profits that can be made, while benefiting from weak legislation
and the relatively low risk of detection, prosecution and arrest compared to other activities of
transnational organized crime.
People smuggling implies the procurement for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry
into a state of which that person is neither a citizen nor a permanent resident
Distinction:
PEOPLE SMUGGLING
It is an individual who pay a smuggler in order to gain illegal entry to a country to
do so voluntarily.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
It is an individual or victim are often duped or forced into entering another country.
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In principle, the relationship between smuggler and migrants ends once the individuals
arrive in the new country. However, there is evidence that people smugglers continue to exploit
illegal migrants, through threats and demands for additional fees.
GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING
One of today9s biggest human rights crises is the international trafficking ow women and
girls to a lesser extent boys) into sex slavery. Human trafficking is the third largest criminal industry
in the world, outranked only by arms and drug dealing. The United Nations estimates that
trafficking in persons generates $7 to $10 billion annually for traffickers.
The number of people trafficked each year estimated by most experts to be in the millions.
Given its current growth low investigation rate and low prosecution rate, human trafficking is
expected by some to take over drug trafficking as the second largest criminal industry in the world
within the next decade.
How does Human Trafficking Takes Places?
Traffickers acquire their victims primarily from developing countries where poverty is
rampant, commonly through some means of force or deception. Victims are typically very young,
most ranging in age from eight to 18 y ears old.
A common scenario involves a poor Asian or Eastern European girl who is offered a better
life as housemaid, restaurant server or dancer in a wealthy country such as United States, Great
Britain or Italy.
When she arrives at her destination, her passport is taken away, she is physically and
sexually abused, and she is forced into prostitution in a country where she neither speaks the
language nor has any friends, relatives of means of support.
She is forced to service 8-15 clients a day and does not receive any pay. Rather the money
is used to pay off her debt to the trafficker and brothel owners for the transportation, food, lodging
and so on. After some period of time, she will be resold to another brother owner, often in another
country, and the cycle will continue all over again.
She is likely to acquire HIV/AIDS, and to pass it on to their clients and their wives, all
around the world. She has a greater chance than most of during early, and is certain to live a
horrible existence in whatever short years she has. Even if she is eventually rescued and
repatriated to her country and community, she is likely to be ostracize as a result of their
involvement in prostitution.
Government and police corruption, primarily in under-developed countries, play a large

role in the perpetuation of the sex salve industry, with blind-eyes being turned towards openly
active brothels and payoffs being accepted by those officials charge with the enforcement of
national international laws prohibiting trafficking, prostitution and child sexual exploitation.
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Global Implications
1. Threats to border integrity, as millions of people are transported annually across

national boundaries under false pretenses;
2. Threats to human health, through the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STDs to the
victims, their clients, their client9s wives and so on;
3. Threats to national and international security, since it is believed that mania of the
worlds major sex traffickers is connected to organized crime groups, which may then
use the proceeds to fund other criminal activities such as terrorism;
4. Threats to the very health of our global human conscience, since slavery-often proudly
touted as having been wiped out in the 19 th century is actually alive and well, right in all
of our own backyards.
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GLOBAL ARENA
How can the police or law enforcement agencies safeguard life and human dignity in a
global scale?
The system and norms are codified in a widely endorsed set of international undertakings:
1. The <International Bill of Human Rights= (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights include
a. Rights to freedom of expression;

b. Freedom from torture and ill-treatment
c. Rights of education
d. Adequate housing and other economic, social and cultural rights.
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political rights and International Covenant on

Social Economic Rights;
3. Phenomenon-specific treaties on war crimes, genocide and torture;
4. Protections for vulnerable groups such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women;
5. International dialogue on human rights has produced a distinction between three

generations of human rights labeled for their historical emergence.
6. Security rights encompass life, bodily integrity, liberty and sometimes associated
rights of political participation and democratic governance.
7. Social and economic rights highlighted in the eponymous International Covenant,

comprise both negative and positive freedoms, enacted by states and others:
prominently rights to food, health care, education and free labor.
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Economic, social and cultural rights are broad category of human rights
guaranteed in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and
other legally binding international and regional human rights treaties.
They include:
a. Rights at work, particularly just and fair conditions of employment, protection

against forced or compulsory labor and the right to form and join trade unions.
b. The right to education, including insuring that primary education free and
compulsory, that education is sufficiently available, accessible, acceptable and
adapted to the individual.
c. Cultural rights of minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
d. The right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health,
including the right to healthy living conditions and available, accessible,
acceptable and quality health services.
e. The right to adequate housing, including security of tenure, protection form

forced eviction and access to affordable, habitable, well located and culturally
adequate housing.
f. The right to food, including the right to freedom from hunger an access at all
times to adulate nutritious food or the means to obtain it.
g. The right to water- the right to sufficient water and sanitation that is available,
accessible both physically and economically and safe.
CONTINENTS-which composed the Global Community
1. Asia
2. Australia
3. Africa
4. Antarctica
5. North America
6. South America
7. Europe
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Facts:
Some consider the North and South American continent to be just one landmass referred to as
the <American Continent.= Europe and Asia continent are also combined at times and referred to
as <Eurasia.=
The continent of Australia is often confused with the country of Australia. The Australian Continent
includes Australia (country), Tasmania, New Guinea and others. This region is also referred to as
<Oceania,= which includes the previously listed countries as well as New Zealand, Micronesian,
and Polynesian islands. Oceania is generally not considered a continent as it does not make up
<a single continuous landmass.=
5 Continents:
Depending on when you went through school and the country you were educated, you may have
learned that there were just 5 continents. Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe.
Interestingly, this is why we have five rings to symbolize the Olympic Games.
6 Continents:
In certain countries it is common for students to learn about just 6 continents. America, Antarctica,
Asia, Africa, Australia (Oceania), and Europe. There are some geography experts that
acknowledge just 6 continents where the continent of Asia and Europe are combined into a new
continent called <Eurasia= as these two continents are one single land mass.
7 Continents:
The most commonly accepted number of continents is 7. North America, South America, Africa,
Antarctica, Australia (Oceania), Europe, and Asia.
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Chapter 2
FORMS AND TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
FORMS AND TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
1. ANARCHY or ANARCHISM
It means without ruler
-may refer to any of the following:
1.No rulership or enforced authority
2. Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or

inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder.
3. A social state in which there is no governing person or group of persons, but

each individual has absolute liberty (without the implication of disorder
4. Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given sphere.
A society free from coercive authority of any kind is the goal of proponents of the
political philosophy of anarchism. Legitimacy of a state is gained through consent, not
through coercion. Common sense would allow people to come together to form a
functional society allowing to develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled
behavior (Garcia, 2010).
With the idea of freedom as being base upon political and economic self-rule. This
occurred alongside the rise of the nation-state and large-scale industrial capitalism or
state-sponsored corporatism, and the corruption that came with their success.
A society without state is a free-market capitalist system that is voluntarist in

nature.
It is an anti- authoritarian society that is based in the spontaneous order of free

individuals in autonomous communities, operating on principles of mutual aid, voluntary
association and direct action.
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2. ARISTOCRACY
Theodore M. Vestal of Oklahoma State University- written that

authoritarianism is characterized by:
1. Highly concentrated and centralized power structure

2. Repressive system that excludes potential challengers
3. Mobilize people around the goals of the government
Under the following principles:

1. Rule of men, not rule of law
2. Rigged election
3. All important political decisions made

by unelected officials behind closed
doors
4. A bureaucracy operated quite

independently of rules, the
supervision of elected officials,
or concerns of the constituents
they purportedly serve.
5. The informal and unregulated

Exercise of political power.
No guarantee of civil liberties or

tolerance for meaningful opposition.
Weakening the Civil Society:
1. No freedom to create a broad range of groups,

organization, and political parties to compete
for power or question the decisions of rulers
2. Political stability maintained by controlled over

military to provide security to the system and
control of society.
3. A pervasive bureaucracy staffed by the regime.
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3. AUTHORITARIAN
It is characterized as political systems

by four qualities:
(1) "Limited, not responsible, political

pluralism"; that is, constraints on political
institutions and groups (such as legislatures,
political parties and interest groups),
(2) a basis for legitimacy based on

emotion, especially the identification of the
regime as a necessary evil to combat
"Easily recognizable societal problems"
such as underdevelopment or insurgency;
(3) neither "intensive nor extensive political mobilization" and constraints on the
mass public (such as repressive tactics against opponents and a prohibition of anti-regime
activity) and
(4) "formally ill-defined" executive power, often shifting or vague
Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated

and centralized power maintained by political repression and the exclusion of
potential challengers. It uses political parties and mass organizations to mobilize people
around the goals of the regime.
Authoritarianism also tends to embrace the informal and unregulated exercise

of political power, a leadership that is "self-appointed and even if elected cannot be
displaced by citizens' free choice among competitors
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Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is an extreme version of authoritarianism
Totalitarianism- It is a political system in which the state holds total control over
the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.
Totalitarianism Authoritarianism
Charisma (Charm) High Low
Role Conception Leader as function Leader as individual
Ends of power Public Private
Corruption Low High
Official Ideology Yes No
Limited Pluralism No Yes
Legitimacy Yes No
4. AUTOCRACY
It is a form of government in which

the political power is held by a single,
self-appointed rule.
The word autocrat is derived from the

Greek word <self-ruler= or he rules by one9s self.
Compare with Oligarchy <rule of the few=

and democracy <rule by the people=.
It is not synonymous to Totalitarianism
It is synonymous with Military Dictatorship
This usage originated in the Byzantine Empire,

where the term autokrator was traditionally employed
in Greek to translate the Latin imperator, as was
used along with to mean <Emperor=.
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It is a system of government in which

supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one
person, whose decisions are subject to neither
external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms
of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit
threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).
An autocracy is an absolute monarchy or dictatorship.
5. COMMUNIST STATE
It is a state with a form of government characterized

by single-party rule of a Communist Party and a professed
allegiance to a communist ideology as the guiding principle
of the state.
In political and social sciences, communism

(from Latin communis – common, universal) is a social,
political, and economic ideology and movement whose
ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist
society.
It is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means

of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state.
VARIANTS OF COMMUNIST STATE
1. Marxism
-first developed by Karl Marx and

Friedrich Engels, has been the foremost
ideology of the communist movement.
Marxism considers itself to be the

embodiment of scientific socialism; rather
than model an "ideal society" based on
intellectuals' design.
Communism is the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are

derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design.
An important concept in Marxism is socialization vs. nationalization.

Nationalization is merely state ownership of property, whereas socialization is actual
control and management of property by society.
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2. Leninism
-are the revolutionary theories developed

by Vladimir Lenin, including the organizational
principles of democratic centralism,
Vanguardism (Frontline) and the political theory
of imperialism.
He promotes a Vanguard Party in order to

lead the working-class and peasants in a revolution.
"We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better
society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich
people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines
and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to
grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better
society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called 'socialism'."
3. Marxist- Leninists-
-political ideology developed by

Joseph Stalin implemented Socialism in
one country.
It is also a socioeconomic refers to

the Stalin style of government that include
political tyranny and cult personality.
He was the leader of the Soviet Union (Now Russia) from the mid-1920s until his
death in 1953. Holding the post of the General secretary of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state.
The state and the Communist Party claim to act in accordance with the wishes of
the industrial working class
Changes to Soviet society, 1927–1939
1 Bolstering Soviet secret service

and intelligence
2 Cult of personality
3 Purges and deportations
4 Forced labors
5 Collectivization
6 Famines
7 Industrialization
8 Science
9 Social services
10 Culture
11 Religion
12 Theorist
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Researchers who attempted to count the number of people killed under Stalin's
regime produced estimates ranging from 3 to 60 million.
Stalin intended to use the starvation as a cheap and efficient means (as opposed
to deportations and shootings) to kill off those deemed to be "counterrevolutionaries
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4. MAOISM
It is a political theory derived from

the teachings of the Chinese political
leader Mao Zedong.
Its followers, known as Maoists,

consider it an anti-Revisionist form of
Marxism-Leninism.
Mao claimed that instead of the peasants being a revolutionary class, hand in
hand with their industrial working "comrades", they were the revolutionary class
The state and the party to act in accordance to the peasantry (farmers).
Maoism provided the CPC's first comprehensive theoretical guideline with regards
to how to continue socialist revolution, the creation of a socialist society, socialist military
construction, and highlights various contradictions in society to be addressed by what is
termed "socialist construction".
Advancing a guiding ideology called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics=.
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5. JUCHE
- a variant of Marxism-Leninism
-usually translated as "self-reliance",

sometimes referred to as Kimilsungism, or
Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism is the official
political ideology of North Korea, described
by the regime as Kim Il-Sung's "original,
brilliant and revolutionary contribution to
national and international thought".
The idea states that an individual is

"the master of his destiny= and that the North
Korean masses are to act as the "masters of
the revolution and construction=.
Socialism is our system- the Great

Leader Theory
The revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is a revolutionary theory which has

provided solutions to problems arising in the revolutionary practice in a new age different
from the era that gave rise to Marxism–Leninism.
On the basis of Juche (idea), the leader gave a profound explanation of the
theories, strategies and tactics of national liberation, class emancipation and human
liberations in our era. Thus, it can be said that the revolutionary theory of Kimilsungism is
a perfect revolutionary theory of Communism in the era.
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6. The face of CHE GUEVARA
- is often displayed on shirts

or painted on a wall.
His face has been used as a

symbol of general revolution, usually
as a symbol of Socialism, and specifically
of the government of Fidel Castro (Cuba) and the
ideas of Che Guevara
THE SYMBOLS OF COMMUNISM
Hammer, Sickle, red star, Red Flag and Face of Che Guevarra
1. The hammer stands for the industrial working-class
2. The sickle represents the agricultural workers; together the hammer and
sickle represent the unity of these two groups
3. The red flag has had multiple meanings in history, but it was first used
as a flag of defiance (rebellion).
4. The five-pointed red star is a symbol of communism as well as

broader socialism in general.
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6. CORPORATOCRACY
It is synonymous with the word Corporacy.
It is a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations,

or government entities with private components, control the direction and
governance of a country.
Corporations are primarily fictional entities possessing no real power. In

fact, it is the people behind those corporations that hold the power.
Economist Jeffrey Sachs described the United States as a

corporatocracy. And he suggested that it arose from four trends:
1. weak national parties and strong political representation of individual districts,

2. the large U.S. military establishment after World War II,
3. big corporate money financing election campaigns, and
4. globalization tilting the balance away from workers.
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7. DEMARCHY
Dem being short for demos

meaning people, and – archy meaning
rule.
It is a hypothetical political system

run by randomly selected makers who have
been selected by sortition.
Sortition (also known as allotment)

