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Student Solutions Manual for Calculus
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CHAPTER 0 Preliminaries
0.1 Concepts Review 1 ⎡ 2 1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ 1

8. − ⎢ − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ = −
3 ⎣ 5 2 ⎝ 3 5 ⎠⎦ ⎡ 2 1 ⎛ 5 3 ⎞⎤
1. rational numbers 3 ⎢ − ⎜ − ⎟⎥
⎣ 5 2 ⎝ 15 15 ⎠ ⎦
2. dense 1 ⎡ 2 1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ 1 ⎡2 1 ⎤
= − ⎢ − ⎜ ⎟⎥ = − ⎢ − ⎥
3. If not Q then not P. 3 ⎣ 5 2 ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎦ 3 ⎣ 5 15 ⎦
1⎛ 6 1 ⎞ 1⎛ 5 ⎞ 1
4. theorems =− ⎜ − ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟=−
3 ⎝ 15 15 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 15 ⎠ 9
Problem Set 0.1 2 2

14 ⎛ 2 ⎞ 14 ⎛ 2 ⎞
2
⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
14 6
9. ⎜
1. 4 − 2(8 − 11) + 6 = 4 − 2(−3) + 6 21 ⎜ 5 − 1 ⎟ 21 ⎜ 14 ⎟ 21 ⎝ 14 ⎠
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
= 4 + 6 + 6 = 16 2
14 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2⎛ 9 ⎞ 6
= ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟=
21 ⎝ 7 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 49 ⎠ 49
2. 3 ⎡⎣ 2 − 4 ( 7 − 12 ) ⎤⎦ = 3[ 2 − 4(−5) ]
= 3[ 2 + 20] = 3(22) = 66 ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 35 ⎞ ⎛ 33 ⎞
⎜ − 5⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟
10. ⎝
7 ⎠ = ⎝ 7 7 ⎠ = ⎝ 7 ⎠ = − 33 = − 11
3. –4[5(–3 + 12 – 4) + 2(13 – 7)] ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛7 1⎞ ⎛6⎞ 6 2
= –4[5(5) + 2(6)] = –4[25 + 12] ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7⎠ ⎝7 7⎠ ⎝7⎠
= –4(37) = –148
11 – 12 11 – 4 7
7
4. 5 [ −1(7 + 12 − 16) + 4] + 2 11. 7 21 = 7 7 = 7 =
11 + 12 11 + 4 15 15
= 5 [ −1(3) + 4] + 2 = 5 ( −3 + 4 ) + 2 7 21 7 7 7
= 5 (1) + 2 = 5 + 2 = 7
1 3 7 4 6 7 5
− + − +
5
5 1 65 7 58 12. 2 4 8 = 8 8 8 = 8 =
5. – = – = 1 3 7 4 6 7 3 3
7 13 91 91 91 + − + −
2 4 8 8 8 8 8
3 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 1
6. + − = + − 13. 1 – =1– =1– = – =
4 − 7 21 6 −3 21 6 1
1+ 2 3 3 3 3 3
42 6 7 43 2
=− + − =−
42 42 42 42
3 3 3
14. 2 + = 2+ = 2+
5 2 5 7
1 ⎡1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1⎤ 1 ⎡1 ⎛ 3 – 4 ⎞ 1⎤ 1+ −
⎜ – ⎟+ = ⎜ ⎟+
3 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 4 3 ⎠ 6 ⎥⎦ 3 ⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 6 ⎥⎦
7. 2 2 2 2
6 14 6 20
1 ⎡1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1⎤ = 2+ = + =
= ⎢ ⎜– ⎟+ ⎥ 7 7 7 7
3 ⎣ 2 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 6 ⎦
( )( ) ( 5) – ( 3)
2 2
1⎡ 1 4⎤ 15. 5+ 3 5– 3 =
= ⎢– + ⎥
3 ⎣ 24 24 ⎦
=5–3= 2
1⎛ 3 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟=
3 ⎝ 24 ⎠ 24
Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.1 1

© 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they
currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
( ) = ( 5) ( 5 )( 3 ) + ( 3 )
2 2 2 12 4 2
16. 5− 3 −2 27. +
+
x + 2x x x + 2
2
= 5 − 2 15 + 3 = 8 − 2 15 12 4( x + 2) 2x
= + +
x( x + 2) x( x + 2) x( x + 2)
17. (3x − 4)( x + 1) = 3 x 2 + 3 x − 4 x − 4 12 + 4 x + 8 + 2 x 6 x + 20
= =
= 3x2 − x − 4 x( x + 2) x( x + 2)
2(3 x + 10)
18. (2 x − 3)2 = (2 x − 3)(2 x − 3) =
x( x + 2)
= 4 x2 − 6 x − 6 x + 9
2 y
= 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 28. +
6 y − 2 9 y2 −1
(3x – 9)(2 x + 1) = 6 x 2 + 3 x –18 x – 9 2 y
19. = +
2
= 6 x –15 x – 9 2(3 y − 1) (3 y + 1)(3 y − 1)
2(3 y + 1) 2y
= +
20. (4 x − 11)(3x − 7) = 12 x 2 − 28 x − 33 x + 77 2(3 y + 1)(3 y − 1) 2(3 y + 1)(3 y − 1)
= 12 x 2 − 61x + 77 6y + 2 + 2y 8y + 2
= =
2(3 y + 1)(3 y − 1) 2(3 y + 1)(3 y − 1)
21. (3t 2 − t + 1) 2 = (3t 2 − t + 1)(3t 2 − t + 1) 2(4 y + 1) 4y +1
= =
4 3 2 3
= 9t − 3t + 3t − 3t + t − t + 3t − t + 1 2 2 2(3 y + 1)(3 y − 1) (3 y + 1)(3 y − 1)
= 9t 4 − 6t 3 + 7t 2 − 2t + 1 0
29. a. 0⋅0 = 0 b. is undefined.
0
22. (2t + 3)3 = (2t + 3)(2t + 3)(2t + 3)
= (4t 2 + 12t + 9)(2t + 3) c.
0
=0 d.
3
is undefined.
17 0
= 8t 3 + 12t 2 + 24t 2 + 36t + 18t + 27
= 8t 3 + 36t 2 + 54t + 27 e. 05 = 0 f. 170 = 1
x 2 – 4 ( x – 2)( x + 2) 0
23. = = x+2, x ≠ 2 30. If = a , then 0 = 0 ⋅ a , but this is meaningless
x–2 x–2 0
because a could be any real number. No
x 2 − x − 6 ( x − 3)( x + 2) 0
24. = = x+2, x ≠3 single value satisfies = a .
x−3 ( x − 3) 0
t 2 – 4t – 21 (t + 3)(t – 7) 31. .083

25. = = t – 7 , t ≠ −3 12 1.000
t +3 t +3
96
2
2x − 2x 2 x(1 − x) 40
26. =
3 2 2
x − 2x + x x( x − 2 x + 1) 36
−2 x( x − 1) 4
=
x( x − 1)( x − 1)
2
=−
x −1
2 Section 0.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

32. .285714 35. 3.6
7 2.000000 3 11.0
14 9
60 20
56 18
40 2
35
36. .846153
50
13 11.000000
49
10 4
10
60
7
52
30
80
28
78
2
20
33. .142857 13
21 3.000000 70
21 65
90 50
84 39
60 11
42
37. x = 0.123123123...
180 1000 x = 123.123123...
168 x = 0.123123...
120 999 x = 123
105 123 41
150 x= =
999 333
147
3 38. x = 0.217171717 …
1000 x = 217.171717...
34. .294117... 10 x = 2.171717...
17 5.000000... → 0.2941176470588235 990 x = 215
34 215 43
x= =
160 990 198
153
39. x = 2.56565656...
70 100 x = 256.565656...
68 x = 2.565656...
20 99 x = 254
17 254
30 x=
99
17
130 40. x = 3.929292…
119 100 x = 392.929292...
11 x = 3.929292...
99 x = 389
389
x=
99