-is the selection of officers as a random sample from a larger pool of candidates.
Demarchy attempts to achieve democratic representation without needing

elections- it has been referred to as <democracy without elections=.
It was first proposed by the Australian philosopher John Burnheim, whose political
model removed the need for the state or bureaucracies.
Randomly selected groups, sometimes termed <policy juries=, <citizens juries= or

<consensus conferences= would deliberately make decisions about public order policies in
much the same way that juries reach verdicts on criminal cases. According to him, random
selection of policymakers would make it easier for everyday citizens to meaningfully
participate and harder for special interest to corrupts the process.
Demarchy attempts to achieve democratic representation without needing

elections- it has been referred to as <democracy without elections=.
It was first proposed by the Australian philosopher John Burnheim, whose political
model removed the need for the state or bureaucracies. Randomly selected groups,
sometimes termed <policy juries=, <citizens juries= or <consensus conferences= would
deliberately make decisions about public order policies in much the same way that juries
reach verdicts on criminal cases. According to him, random selection of policymakers
would make it easier for everyday citizens to meaningfully participate and harder for
special interest to corrupts the process.
8. DIRECT DEMOCRACY
It is classically term Pure Democracy.
The sovereignty is lodged in the assembly

of all citizens who choose to participate.
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This assembly might pass executive motion, make laws, elect and dismiss
officials and conduct trials.
Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing
executive decisions, the use of sortition, making laws, directly electing or dismissing
officials and conducting trials.
Two leading forms of direct democracy are:
1. participatory democracy and

2. deliberative democracy
a. PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY
It sometimes called <direct democracy=
It emphasized the broad participation

(decision making) of constituents in the
direction and operation of political systems.
Greek word:
Demos and Kratos- which imply that the people are in power and relies on
the participation of its citizens.
It strives to create opportunities for all members of a political group to make

meaningful contributions to decision-making and seeks to broaden the range of
people who have access to such opportunities.
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Though the limitation of participatory democracy to only be effective in small groups is

also an area of study.
No one has yet discovered how to link such a style to the national decision-making process
or how to make this effective on a large scale.
b. DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY
Deliberative democracy or discursive
democracy is a form of democracy in which
deliberation is central to decision-making.
It adopts elements of both consensus
decision-making and majority rule.
Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully

weighing options, usually prior to voting.
Deliberation emphasizes the

use of logic and reason as opposed to
power-struggle, creativity, or dialog.
Group decisions are generally
made after deliberation through a vote
or consensus of those involved.
Five characteristics essential for legitimate deliberation:
1. Information: Accurate and relevant data is made available to all participants.
2. Substantive balance: Different positions are compared based on their supporting evidence.
3. Diversity: All major positions relevant to the matter at hand and held by the public are
considered.
4. Conscientiousness: Participants sincerely weigh all arguments.
5. Equal consideration: Views are weighed based on evidence, not on who is advocating a
particular view.
Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government"
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9. GRASSROOTS DEMOCRACY
The decision-making authority as

practical is shifted to the organizational
lowest geographical level of organization.
The decision-making power as

possible in the hands of a local chapter
instead of the head office.
The principle is that for democratic

power to be best exercised must be vested
in the local community.
10. ILLEBERAL DEMOCRACY
Is a governing system in which

although fairly free elections take place,
citizens are cut off from real power due
to the lack of civil liberties.
They believe that they have the mandate to act in a way they see fair as
long as they hold regular election.
Lack of liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of assembly make

opposition extremely difficult.
They ruler may centralize power between branches and local government. Media
is often controlled by the state and strongly support the regime. Non-governmental
organization (NGO) may face onerous regulations or simply prohibited.
The regime may used red tape, economic pressure, or violence against critics.
The method of determining a regime as a illiberal democracy is by determining

whether <it has regular, free, fair, and competitive election to fill the principal positions of
power but it does not qualify as Free in freedom of civil liberties and political rights=.
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ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY
Known as ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY
Islamic democracy refers to

a political ideology that seeks to apply
Islamic principles to public policy within
a democratic framework.
Islamic political theory specifies three basic features of an Islamic

democracy:
1. leaders must be elected by the people,
2. subject to sharia (Islamic Legal System)
3. committed to practicing "shura", a special form of consultation

practiced by Muhammad, which one can find in various hadiths, with
their community
2 KINDS OF DEMOCRATIC STATES that incorporate ISLAM
1. A democratic state which recognizes Islam as state religion, such

as Malaysia, Pakistan, Algeria, or Bangladesh. Some religious values are
incorporated into public life but Islam is not the only source of law.
2. A democratic state which endeavors to institute Sharia. It is also

called as Islamist democracy. Islamic democracy offers more
comprehensive inclusion of Islam into the affairs of the state.
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11. LIBERAL DEMOCRACY
- Constitutional Democracy
Liberal democracy is a political

ideology and a form of government in which
representative democracy operates under
the principles of liberalism.
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and

equality.
It is characterized by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple

distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government,
the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society, and the equal protection
of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all people.
To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon

a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government
and enshrine the social contract and became the predominant political system in the world
in the 20th century.
A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms:
1. It may be a constitutional republic (France, India, the United States) or

2. A constitutional monarchy (Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom)
3. A presidential system (Indonesia, the United States),
4. A semi-presidential system (France, Taiwan)
5. A parliamentary system (India, Italy, the United Kingdom).
12. MESSIANIC DEMOCRACY
It described as <democracy by force=.
Messianic primarily means "of the Messiah",

a religious savior
The term is used to assert that claims of

establishing liberty and freedom through the use
of military force are analogous to other
overly-zealous doctrines of salvation by
submission to a claimed authority.
The term also implies the hypocrisy of democracy by force doctrines, which
despites assuming the full rhetoric and stature of a self-appointed savior. But can only
loosely or indirectly allude to the principles of messianic guidance and peace.
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13. NON-PARTISAN DEMOCRACY
Also known as No Party Democracy
Is a system of representative
government or organization such that
universal and periodic elections take
place without reference to political
parties.
Sometimes electioneering and even speaking about candidates may be

discouraged, so as not to prejudice other decisions or create a contentious atmosphere.
A non-partisan party differs from a single-party
SINGLE PARTY SYSTEM- identifies

itself as a party where membership might
provide benefits not available to non-members.
It often requires government officials to be

members of the party, features a complex party
hierarchy as a key institution of government, forces
citizens to agree to a partisan ideology, and may
enforce its control over the government by making
all other parties illegal.
Members of a non-partisan government may not share any ideologies. Various

communist nations such as China or Cuba are single-party nations although the members
of Parliament re not elected as Party Candidates.
A direct democracy can be considered non-partisan since citizens vote on laws

themselves rather than electing representatives.
In many nations, the head of state is nonpartisan, even if the prime minister and
parliament are chosen in partisan election.
The heads of state are expected to remain neutral with regards to partisan politics.
An absolute monarchy, such as Saudi Arabia, with no legislative branch, is not

considered partisan, nor non-partisan, nor even democratic
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14. RELIGIOUS DEMOCRACY
It is a form of government were the

values of a particular religion affect laws and
rules.
The term applies to all countries in

which religion is incorporated into the form
of government.
Democracies are characterized as secular or religious
Major criticism of religious democracy include criticism from the secular and the
legalist points of view:
1. From the secular point of view,

-religion is a hindrance to democracy as it enforces a set of legal and societal principles.
Separation of religion and state is required to protect freedom and ensure equality. As
many countries, including the United States incorporate religion into their legislation, it could be
argued as to what constitutes a secular democracy.
2. From the Legal point of view,

-democracy can never enjoy general acceptance in a religious society.
Anything outside of rigid interpretation of religious texts is rejected and God rather than
the people is sovereign.
15. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
Representative democracy (also indirect democracy or psephocracy)
It is a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials

representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.
It is an element of both the parliamentary system or presidential system

of government and is typically used in a lower chamber (house) and may be curtailed by
constitutional constraints such as an upper chamber (house).
Representatives are elected by the public, as in national elections for the national
legislature.
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Elected representatives may hold the power to select other representatives,

presidents, or other officers of government or of the legislature, as the Prime Minister in
the latter case.
The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a constitution other measure

to balance representative power.
16. REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY
It is a republic which has democratic forms of government.
One of the key principals is free and open debate prior to casting a vote.
A republic in modern understanding is a nation or state where the people are

sovereign (superior).
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It is an emphasis on law and rules of the people through elected representatives.
A republic is a form of government or country in which power resides in elected

individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power
according to the rule of law.
17. SOVIET DEMOCRACY
It is a form of democracy in which workers

councils called <Soviet= or council, consisting
of worker- elected delegates, form organs of power
possessing both legislative and executive power.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

-USSR
According to Vladimir Lenin and other

Marxist theorists, the soviets represent the
democratic will of the working class and are
thus the embodiment of the dictatorship of
the proletariat.
Proletariat- is a term used to describe

the class of wage-earners (especially industrial
workers).
The process begins when:
1. the workers of a city elect their local soviet. This body holds both legislative
and executive power for that city.
2. The local soviet choose their delegates for their county soviet.
3. These county soviets in turn elect for their provincial soviet.
4. Lastly, the provincial then choose their delegates for the regional soviet.
Each soviet has legislative-executive power over the territory it governs.
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RED - USSR
BLUE - Russia
Other Color - Other Countries gained independence
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22. TOTALITARIAN DEMOCRACY
It refers to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives

maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote,
have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government.
It accepts exclusive territorial sovereignty" as its right. It retains full power of

expropriation and full power of imposition, i.e., the right of control over everything and
everyone
It is said to maximize its control over the lives of its citizens, using the dual
rationale of general will (i.e., "public good") and majority rule.
An argument can be made that in some circumstances it is actually

the political, economic, and military élite who interpret the general will to suit their own
interests.
Totalitarianism- It is a political system in which the state holds total control over
the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.
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WORLD ECONOMY
It is a vital resource for researchers, analysts and policy-advisors interested in trade

policy and other open economy issues embracing international trade and the environment,
international finance, and trade and development.
The world economy shows that economic development and wellbeing are linked to
freedom and democracy. This correlation is the key that explains our world society.
Freedom = Knowledge= Technical Progress= Economic development
The following is a list of twenty largest economies by GDP (PPP) at a specific year
according to International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
As of March 2020
1. China 11. Mexico

2. United States 12. South Korea
3. India 13. Turkey
4. Japan 14. Italy
5. Russia 15. Saudi Arabia
6. Germany 16. Canada
7. Indonesia 17. Spain
8. Brazil 18. Egypt
9. United Kingdom 19. Iran
10. France 20. Thailand
21- Philippines
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
-is the sum of the entire final production obtained in a given year by a country and it
measures the economic power of a given country.
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
-is an economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal
to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power.
According to World Bank, the world economy is divided into the following income
groups:
CATEGORIES INCOME COUNTRY PERCENTRAGE
1. Low Income- $825 or less; 37%
2. Lower Middle Income- $826 - $3,255; 38%
3.Upper Middle Income $3,256- $ 10, 065; 9%
4.High Income $10,0666- more; 16%
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Chapter 3
NATIONAL SYSTEMS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE

ACROSS THE WORLD
Philippines Japan
1. Law Enforcement 1. Police

2. Prosecution 3. Court
3. Court 3. Correction
4. Correction
5. Community
United States of America
1. Law Enforcement
2. Court
3. Correction
PART OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
1. Legislative system – it is the network of legislatures that create laws.
2. Judiciary system – it is the network of courts that interpret the law in the name
of the state, and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal,
and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.
3. Corrections system – it is the network of governmental agencies that

administer a jurisdiction's prisons, probation, and parole systems.
GLOBAL SOCIAL CHANGE
CIVILIZATION AND MODERNIZATION
The process of civilization is shown in a transformation of criminal justice

institutions towards decriminalization, greater tolerance, a reduction of lengthily
periods of imprisonment and an expansion of prison alternatives.
It is the process of modernization revolve around the impact of particular

demographic, economic and technological changes that require adaptations by the
criminal justice system.
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THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION
-The economic changes have created new opportunities, but have also led to an
increase in crime, particularly in matters of drug trafficking and money laundering.
COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM
1. INQUISITORIAL
The prosecution of crimes rests exclusively in the hands of the officers and
agents of the state who conduct investigation under the clock of secrecy and the
use of force, torture, intimidation in procuring confession from the suspect.
It is where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated, have

more secret procedures.
Outside the U.S most trials are concerned with legal guilt where everyone
knows the offender did it, and the purpose is to get the offender to apologize, own
up to their responsibility, argue for mercy, or suggest an appropriate sentence for
themselves.
2. ADVERSARIAL
The prosecutions are left in the hands of the prosecuting arms of the
government. The suspect is informed of the accusation and is given opportunity to
defend himself.
It is where the accused is innocent until proven guilty. The U.S adversarial
system is unique in the world. No other nation, not even U.K places as much
emphases upon determination of factual guilt in the courtroom as the U.S does.
2. MIXED SYSTEM
It is the combination of inquisitorial and accusatorial.
THORIES IN POLICING
1. CONTINENTAL
It is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers
are servants of higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental
countries like France, Italy, and Spain
2. HOME RULE
It is the theory of police service which states that police officers are
servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in country
with decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police service
theory that should prevail in the Philippines bases on the existing laws,
concepts, and principles.
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THEORIES IN COMPARATIVE POLICING
1. ALERTNES TO CRIME THEORY

It is that as nation develops, people9s alertness to crime is
heightened. They report more crime to police and demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime problems.
2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY

It is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration
and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
It is that long with higher standards of living, victims become more
careless or their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime
multiply.
4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
It is based on the event when a greater number of children are being
born. As these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out
the of adolescent identity crisis.
5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
It holds that process comes along with rising expectations. People
at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don9t
see themselves rising fast enough.
6. MODERNIZATION THEORY
It sees the problem as society becoming too complex or core
pattern of emotion.
7. THOERY OF ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE

The latter being term referring to social cohesion on values)
It suggests that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the

disintegration of older norms that once held people together.
4 KINDS OF SOCIETY IN THE WORLD
1. FOLK- COMMUNAL SOCIETY

It has little codification of law, no specialization among Police, and a system
of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things
become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.
2. URBAN-COMMERCIAL SOCIETY
It has civil law (some standards and customs are written down), specialized
police force (some for religious offices, others for enforcing the King9s law), and
punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh; sometimes lenient.
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3. URBAN- INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
It only has codified laws (statutes that prohibited) but laws that prescribed
good behavior, police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and
the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating insensitive and
disincentives.
4. BUREAUCRATIC SOCIETY
It has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who tend to
keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.
Developing countries tend to be lumped into the first 1 and 2 types, and the
study of culture becomes more important
Developed countries tend to be the last 3 and 4, and the study of social
structure becomes more important.
Culture- it involves the study of customs and folkways of people
Structure- it is study of institution like economic and political system.
4 SYSTEMS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
1. COMMON LAW
It is in the U. S and U.K
It is distinguishes as strong adversarial system.
It involves two opposing side of a lawyer representing the defendant and a
prosecutor representing the people.
The common law system typically relies on prior court decisions as

precedents to be used in later court cases.
2. CIVIL LAW or CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

It is the country Sweden, Japan, Germany
It distinguishes as strong inquisitorial system.
It typically grants less rights to the accused and that operates on the
premise that pre-trial inquiry and application of written law should guide society9s
quest for justice.
3. ISLAMIC LAW
It is known as Muslim or Arabic justice
Shariah Law
It is rooted in religious values and derives its premises from Koran.
Islamic system in general are characterized by the absence of the positive
law and are based more on the concept of natural justice.
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4. SOCIALIST SYSTEM
It reflects to a Marxist-Leninist ideology that views the criminal justice

system as a means of training a nations people to fulfill the responsibilities the
state has proclaimed to be ideal.
It is the ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the sate

forward toward perfectibility of state and mankind.
It is also characterized by administrative law, where non-legal officials

make most of the decision. Neither judges of lawyers are allowed to make law.
INTERIOR MINISTRY
Ministry of Internal Affairs or Ministry of Home Affairs
It is a government ministry typically responsible for policing, emergency

management, national security, supervision of local government, conduct of elections,
public administration and immigration matters.
In some countries, policing and national security belong to a separate ministry

(often titled <ministry of public order=, <ministry of security= etc.) with the interior ministry
being limited to control over local government, public administration, election, etc.
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR AND

LOCAL GOVERNMENT (PHILIPPINES)
-responsible for promoting peace and order,

ensuring public safety and strengthening local
government capability aimed towards the effective
dealing of basic services to the citizenry.
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Chapter 4
MODEL POLICE SYSTEM
Model system is used to describe the countries being used as topic of discussion. These
countries are chosen not because they are greater than other but because they are the focus of
comparison being studied. In this discussion, having a world map with the student is require to
appreciate and identify the geographical location of the countries.
1. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SWITZERLAND
For many years, travel brochures used to mark

<there is no crime in Switzerland=.
CANTONAL POLICE
The Cantonal Police is responsible for the

law enforcement in 26 Cantons (state)
in Switzerland
It is French Speaking, German

Speaking and Italian Speaking Canton
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Criminologist were puzzled and attributed to either the high rate of firearm ownership
or the extensive welfare system.
1. Gun Politics in Switzerland is liberal because of a long tradition of shooting as a

formative element of national identity and long-standing practice of a militia organization
of the Swiss Army in which soldier9s services rifle are stored privately at home.
It is a practice in Switzerland that a citizen will play shooting at firing range as a hobby and
a national sport. In other countries, people play football, volleyball, basketball or baseball; in
Switzerland it is a rifle shooting.
It is common that people go around with their rifles it because it is part of their educational
system to inculcate to their mind about the use and purpose of rifle in life and society.
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2. When a poor person commits a crime, the government goes to work

analyzing the family, educational, and employment needs of everyone in that poor person
family. Then after some punishment, along term treatment plan is put into effect to raise
that family out of poverty
Currently, the police authority is exercised by the cantons, which are considered
sovereign states within the Confederation.
The organization of cantonal police forces generally reflects that of the country
whose language is the primary language of that canton.
The Federal Office of Police (fedpol) is the body of the Confederation responsible
for uncovering and prosecuting facts of serious criminality at the federal level. It also
provides support to national and international partners in the performance of their policing
duties and performs security and administrative police duties at the federal level. Fedpol
is attached to the Federal Department of Justice and Police (FDJP) within the federal
administration.
ORGANIZATION
Fedpol employs around 900 people from all professional backgrounds. The majority of
employees are 44 years old. The proportion of women, stable for years, is on average 34%. They
are 15% to occupy managerial positions. 76% of employees are German-speaking, 17% French-
speaking and less than 7% Italian-speaking. Some collaborators are Romansh or of another
linguistic origin. The Federal Office of Police has a budget of 270 million Swiss francs to carry out
the key tasks entrusted to it.
In the French-speaking cantons, the police are divided into two sections:
1. The gendarmerie, a uniformed organization which performs the tasks of police patrol and
response, and may conduct judicial enquiries. However, in certain cantons, the gendarmes have
the ability to conduct local or judicial enquiries.
2. The sûreté ('security' or 'safety'), civil investigators who work in the Criminal Investigation
Department (average and serious crime)
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In German-speaking cantons, the police are divided into three sections:
1. The Kriminalpolizei (criminal police), who investigate crime and conduct criminal
investigations (similar to the sûreté).
2. The Schutzpolizei ('security' or 'protection' police), who respond to emergency calls and
conduct patrols (similar to the gendarmerie).
5. The Autobahnpolizei (highway patrol) who enforce traffic laws and investigate road
traffic
3. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN IRAN
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Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1. Army (Artesh)
2. Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah)
3. Law Enforcement Force (Police)
ARMY OF GUARDIANS OF ISLAMIC

REVOLUTION
-Sepah for short
-Revolutionary Guards
or Islamic Revolutionary
Guard Corps (IRGC)
-The regular army defends Iran9s borders and maintains internal order.
The Revolutionary Guard is intended to protect the country’s Islamic

System in preventing foreign interference as well as coups by the military or
deviant movement.
The main role is in National Security and responsible for internal and
border security, law enforcement and Iran9s missile force.
LAW ENFORCEMENT FORCE OF

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN
-Disciplinary Force of Islamic Republic of Iran
-abbreviated as NAJA
-It is under the Ministry of Interior
-with Islamic Ideology
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Its responsibilities include:
• Border control;
• Crime fighting;
• Emergency services;
• Identity checks;
• International police cooperation with the INTERPOL community
with regard to the arrest and extradition of criminals;
• Preventing and fighting terrorism;
• Preventing the production, distribution and trafficking of illicit drugs;
• Preventing trafficking in human beings and weapons;
• Public security and peace;
• Traffic control.
The Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran have a number of

branches, each with specialized duties:
1. The Prevention Police of NAJA

2. The Intelligence and Public Security Police of NAJA (PAVA for short:
3. The Traffic Police of NAJA (Rahvar for short;
4. The Cyber Police of NAJA (FATA for short: established in 2011, is Iran's Law
Enforcement Force Cyber unit;
5. The Anti-Narcotics Police of NAJA, is an Anti-Narcotic unit;
6. The Immigration & Passport Police of NAJA
7. The Diplomatic Police of NAJA
8. The Criminal Investigation Police of NAJA
9. The Border Guard Command of NAJA
10. The Special Unit; It is responsible for suppressing riots, anti-terrorist activities,
urban defense and rescuing hostages.
11. The Centre for Strategic Studies of the Iranian Law Enforcement Force
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RANKS IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
Police General Staff Sergeant

Police Lieutenant General Sergeant
Police Major General Corporal
Police Brigadier General Lance Corporal
Police Second Brigadier General Senior Policeman
Police Colonel Policeman
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police First Lieutenant
Police Second Lieutenant
Police Third Lieutenant
Command Sergeant Major
Sergeant Major
Sergeant First Class/First Sergeant
3. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA
POLICE DEPARTMENT
The Police Department of Saudi Ministry of the Interior is divided into

three forces: the regular police, secret police and religious police.
1. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY
- the official name of regular police force and handles most day-to-day
police activities. It is highly centralized force and usually headed by a member
of royal family.
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2. SECRET POLICE or Mabahith (General Investigation Directorate)
- deals with domestic security and counter-intelligence and it runs also the
Ulaysha Prison where it holds their prisoners for arbitrary detention
-monitors suspected political opponents and others, targets individuals and

interrogates detainees.
3. RELIGIOUS POLICE or MUTAWA or Mutaween

-Mutawa is the name used for
individual religious police.
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice or (CPVPV)
-is the government agency employing religious police and enforcing Sharia
Law in Saudi Arabia.
- known for having full beards and wear headscarves and often coming
from Saudi Arabia9s lower classes.
- consist of volunteers often accompanied by a police escort.
Duties:
1. Ensuring that drugs including alcohol are not being traded

2. Checking that women wear abaya, a traditional all-enveloping black cloack
3. Making sure that men and women who are spotted together in public are related.
4. Ensuring women do not smoke in public.
5. Preventing the population from engaging in western customs such as
Valentine9s Day.
- they had the power to arrest unrelated males and females socializing,
engaged in homosexual behavior or prostitution, enforce dress code, and store
closure during prayer time.
- Enforce Muslim dietary laws, prohibited the consumption of pork, seize

consumer product regarding Anti-Islamic shows and film, and preventing the
practice of other religions.
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4. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ISRAEL
Known as the <State of Israel=
<Jewish State=
Law enforcement services in Israel are provided by the Israel Police, the
national police force created in 1948. The force is part of the Ministry of Public
Security, which is also responsible for Prison Services, the Anti-Drug Authority,
and the Witness Protection Authority.
The Israel Police is headed by a Commissioner of Police who is appointed
by the government upon recommendation of the Minister of Public Security.
The Israel Police is made up of seven territorial districts, Border Police, and
seven departments each with distinct policing responsibilities. The force is made
up of approximately 27,000 officers.
Mission:
Prevent, detect and investigate crime;

Arrest criminals and bring them to trial;
Maintain public order;
Protect life and property;
Protect prisoners;
Control traffic and promote road safety;
Maintain national security and fight terrorism.
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1. ISRAEL POLICE
- <Misheteret Yisra’el=
It is the civilian police force in Israel that operates throughout the Israel and
Area C of the West Bank.
It is responsible for public security, maintaining public order, securing public

events and rallies, dismantling suspicious object and explosives (EOD), riot and
crowd control, law enforcement, crime fighting, detective work, operating the Civil
Guard, handing civilians complaints, handling youth violence, and educational
campaigns.
2. CIVIL GUARD
-Known as Mash’az
It is a volunteer organization of Israeli Citizen to do patrol in near border

neighborhoods which were exposed to Palestinian terror attacks and assist in daily police
work.
The volunteers give more of their time involved in traffic control and they receive
police training, wear police uniforms and limited police power.
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The Minimum requirement is 12 hours per month, most volunteer are armed with
M1 Carbine and specialized such as bicycle riders, search and rescue teas, drives and
translators
OPERATIONAL UNITS
1. The BORDER POLICE
-MAGAV
-its members called <Magavnikim=

-is the combat arm of the police and mainly
serves in unquiet areas- the borders, the West Bank
and the rural country side.
- is the gendarmerie; has both professional

officers on payroll and conscript of Israel Defense
Force (IDF) as their mandatory three (3) year
mandatory services.
2. YAMAN (Yehidat Mishtara Meyuhedit)
It is an acronym for Special Police Unit
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It is an Israeli counter-terrorism unit, one of four special unit of the Israel

Border Police.
It is designed for Domestic Counter-terrorism and law enforcement and

capable of both hostage-rescue operations and offensive take-over raids against
targets in civilian areas. Besides military duties, it also performs SWAT duties and
undercover police works.
3. YASAM (Yehidat Siyur Meyuhedet)
It is the Israel Police Special Patrol Unit

It is a riot police unit dedicated to continuous security, riot and crowd control
and other special operations.
Officers are often recruited from IDF and Border Police Special Forces
having all served in combat units of one kind or another.
Officers wear gray trouser and jackets with a black cap embossed with their
unit insignia.
ISRAELI INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
1. SHABAK (Israel Security Agency)

It is the organization responsible for internal security, including the Israeli-occupied
territories.
2. MOSSAD (The Institute)

<The Institute for Intelligence and for Special Tasks=
It is the agency responsible for foreign intelligence
3. AMAN (Directorate of Military Intelligence)

It produces comprehensive national intelligence estimates for the prime minister
and cabinet, daily intelligence reports, risk of war estimates, target studies on nearby
countries, and communications intercepts.
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5. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN JAPAN
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
National Public Safety Commission
National Police Agency
Prefectural Police
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISION
The National Public Safety Commission (Kokka Kōan Iinkai)
It is a Japanese Cabinet Office commission
The commission consists of a chairman who holds the rank of Minister of

State and five members appointed by the prime minister with the consent of both houses
of the Diet (is Japan's bicameral legislature).
The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but coordinates with it

through the Minister of State.
Cabinet- it is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders
of the executive branch.
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The commission's function is to guarantee the neutrality of the police system by

insulating the force from political pressure and ensuring the maintenance
of democratic methods in police administration.
National Public Safety Commission ensure that Japan's police are an apolitical
body and free of direct central government executive control.
They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and

active press.
It administers and set a policy for the National Police Agency and has the authority
to appoint or dismiss senior police officers.
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY
The National Police Agency (Keisatsu-chō)
-is an agency administered by the National

Public Safety Commission of the Cabinet Office in
the cabinet of Japan, and is the central
coordinating agency of the Japanese police system.
Unlike comparable bodies, such as the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the
NPA does not have any police officers of its own.
Instead, its role is to determine general standards and policies, although in

national emergencies or large-scale disasters the agency is authorized to take command
of prefectural police forces.
Japan9s National Police Agency (NPA) supervises and controls the police activities
of 47 Prefectural Police Departments, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Police
Department. The NPA is made up of about 7,800 officials, including 2,100 police officers,
900 Imperial Guards and 4,800 civilians.
The NPA is headed by a Commissioner General who is appointed by the National
Public Safety Commission (NPSC) with the approval of the Prime Minister. The NPSC is
made up of a Chairman (who holds the rank of Minister of State), and five other
members. It administers the NPA and guarantees the neutrality of the police.
NPA duties include:
• international crime investigations;

• criminal identification;
• dealing with natural disasters, emergencies and civil unrest;
• imperial guard (protection of the Japanese imperial families);
• police communications;
• police inspection;
• police training;
• tackling organized crime;
• vehicle and road administration.
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PREFECTURAL POLICE
It is under the oversight of the National Police Agency or NPA.
The West's use of "prefecture" to label these Japanese regions stems
RANKS
Commissioner General (Keisatsu-chō Chōkan):

The Chief of National Police Agency. The rank outside.
Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan):

The Chief of Metropolitan Police Department
Superintendent Supervisor ( Keishi-kan):

Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy Superintendent General, The
Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural Police
Headquarters, others.
Chief Superintendent ( Keishi-chō):

The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei):

The Chief of Police Station(large). More than this rank, all police officer
joins to National Police Agency.
Superintendent (Keishi):
The Chief of Police Station (small or middle), The Vice Commanding
Officer of Police Station, Commander of Riot Unit.
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Police Inspector or Captain ( Keibu):

Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Company.
Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho):

Squad Sub-Commander of Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon.
National Police Officer 1st class's career start from this rank.
Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō):

Field supervisor, Leader of Police box. National Police Officer 2nd class's
career start from this rank.
Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-chō):

Honorary rank of Police Officer.
Police officer, old Patrolman (Junsa):

Prefectural Police Officer's career start from this rank.
6. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ENGLAND
England is just a Kingdom under United Kingdom (UK) of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, known as UK or Britain, before to proceed details about law
enforcement in London, overview of U.K must discuss to avoid confusion.
UNITED KINGDOM
The 4 Kingdom unite into one

sovereign Country;
1. England
2. Scotland
3. Northern Ireland
4. Wales
-People under this country is British

Or Briton.
-the country is Head by a Prime
Minister to run the government of the UK
<Her Majesty= and to advice the Queen.
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The United Kingdom (UK), which is made up of England, Northern Ireland,

Scotland and Wales, does not have a national police force. Instead, there are 44
geographic forces in England and Wales, and a single force in Scotland and in Northern
Ireland.
Each force is led by a Chief Constable who is accountable to law, to the Home
Secretary and to local democratic oversight. Democratic oversight is provided by elected
Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in most areas and by the Mayor9s Office in
London.
THE SCOTLAND YARD
Flag of England
Scotland Yard (officially New Scotland Yard) is a metonym for the

headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, the territorial police
force responsible for policing most of London.
The name Scotland Yard is a government compound in England which

served a guesthouse for the Kingdom of Scotland Royal Family in every visit in
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England. Since, the compound is seldom to use and upon the approval of the Law
proposed by Sir Robert Peel, the government cannot provide immediately an office
intended for the police headquarters; the Scotland Yard serve as the office of the
metropolitan police service during early years and over the time.
METROPOLITAN POLICE SERVICE
The Metropolitan Police Service (abbreviated to MPS and widely known

informally as "the Met")
It is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in Greater

London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London, which is the
responsibility of the City of London Police.
The Met also has significant national responsibilities, such as coordinating

and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the British Royal
Family and senior figures of Her Majesty's Government.
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While some smaller or area specific police forces (ports, docks, tunnels etc.) may
use variations on, or fewer of, these ranks, most territorial police forces and forces have
a standard set of operational ranks:
Police Constable
Sergeant
Inspector
Chief Inspector
Superintendent
Chief Superintendent
The standard Chief Officer ranks outside London are:

Assistant Chief Constable
Deputy Chief Constable
Chief Constable
CITY OF LONDON POLICE
The City of London Police is the territorial police force responsible for
law enforcement within the City of London, including the Middle and Inner
Temples.
The force responsible for law enforcement within the remainder of Greater
London, outside of the City, is the Metropolitan Police Service, a separate
organization.
The City of London, which is now primarily a financial business district with a small resident
population but a large commuting workforce, is the historic core of London, and has an
administrative history distinct from that of the rest of the metropolis, of which its separate police
force is one manifestation.
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The police authority is the Common Council of the City, and unlike other territorial forces
in England and Wales there is no commissioner replacing that police authority by way of
the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, but like the commissioner, the Common
Council is elected, thus achieving the same aim of democratic accountability.
7. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN AUSTRALIA
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE
Four core functions – prevention, deterrence, partnership and innovation.
The Australian Federal Police (AFP) is the Australian government9s

leading law enforcement agency.
It is responsible for investigating offences against the Commonwealth of

Australia and advising on the national security framework.
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At national level, the AFP works with Australian government departments, state and
territory law enforcement agencies and other partner agencies to disrupt, deter and defeat
criminal activity.
At global level, the AFP operates within a large network of international law enforcement
agencies, industry partners, and foreign governments to identify and disrupt transnational serious
and organised crime.
Through its International Deployment Group, the AFP also provides a range of capacity
development initiatives and peacekeeping and stability operations. The group contributes to the
development, maintenance or restoration of the rule of law in countries that seek Australia's
support.
The AFP is responsive to a rapidly changing criminal environment and has eight key
investigative priorities. These are:
Serious and organized crime;

Crime operations;
High tech crime operations;
Intelligence;
Protection;
Aviation;
International Deployment Group;
Counter terrorism.
Generally, all police forces of Australia follow this rank structure with some
individual state police forces have ranks differing slightly.
For an overview of all distinct state and federal rank structures,
Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioner
Commander
Superintendent
Inspector
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Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks

Senior Sergeant
Sergeant
Non-Commissioned Ranks
Senior Constable
Constable
Probationary Constable
Each state has its own distinct rank structure
Australian Capital Territory

Australian Federal Police
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
8. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CHINA
Ministry of Public Security China
Responsible for public security, the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) is part of
the State Council, China9s chief administrative body and principal police and security
authority.
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Law enforcement services in China are provided by Public Security Bureaus, the
provincial and municipal public security counterparts which, under the leadership of
local government, operate in the main towns, cities and counties of China.
Mission:
1. Crime prevention, suppression and investigation;

2. Ensuring law and order;
3. Prevention of extremism, violence and terrorism;
4. Maintaining state security;
5. Administrative registration duties (identification
documents, birth certificates, exit-and-entry permits,
stay and travel permits for visitors to China);
6. Riot and public demonstration control;
7. Public information network security.
MPS is made up of several agencies which deal with operational and

administrative aspects of national policing. Essential operational agencies include:
1. National Security;
2. Economic Crime Investigation;
3. Border Control;
4. Criminal Investigation;
5. Fire Control;
6. Prison Security;
7. Traffic Control;
8. International Police Cooperation;
9. Drug Control;
10. Counter-terrorism.
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PEOPLE9S ARMED POLICE
The Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP) is a

Chinese paramilitary police (Gendarmerie) force primarily responsible for internal
security, law enforcement and maritime rights protection in China, as well as
providing support to the PLA Ground Force during wartime.
The People's Armed Police's primary mission is internal security.
The People's Armed Police, the Law on the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF),
is having a statutory authority to respond to riots, terrorist attacks or other emergencies.
Such unit9s guard government buildings at all levels (including party and state
organizations, foreign embassies and consulates), provide security to public corporations
and major public events, as well as counter-terrorism and handling of public emergencies.
Some units perform guard duty in civilian prisons and provide executioners for the
state. The PAP also maintains tactical counter-terrorism (CT) units in the Immediate
Action Unit (IAU), Snow Wolf Commando Unit(SWCU) and various Special Police
Units (SPUs).
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Rank
Officers Non-Commissioned Officers and

Enlisted
PAP General PAP Sergeant 1st Class

PAP Lieutenant General PAP Sergeant 2nd Class
PAP Major General PAP Sergeant 3rd Class
PAP Colonel Commandant PAP Sergeant 4th Class
PAP Colonel PAP Sergeant
PAP Lieutenant Colonel PAP Corporal
PAP Major PAP Lance Corporal
PAP Captain PAP Private 1st Class
PAP First Lieutenant PAP Private
PAP Second Lieutenant
PAP Cadet
9. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN FRANCE
In France, two
directorates-general provide Police missions:
1. The Police Nationale (National Police)

2. The Gendermerie Nationale (National Gendarmerie).
Police work in urban areas and gendarmes patrol rural areas.
Trained in schools that combine theory

and practice, policemen and gendarmes have
the mission of maintaining public order and
researching the perpetrators of offenses listed
in the Penal Code.
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1. The Police Nationale
-Formerly called the "Sûreté"
It is considered a civilian police force. Its origins date back to 1812 and was
created by Eugène François Vidocq. In 1966 its name was officially changed to
"Police Nationale". It has primary responsibility for major cities and large urban
areas.
Missions:
1. The fight against urban violence, petty crime and road safety;
2. The control of irregular immigration and the fight against the
employment of illegal immigrants;
3. The fight against drugs, organized crime and serious economic and
financial crime;
4. The protection of the country against terrorism and the attacks on the
fundamental interests of the nation;
5. The maintenance of public order.
6. The National Police is attached to the Ministry of the Interior, Overseas
Territories, Territorial Communities and Immigration.
2. The Gendarmerie Nationale
It is part of the French armed

forces. It has the primary responsibility
for policing smaller towns and rural
areas, as well as the armed forces and
military installations, airport security and
shipping ports.
Being a military force, the

gendarmerie has a highly centralized
organization structure. It is under the
control of both the Ministry of Defence
and the Ministry of the Interior (as far as
its civil duties are concerned).
In parallel and in application of the police powers conferred to him, each

mayor can form a municipal police force in charge of enforcing the police laws and
regulations on contravenal matters in the territory of the commune.
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THE MUNICIPAL POLICE
The Municipal Police (French: Police Municipale) are the local police of towns and
cities in France outside the capital. The French municipal police are under the direct
authority of the mayor and may or may not be armed according to the local mayor's
discretion.
PARIS POLICE PREFECTURE
The Paris Police Prefecture (French: Préfecture de police de Paris) is the unit of
the French Ministry of the Interior which provides police, emergency services and
various administrative services to the population of the city of Paris.
It is headed by the Prefect of Police (Préfet de police).
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RANKS
POLICE NATIONALE GENDERMERIE POLICE MUNICIPALE

NATIONAL
Directeur général de la Général d'armée
police nationale
Directeur des Services Général de corps
Actifs d'armée
Inspecteur Général Général de
division
Contrôleur Général Général de
brigade
Commissaire général de
Police
Commissaire Colonel
Divisionnaire de Police
Commissaire de Police Lieutenant-colonel
Chef d'escadron
Directeur principal de police
municipal
Commandant de Police Chef d'escadron
Directeur de police municipale
Capitaine de Police Capitaine Chef de service principal de 1re

classe
Lieutenant de Police Lieutenant Chef de service principal de 2e
classe
Sous-lieutenant Chef de service
Brigadier-Major de Police Major Chef de police municipale
Brigadier-Chef de Police Adjudant chef Brigadier Chef Principal
Brigadier de Police Adjudant Brigadier de Police
Sous-Brigadier Maréchal des Gardien de la Paix Principale
logis-chef
Gardien de la Paix Gendarme Gardien de la Paix
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10. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN HONGKONG
Hong Kong is a Special

Administrative Region of the People's
Republic of China (PRC).
Whilst the PRC is responsible for the territory's defense and foreign affairs, Hong
Kong maintains its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy and
immigration policy.
Law enforcement services in Hong Kong are provided by the Hong Kong Police
Force.
Mandate:
1. Maintain law and order;

2. Prevent, detect and investigate crimes;
3. Protect people and property;
4. Work in partnership with the community
and other agencies;
5. Maintain public confidence in the Force;
6. Provide emergency security services.
It is the world's second, and Asia's first,

police agency to operate with a modern policing
system.
RANKS
Gazette Junior Police Officer

Commissioner of Police Station Sergeant
Deputy Commissioner of Police Sergeant
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police Senior Constable
Assistant Commissioner of Inspectorate Police Constable
Chief Superintendent of Police
Senior Superintendent of Police
Superintendent of Police
Chief Inspector of Police
Senior Inspector of Police
Inspector of Police
Probationary Inspector of Police
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11. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN MACAU
Macao is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China

(PRC).
Whilst PRC is responsible for the territory's defense and foreign affairs, Macao
maintains its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy and
immigration policy.
Law enforcement services in Macao are provided by:
1. The 8Corpo de Policia de Segurança Pública de Macau9

The police force responsible for the protection of residents and their
assets, and
2. The <Polícia Judiciária=

The police force responsible for crime prevention, detection and
investigation.
Both Forces are under the command of the Secretary for Security.
RANKS
Senior ranks
Superintendent general
(superintendente-geral)
Superintendent (superintendente)
Intendent (intendente)
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Sub-Intendent (subintendente)
Commissioner (comissário)
Sub-commissioner (subcomissário)
Chief (chefe)
Sub-chief (subchefe)
Basic ranks
Principal constable (guarda principal)
Constable first class (guarda de primeira)
Constable (guarda)
12. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN RUSSIA
Law enforcement in the Russian Federation is the responsibility of a variety of different

agencies. The Russian police (formerly the militsiya) are the primary law enforcement agency,
the Investigative Committee of Russia (the "Russian FBI") is the main investigative agency, and
the Federal Security Service (formerly the KGB) is the main domestic security agency.
Police is the federal law-enforcement agency in Russia, operating under the Ministry of
Internal Affairs. It was established in 2011, replacing the Militsiya, the former police service.
It is the federal police service of Russia that operates according to the law on police as
approved by the Federal Assembly, and subsequently signed into law on February 7, 2011 by
then President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.
RANKS
General of police of the Russian federation
Police colonel General
Police Lieutenant General
Police Major General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Senior Lieutenant
Police Lieutenant
Police Junior Lieutenant
Police Senior Praporshchik
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Police Praporshick
Police Starshina
Police Senior Sergeant
Police Sergeant
Police Junior Sergeant
Police Private
13. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GERMANY
GERMANY
German law enforcement services are provided by a combination of

different forces which have either state, national or international mandates.
1. State police forces: Landespolize
Germany is a Federal Republic made up of 16 states. Each state is

responsible for its own policing matters and has its own state Police, called
<Landespolizei=.
2. Nationwide police: Bundespolizei (BPOL)
With 40,000 employees – more than 30,000 of them fully trained police
officers – BPOL is a country-wide operational police force responsible for domestic
security. As part of Germany9s Ministry of Interior, it is Germany9s uniformed police
responsible for:
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1. Border security – including passport control;

2. Coast guard services, which comprise the surveillance of land borders and
national sea-borders;
3. Protection of federal buildings and foreign embassies;
4. Reserve forces to deal with demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies;
5. Transportation and passenger security at international airports and on German
railways;
6. Rescue helicopter service.
Today nine of sixteen State Police Forces recruit only for the career bracket of the
"gehobener Dienst".
Entry into "Mittlerer Dienst" requires successful completion of 10 years of

schooling, or a successful training in any other job and some years of working in this job.
Period of training is 2 1/2 years at the police academy starting with the rank
of Polizeimeister-Anwärter.
The highest possible rank in this bracket is that of Polizeihauptmeister mit Zulage.
In the mid to late seventies the "mittlerer Dienst" was disestablished for the detective
branch Kriminalpolizei, but in some states of the former GDR, they still exist. Rank
designation, in this case, f.e. Kriminalhauptmeister.
Entry into the "gehobener Dienst" requires a high-school diploma and period of
training is 3 years at a college of administration and justice.
The highest possible rank in this career is that of Erster Polizei-/Kriminal-

hauptkommissar.
The third career bracket is the so-called "höherer Dienst". A direct entry into this
career bracket is possible and requires a law degree of a university, but the majority of
these officers had started their career in "mittlerer" or "gehobener Dienst".
Period of training is 2 years at the Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei or German