41. x = 0.199999...
( )
4
52. 2− 3 ≈ 0.0102051443
100 x = 19.99999...
10 x = 1.99999...
53. 4 1.123 – 3 1.09 ≈ 0.00028307388
90 x = 18
18 1
x= = 54. ( 3.1415 )−1/ 2 ≈ 0.5641979034
90 5
42. x = 0.399999… 55. 8.9π2 + 1 – 3π ≈ 0.000691744752

100 x = 39.99999...
10 x = 3.99999... 56. 4 (6π 2 − 2)π ≈ 3.661591807
90 x = 36
36 2 57. Let a and b be real numbers with a < b . Let n
x= = be a natural number that satisfies
90 5
1 / n < b − a . Let S = {k : k n > b} . Since
43. Those rational numbers that can be expressed a nonempty set of integers that is bounded
by a terminating decimal followed by zeros. below contains a least element, there is a
k 0 ∈ S such that k 0 / n > b but
p ⎛1⎞ 1
44. = p ⎜ ⎟ , so we only need to look at . If (k 0 − 1) / n ≤ b . Then
q ⎝q⎠ q
k0 − 1 k0 1 1
q = 2n ⋅ 5m , then = − >b− > a
n m n n n n
1 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ k 0 −1 k 0 −1
= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = (0.5)n (0.2)m . The product Thus, a < n ≤ b . If n < b , then choose
q ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝5⎠
k 0 −1 k0 − 2
of any number of terminating decimals is also a r= n . Otherwise, choose r = n .
n m
terminating decimal, so (0.5) and (0.2) , 1
Note that a < b − <r.
1 n
and hence their product, , is a terminating
q Given a < b , choose r so that a < r1 < b . Then
p choose r2 , r3 so that a < r2 < r1 < r3 < b , and so
decimal. Thus has a terminating decimal
q on.
expansion.
58. Answers will vary. Possible answer: ≈ 120 in 3
45. Answers will vary. Possible answer: 0.000001,
1 ft
≈ 0.0000010819... 59. r = 4000 mi × 5280 = 21,120, 000 ft
π 12 mi
equator = 2π r = 2π (21,120, 000)
46. Smallest positive integer: 1; There is no ≈ 132, 700,874 ft
smallest positive rational or irrational number.
60. Answers will vary. Possible answer:
47. Answers will vary. Possible answer: beats min hr day
3.14159101001... 70 × 60 × 24 × 365 × 20 yr
min hr day year
48. There is no real number between 0.9999… = 735,840, 000 beats
(repeating 9's) and 1. 0.9999… and 1 represent 2
⎛ 16 ⎞
the same real number. 61. V = πr 2 h = π ⎜ ⋅12 ⎟ (270 ⋅12)
⎝ 2 ⎠
49. Irrational ≈ 93,807, 453.98 in.3
volume of one board foot (in inches):
50. Answers will vary. Possible answers: 1× 12 × 12 = 144 in.3
−π and π , − 2 and 2 number of board feet:
93,807, 453.98
≈ 651, 441 board ft
51. ( 3 + 1)3 ≈ 20.39230485 144

62. V = π (8.004) 2 (270) − π (8)2 (270) ≈ 54.3 ft.3 b. Every circle has area less than or equal to
9π. The original statement is true.
63. a. If I stay home from work today then it
c. Some real number is less than or equal to
rains. If I do not stay home from work, its square. The negation is true.
then it does not rain.
b. If the candidate will be hired then she 71. a. True; If x is positive, then x 2 is positive.
meets all the qualifications. If the
candidate will not be hired then she does b. False; Take x = −2 . Then x 2 > 0 but
not meet all the qualifications. x<0.
64. a. If I pass the course, then I got an A on the 1

. Then x = <x
2 1
final exam. If I did not pass the course, c. False; Take x = 4
2
thn I did not get an A on the final exam.
d. True; Let x be any number. Take
b. If I take off next week, then I finished my
research paper. If I do not take off next y = x 2 + 1 . Then y > x 2 .
week, then I did not finish my research
paper. e. True; Let y be any positive number. Take
y
65. a. If a triangle is a right triangle, then x = . Then 0 < x < y .
2
2 2 2
a + b = c . If a triangle is not a right
2 2 2 72. a. True; x + ( − x ) < x + 1 + ( − x ) : 0 < 1
triangle, then a + b ≠ c .
b. If the measure of angle ABC is greater than b. False; There are infinitely many prime
0o and less than 90o, it is acute. If the numbers.
measure of angle ABC is less than 0o or
c. True; Let x be any number. Take
greater than 90o, then it is not acute.
1 1
y = + 1 . Then y > .
66. a. If angle ABC is an acute angle, then its x x
measure is 45o. If angle ABC is not an
acute angle, then its measure is not 45o. d. True; 1/ n can be made arbitrarily close
to 0.
2 2 2 2
b. If a < b then a < b. If a ≥ b then
a ≥ b. e. True; 1/ 2n can be made arbitrarily close
to 0.
67. a. The statement, converse, and
contrapositive are all true. 73. a. If n is odd, then there is an integer k such
that n = 2k + 1. Then
b. The statement, converse, and n 2 = (2k + 1) 2 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1
contrapositive are all true.
= 2(2k 2 + 2k ) + 1
68. a. The statement and contrapositive are true.
The converse is false. b. Prove the contrapositive. Suppose n is
even. Then there is an integer k such that
b. The statement, converse, and
contrapositive are all false. n = 2k . Then n 2 = (2k )2 = 4k 2 = 2(2k 2 ) .
Thus n 2 is even.
69. a. Some isosceles triangles are not
equilateral. The negation is true. 74. Parts (a) and (b) prove that n is odd if and
b. All real numbers are integers. The original only if n 2 is odd.
statement is true.
75. a. 243 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3
c. Some natural number is larger than its
square. The original statement is true. b. 124 = 4 ⋅ 31 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 31 or 22 ⋅ 31
70. a. Some natural number is not rational. The

original statement is true.

c. 5100 = 2 ⋅ 2550 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅1275 82. a. –2 b. –2
= 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 425 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 85
c. x = 2.4444...;
= 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅17 or 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 52 ⋅17 10 x = 24.4444...
x = 2.4444...
76. For example, let A = b ⋅ c 2 ⋅ d 3 ; then
9 x = 22
A2 = b 2 ⋅ c 4 ⋅ d 6 , so the square of the number 22
is the product of primes which occur an even x=
9
number of times.
d. 1
p p2
77. 2= ;2 = ; 2q 2 = p 2 ; Since the prime
q 2 3 2
q e. n = 1: x = 0, n = 2: x = , n = 3: x = – ,
2
factors of p must occur an even number of 2 3
p 5
times, 2q2 would not be valid and = 2 n = 4: x =
q 4
must be irrational. 3
The upper bound is .
2
p p2
78. 3= ; 3= ; 3q 2 = p 2 ; Since the prime f. 2
q q2
factors of p 2 must occur an even number of 83. a. Answers will vary. Possible answer: An
p example
times, 3q 2 would not be valid and = 3 is S = {x : x 2 < 5, x a rational number}.
q
must be irrational. Here the least upper bound is 5, which is
real but irrational.
a
79. Let a, b, p, and q be natural numbers, so b. True
b
p a p aq + bp
and are rational. + = This 0.2 Concepts Review
q b q bq
sum is the quotient of natural numbers, so it is 1. [−1,5); (−∞, −2]
also rational.
2. b > 0; b < 0
p
80. Assume a is irrational, ≠ 0 is rational, and 3. (b) and (c)
q
p r q⋅r 4. −1 ≤ x ≤ 5
a⋅ = is rational. Then a = is
q s p⋅s
rational, which is a contradiction.
Problem Set 0.2
81. a. – 9 = –3; rational 1. a.
3
b. 0.375 = ; rational
8
b.
c. (3 2)(5 2) = 15 4 = 30; rational
c.
d. (1 + 3)2 = 1 + 2 3 + 3 = 4 + 2 3;
irrational
d.