Police University. That is the only official centralised educational institution of the German
police. Starting at the rank of "Polizeirat"or "Kriminalrat" (literally "police counsellor" or
"detective counsellor") up to "Polizeipräsident" ("police president"), which is (in most
German states) equivalent to the rank of Chief of Police in the USA.
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14. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ITALY
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY
The national authority for public order and

security in Italy is the Ministry of Interior. It has
command over the five police forces which
operate throughout the country, exercising its
authority over them through its Department of Public
Security (DPS).
The DPS is headed by the <Chief of Police - Director General of Public Security=
who is appointed by the President of the Italian Republic upon recommendation of the
Ministry of Interior.
The DPS is in charge of the technical and operational coordination of law enforcement
activities carried out by the five national police forces. Their investigations are coordinated
through the Public Prosecutor9s Office, and each one sits structurally in a different Ministry:
1. Polizia di Stato (Ministry of Interior):

Serving as the state police, these national police force is part of DPS. Its
responsibilities include investigative and law enforcement duties, and the security
of motorway, railway, and waterway networks;
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2. Arma dei Carabinieri (Ministry of Defence):

A force with military status and nationwide remit for crime investigations. It
also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called
upon for national defence action;
3. Guardia di Finanza (Ministry of Economy and Finance):

A force with military status and nationwide remit for financial crime
investigations;
4. Corpo Forestale dello Stato (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry

Policies):
A force with nationwide remit for environmental crime investigations;
5. Polizia Penitenziaria (Ministry of Justice):

A force with nationwide remit for prison security, inmate safety and
transportation.
The DPS manages, supports and administrates the five police forces through its
coordination boards, multi-agency schools, information structures and joint databases.
The DPS9s role will increase over time with a view to maximising overall law enforcement
efficiency.
In the months to come, the 'Corpo Forestale dello Stato9 and 8Carabineri9 will merge
to form a new law enforcement agency with the crime investigation and prevention
mandate of both agencies.
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15. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SPAIN
The Minister of the Interior is responsible for the general administration of citizen
security and the superior command of the State Security Forces and Corps, as well as
cooperation and assistance relations with the police authorities of other countries, in
accordance with the provisions of international treaties and agreements.
Under the immediate authority of the Minister of the Interior, these functions are
exercised by the Secretary of State for Security, on whom they directly depend:
Cuerpo Nacional de Policía
National Police Force (CNP)
It is an armed institute of civil nature that depends on the Ministry of the Interior
and is composed of 70,000 people; It is deployed in police stations in all provincial capitals
and major cities and towns of the national territory.
It is the competent body in matters such as:
1. issuance of the national identity document and passport;

2. activities foreseen in the legislation on foreigners;
3. control of entry and exit of the national territory of Spaniards and foreigners;
4. control and surveillance of private security;
5. collaboration and provision of assistance to the police of other countries.
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Structurally, the role of providing assistance to the police of other countries

corresponds to the Division of International Cooperation: it is responsible for coordinating
the working groups in which the General Directorate of the Police participates in the
European Union and from other international institutions, and aspects related to support
missions to third countries and to the police personnel that provide services abroad.
Civil Guard
-Guardia Civil
- responsible for general rural policing, firearms and explosives control; traffic
policing on interurban roads; protection of communication routes, coasts, frontiers, ports,
and airports; enforcement of environmental and conservation laws, including those
governing hunting and fishing; and interurban transport of prisoners. The Guardia Civil
has operated as military police in support of the Spanish armed forces on peace-keeping
deployment.
It is an armed institute of a military nature that depends organically on the Ministry

of Defense and functionally on the Ministry of the Interior. It is made up of 75,000 agents,
deployed in part of the national territory, mainly in rural areas.
This body has competence in matters such as the legislation on arms and
explosives, the fiscal protection of the State and the prosecution of contraband, the
surveillance of traffic on interurban public roads and the custody of borders, ports and
airports.
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Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera

- Customs Service charged with customs inspections and the collection of import
duties. In addition, they investigated smuggling, tax evasion, and illegal financial
transactions, particularly those involving import-export businesses and currency
exchange. Most of its uniformed and plainclothes police were stationed at frontier crossing
points with France, Andorra, and Portugal, ports, and terminals of entry. Their monitoring
of entries and departures by foreigners also produced a flow of information needed by
internal security agencies.
Policía Portuaria
- uniformed service similar to local police, but with additionally special
administrative duties related to public safety in loading and unloading of vessels, storage
of cargo etc.
Agentes forestales
- specialist service with powers similar to local police, but also responsible for
maintaining forested areas in a safe condition. this uniformed force controls all hunting
activities and has powers to prevent visitors from gathering or damaging wild plants,
dumping rubbish, starting fires or behaving irresponsibly in addition to providing routine
surveillance and fire extinction services via regular surface and airborne patrols as well as
from fixed towers and strategic installations
Policia Local
-exist in most cities and important towns in order to concentrate on preventing
crime, settling minor incidents, traffic control, and, crucially, intelligence gathering.
pg. 77

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16. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA
KOREA NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (KNPA)
Motto: A friendly and reliable police

force for the people
Vision:
Safety and order at the highest level

Ensuring people9s safety:
Working with people to keep communities safe;
Protecting women, children and minorities.
Upholding justice for all levels of society:

Tackling corruption;
Eliminating crime and public disorder.
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Mandate
Crime prevention, suppression and investigation;

Safeguarding national security;
Safeguarding public security, law and order;
International cooperation with governments and international organizations;
Close protection services and national security operations;
Protection of people and property;
Traffic control and road security;
Collection, preparation and distribution of information on public order.
RANKS
Commissioner General
Chief Superintendent General
Senior Superintendent General
Superintendent General
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Assistant Inspector
Senior Police Officer
Police Officer
Newly commissioned officers are appointed as Policeman Assistant for a two-year

probationary period. The uniform and insignia of an assistant is identical to those of a
Policeman.
Auxiliary Policeman
Sergeant Constable
Corporal Constable
Private Constable First Class
Private Constable
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17. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN VATICAN
The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State is the gendarmerie,

or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of
the Holy See (Pope).
VATICAN CITY STATE GENDARMERIE
Many law enforcement services in the Vatican are provided by the Vatican City
State Gendarmerie (Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano).
Headed by an Inspector General, the force of 130 Italian officers sits structurally in
the Security Services and Civil Defence Directorate.
Mandate:
Accident prevention;
Crime investigation;
Financial and commercial regulations
enforcement;
Public order;
State security;
Traffic control;
Judicial services;
Protection of the Pope.
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Structure:
Rapid Response Group - two operational units under the direct supervision of the
Gendarmerie Commander:
Gruppo Intervento Rapido(GIR) - special weapons and tactics team;
Hazardous Devices Operation Unit.
Their mandate is to:
Counter threats to national security;

Gather and analyse crime intelligence;
Gather counter terrorism intelligence with a view to preventive action;
Provide technical and logistical support for investigations;
Manage high-risk situations and to ensure safety.
Operations and Control Room:
Created in 2000 and operational 24 hours a day, an operations and control center
coordinates law enforcement action required in emergency and crisis situations. It is
equipped with state-of-the-art alarm and video surveillance systems.
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PONTIFICAL SWISS GUARD
The Pontifical Swiss Guard also provides security

services. Part of Rome9s Catholic Church, the Swiss Guard
is a separate body, independent of the Gendarmerie.
The Swiss Guard safeguards the city entrances

and is in charge of the personal safety of the Pope, dignitaries
and papal buildings.
It is a military unit of the Holy See, not Vatican City State. The Swiss Guard are
responsible for the security of the Pope, dignitaries and all papal buildings. The Swiss
Guard have maintained a centuries long tradition of carrying swords and spears,
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18. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN CANADA
Law enforcement in Canada are public-sector police forces that are associated
with and commissioned to the three levels of government: municipal (both lower
and upper-tier), provincial, and federal.
Most urban areas have been given the authority by the provinces to maintain their
own police force. All but two of Canada's provinces in turn, contract out their provincial
law-enforcement responsibilities to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (popularly known
in English-speaking areas as the Mounties), the national police force, which is
commissioned to the federal level of government.
ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

French: Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GR).
It is the Canadian national police service and an agency

of the Ministry of Public Safety Canada. It is a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body, providing federal policing
services to all Canadians and policing agencies.
-known as Mounties
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POLICE RANKS
The Chief of Police is the title of the head of most Canadian police forces except for:
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (Commissioner),

Ontario Provincial Police (Commissioner),
South Coast British Columbia Transportation
Authority Police Service (Chief Officer),
Vancouver Police Department (Chief Constable),
West Vancouver Police Department (Chief Constable), and
the Sûreté du Québec (Director General).
Deputy Chief of Police

Staff Superintendent (and Senior Staff Superintendent)
Superintendent
Staff Inspector
Inspector
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant (and Detective Sergeant)
Corporal (and Detective Corporal)
Senior Constable
Police Constable (and Detective Constable)
Ranking also exists (i.e. 1st Class Constable, 2nd Class Constable, etc...)
Special Constable
Cadet/Recruit
19. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ANGOLA
The Republic of Angola Police Force
The National Police of the Republic of Angola is a paramilitary force

under the Ministry of the Interior.
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Its mission is to:
Ensure law and order;

Perform police duties while duly respecting human rights
and freedom;
Protect private and public property;
Defend the country and keep it secure.
The Force itself is made up of operational, technical, consultative and support

bodies. Some of the operational units include:
Border Control Police;

Fiscal Police;
National Criminal Investigation Directorate;
National Public Order Directorate;
National Road Traffic Directorate;
National Economic Investigation Directorate;
Protection Unit;
Swat Police (Special Weapons and Tactics);
Weapons and Explosives.
20. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA
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The Nigerian Police (NP) formerly The Nigeria Police Force is the principal law
enforcement agency in Nigeria.
Law enforcement services in Nigeria are provided principally by the Nigeria

Police Force.
Mandate:
Protect lives and property;

Prosecute offenders.
The Police Mobile Force was established as a strike or Anti-riot unit under the control
of the Inspector-General of Police to counter incidents of civil disturbance. It is designated to
take over
operations of major crisis where conventional police units cannot cope.
Three major Governmental Agencies oversee the control and supervision of the
Nigerian Police Force; The Police Service Commission, the Nigerian Police Council and
Ministry of interior.
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The Police Service Commission (PSC)
The PSC is the civilian oversight body on the police. It is responsible for
appointment, promotion, and discipline of all police officers except the Inspector
General of Police. It shall collaborate, cooperate and work with all the stake
holders, namely the police council with the President of Nigeria as Chairman, all
the Governors of the Federating States of Nigeria, the Minister of Interior and the
Inspector-General of Police as members to turn the police around and enable it to
meet the challenges of the 21st century.
POLICE RANKS
Inspector General
Deputy Inspector-General of Police
Assistant Inspector-General of Police
Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Assistant Commissioner of Police
Chief Superintendent of Police
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Superintendent of Police
Inspector of Police
Sergeant Major
Sergeant
Corporal
Constable
21. LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SENEGAL
The General Directorate of the National Police
Missions:
1. guarantee of public liberty, peace and tranquility, and defense of the institutions of the
Republic;
2. maintenance and restoration of public order;
3. fight against crime, organized crime, transnational organized crime, terrorism;
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4. investigation and detection of offenses against the criminal law, implementation of the
means for their repression, in accordance with the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure;
5. surveillance of the national territory, information of the authorities on the political,
economic and social situation;
6. border control, security and safety at ports and airports;
7. application of legislation concerning the conditions of entry, residence and settlement
of foreigners in Senegal;
8. establishment of travel documents;
9. assistance to the execution of diplomatic and consular missions, and within international
organizations;
10. participatory implementation of the concept of human security.
Organization and structure:
The General Directorate of the National Police (DGPN) comprises ten directorates:
Territory Surveillance;
Federal police;
Public security;
Air and Border Police;
Foreigners Police and Travel Documents;
National School of Police and Continuing Education;
Personal;
Budget and Materials;
Central Office for the Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs;
Mobile Intervention Group
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MINISTRY OF THE ARMED FORCES
Some law enforcement services in Senegal are provided by the National

Gendarmerie, which is part of the Ministry of the Armed Forces. It is a police force with a
military status of about 5,000 civil servants.
Objectives:
Ensure public safety and peacekeeping;

To ensure the maintenance of order and the execution of laws and regulations;
Ensure the direct action of the administrative, judicial and military police;
National Defense;
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Chapter 5
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agencies at many

different levels. Every state has their own nomenclature for agencies, and their powers,
responsibilities and funding vary from state to state.
In accordance with the federal, as opposed to unitary or confederal, structure of

the United States government, the national (federal) government is not authorized to
execute general police powers by the Constitution of the United States of America.
Each of the United States' 50 federated states (referred to simply as 'states' in

the United States despite their lack of full sovereignty) retain their own police, military and
domestic law-making powers.
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The US Constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign
affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states).
For policing, this means that if a non-federal crime is committed in a US state and
the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government has no jurisdiction. However,
once the fugitive crosses a state line they violate the federal law of interstate flight and is
subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may
become involved.
AMERICA
The Americas, or America, also known as the Western Hemisphere and the
New World, comprise the totality of territories in North America and South
America.
The earliest known use of the name America dates to April 25, 1507, where it was
applied to what is now known as South America.
The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent

contact with European (Old World) powers, which led to the Columbian exchange.
The Columbian Exchange or Grand Exchange was the widespread transfer of

animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between
the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres .
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Although unlikely to be intentional at the time, communicable diseases were a

byproduct of the Exchange.
European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe,

including large numbers of indentured servants, and forced immigration of African
slaves largely replaced the indigenous peoples.
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
The American Civil War, widely known in the United States as simply the Civil
War
It is a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union
or independence for the Confederacy.
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United States/Union of the North
Confederated States America of the

South
SLAVERY
It is the humanitarian consideration behind the civil war, where confederated south used
slavery for their government survival which is strictly opposed by the Union of the North.
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2 MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1. REPUBLICAN PARTY
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as GOP (Grand Old Party).
Founded by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs (party against

tyranny), and ex-Free Soilers (party against expansion of slavery) in 1854.
The party's platform is generally based on American conservatism.
The Republican Party's conservatism involves support for free

market capitalism, free enterprise, business, a strong national
defense, deregulation, restrictions to labor unions, socially
conservative policies and traditional values, usually
with Christian overtones.
The party is generally split on the issue of how to deal with illegal
immigration
2. DEMOCRATIC PARTY
Tracing its origins back to Thomas Jefferson's and James Madison's the
Democratic Party was founded around 1828, making it the world's oldest active
party.
The party has promoted a center-left, social-liberal platform,

supporting social justice and a mixed economy. The Democrats' philosophy
of modern American liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along
with the welfare state.
It pursues a mixed economy by providing government intervention and

regulation in the economy. These interventions, such as the introduction of social
programs, support for labor unions, moves toward universal health care and equal
opportunity, consumer protection, and environmental protection, form the core of
the party's economic policy.
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TYPES OF POLICE
1. FEDERAL POLICE
2. STATE POLICE
3. COUNTY POLICE
1. FEDERAL
A federation also known

as a federal state, is a political
entity characterized by a union of
partially self-governing states or
regions under a central (federal)
government.
Federal police possess full federal authority as given to them under United States
Code (U.S.C.) and federal law enforcement agencies are authorized to enforce various
laws at the federal level.
Both police and law enforcement agencies operate at the highest level and are
endowed with police roles.
The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for enforcement of federal law.

All federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters that
are explicitly within the power of the federal government
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for most law enforcement duties
at the federal level and it includes the following:
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

2. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
3. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
4. United States Marshals Service, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)
and others.
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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous

federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it.
1. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP),

2. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE),
3. Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS),
4. United States Secret Service (USSS),
5. United States Coast Guard (USCG),
6. Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
7. Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
It should be noted that the United States Coast Guard is assigned to the United
States Department of Defense in the event of war.
At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or

broad geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements, for
example the United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural
disaster. Command in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue.
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FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security
service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime Federal law
enforcement organization.
FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the
Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism,
counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization,
DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA)
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law

enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States.
Not only is the DEA the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled
Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
It also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U.S. drug investigations
abroad.
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UNITED STATES MARSHALS SERVICE
The United States Marshals Service (USMS) is the enforcement arm of the U.S
federal Courts and the oldest American federal law enforcement agency
The U.S. Marshals are the primary agency for fugitive operations, responsible for
prisoner transport, the protection of officers of the court, and for the effective operation of
the judiciary. The Marshals service runs the Witness Protection Program and serves
federal arrest warrants.
UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE
The United States Secret Service (USSS) is a federal law enforcement

agency under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The U.S. Secret Service has two distinct areas of responsibility:
1. Financial Crimes, covering missions such as prevention and investigation

of counterfeit U.S. currency, U.S. treasury securities, and investigation of
major fraud.
2. Protection, which entails ensuring the safety of current and former national
leaders and their families, such as the President, past Presidents, Vice Presidents,
presidential candidates, visiting heads of state, and foreign embassies.
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2. STATE
A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent political entities that
shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. A.k.a as Commonwealth.
In all of the U.S. states, the chief executive is called the Governor, who serves as both
the ceremonial head of state and administrative head of government.
Due to the shared sovereignty between each U.S. state and the U.S. federal government,
an American is a citizen of both the federal republic and of his or her state of domicile.
State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required
to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders
(e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody)
STATE POLICE
The state police are a police body unique to each U.S. state, having statewide
authority to conduct law enforcement activities and criminal investigations.
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In general, they perform functions outside the jurisdiction of the county sheriff such as:
1. enforcing traffic laws on state highways and interstate expressways

2. overseeing the security of the state capitol complex,
3. protecting the governor,
4. training new officers for local police forces too small to operate an academy
5. providing technological and scientific services.
They support local police and help to coordinate multi-jurisdictional task force
activity in serious or complicated cases in those states that grant full police powers
statewide.
A general trend has been to bring all of these agencies under State Department
of Public Safety.
Additionally, they may serve under different state departments such as:
1. The Highway Patrol under the state Department of Transportation and

2. The Marine patrol under the Department of Natural Resources
Twenty-three U.S. states use the term "State Police" and the other is <Highway
Patrol=.
There are 49 states with State Police with Hawaii being the only state in the Union
with no state police so named.
Various departments of state governments may have their own enforcement

divisions, such as capitol police, campus police, state hospitals, Departments of
Correction, water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) game wardens or
conservation officers (who have full police powers and statewide jurisdiction).
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3. COUNTY
A county is a political and geographic subdivision of a state, usually assigned

some governmental authority.
The term "county" is used in 48 of the 50 U.S. states. The exceptions

are Louisiana and Alaska, where the functionally equivalent subdivisions are called,
respectively, parishes and boroughs.
SHERIFF IN THE UNITED STATES
Sheriff is a county official and is typically the top law enforcement officer of a
county. The law enforcement agency headed by a sheriff is typically referred to as
a sheriff's office.
The political election of a person to serve as a police leader is an almost uniquely

American tradition. The sheriff is elected to four (4) years term.
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Historically, the sheriff was also commander of the militia in that county. Distinctive
in law enforcement in the United States, sheriffs are usually elected.
The authority of the sheriff varies from state to state, a sheriff or their deputies has
the power to make arrests within his or her own jurisdiction. Some states extend this
authority to adjacent counties or to the entire state.
It also performs other functions such as traffic control and enforcement, accident
investigations, and maintenance and transportation of prisoners.
Larger departments may perform criminal investigations or engage in other

specialized law enforcement activities.
Some larger sheriff's departments may have aviation (including fixed-wing aircraft
or helicopters), canine units, mounted details, or water patrols at their disposal.
HISTORY OF SHERIFF
The word "sheriff" is a contraction of the term "shire reeve".
The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa, designated a royal official responsible
for keeping the peace (a "reeve") throughout a shire or county on behalf of the king.
The term was preserved in England
A shire is a traditional term for a division of land, found in the United Kingdom.
A reeve was a senior official with local responsibilities under the Crown e.g. as
the chief magistrate of a town or district.
In principle, a sheriff is a legal official with responsibility for a "shire", i.e. county.
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In practice, the specific combination of legal, political and ceremonial duties of a

sheriff varies greatly from country to country.
1. In Scotland -sheriffs are judges.

2. In England, Wales, Northern Ireland, and India
A sheriff (or High sheriff) is a ceremonial county
or city official
3. In the United States of America
- the duties of a sheriff vary across states and counties. A sheriff is generally an
elected county official, and the duties of the sheriff's department generally include
policing rural areas, maintaining county jails, and serving warrants and court
papers.
4. In the Republic of Ireland
-sheriffs are legal officials similar to bailiffs in some counties and in the cities
of Dublin and Cork.
Bailiffs- is a manager, overseer or custodian; a legal officer to whom some degree

of authority or jurisdiction is given
5. In Australia and South Africa
- sheriffs are legal officials similar to bailiffs.
6. In Canada
-sheriffs used to be county legal officials. They exist in most provinces. But the
one-to-one linkage between sheriffs and counties is no longer maintained.
The provincial sheriff services generally manage and transport court prisoners,
serve court orders, and in some provinces, Sheriffs provide security for the court system,
protect public officials, support investigations by local police services and in Alberta,
Sheriffs carry out traffic enforcement.
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COUNTY POLICE
Depending on the jurisdiction, County police tend to exist only in metropolitan

counties and have countywide jurisdiction.
In some areas, there is a sheriff's department which only handles issues such as
service of papers along with security for the local courthouse.
In other areas, there are no county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law
enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff and county police, which is much more
common than there being a separate county police force.
ALASKA
The U.S. State of Alaska is divided into 19 organized boroughs and one
"Unorganized Borough <
Some areas in the unorganized borough receive limited public services directly
from the Alaska state government, usually law enforcement from the Alaska State
Troopers and educational funding.
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ALASKA STATE TROPER
The Alaska State Troopers, officially the

Division of Alaska State Troopers (AST),
is the state police agency of the U.S. state of
Alaska.
It is a division of the Alaska Department of Public Safety (DPS). The Alaska State
Troopers are a full-service law enforcement agency and handle both traffic and criminal law
enforcement.
The Alaska State Troopers are also involved in apprehending fugitives as part of the
Alaska Fugitive Task Force, an inter-agency collaborative of Alaska police departments that
cooperates with police agencies throughout the United States and less commonly with Interpol in
apprehending wanted men and women.
Unlike many lower-48 states, Alaska troopers are both state troopers and game/wildlife
enforcement officers.
Because Alaska has no counties, therefore no county police or sheriffs, in its constitution,
the troopers also handle civil papers and mental health custody orders and serve police
throughout mostly all of rural Alaska.
The DPS is headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Governor. This person is

actually a civilian administrator, though historically a career law enforcement officer and
administrator.
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The Commissioner, if a sworn officer upon being appointed as such, may be appointed a
"Special Alaska State Trooper" to maintain police powers. The Alaska State Troopers (AST) and
Alaska Wildlife Troopers (AWT) are headed by ranking officers with the rank of Colonel.
LOUISIANA
The U.S. state of Louisiana is divided into64 parishes (French: paroisses).
Forty-one parishes are governed by a council called the <Police Jury=.
The other 23 have various other forms of government, including: president-council,

council-manager, parish commission, and consolidated parish/city
POLICE JURY
In 1807, the territory reorganized its civil government roughly according

to Catholic parishes in the region.
The Police Jury is the legislative and executive government of the parish and is
elected by the voters.
Not every parish is governed by a Police Jury, but 41 of the 64 parishes use this
system.
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Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a President as their
chairman.
The President presides over the Police Jury and serves as the titular head of the
parish government.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a

civilian foreign intelligence service of the U.S. Government,
tasked with gathering, processing and analyzing national
security information from around the world,
primarily through the use of human intelligence
(HUMINT).
As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC), CIA
reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing
intelligence for the President and his Cabinet.
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CIA has no law enforcement function and is mainly focused on overseas

intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic collection.
CIA serves as the national manager for coordination and deconfliction of HUMINT
activities across the entire intelligence community
Moreover, CIA is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert
action on behalf of the President, unless the President determines that another agency is
better suited for carrying out such action.
PURPOSE
When the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign
policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate,
and disseminate foreign intelligence, and to perform covert actions.
According to its fiscal 2013 budget, the CIA has five priorities:
1. Counterterrorism, the top priority, given the ongoing Global War on Terror.
2. Nonproliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction,
with North Korea described as perhaps the most difficult target.
3. Warning American leaders of important overseas events,
with Pakistan described as an "intractable target".
4. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, and Israel described as
"priority" targets.
5. Cyber intelligence.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SPECIAL FORCES
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UNITED STATES SPECIAL OPERATIONS

COMMAND (USSOCOM or SOCOM)
- Is the Unified Combatant Command charged

with overseeing the various Special Operations
Component command of the Army, Marine Corps,
Navy, and Air Force ofthe United States Armed Forces.
JOINT SPECIAL OPERATION COMMAND
Is a component of SOCOM and is charged to

study special operations requirements and techniques
to ensure interoperability and equipment standardization;
plan and conduct special operations exercises and training,
develop joint special operations tactics; and execute
special operations missions worldwide.
U.S ARMY SPECIAL FORCES
Known as Green Berets with

five primary tasked mission:
1. Unconventional Warfare
- the most important mission
2. Foreign Internal Defense
3. Special Reconnaissance
4. Direct Action
5. Counter-Terrorism
Many of their operational technique are

classified and they are not under the command
authority of the ground commanders in those
countries.
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DELTA FORCE
1st SPECIAL FORCES OPERATIONAL

DETACHMENT- DELTA
-(1ST SFOD-D)
Is a U.S Army Unit used for hostage

rescue and counterterrorism, as well as
direct action and reconnaissance against
high value target.
The Pentagon tightly controls information

about Delta Force and refuses to comment
Publicly on the highly secretive unit and its
activities. They are granted with an enormous
amount of flexibility and autonomy. They rarely
wear uniform and usually wear civilian clothing
in and off duty. When military uniforms are worm,
they lack of markings, surnames, or branch
names. Civilian hairstyles and facial hair are
allowed to avoid recognition
SEAL TEAM SIX
UNITED STATES NAVAL SPECIAL WARFARE

DEVELOPMENT GROUP (NSWDG)
or DEVGRU
Devoted to maritime counter-terrorism unit with a worldwide maritime

responsibility; its objectives typically included targets such as ships, oil rigs, naval bases,
coastal embassies and other civilian or military bases that were accessible from the sea
or inland waterways.
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pg. 111

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Chapter 6
POLICE GLOBAL ORGANIZATION
1. ASEAN CHIEFS OF POLICE
Member Countries of ASEAN CP?

- Indonesia -Singapore -Vietnam -Cambodia
-Malaysia -Thailand -Lao DPR
-Philippines -Brunei Darussalam -Myanmar
Objectives of ASEANPOL
1. Enhancing police professionalism

2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work
3. Promoting lasting friendship amongst the police officer of ASEAN Countries
OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT

OBJECTIVES
• Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the ASEANAPOL

Conferences;
• Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members to
establish and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;
• Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and
• Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational crime.
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FUNCTIONS
• Prepare and implement work plans for effective implementation of all the
resolutions adopted in the annual Joint Communiqués signed at the ASEANAPOL
Conferences;
• Facilitate and coordinate cross-border cooperation on intelligence and information
sharing and exchange;
• Facilitate and coordinate joint operations and activities involving criminal
investigations, the building and maintenance of the ASEANAPOL database,
training, capacity building, the development of scientific investigative tools,
technical support and forensic science;
• Provide support and necessary assistance in organising the ASEANAPOL
Conferences;
• Submit on a quarterly basis to the Chiefs of ASEAN Police Forces proposals on all
planned programmed and activities to be carried out;
• Prepare an annual report on its activities and expenditure to be presented to the
ASEANAPOL Executive Committee immediately before the ASEANAPOL
Conference, and distributed to all members and to the ASEANAPOL Conference;
and;
• Act as a custodian of all documents and records of ASEANAPOL
2. EUROPOL
The competent authorities of the member

states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence
to prevent and combat serious international
organized crime. Its mission is to make significant
contribution to the European Union9s law enforcement
efforts targeting organized crime.
Mission:
The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union9s Law
enforcement action against organized crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting
criminal organizations.
How does EUROPOL assist Member States Investigation?
Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the Member States by:
1. Facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol

Liaison Officers (ELO9s).
These ELO9s are seconded to Europol by the Member States as

representatives of their National Law Enforcement agencies, thus they are
not under the command of Europol and its Director. Furthermore, they act
in accordance with their national law.
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2. Providing operational analysis and support to Member States operations;
3. Providing expertise and technical support for investigation and operations

carried out within the EU, under the supervision and the legal responsibility
of the Member States;
4. Generating strategic Reports and crime analysis on the basis of

information and intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from
other sources.
WHAT IS EUROPOL mandate?
1. Illicit drug trafficking