e. –3 < 1 – 6 x ≤ 4
9. –4 < –6 x ≤ 3
2 1 ⎡ 1 2⎞
f. > x ≥ – ; ⎢– , ⎟
3 2 ⎣ 2 3⎠
2. a. (2, 7) b. [−3, 4)
c. (−∞, −2] d. [−1, 3]

10. 4 < 5 − 3x < 7
3. x − 7 < 2 x − 5 −1 < −3x < 2
−2 < x;( − 2, ∞) 1 2 ⎛ 2 1⎞
> x > − ; ⎜− , ⎟
3 3 ⎝ 3 3⎠
4. 3x − 5 < 4 x − 6
1 < x; (1, ∞ )
11. x2 + 2x – 12 < 0;
–2 ± (2)2 – 4(1)(–12) –2 ± 52
x= =
2(1) 2
7 x – 2 ≤ 9x + 3
= –1 ± 13
5. –5 ≤ 2 x
5 ⎡ 5 ⎞ ( ) (
⎡ x – –1 + 13 ⎤ ⎡ x – –1 – 13 ⎤ < 0;
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ )
x ≥ – ; ⎢– , ∞ ⎟
2 ⎣ 2 ⎠ ( –1 – 13, – 1 + 13 )
6. 5 x − 3 > 6 x − 4
1 > x;(−∞,1) 12. x 2 − 5 x − 6 > 0
( x + 1)( x − 6) > 0;
(−∞, −1) ∪ (6, ∞)
7. −4 < 3 x + 2 < 5
−6 < 3 x < 3
−2 < x < 1; (−2, −1) 13. 2x2 + 5x – 3 > 0; (2x – 1)(x + 3) > 0;
⎛1 ⎞
(−∞, −3) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
8. −3 < 4 x − 9 < 11
6 < 4 x < 20
14. 4 x2 − 5x − 6 < 0
3 ⎛3 ⎞
< x < 5; ⎜ ,5 ⎟
2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎛ 3 ⎞
(4 x + 3)( x − 2) < 0; ⎜ − , 2 ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
x+4
15. ≤ 0; [–4, 3)
x–3

3x − 2 ⎛ 2⎤ 3
16. ≥ 0; ⎜ −∞, ⎥ ∪ (1, ∞) 20. >2
x −1 ⎝ 3⎦ x+5
3
−2 > 0
x+5
2 3 − 2( x + 5)
<5 >0
17.
x x+5
2 −2 x − 7 ⎛ 7⎞
−5 < 0 > 0; ⎜ −5, − ⎟
x x+5 ⎝ 2⎠
2 − 5x
< 0;
x
⎛2 ⎞
(– ∞, 0) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝5 ⎠ 21. ( x + 2)( x − 1)( x − 3) > 0; (−2,1) ∪ (3,8)
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
22. (2 x + 3)(3x − 1)( x − 2) < 0; ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , 2 ⎟
7 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝3 ⎠
18. ≤7
4x
7
−7 ≤ 0
4x
7 − 28 x ⎛ 3⎤
≤ 0; 23. (2 x - 3)( x -1)2 ( x - 3) ≥ 0; ⎜ – ∞, ⎥ ∪ [3, ∞ )
4x ⎝ 2⎦
( −∞, 0 ) ∪ ⎡⎢ , ∞ ⎞⎟
1
⎣4 ⎠
24. (2 x − 3)( x − 1) 2 ( x − 3) > 0;
( −∞,1) ∪ ⎛⎜1,
3⎞
1 ⎟ ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
19. ≤4 ⎝ 2⎠
3x − 2
1
−4≤ 0
3x − 2
25. x3 – 5 x 2 – 6 x < 0
1 − 4(3 x − 2)
≤0
3x − 2 x( x 2 – 5 x – 6) < 0
x( x + 1)( x – 6) < 0;
9 − 12 x ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡3 ⎞
≤ 0; ⎜ −∞, ⎟ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ (−∞, −1) ∪ (0, 6)
3x − 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣4 ⎠
26. x3 − x 2 − x + 1 > 0
( x 2 − 1)( x − 1) > 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) 2 > 0;
(−1,1) ∪ (1, ∞)
27. a. False. b. True.
c. False.

28. a. True. b. True. 33. a. ( x + 1)( x 2 + 2 x – 7) ≥ x 2 – 1
c. False. x3 + 3 x 2 – 5 x – 7 ≥ x 2 – 1
x3 + 2 x 2 – 5 x – 6 ≥ 0
29. a. ⇒ Let a < b , so ab < b 2 . Also, a 2 < ab .
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x – 2) ≥ 0
Thus, a 2 < ab < b 2 and a 2 < b 2 . ⇐ Let
[−3, −1] ∪ [2, ∞)
a 2 < b 2 , so a ≠ b Then
0 < ( a − b ) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
2
b. x4 − 2 x2 ≥ 8
< b 2 − 2ab + b 2 = 2b ( b − a ) x4 − 2 x2 − 8 ≥ 0
Since b > 0 , we can divide by 2b to get ( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 2) ≥ 0
b−a > 0.
( x 2 + 2)( x + 2)( x − 2) ≥ 0
b. We can divide or multiply an inequality by (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞)
any positive number.
a 1 1
a < b ⇔ <1⇔ < . c. ( x 2 + 1)2 − 7( x 2 + 1) + 10 < 0
b b a
[( x 2 + 1) − 5][( x 2 + 1) − 2] < 0
30. (b) and (c) are true.
( x 2 − 4)( x 2 − 1) < 0
(a) is false: Take a = −1, b = 1 .
( x + 2)( x + 1)( x − 1)( x − 2) < 0
(d) is false: if a ≤ b , then −a ≥ −b .
(−2, −1) ∪ (1, 2)
31. a. 3x + 7 > 1 and 2x + 1 < 3
3x > –6 and 2x < 2 34. a. 1
1.99 < < 2.01
x > –2 and x < 1; (–2, 1) x
1.99 x < 1 < 2.01x
b. 3x + 7 > 1 and 2x + 1 > –4 1.99 x < 1 and 1 < 2.01x
3x > –6 and 2x > –5
x<
1 and x > 1
5
x > –2 and x > – ; ( −2, ∞ ) 1.99 2.01
2 1 1
<x<
2.01 1.99
c. 3x + 7 > 1 and 2x + 1 < –4
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
5 ⎜ , ⎟
x > –2 and x < – ; ∅ ⎝ 2 . 01 1 . 99 ⎠
2
32. a. 2 x − 7 > 1 or 2 x + 1 < 3

2 x > 8 or 2 x < 2
b. 1
x > 4 or x < 1 2.99 < < 3.01
x+2
(−∞,1) ∪ (4, ∞) 2.99( x + 2) < 1 < 3.01( x + 2)
2.99 x + 5.98 < 1 and 1 < 3.01x + 6.02
b. 2 x − 7 ≤ 1 or 2 x + 1 < 3 − 4.98 and − 5.02
x< x>
2 x ≤ 8 or 2 x < 2 2.99 3.01
x ≤ 4 or x < 1 5.02 4.98
− <x<−
3.01 2.99
(−∞, 4]
⎛ 5.02 4.98 ⎞
⎜− ,− ⎟
c. 2 x − 7 ≤ 1 or 2 x + 1 > 3 ⎝ 3.01 2.99 ⎠
2 x ≤ 8 or 2 x > 2
x ≤ 4 or x > 1
(−∞, ∞)
35. x − 2 ≥ 5;
x − 2 ≤ −5 or x − 2 ≥ 5
x ≤ −3 or x ≥ 7
(−∞, −3] ∪ [7, ∞)

36. x + 2 < 1; 1
43. − 3 > 6;
–1 < x + 2 < 1 x
–3 < x < –1 1 1
− 3 < −6 or − 3 > 6
(–3, –1) x x
1 1
37. 4 x + 5 ≤ 10; + 3 < 0 or − 9 > 0
x x
−10 ≤ 4 x + 5 ≤ 10 1 + 3x 1− 9x
< 0 or > 0;
−15 ≤ 4 x ≤ 5 x x
15 5 ⎡ 15 5 ⎤ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
− ≤ x ≤ ; ⎢− , ⎥ ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ ∪ ⎜ 0, ⎟
4 4 ⎣ 4 4⎦ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 9⎠
38. 2 x – 1 > 2; 5
44. 2+ > 1;
2x – 1 < –2 or 2x – 1 > 2 x
2x < –1 or 2x > 3; 5 5
2 + < –1 or 2 + > 1
1 3 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛3 ⎞ x x
x < – or x > , ⎜ – ∞, – ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 5 5
3 + < 0 or 1 + > 0
x x
2x 3x + 5 x+5
39. −5 ≥ 7 < 0 or > 0;
7 x x
2x 2x ⎛ 5 ⎞
− 5 ≤ −7 or −5 ≥ 7 (– ∞, – 5) ∪ ⎜ – , 0 ⎟ ∪ (0, ∞)
7 7 ⎝ 3 ⎠
2x 2x
≤ −2 or ≥ 12
7 7 45. x 2 − 3x − 4 ≥ 0;
x ≤ −7 or x ≥ 42;
3 ± (–3)2 – 4(1)(–4) 3 ± 5
(−∞, −7] ∪ [42, ∞) x= = = –1, 4
2(1) 2
x ( x + 1)( x − 4) = 0; (−∞, −1] ∪ [4, ∞)
40. +1 < 1
4
x 4 ± (−4)2 − 4(1)(4)
−1 < + 1 < 1 46. x 2 − 4 x + 4 ≤ 0; x = =2
4 2(1)
x ( x − 2)( x − 2) ≤ 0; x = 2
−2 < < 0;
4
–8 < x < 0; (–8, 0) 47. 3x2 + 17x – 6 > 0;
–17 ± (17) 2 – 4(3)(–6) –17 ± 19 1
41. 5 x − 6 > 1; x= = = –6,
2(3) 6 3
5 x − 6 < −1 or 5 x − 6 > 1
⎛1 ⎞
5 x < 5 or 5 x > 7 (3x – 1)(x + 6) > 0; (– ∞, – 6) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
⎝3 ⎠
7 ⎛7 ⎞
x < 1 or x > ;(−∞,1) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟
5 ⎝5 ⎠ 48. 14 x 2 + 11x − 15 ≤ 0;
42. 2 x – 7 > 3; −11 ± (11) 2 − 4(14)(−15) −11 ± 31

x= =
2x – 7 < –3 or 2x – 7 > 3 2(14) 28
2x < 4 or 2x > 10 3 5
x=− ,
x < 2 or x > 5; (−∞, 2) ∪ (5, ∞) 2 7
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 5⎞ ⎡ 3 5⎤
⎜ x + ⎟ ⎜ x − ⎟ ≤ 0; ⎢ − , ⎥
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 7⎠ ⎣ 2 7⎦
49. x − 3 < 0.5 ⇒ 5 x − 3 < 5(0.5) ⇒ 5 x − 15 < 2.5
50. x + 2 < 0.3 ⇒ 4 x + 2 < 4(0.3) ⇒ 4 x + 18 < 1.2

ε 59. x –1 < 2 x – 3
51. x−2 < ⇒ 6 x − 2 < ε ⇒ 6 x − 12 < ε
6 x –1 < 2 x – 6
ε ( x –1) 2 < (2 x – 6)2

52. x+4 < ⇒ 2 x + 4 < ε ⇒ 2x + 8 < ε
2 x 2 – 2 x + 1 < 4 x 2 – 24 x + 36
53. 3x − 15 < ε ⇒ 3( x − 5) < ε 3x 2 – 22 x + 35 > 0

⇒ 3 x−5 < ε (3x – 7)( x – 5) > 0;
ε ε ⎛ 7⎞
⇒ x−5 < ;δ = ⎜ – ∞, ⎟ ∪ (5, ∞)
⎝ 3⎠
3 3
54. 4 x − 8 < ε ⇒ 4( x − 2) < ε 60. 2x −1 ≥ x + 1

2
⇒ 4 x−2 <ε (2 x − 1)2 ≥ ( x + 1)
ε ε 4 x2 − 4 x + 1 ≥ x2 + 2 x + 1
⇒ x−2 < ;δ =
4 4
3x2 − 6 x ≥ 0
55. 6 x + 36 < ε ⇒ 6( x + 6) < ε 3 x( x − 2) ≥ 0
⇒ 6 x+6 <ε (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞)
ε ε 2 2 x − 3 < x + 10
⇒ x+6 < ;δ = 61.
6 6
4 x − 6 < x + 10
56. 5 x + 25 < ε ⇒ 5( x + 5) < ε (4 x − 6) 2 < ( x + 10)2
⇒ 5 x+5 <ε 16 x 2 − 48 x + 36 < x 2 + 20 x + 100
ε ε
⇒ x+5 < ;δ = 15 x 2 − 68 x − 64 < 0
5 5
(5 x + 4)(3 x − 16) < 0;
57. C = π d ⎛ 4 16 ⎞
⎜– , ⎟
C – 10 ≤ 0.02 ⎝ 5 3⎠
πd – 10 ≤ 0.02
62. 3x − 1 < 2 x + 6
⎛ 10 ⎞
π ⎜ d – ⎟ ≤ 0.02 3x − 1 < 2 x + 12
⎝ π⎠
10 0.02 (3x − 1) 2 < (2 x + 12)2
d– ≤ ≈ 0.0064
π π 9 x 2 − 6 x + 1 < 4 x 2 + 48 x + 144
We must measure the diameter to an accuracy 5 x 2 − 54 x − 143 < 0
of 0.0064 in.
( 5 x + 11)( x − 13) < 0
5 ⎛ 11 ⎞
58. C − 50 ≤ 1.5, ( F − 32 ) − 50 ≤ 1.5; ⎜ − ,13 ⎟
9 ⎝ 5 ⎠
5
( F − 32 ) − 90 ≤ 1.5
9
F − 122 ≤ 2.7
We are allowed an error of 2.7 F.

63. x < y ⇒ x x ≤ x y and x y < y y Order property: x < y ⇔ xz < yz when z is positive.
2 2
⇒ x < y Transitivity
⇒ x2 < y 2 (x 2
= x2 )
Conversely,
x2 < y 2 ⇒ x < y
2 2
(x 2
= x
2
)
2 2 2
⇒ x – y <0 Subtract y from each side.
⇒ ( x – y )( x + y ) < 0 Factor the difference of two squares.
⇒ x – y <0 This is the only factor that can be negative.
⇒ x < y Add y to each side.
( a) ( b)
2 2 x–2 x + (–2)
64. 0 < a < b ⇒ a = and b = , so 67. =
2
x +9 x2 + 9
( a) < ( b)
2 2
, and, by Problem 63, x–2 x –2
≤ +
2 2 2
a < b ⇒ a< b. x +9 x +9 x +9
x–2 x 2 x +2
≤ + =
65. a. a – b = a + (–b) ≤ a + –b = a + b x + 9 x + 9 x + 9 x2 + 9
2 2 2
1 1
Since x 2 + 9 ≥ 9, ≤
a – b ≥ a – b ≥ a – b Use Property 4 2
b. x +9 9
of absolute values. x +2 x +2
≤
x2 + 9 9
c. a + b + c = ( a + b) + c ≤ a + b + c +2
x–2 x
≤
≤ a+b+c 2
x +9 9
1 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 68. x ≤ 2 ⇒ x2 + 2 x + 7 ≤ x2 + 2 x + 7
66. − = +⎜− ⎟
x2 + 3 x +2 2 ⎜
x +3 ⎝ x + 2 ⎟⎠
≤ 4 + 4 + 7 = 15
1 1 1
≤ +− and x 2 + 1 ≥ 1 so ≤ 1.
2 x +2 2
x +3 x +1
1 1 x2 + 2 x + 7 1
= + Thus, = x2 + 2 x + 7
2 2
2
x +3 x +2 x +1 x +1
1 1 ≤ 15 ⋅1 = 15
= +
x +3 2 x +2
1 3 1 2 1 1
by the Triangular Inequality, and since 69. x4 + x + x + x+
2 4 8 16
1 1
x 2 + 3 > 0, x + 2 > 0 ⇒ > 0, > 0. 1 1 1 1
2
x +3 x +2 ≤ x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x +
2 4 8 16
x 2 + 3 ≥ 3 and x + 2 ≥ 2, so 1 1 1 1
≤ 1+ + + + since x ≤ 1.
1 1 1 1 2 4 8 16
≤ and ≤ , thus,
x +3 2 3 x +2 2 1 1 1 1
So x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + ≤ 1.9375 < 2.
1 1 1 1 2 4 8 16
+ ≤ +
x +3 2 x +2 3 2