2. Illicit immigration networks
3. Terrorism
4. Forgery of money
5. Human Trafficking including child pornography
6. Illicit vehicle trafficking
7. Money laundering
Does EUROPOL only act on request?
Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the 28
November 2002 amending the Europol convention, allows Europol to request the
competent authorities of the Member States to investigate.
Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that
<Member States should deal with any request from Europol to initiate, conduct or
co-ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such request due
consideration. Europol should be informed whether the requested investigation will be
initiated=.
What is the added value of having Europol as a European Law Enforcement

Agency?
There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community.
Europol is unique in this field as it is a multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only
regular police officers but staff members from the various law enforcement agencies of
the Member States and covering specialized areas such as customs, immigration
services, intelligence services, border and financial police.
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3. IACP
INTERNATIONAL ASSOICATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE
It is the world9s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police

executives, with over 20,000 members in over 89 different countries. IACP9S leadership
consist of the operating chief executives of international, federal, state and local agencies
of all sizes.
Mission:
1. Advance professional police services
2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices;

foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders
and police organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the
world.
INTERPOL
The International Criminal Police

Organization (French: Organisation internationale
de police criminelle, OIPC - ICPO), or INTERPOL
It is an intergovernmental organization
facilitating international police cooperation.
It was established as the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) in

1923 and adopted its telegraphic address as its common name in 1956.
To keep Interpol as politically neutral as possible, its charter forbids it, at least in
theory, from undertaking interventions or activities of a political, military, religious, or racial
nature or involving itself in disputes over such matters.
Its work focuses primarily on public safety and battling terrorism, crimes against
humanity, environmental crime, genocide, war crimes, organized crime, piracy,
illicit traffic in works of art, illicit drug production, drug trafficking, weapons
smuggling, human trafficking, money laundering, child pornography, white-collar
crime, computer crime, intellectual property crime and corruption.
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The role of Interpol is defined by the general provisions of its constitution.
Article 2 states that its role is:
1. To ensure and promote the widest possible mutual assistance between

all criminal police authorities within the limits of the laws existing in the
different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights.
2. To establish and develop all institutions likely to contribute effectively to

the prevention and suppression of ordinary law crimes.
Article 3 states:
1. It is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention
or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.
Interpol is not a supranational law enforcement agency and has no agents

who are able to make arrests.
Instead, it is an international organization that functions as a network of

criminal law enforcement agencies from different countries.
The organization thus functions as an administrative liaison among the law

enforcement agencies of the member countries, providing communications
and database assistance, assisted via the central headquarters in Lyon,
France.
INTERPOL 6 PRIORITY AREAS
1. Public Safety and terrorism

2. Criminal Organization
3. Drug related Crime
4. Financial and High-Tech Crimes
5. Trafficking in human beings, anti-corruption
6. Fugitive Investigation support.
REGIONAL BUREAUS
1. Abidjan, Africa
2. Buenos Aires, Argentina
3. Harare, Zimbabwe
4. Nairobi, Kenya
5. San Salvador, El Salvador
6. Liaison Office, Bangkok, Thailand
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INTERNATIONAL NOTICES
RED NOTICE
-Seek to arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to

extradition
YELLOW NOTICE
-To help locate missing person, often minors,
BLUE NOTICE
-to collect additional information about person9s identity or activities in

relation to a crime.
BLACK NOTICE
-to seek information on unidentified bodies
GREEN NOTICE
-to provide warning and criminal intelligence about person who have
committed criminal offences are likely to repeat crimes in other countries.
ORANGE NOTICE
- To warn police, public entities and other international organizations

about potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other
dangerous materials.
PURPLE NOTICE
-to provide information on modus operandi, procedures, objects, devices

and hiding places used by criminals.
pg. 117

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UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote

international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on
24 October 1945 after World War II with the aim of preventing another such conflict. At its
founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193.
The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject

to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The
organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.
Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human
rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing
humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict. The UN is the largest,
most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental
organization in the world
UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING
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Peacekeeping by the United Nations is a role held by the Department of Peacekeeping

Operations as "a unique and dynamic instrument developed by the organization as a way to help
countries torn by conflict to create the conditions for lasting peace.
It is distinguished from peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement although

the United Nations does acknowledge that all activities are "mutually reinforcing" and that overlap
between them is frequent in practice.
Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-
combatants in implementing the peace agreements they may have signed. Such assistance
comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements,
electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development.
Accordingly, UN peacekeepers (often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue

Helmets because of their light blue berets or helmets) can include soldiers, police officers,
and civilian personnel.
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS CENTER
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The Armed Forces of the Philippines Peacekeeping Operations Center is one of the
wide support units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
It is tasked with the training, deployment, and management of Filipino international

peacekeepers throughout the world and serves as the liaison of the Philippine Government with
the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
The AFP PKOC trains and deploys Filipino peacekeepers from various units of the AFP.
It also accommodates the training of peacekeepers from other uniformed services of

the Philippines, such as the Philippine National Police, Philippine Coast Guard, Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology, and the Bureau of Fire Protection.
So far, however, only the AFP and PNP has deployed peacekeepers to UN missions.
PEACKEEPING MISSIONS
Africa
United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC)
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire (MINUCI)
United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI)
United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB)
United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)
United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS)
United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
North America
United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haïti (MINUSTAH)[9][11]
Asia
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)
United Nations Mission of Support in Timor-Leste (UNMISET)
United Nations Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL)
United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)
Middle East
United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria (UNSMIS)
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force in the Golan Heights (UNDOF)
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Chapter 7
LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES
Brunei Malaysia
Burma (Myanmar) Philippines
Cambodia Singapore
East Timor Thailand
Indonesia Vietnam
Laos
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1. BRUNEI
THE ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE FORCE
-was founded in 1921 with the passing of the Brunei

Police Force Enactment. The police force is in charge of
prisons, fire services, the issuing of licenses,
immigration, and keeping law and order in the streets
-the RBPF has been one of the 190 members of

INTERPOL, an intergovernmental organization worldwide
since 1984.
RANKS
Inspector General of Police

Deputy Inspector General of Police
Commissioner
Deputy Commissioner
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Senior Superintendent
Superintendent
Deputy Superintendent
Chief Inspector Assistant Superintendent
Senior Inspector
Inspector
Probationary Inspector
Cadet Inspector
Sergeant Major
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance Corporal
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2. BURMA (MYANMAR)
THE MYANMAR POLICE FORCE
The Burma Police was reorganized as the

People9s Police Force in 1964 and was reorganized
again to the present set-up as the Myanmar Police
Force on 1st October 1995 and informally became part
of the Tatmadaw (Armed Forces of Myanmar).
RANKS
Police Major General

Police Brigadier General
Police Colonel
Police Lieutenant Colonel
Police Major
Police Captain
Police Lieutenant
Police Sub Lieutenant
Police Staff Sergeant
Police Sergeant
Police Corporal
Police Lance Corporal
3. CAMBODIA
CAMBODIAN NATIONAL POLICE
Law enforcement in Cambodia is handled by the

Cambodian National Police, one of three General Departments
within the Ministry of the Interior.
The National Police numbers 64,000 and is divided into four autonomous units
and five central departments
The National Police share significant functional overlap with the Military Police
(officially the National Gendarmerie), which functions within the Ministry of Defense.
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The Ministry governs the Cambodian National Police and the administration of
the law enforcement; including the police academy ,police training, judicial police, anti-
drug efforts, border police and prison administration.
The Cambodian National Police is divided into four autonomous units, headed
collectively by the First Deputy Director of National Police, and five central departments,
each managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy Director:
Four autonomous units:
1. Interpol unit
2. Headquarters unit
3. Intervention unit
4. Drug Enforcement unit
4. TIMOR-LESTE
POLICE NATIONAL DE TIMOR-LESTE

(Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste)
May 2002 the PNTL was established by the United Nations before sovereignty
was passed to the new state, with a mandate to provide security and maintain law and
order throughout the country.
On 10 August 2001, the East Timor Police Service was officially established,
working alongside CivPol, the United Nations Civilian Police Force. It later changed its
name to the Timor-Leste Police Service, before finally adopting its current title of the
Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste.
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5. INDONESIA
Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia,

"POLRI"
It is the national police force of Indonesia. It was

formerly a part of the Indonesian National Armed
Forces ("ABRI").
The police were formally separated from the military ("TNI") in April 1999, a process
which was formally completed in July 2000.
The organization is now independent and is under the direct auspices of the President of
Indonesia, while the Armed Forces is under the Ministry of Defense. Until this day, the Indonesian
National Police is and still holds control of law enforcement and policing duties all over Indonesia
nationally.
RANKS
Police General
Commissioner General of Police
Inspector General of Police
Brigadier General
Police Chief Commissioner
Police Superintendent
Police Commissioner
Police Chief Inspector
Police Inspector 1st Class
Police Inspector 2nd Class
Police Sub-Inspector 1st Class
Police Chief Inspector Brigadier
Police Brigadier
Police First Brigadier
Police Second Brigadier
Police Brigadier Adjutant
Police Brigadier Adjutant 1st Class
Police Brigadier Adjutant 2nd Class
Chief Agent
Agent
Second Agent
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6. LAOS
THE ROYAL LAOS POLICE
The Laotian security forces were divided into

several branches of service:
1. an urban constabulary
2. a general gendarmerie
3. counter-insurgency armed support unit
The regular Laotian Police branch, this was the uniformed urban constabulary
tasked of providing security and maintaining law and order in the main population centers,
including the nation's capital city and the provincial capitals.
RANKS
Sip – Patrolman/Patrolwoman
Sip – Patrolman 1st class/Patrol woman 1st class
Sip Trii – Corporal
Sip Thó – Sergeant
Sip Êek – Staff Sergeant
Cãã Trii – Sergeant 1st class
Cãã Thó – Master Sergeant
Cãã Êek – Sergeant Major
Loei Trïï – 2nd Lieutenant
Loei Thö – 1st Lieutenant
Loei Êek – Captain
Phan Trïï – Major
Phan Thö – Lieutenant-Colonel
Phan Êek – Colonel
Phoun Chatäävä – Brigadier-General
Phoun Trïï – Major-General/Director of
the Royal Lao Police
7. MALAYSIA
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE
The police force has been in existence in

Malaysia since the days of the Malacca Sultanate.
Malacca's canonical law created what was essentially a police force in Malaysia in
the fifteenth century, through the institution of the Temenggung and Hulubalang, or royal
warriors.
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RANKS
Inspector General Grade

Inspector General of Police [IGP]: National Chief Police.
Deputy Inspector General of Police [DIG]: Deputy National Chief Police.
Commissioner of Police [CP] Department Chief Police
Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police [DCP]: State Chief Police Officer [CPO]
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police
Assistant Commissioner of Police [ACP]: District Chief Police.
Superintendent Grade
Superintendent of Police [SUPT]
Deputy Superintendent of Police [DSP]: District Division Chief
Assistant Superintendent of Police [ASP]: Station Chief Police.
Inspector Grade
Inspector [INSP]
Probationary Inspector [P/INSP]
Enlisted Grade
Sub-Inspector [S/INSP]
Sergeant Major [SM]
Sergeant [SGT]
Corporal [CPL]
Lance Corporal [L/CPL]
Constable
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8. PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE
It is the armed, civilian national police force

of the Philippines
It is administered and controlled by the

National Police Commission and is part of
the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG).
Local Police officers are operationally

controlled by municipal mayors (except during
the 30 days immediately preceding and
following any national, local and barangay
elections)
RANK
OLD NEW
Director-General to Police General

Deputy Director-General to Police Lieutenant General
Director to Police Major General
Chief Superintendent to Police Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent to Police Colonel
Superintendent to Police Lieutenant Colonel
Chief Inspector to Police Major
Senior Inspector to Police Captain
Inspector to Police Lieutenant
SPO4 to Police Executive Master Sergeant
SPO3 to Police Chief Master Sergeant
SPO2 to Police Senior Master Sergeant
SPO1 to Police Master Sergeant
PO3 to Police Staff Sergeant
PO2 to Police Corporal
PO1 to Patrolman/Patrolwoman
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9. SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE
Generally, comes under the direct purview

of the Singapore Police Force, the main government
agency entrusted with the maintenance of law and
order in the country.
In addition, the strong emphasis on community policing since the 1980s has
attempted to promote a culture in which civilians can partake and contribute directly in
law enforcement efforts.
The Singapore Police Force is the main agency tasked with maintaining law
and order in the city-state.
RANKS
Senior police officers

Commissioner of Police
Deputy Commissioner of Police
Senior Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Assistant Commissioner
Deputy Superintendent of Police
Assistant Superintendent of Police
Inspector of Police
Police officers
Senior Station Inspector (2) of Police

Senior Station Inspector of Police
Station Inspector of Police
Senior Staff Sergeant
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
pg. 129

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Lance Corporal
Obsolete for the regular force. Currently only available for the Gurkha
Contingent.
Special constable
Full-time National Servicemen. Promoted FTNS officers will have the SC prefix to
their rank, e.g. SC/Cpl, SC/Sgt.
Police Constable
This rank is no longer granted to regulars. However, officers below the rank of
inspector being discharged from the police force on disciplinary grounds are first
reduced to the rank of constable before their discharge
10. THAILAND
THE ROYAL THAI POLICE
Is the national police force in the country, Thailand.
Sometimes the Royal Thai Police is recognized as the fourth armed force of
Thailand as their tradition, concept, culture, skill and training are relatively same as the
army and most of their officer cadets need to graduate from the Armed Forces Academies
Preparatory School.
RANK
Commissioned officers
Police General (phon tamruat ek)
Police Lieutenant General (phon tamruat tho)
Police Major General (phon tamruat tri)
Police Brigadier (rank in abeyance) (phon
tamruat jattawa)
Police Senior Colonel (phan tamruat ek phiset)
Police Colonel (phan tamruat ek)
Police Lieutenant Colonel (phan tamruat tho)
Police Major (phan tamruat tri)
Police Captain (roi tamruat ek)
Police Lieutenant (roi tamruat tho)
pg. 130

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Police Second Lieutenant (roi tamruat tri)
Non-commissioned officers
Police Sergeant Major (dap tamruat)

Police Staff Sergeant (ja sip tamruat)
Police Sergeant (sip tamruat ek)
Police Corporal (sip tamruat tho)
Police Lance Corporal (sip tamruat tri)
Policeman/Constable (phon tamruat)
11. VIETNAM
VIETNAM PEOPLE9S PUBLIC