70. a. x < x2 77.
1 1 1
≤ + +
1
R 10 20 30
x − x2 < 0
1 6+3+ 2
x(1 − x) < 0 ≤
R 60
x < 0 or x > 1
1 11
≤
2 R 60
b. x <x
2 60
x −x<0 R≥
x( x − 1) < 0 11
0 < x <1 1 1 1 1
≥ + +
R 20 30 40
71. a ≠ 0 ⇒ 1 6+4+3
2 ≥
⎛ 1⎞ 1 R 120
0 ≤ ⎜ a – ⎟ = a2 – 2 +
⎝ a ⎠ a2 120
R≤
1 1 13
so, 2 ≤ a 2 + or a 2 + ≥2.
2
a a2 60 120
Thus, ≤R≤
11 13
72. a < b
a + a < a + b and a + b < b + b 78. A = 4π r 2 ; A = 4π (10)2 = 400π
2a < a + b < 2b
4π r 2 − 400π < 0.01
a+b
a< <b
2 4π r 2 − 100 < 0.01
73. 0 < a < b 0.01

r 2 − 100 <
4π
a 2 < ab and ab < b 2
0.01 2 0.01
− < r − 100 <
a 2 < ab < b 2 4π 4π
a < ab < b 0.01 0.01
100 − < r < 100 +
4π 4π
74.
1
2
1
(
( a + b ) ⇔ ab ≤ a 2 + 2ab + b2
ab ≤
4
) δ ≈ 0.00004 in
1 2 1 1 2 1 2
⇔ 0 ≤ a − ab + b = a − 2ab + b 2
4 2 4 4
( )
1 2 0.3 Concepts Review
⇔ 0 ≤ (a − b) which is always true.
4
1. ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2
75. For a rectangle the area is ab, while for a
2
⎛ a+b⎞ 2. (x + 4)2 + (y – 2)2 = 25
square the area is a 2 = ⎜ ⎟ . From
⎝ 2 ⎠
1 ⎛ a+b⎞
2 ⎛ −2 + 5 3 + 7 ⎞
Problem 74, ab ≤
(a + b) ⇔ ab ≤ ⎜ ⎟
3. ⎜ , ⎟ = (1.5,5)
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
so the square has the largest area.
d −b
4.
76. 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + … + x99 ≤ 0; c−a
(−∞, −1]

Problem Set 0.3 5. d1 = (5 + 2) 2 + (3 – 4)2 = 49 + 1 = 50
1. d 2 = (5 − 10)2 + (3 − 8)2 = 25 + 25 = 50
d3 = (−2 − 10)2 + (4 − 8)2

= 144 + 16 = 160
d1 = d 2 so the triangle is isosceles.
6. a = (2 − 4)2 + (−4 − 0) 2 = 4 + 16 = 20
b = (4 − 8)2 + (0 + 2)2 = 16 + 4 = 20
c = (2 − 8)2 + (−4 + 2) 2 = 36 + 4 = 40
d = (3 – 1)2 + (1 – 1)2 = 4 = 2
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , so the triangle is a right triangle.
2.
7. (–1, –1), (–1, 3); (7, –1), (7, 3); (1, 1), (5, 1)
8. ( x − 3) 2 + (0 − 1) 2 = ( x − 6)2 + (0 − 4) 2 ;
x 2 − 6 x + 10 = x 2 − 12 x + 52
6 x = 42
x = 7 ⇒ ( 7, 0 )
⎛ –2 + 4 –2 + 3 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
9. ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜1, ⎟ ;
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
d = (−3 − 2)2 + (5 + 2)2 = 74 ≈ 8.60
2
⎛1 ⎞ 25
d = (1 + 2)2 + ⎜ – 3 ⎟ = 9 + ≈ 3.91
3. ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
⎛1+ 2 3 + 6 ⎞ ⎛ 3 9 ⎞
10. midpoint of AB = ⎜ , ⎟=⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2⎠
⎛ 4 + 3 7 + 4 ⎞ ⎛ 7 11 ⎞
midpoint of CD = ⎜ , ⎟=⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
2 2
⎛ 3 7 ⎞ ⎛ 9 11 ⎞
d = ⎜ − ⎟ +⎜ − ⎟
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
= 4 + 1 = 5 ≈ 2.24
d = (4 – 5)2 + (5 + 8) 2 = 170 ≈ 13.04
11 (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 1
4.
12. ( x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 42
( x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 16
13. ( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = r 2
(5 − 2)2 + (3 + 1) 2 = r 2
r 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
( x − 2) 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 25
d = (−1 − 6)2 + (5 − 3) 2 = 49 + 4 = 53
≈ 7.28

14. ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = r 2 21. 4 x 2 + 16 x + 15 + 4 y 2 + 6 y = 0
(6 − 4) 2 + (2 − 3) 2 = r 2 ⎛ 3 9⎞
4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 4 ⎜ y 2 + y + ⎟ = −15 + 16 +
9
2 ⎝ 2 16 ⎠ 4
r = 4 +1 = 5
2
⎛ 3⎞ 13
( x − 4)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 5 4( x + 2)2 + 4 ⎜ y + ⎟ =
⎝ 4⎠ 4
2
⎛ 1+ 3 3 + 7 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 13
15. center = ⎜ , ⎟ = (2, 5) ( x + 2)2 + ⎜ y + ⎟ =
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 16
1 1 ⎛ 3⎞ 13
radius = (1 – 3)2 + (3 – 7)2 = 4 + 16 center = ⎜ −2, − ⎟ ; radius =
2 2 ⎝ 4⎠ 4
1
= 20 = 5
2 105
22. 4 x 2 + 16 x + + 4 y2 + 3 y = 0
2 2 16
( x – 2) + ( y – 5) = 5
⎛ 3 9 ⎞
4( x + 4 x + 4) + 4 ⎜ y 2 + y + ⎟
2
16. Since the circle is tangent to the x-axis, r = 4. ⎝ 4 64 ⎠
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 4) 2 = 16 105 9
=− + 16 +
16 16
17. x 2 + 2 x + 10 + y 2 – 6 y –10 = 0 ⎛ 3⎞
2
4( x + 2)2 + 4 ⎜ y + ⎟ = 10
x2 + 2 x + y 2 – 6 y = 0 ⎝ 8 ⎠
2
( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 – 6 y + 9) = 1 + 9 ⎛ 3⎞ 5
( x + 2)2 + ⎜ y + ⎟ =
( x + 1) 2 + ( y – 3) 2 = 10 ⎝ 8⎠ 2
center = (–1, 3); radius = 10 ⎛ 3⎞ 5 10

center = ⎜ −2, − ⎟ ; radius = =
⎝ 8 ⎠ 2 2
18. x 2 + y 2 − 6 y = 16
2 –1 7−5
23. =1 24. =2
x 2 + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) = 16 + 9 2 –1 4−3
x 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 25
–6 – 3 9 −6 + 4
center = (0, 3); radius = 5 25. = 26. =1
–5 – 2 7 0−2
19. x 2 + y 2 –12 x + 35 = 0 5–0 5 6−0

27. =– 28. =1
x 2 –12 x + y 2 = –35 0–3 3 0+6
( x 2 –12 x + 36) + y 2 = –35 + 36 29. y − 2 = −1( x − 2)
( x – 6) 2 + y 2 = 1 y − 2 = −x + 2
center = (6, 0); radius = 1 x+ y−4 = 0
20. x 2 + y 2 − 10 x + 10 y = 0 30. y − 4 = −1( x − 3)

2 2
( x − 10 x + 25) + ( y + 10 y + 25) = 25 + 25 y − 4 = −x + 3
x+ y−7 = 0
( x − 5) 2 + ( y + 5)2 = 50
center = ( 5, −5 ) ; radius = 50 = 5 2 31. y = 2x + 3
2x – y + 3 = 0
32. y = 0x + 5
0x + y − 5 = 0

8–3 5 c. 2x + 3 y = 6
33. m = = ;
4–2 2 3 y = –2 x + 6
5 2
y – 3 = ( x – 2) y=– x + 2;
2 3
2 y – 6 = 5 x – 10 2
m=– ;
5x – 2 y – 4 = 0 3
2
2 −1 1 y + 3 = – ( x – 3)
34. m = = ; 3
8−4 4 2
1 y = – x –1
y − 1 = ( x − 4) 3
4
4y − 4 = x − 4 3
d. m= ;
x − 4y + 0 = 0 2
3
y+3= ( x – 3)
2 1 2 2
35. 3y = –2x + 1; y = – x + ; slope = – ;
3 3 3 3 15
y= x–
1 2 2
y -intercept =
3
–1 – 2 3
e. m= =– ;
36. −4 y = 5 x − 6 3 +1 4
5 3 3
y = − x+ y + 3 = – ( x – 3)
4 2 4
5 3 3 3
slope = − ; y -intercept = y=– x–
4 2 4 4
37. 6 – 2 y = 10 x – 2 f. x=3 g. y = –3
–2 y = 10 x – 8 40. a. 3 x + cy = 5
y = –5 x + 4; 3(3) + c(1) = 5
slope = –5; y-intercept = 4 c = −4
38. 4 x + 5 y = −20 b. c=0
5 y = −4 x − 20
4 c. 2 x + y = −1
y = − x−4 y = −2 x − 1
5
4 m = −2;
slope = − ; y -intercept = − 4 3x + cy = 5
5
cy = −3x + 5
39. a. m = 2; 3 5
y + 3 = 2( x – 3) y = − x+
c c
y = 2x – 9 3
−2 = −
c
1
b. m=– ; 3
2 c=
2
1
y + 3 = – ( x – 3)
2 d. c must be the same as the coefficient of x,
1 3 so c = 3.
y=– x–
2 2

e. y − 2 = 3( x + 3); 45. 2 x + 3 y = 4
1 –3x + y = 5
perpendicular slope = − ;
3
1 3 2x + 3 y = 4
− =−
3 c 9 x – 3 y = –15
c=9 11x = –11
x = –1
3
41. m = ; –3(–1) + y = 5
2
y=2
3
y +1 = ( x + 2)
2 Point of intersection: (–1, 2)
3 3 y = –2 x + 4
y = x+2
2 2 4
y = – x+
3 3
42. a. m = 2; 3
kx − 3 y = 10 m=
2
−3 y = − kx + 10 3
y − 2 = ( x + 1)
k 10 2
y = x−
3 3 3 7
y = x+
k 2 2
= 2; k = 6
3
46. 4 x − 5 y = 8
1 2 x + y = −10
b. m=− ;
2
k 1 4x − 5 y = 8
=−
3 2 −4 x − 2 y = 20
3 − 7 y = 28
k=−
2 y = −4
c. 2x + 3 y = 6 4 x − 5(−4) = 8
3 y = −2 x + 6 4 x = −12
2 x = −3
y = − x + 2;
3 Point of intersection: ( −3, −4 ) ;
3 k 3 9 4x − 5 y = 8
m= ; = ; k=
2 3 2 2 −5 y = −4 x + 8
4 8
43. y = 3(3) – 1 = 8; (3, 9) is above the line. y= x−
5 5
b−0 b 5
44. (a, 0), (0, b); m = =− m=−
0−a a 4
5
b
y = − x + b;
bx x y
+ y = b; + = 1 y + 4 = − ( x + 3)
a a a b 4
5 31
y = − x−
4 4

47. 3x – 4 y = 5 ⎛ 2 + 6 –1 + 3 ⎞
49. center: ⎜ , ⎟ = (4, 1)
2x + 3y = 9 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 2+ 6 3+3⎞
9 x – 12 y = 15 midpoint = ⎜ , ⎟ = (4, 3)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
8 x + 12 y = 36
inscribed circle: radius = (4 – 4)2 + (1 – 3)2
17 x = 51
x=3 = 4=2
3(3) – 4 y = 5 ( x – 4) + ( y – 1)2 = 4
2
–4 y = –4 circumscribed circle:
y =1 radius = (4 – 2)2 + (1 – 3)2 = 8
Point of intersection: (3, 1); 3x – 4y = 5; ( x – 4)2 + ( y –1)2 = 8
–4 y = –3x + 5
3 5 50. The radius of each circle is 16 = 4. The centers
y= x–
4 4 are (1, −2 ) and ( −9,10 ) . The length of the belt is
4 the sum of half the circumference of the first
m=–
3 circle, half the circumference of the second circle,
4 and twice the distance between their centers.
y – 1 = – ( x – 3) 1 1
3 L = ⋅ 2π (4) + ⋅ 2π (4) + 2 (1 + 9)2 + (−2 − 10)2
4 2 2
y = – x+5
3 = 8π + 2 100 + 144
≈ 56.37
48. 5 x – 2 y = 5
2x + 3y = 6 51. Put the vertex of the right angle at the origin
with the other vertices at (a, 0) and (0, b). The
15 x – 6 y = 15 ⎛a b⎞
midpoint of the hypotenuse is ⎜ , ⎟ . The
4 x + 6 y = 12 ⎝ 2 2⎠
distances from the vertices are
19 x = 27
2 2
27 ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ a 2 b2
x= ⎜a – ⎟ +⎜0 – ⎟ = +
19 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 4
⎛ 27 ⎞ 1 2
2⎜ ⎟ + 3y = 6 = a + b2 ,
⎝ 19 ⎠ 2
60 2 2
3y = ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ a 2 b2
19 ⎜0 – ⎟ + ⎜b – ⎟ = +
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 4
20
y= 1 2
19 = a + b 2 , and
2
⎛ 27 20 ⎞ 2 2
Point of intersection: ⎜ , ⎟ ; ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ b⎞ a 2 b2
⎝ 19 19 ⎠ ⎜0 – ⎟ + ⎜0 – ⎟ = +
5x − 2 y = 5 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 4
–2 y = –5 x + 5 1 2
= a + b2 ,
2
5 5
y= x– which are all the same.
2 2
2 52. From Problem 51, the midpoint of the
m=–
5 hypotenuse, ( 4,3, ) , is equidistant from the
20 2⎛ 27 ⎞ vertices. This is the center of the circle. The
y– = – ⎜x− ⎟
19 5⎝ 19 ⎠ radius is 16 + 9 = 5. The equation of the
2 54 20 circle is
y = – x+ +
5 95 19 ( x − 4) 2 + ( y − 3) 2 = 25.
2 154
y = − x+
5 95
53. x 2 + y 2 – 4 x – 2 y – 11 = 0 56. The equations of the two circles are
( x − R)2 + ( y − R)2 = R 2
( x 2 – 4 x + 4) + ( y 2 – 2 y + 1) = 11 + 4 + 1
( x − r )2 + ( y − r )2 = r 2
( x – 2)2 + ( y – 1)2 = 16
Let ( a, a ) denote the point where the two
x 2 + y 2 + 20 x – 12 y + 72 = 0
circles touch. This point must satisfy
( x 2 + 20 x + 100) + ( y 2 – 12 y + 36) (a − R)2 + (a − R)2 = R 2
= –72 + 100 + 36
R2
2 2 (a − R)2 =
( x + 10) + ( y – 6) = 64 2
center of first circle: (2, 1) ⎛ 2⎞
center of second circle: (–10, 6) a = ⎜⎜ 1 ± ⎟R
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
d = (2 + 10)2 + (1 – 6) 2 = 144 + 25 ⎛ 2⎞
Since a < R , a = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟ R.
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
= 169 = 13
However, the radii only sum to 4 + 8 = 12, so At the same time, the point where the two
the circles must not intersect if the distance circles touch must satisfy
between their centers is 13. (a − r )2 + (a − r )2 = r 2
⎛ 2⎞
54. x 2 + ax + y 2 + by + c = 0 a = ⎜⎜ 1 ± ⎟r
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 2 a2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 b2 ⎞
⎜ x + ax + ⎟ + ⎜ y + by + ⎟ ⎛ 2⎞
⎜ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ Since a > r , a = ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟ r.
⎝
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
a 2 b2 Equating the two expressions for a yields
= −c + +
4 4 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
⎛
2
a⎞ ⎛ b⎞
2
a 2 + b 2 − 4c ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ R = ⎜⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟⎟ r
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎜x+ ⎟ +⎜ y+ ⎟ =
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 4 2
⎛ 2⎞
2
a + b − 4c2 2 ⎜⎜ 1 − ⎟⎟
> 0 ⇒ a 2 + b 2 > 4c 1− 2
r= 2 R= ⎝ ⎠
4 R
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 2⎞
1+ ⎜⎜ 1 + ⎟⎜ 1 − ⎟
55. Label the points C, P, Q, and R as shown in the 2 ⎝ 2 ⎟⎜⎠⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
figure below. Let d = OP , h = OR , and 1
1− 2 +
a = PR . Triangles ΔOPR and ΔCQR are 2R
r=
similar because each contains a right angle and 1
1−
they share angle ∠QRC . For an angle of 2
d 3 a 1 r = (3 − 2 2) R ≈ 0.1716 R
30 , = and = ⇒ h = 2a . Using a
h 2 h 2
property of similar triangles, QC / RC = 3 / 2 ,
2 3 4
= → a = 2+
a−2 2 3
By the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
d = h 2 − a 2 = 3a = 2 3 + 4 ≈ 7.464