SECURITY
(Công an Nhân dân Việt Nam)
RANK
Commissioned officers
Đại tướng Công an Police General
Thượng tướng Công an Police Colonel General
Public Security
Trung tướng Công an Police Lieutenant General
Thiếu tướng Công an Police Major General
Đại tá Công an Police Brigadier
Thượng tá Công an Police Colonel
Trung tá Công an Police Lieutenant Colonel
Thiếu tá Công an Police Major
Đại úy Công an Police Captain
Thượng úy Công an Police Senior Lieutenant
Trung úy Công an Police 1st Lieutenant
Thiếu úy Công an Police Sub-Lieutenant (2nd
Lieutenant).
Non-commissioned officers
Thượng sĩ Staff Sergeant
Trung sĩ Sergeant
Hạ sĩ Corporal
Policemen
Chiến sĩ bậc 1 Policeman 1st Class
Chiến sĩ bậc 2 Policeman
pg. 131

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Chapter 7
PROTECTIVE SERVICES AGENCY

IN THE WORLD
BANGLADESH
There are three agencies protecting the highest-ranking officer in the country.
1. Special Security Force

2. President Guard Regiment
3. Special Security and Protection Battalion
1. Special Security Force (SSF)
It is a Bangladeshi law enforcement agency that provides protection to

government officials and foreign dignitaries.
The mission of the SSF is to provide physical security to

the President and Prime Minister of Bangladesh, and any person designated as a very
important person (VIP) by the Government of Bangladesh.
pg. 132

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The SSF takes necessary measures in coordination with the civil administration
and security and intelligence organizations to prevent future threats to VIPs and protect
VIPs from active threats. The SSF is also responsible for the security of VIPs9 offices and
residences
2. President Guard Regiment (PGR)
It is an entity of the Executive Office of the President of Bangladesh located

at Banga Bhaban, provides military support for all security functions, including presidential
trips, presidential movements, medical support and emergency medical services, and
hospitality services.
The PGR is headed by the Military Secretary to the President and Commander,
President Guard Regiment.
3. Special Security and Protection Battalion (SPBn)
It is a branch of the Bangladesh Police. The battalion is raised as a specialized

police unit to provide protection to the President of Bangladesh, Prime Minister of
Bangladesh, and any person designated as VIP by the Government including visiting
foreign dignitaries. It is also responsible for the security of VIPs9 offices and residences
and venues of programs. It works alongside Special Security Force, Special
Branch, Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) and President Guard Regiment.
pg. 133

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BAHRAIN
The Royal Guard of Bahrain
The Royal Guard of Bahrain is a particularly well-trained unit of the Bahrain

Defence Force (BDF), which numbers about 13,000 personnel and is considered to be
one of the highest-paid army units in the world.
Although the role of most contemporary royal or national guards today is

ceremonial, the Royal Guard of Bahrain is not, and only the most skilled, loyal, and
responsible soldiers are selected to serve in it.
In 2011, King Hamad chose his own son, Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, as the
commander of the Royal Guard so that he can be 100 percent sure of his and his family9s
safety.
ENGLAND
The Queen's Guard and Queen's Life Guard (called King's Guard and King's Life
Guard when the reigning monarch is male) are the names given to contingents
of infantry and cavalry soldiers charged with guarding the official royal residences in the United
Kingdom.
The British Army has regiments of both Horse Guards and Foot
Guards predating the English Restoration (1660), and since the reign of King
Charles II these regiments have been responsible for guarding the Sovereign's
palaces.
pg. 134

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They are not purely ceremonial, despite tourist perceptions to the contrary.
The Queen's Guards are fully operational soldiers.
FRANCE
Security Group for the Presidency of the Republic

(French: Groupe de sécurité de la présidence de la République) (GSPR)
It is the security unit created in 1983 in charge of the safety of the President
of France.
Service de la protection (SDLP) or in English, Protection Service
It is a unit within the French National Police which is responsible for the
protection of French and foreign dignitaries and the provision of technical security
support. The SDLP also implements the necessary measures for the organization
and security of official visits in France and abroad
Republican Guard (French: Garde républicaine)

It is part of the French Gendarmerie. It is responsible for providing guards
of honor for the State and security in the Paris area.
pg. 135

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Its missions include:
1. Guarding important public buildings in Paris such as the Élysée Palace (the
residence of the President of the French Republic), the Hôtel Matignon (the residence of
the Prime Minister of France), the Palais du Luxembourg (the Senate), the Palais
Bourbon (the National Assembly), the Palais de Justice, and keeping public order in Paris.
2. Honor and security services for the highest national personalities and important
foreign guests;
3. Military ceremonies and guards of honour for fallen soldiers.
4. Support of other law enforcement forces with intervention teams;
5. Staffing horseback patrol stations, particularly for the forests of the Île-de-
France region;
The close physical protection of the President of France is entrusted to the Groupe
de sécurité de la présidence de la République (GSPR) a mixed police–gendarmerie unit
which is not part of the Guard.
The Guard however provides counter-sniper teams (observateurs-contre-tireurs)

and intervention platoons (pelotons d'intervention).
The Republican Guard also represents France at international events at home

or abroad
GREECE
EVZONES
The Evzones is the name of several historical elite light

infantry and mountain units of the Greek Army.
Today, it refers to the members of the Presidential Guard, a ceremonial unit that
guards the Greek Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Presidential Mansion in Athens.
An Evzone is also known, colloquially, as a Tsoliás. Evzones are known for their
distinctive uniform, which evolved from the clothes worn by the klephts who fought
the Ottoman occupation of Greece.
pg. 136

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The most visible item of this uniform is the fustanella, a kilt-like garment. Their
distinctive dress turned them into a popular image for the Greek soldier, especially among
foreigners.
GEORGIA
The Special State Protection Service of Georgia (SSPS)
It is a militarized government agency of Georgia tasked with the protection of

several, mandated by the relevant law, high-ranking state officials, including the President
of Georgia, as well as certain national properties, high-ranking foreign visitors and
diplomatic offices. It is mostly subordinated to the Parliament of Georgia, with only the part
responsible for the incumbent president's security being under the authority of the
President of Georgia.
pg. 137

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HONGKONG
The VIP Protection Unit (VIPPU;),

otherwise known as G4
(originally Section G, Division 4)
It is a branch of the Hong

Kong Police Force.
It has primary responsibility for the personal safety of HKSAR Chief Executive and his/her
core family (it was Governor and his family before the Handover in 1997), high-ranking
government officials, VIPs and visiting dignitaries to Hongkong therefore, the training techniques
taught to all VIPPU officers include VIP protection and unarmed combat.
INDIA
The President's Bodyguard (PBG)
It is an elite household cavalry regiment of the Indian Army. It is senior-most in the order
of precedence of the units of the Indian Army. The primary role of the President's Bodyguard is
to escort and protect the President of India which is why the regiment is based in the Rashtrapati
Bhavan in New Delhi, India. It is equipped as a mounted unit, with horses for ceremonies at the
presidential palace and BTR-80 vehicles for use in combat. The personnel of the regiment are
also trained as paratroopers and nominally are expected to lead in airborne assaults in the role
of pathfinders.
pg. 138

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The Special Protection Group (SPG)
It is "an armed force of the Union for providing proximate security to the Prime Minister of
India and former Prime Minister of India and members of their immediate families wherever they
are." It was formed in 1988 by an act of the Parliament of India.
Former PMs, their immediate family members, and family members of a serving Prime
Minister may, if they choose, decline SPG security.
INDONESIA
Paspampres or Pasukan
Pengamanan Presiden
(English: "Presidential Security Force")
It is the name of the Indonesianpresidential security unit and secret service concerned
with the tasks related to the protection of the President of Indonesia, Vice President of
Indonesia and its family including their residence.
pg. 139

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ITALY
The Cuirassiers' Regiment

(Reggimento Corazzieri)
It is an Italian elite military unit and

the honor guard of the President of the
Italian Republic with the motto "Virtus in
periculis firmior" means Courage becomes
stronger in danger.
Members of the unit, which is a

specialized company of the Carabinieri,
are distinguished by their uniforms and
height (the minimum height for admission
is 195 cm, or 6 feet 5 inches).
JAPAN
The Japanese Imperial

Guard (Konoe Shidan)
It is an organization
which is dedicated to protection
of the Emperor of Japan and his
family, palaces and other
imperial properties.
pg. 140

lOMoARcPSD|43000525
MOROCCO
The MOROCAN ROYAL GUARD
The Moroccan Royal Guard is officially part of the Royal Moroccan Army.
However, it is under the direct operational control of the Royal Military Household of His
Majesty the King. The sole duty of the guard is to provide for the security and safety of the King
and royal family of Morocco.
NORWAY
Hans Majestet Kongens Garde (HMKG) (His Majesty the King's Guard)
It is a light infantry battalion of the Norwegian Army, tasked with the

protection of the Norwegian royal family and the royal residences and defense of
the capital Oslo.
pg. 141

lOMoARcPSD|43000525
Den Kongelige Politieskorte (The Royal Police Escort)
It is a police unit under the Oslo Police district. This force is responsible
only for the security of the royal family and can trace its roots back to the return of
the King immediately after the end of the Second World War.
Politiets Sikkerhetstjeneste (PST)
It Is a security service under the control of the Ministry of Justice and the
Police, tasked with the security of members of the Norwegian government,
members of parliament and visiting foreign dignitaries.
NEW ZEALAND
The Diplomatic Protection Service (DPS), sometimes referred to as

the Diplomatic Protection Squad
is a branch of the New Zealand Police that provides personal security for
both national and visiting diplomats and VIPs. National VIPs that receive constant
protection are the Prime Minister and the Governor General, while Ministers of the
Crown, Members of Parliament, the Judiciary and the Leader of the
Opposition receive protection as needed. Protection is provided both in New
Zealand and abroad
PHILIPPINES
The Presidential Security Group (PSG)
It is the lead agency tasked with providing security to the President of the
Philippines, the Vice President of the Philippines, and their immediate families.
The PSG is stationed at Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the

President. Members of the PSG also accompany the President on both domestic and
overseas trips.
The Presidential Security Group (PSG) is the lead agency tasked with providing
security to the President of the Philippines, the Vice President of the Philippines, and their
immediate families.
The PSG is stationed at Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the

President. Members of the PSG also accompany the President on both domestic and
overseas trips.
pg. 142

lOMoARcPSD|43000525
RUSSIA
The Federal Protective Service (FSO) of the Russian Federation, official name in
English Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation)
It is a federal government agency concerned with the tasks related to the protection of
several high-ranking state officials, mandated by the relevant law, including the President of
Russia, as well as certain federal properties.
SENEGAL
The Red Guard of Senegal (French: Garde Rouge du Sénégal)
It is a unit of the Senegalese Gendarmerie that is responsible for presidential security. It

also has ceremonial duties and assists in general policing.
It is very similar in concept to the French Republican Guard, with which it is officially
twinned. The Red Guard is the direct descendant of a French colonial Spahi detachment sent to
Senegal in 1845.
This spahi unit is also known

as the Red Guard of the Presidency
(Garde Rouge de la Présidence) or
Red Guard of Dakar.
The name "Red Guard" is

derived from their red tunics and
burnous cloaks.
pg. 143

lOMoARcPSD|43000525
SOUTH KOREA
Presidential Security Service or PSS
It is a South Korean close protection agency. Based on the United States Secret
Service, the South Korean PSS is an independent agency responsible for the protection
of the President of South Korea and the Blue House.
SPAIN
The Royal Guard (Spanish: Guardia Real)
It is an independent unit of the Spanish Armed Forces that is dedicated to the

protection of the King of Spain and members of the Spanish Royal Family.
VATICAN
Swiss Guards
It refers to the Swiss soldiers who have served as guards at foreign European courts since
the late 15th century.
Foreign military service was outlawed by the revised Swiss Federal Constitution of 1874,
with the only exception being the Pontifical Swiss Guard stationed in Vatican City. The modern
Papal Swiss Guard serves as both a ceremonial unit and a bodyguard. Established in 1506, it
is one of the oldest military units in the world.
The Pontifical Swiss Guard
A small force maintained by the Holy See, it is responsible for the safety of the Pope,
including the security of the Apostolic Palace. The Swiss Guard serves as the de facto military
of Vatican City.
pg. 144

lOMoARcPSD|43000525
References
Depayso, V.P. (2018). Comparative Police System: Global Responses of Law Enforcement
Officer to Crimes. Wiseman Books Trading, Inc. Quezon City
Garcia, M. P. (2010). Comparative Police System. Wiseman Books Trading, Inc. Quezon City
Police Uniform from around the world. Retrieved from http://garda-post.com/police-uniforms-

from-around-the-world/
Comparative Police System. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/monde24836/

comparative -police-system2015-upload.
ASEANPOLICE. Retrieved from http://www.aseanapol.org/about-aseanapol/objectives-and-

functions
INTERPOL. Retrieved from https://www.interpol.int/
7 CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD. Retrieved from https://www.whatarethe7continents.co
pg. 145

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Bachelor of Science in Business Management Major in Financial Management (North

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COMPARATIVE MODELS AND POLICE

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE

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It defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind.

The UN has identified the following as international crimes.

1. Aggression (by one state against another)

WHY COMPARE SYSTEM AND ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

1. To benefit from the experience of others

GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

It is a package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas,

It is also the growing inter-penetration of states, markets, communications, and ideas. It

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It refers to a process of removing government-imposed restriction on movements

It is the process of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all

4. Globalization as Westernization or Modernization

It is understood as a dynamic, herby the social structures of modernity

It entails reconfiguration of geography so that social space is no longer wholly

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES ON DRUG-RELATED CRIME

DRUG RELATED ORGANIZED CRIME

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They Utilized new technologies in two ways:

1. To improve the efficiency of product delivery and distribution through the

2. To protect themselves as their illicit operations from investigation by drug law

FUTURE CHALLENGES TO LAW ENFORCEMENT

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GLOBALIZATION AND TERRORISM

The Causes of Terrorism:

GLOBALIZATION AND PEOPLE SMUGGLING

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GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING

How does Human Trafficking Takes Places?

Government and police corruption, primarily in under-developed countries, play a large

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1. Threats to border integrity, as millions of people are transported annually across

LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GLOBAL ARENA

1. The <International Bill of Human Rights= (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights include

a. Rights to freedom of expression;

2. International Covenant on Civil and Political rights and International Covenant on

3. Phenomenon-specific treaties on war crimes, genocide and torture;

5. International dialogue on human rights has produced a distinction between three

7. Social and economic rights highlighted in the eponymous International Covenant,

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a. Rights at work, particularly just and fair conditions of employment, protection

c. Cultural rights of minorities and Indigenous Peoples.

e. The right to adequate housing, including security of tenure, protection form

CONTINENTS-which composed the Global Community

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FORMS AND TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

FORMS AND TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

It means without ruler

-may refer to any of the following:

1.No rulership or enforced authority

2. Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or

3. A social state in which there is no governing person or group of persons, but

4. Absence or non-recognition of authority and order in any given sphere.

A society without state is a free-market capitalist system that is voluntarist in