57. Refer to figure 15 in the text. Given ine l1 with 60. See the figure below. The angle at T is a right
slope m, draw ABC with vertical and angle, so the Pythagorean Theorem gives
horizontal sides m, 1. ( PM + r )2 = ( PT )2 + r 2
Line l2 is obtained from l1 by rotating it
⇔ ( PM )2 + 2rPM + r 2 = ( PT )2 + r 2
around the point A by 90° counter-clockwise.
Triangle ABC is rotated into triangle AED . ⇔ PM ( PM + 2r ) = ( PT )2
We read off PM + 2r = PN so this gives ( PM )( PN ) = ( PT ) 2
1 1
slope of l2 = =− .
−m m
58. 2 ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4)2

4( x 2 − 2 x + 1 + y 2 − 2 y + 1)
= x 2 − 6 x + 9 + y 2 − 8 y + 16
3x 2 − 2 x + 3 y 2 = 9 + 16 − 4 − 4;
2 17
3x 2 − 2 x + 3 y 2 = 17; x 2 −
x + y2 = ; 61. The lengths A, B, and C are the same as the
3 3
corresponding distances between the centers of
⎛ 2 2 1⎞ 2 17 1 the circles:
⎜x − x+ ⎟+ y = +
⎝ 3 9⎠ 3 9
2
A = (–2)2 + (8)2 = 68 ≈ 8.2
⎛ 1⎞ 2 52
⎜x− ⎟ + y = B = (6)2 + (8)2 = 100 = 10
⎝ 3⎠ 9
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 52 ⎞ C = (8)2 + (0)2 = 64 = 8
center: ⎜ , 0 ⎟ ; radius: ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ Each circle has radius 2, so the part of the belt
around the wheels is
59. Let a, b, and c be the lengths of the sides of the 2(2π − a − π ) + 2(2π − b − π ) + 2(2π − c − π )
right triangle, with c the length of the = 2[3π - (a + b + c)] = 2(2π ) = 4π
hypotenuse. Then the Pythagorean Theorem
Since a + b + c = π , the sum of the angles of a
says that a 2 + b 2 = c 2 triangle.
πa 2 πb 2 πc 2 The length of the belt is ≈ 8.2 + 10 + 8 + 4π
Thus, + = or
8 8 8 ≈ 38.8 units.
2 2 2
1 ⎛a⎞ 1 ⎛b⎞ 1 ⎛c⎞
π⎜ ⎟ + π⎜ ⎟ = π⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠ 2 ⎝2⎠
2
1 ⎛ x⎞
π ⎜ ⎟ is the area of a semicircle with
2 ⎝2⎠
diameter x, so the circles on the legs of the
triangle have total area equal to the area of the
semicircle on the hypotenuse.
From a 2 + b 2 = c 2 ,
3 2 3 2 3 2
a + b = c
4 4 4
3 2 62 As in Problems 50 and 61, the curved portions

x is the area of an equilateral triangle of the belt have total length 2π r. The lengths
4
with sides of length x, so the equilateral of the straight portions will be the same as the
triangles on the legs of the right triangle have lengths of the sides. The belt will have length
total area equal to the area of the equilateral 2π r + d1 + d 2 + … + d n .
triangle on the hypotenuse of the right triangle.

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from the Mouthes of verie honest and religious person, who by liuing
in the Countrey a good space of time haue had experience and
knowledge of the state thereof, & whose testimonies I doe beleeue
as my selfe.
First therefore of the Earth of New-England and all the
appurtenances thereof: It is a Land of diuers and sundry sorts all
about Masathulets Bay, and at Charles Riuer is as fat blacke Earth
as can be seene any where: and in other places you haue a clay
soyle, in other grauell, in other sandy, as it is all about our Plantation
at Salem, for so our Towne is now named, Psal. 76.2.
The forme of the Earth here in the superficies of it is neither too
flat in the plainnesse, nor too high in Hils, but partakes of both in a
mediocritie, and fit for Pasture, or for Plow or Meddow ground, as
Men please to employ it: though all the Countrey be as it were a
thicke Wood for the generall, yet in diuers places there is much
ground cleared by the Indians, and especially about the Plantation:
and I am told that about three miles from vs a Man may stand on a
little hilly place and see diuers thousands of acres of ground as good
as need to be, and not a Tree in the same. It is thought here is good
Clay to make Bricke and Tyles and Earthen-Pots as needs to be. At
this instant we are setting a Bricke-Kill on worke to make Brickes and
Tyles for the building of our Houses. For Stone, here is plentie of
Slates at the Ile of Slate Masathulets Bay, and Lime-stone, Free-
stone, and Smooth-stone, and Iron-stone, and Marble-stone also in
such store, that we haue great Rockes of it, and a Harbour hard by.
Our Plantation is from thence called Marble-harbour.
Of Minerals there hath yet beene but little triall made, yet we are
not without great hope of being furnished in that Soyle.
The fertilitie of the Soyle is to be admired at, as appeareth in the
aboundance of Grasse that groweth euerie where both verie thicke,
verie long, and verie high in diuers places: but it groweth very wildly
with a great stalke and a broad and ranker blade, because it neuer
had been eaten with Cattle, nor mowed with a Sythe, and seldome
trampled on by foot. It is scarce to be beleeued how our Kine and
Goats, Horses and Hogges doe thriue and prosper here and like well
of this Countrey.
In our Plantation we haue already a quart of Milke for a penny: but
the aboundant encrease of Corne proues this Countrey to be a
wonderment. Thirtie, fortie, fiftie, sixtie are ordinarie here: yea
Iosephs encrease in Ægypt is out-stript here with vs. Our Planters
hope to haue more then a hundred fould this yere: and all this while I
am within compasse; what will you say of two hundred fould and
vpwards? It is almost incredible what great gaine some of our
English Planters haue had by our Indian Corne. Credible persons
haue assured me, and the partie himselfe auouched the truth of it to
me, that of the setting of 13 Gallons of Corne he hath had encrease
of it 52 Hogsheads, euerie Hogshead holding seuen Bushels of
London measure, and euerie Bushell was by him sold and trusted to
the Indians for so much Beauer as was worth 18 shillings; and so of
this 13 Gallons of Corne which was worth 6 shillings 8 pence, he
made about 327 pounds of it the yeere following, as by reckoning will
appeare: where you may see how God blesseth husbandry in this
Land. There is not such great and beautifull eares of Corne I
suppose any where else to be found but in this Countrey: being also
of varietie of colours, as red, blew and yellow, &c. and of one Corne
there springeth foure or fiue hundred. I haue sent you many Eares of
diuers colours that you might see the truth of it.
Little Children here by setting of Corne may earne much more
then their owne maintenance.
They haue tryed our English Corne at new Plimouth Plantation, so
that all our seuerall Graines will grow here verie well, and haue a
fitting Soyle for their nature.
Our Gouernour hath store of greene Pease growing in his Garden
as good as euer I eat in England.
This Countrey aboundeth naturally with store of Roots of great
varietie and good to eat. Our Turnips, Parsnips and Carrots are here
both bigger and sweeter then is ordinarily to be found in England.
Here are also store of Pumpions, Cowcumbers, and other things of
that nature which I know not. Also, diuers excellent Pot-herbs grow
abundantly among the Grasse, as Strawberrie leaues in all places of
the Countrey, and plentie of Strawberries in their time, and
Penyroyall, Wintersauerie, Sorrell, Brookelime, Liuerwort, Caruell
and Watercresses, also Leekes and Onions are ordinarie, and diuers
Physicall Herbes. Here are also aboundance of other sweet Herbes
delightfull to the smell, whose names we know not, &c. and plentie of
single Damaske Roses verie sweet; and two kinds of Herbes that
beare two kind of Flowers very sweet, which they say, are as good to
make Cordage or Cloath as any Hempe or Flaxe we haue.
Excellent Vines are here vp and downe in the Woods. Our
Gouernour hath already planted a Vineyard with great hope of
encrease.
Also, Mulberies, Plums, Raspberies, Corrance, Chesnuts,
Filberds, Walnuts, Smalnuts, Hurtleberies & Hawes of Whitethorne
neere as good as our Cherries in England, they grow in plentie here.
For Wood there is no better in the World I thinke, here being foure
sorts of Oke differing both in the Leafe, Timber, and Colour, all
excellent good. There is also good Ash, Elme, Willow, Birch, Beech,
Saxafras, Iuniper Cipres, Cedar, Spruce, Pines & Firre that will yeeld
abundance of Turpentine, Pitch, Tarre, Masts and other materials for
building both of Ships and Houses. Also here are store of Sumacke
Trees, they are good for dying and tanning of Leather, likewise such
Trees yeeld a precious Gum called White Beniamen, that they say is
excellent for perfumes. Also here be diuers Roots and Berries
wherewith the Indians dye excellent holy day colours that no raine
nor washing can alter. Also, wee haue materials to make Sope-
Ashes and Salt-Peter in aboundance.
For Beasts there are some Beares, and they say some Lyons also;
for they haue been seen at Cape Anne. Also here are seuerall sorts
of Deere, some whereof bring three or foure young ones at once,
which is not ordinarie in England. Also Wolues, Foxes, Beauers,
Otters, Martins, great wild Cats, & a great Beast called a Molke as
bigge as an Oxe. I haue seen the Skins of all these Beasts since I
came to this Plantation excepting Lyons. Also here are great store of
Squerrels, some greater, and some smaller and lesser: there are
some of the lesser sort, they tell me, that by a certaine Skin will fly
from Tree to Tree though they stand farre distant.
Of the waters of New-England with the things

belonging to the same.
New-England hath Water enough both salt and fresh, the greatest
Sea in the World, the Atlanticke Sea runs all along the Coast thereof.
There are abundance of Ilands along the Shore, some full of Wood
and Mast to feed Swine; and others cleere of Wood, and fruitful to
beare Corne. Also we haue store of excellent harbours for Ships, as
at Cape Anne, and at Masathulets Bay, and at Salem, and at many
other places: and they are the better because for Strangers there is
a verie difficult and dangerous passage into them, but vnto such as
are well acquainted with them, they are easie and safe enough. The
aboundance of Sea-Fish are almost beyond beleeuing, and sure I
should scarce haue beleeued it except I had seene it with mine owne
Eyes. I saw great store of Whales, and Crampusse, and such
aboundance of Makerils that it would astonish one to behold,
likewise Cod-Fish aboundance on the Coast, and in their season are
plentifully taken. There is a Fish called a Basse, a most sweet &
wholesome Fish as euer I did eat, it is altogether as good as our
fresh Sammon, and the season of their comming was begun when
we came first to New-England in Iune, and so continued about three
months space. Of this Fish our Fishers take many hundreds
together, which I haue seene lying on the shore to my admiration;
yea, their Nets ordinarily take more then they are able to hale to
Land, and for want of Boats and Men they are constrained to let a
many goe after they haue taken them, and yet sometimes they fill
two Boats at a time with them. And besides Basse we take plentie of
Scate and Thornbacke, and aboundance of Lobsters, that the least
Boy in the Plantation may both catch and eat what he wil of them.
For my owne part I was soone cloyed with them, they were so great,
and fat, and lussious. I haue seene some my selfe that haue
weighed 16 pound, but others haue had diuers time so great
Lobsters as haue weighed 25 pound, as they assured me. Also here
is aboundance of Herring, Turbut, Sturgion, Cuskes, Hadocks,
Mullets, Eeles, Crabs, Muskles and Oysters. Beside there is
probabilitie that the Countrey is of an excellent temper for the making
of Salt: for since our comming our Fishermen haue brought home
verie good Salt which they found candied by the standing of the Sea
water and the heat of the Sunne, vpon a Rock by the Sea shore: and
in diuers Salt Marishes that some haue gone through, they haue
found some Salt in some places crushing vnder their Feet and
cleauing to their Shoes.
And as for fresh Water the Countrey is full of daintie Springs, and
some great Riuers, and some lesser Brookes; and at Masathulets
Bay they digged Wels and found Water at three Foot deepe in most
places: and neere Salem they haue as fine cleare Water as we can
desire, and we may digge Wels and find Water where we list.
Thus we see both Land and Sea abound with store of blessings
for the comfortable sustenance of Mans life in New-England.
Of the Aire of New-England with the Temper

and Creatures in it.
The Temper of the Aire of New-England is one speciall thing that
commends this place. Experience doth manifest that there is hardly
a more healthfull place to be found in the World that agreeth better
with our English Bodyes. Many that haue beene weake and sickly in
old England, by comming hither hane beene thoroughly healed and
growne healthfull and strong. For here is an extraordinarie cleere
and dry Aire that is of a most healing nature to all such as are of a
Cold, Melancholy, Flegmatick, Reumaticke temper of Body. None
can more truly speake hereof by their owne experience then my
selfe. My Friends that knew me can well tell how verie sickly I haue
been and continually in Physick, being much troubled with a
tormenting paine through an extraordinarie weaknesse of my
Stomacke, and aboundance of Melancholicke humors; but since I
came hither on this Voyage, I thanke God I haue had perfect health,
and freed from paine and vomitings, hauing a Stomacke to digest the
hardest and coursest fare who before could not eat finest meat; and
whereas my Stomacke could onely digest and did require such
drinke as was both strong and stale, now I can and doe oftentimes
drink New-England water verie well; and I that haue not gone without
a Cap for many yeeres together, neither durst leaue off the same,
haue now cast away my Cap, and doe weare none at all in the day
time: and whereas beforetime I cloathed my selfe with double
cloathes and thicke Wastcoats to keepe me warme, euen in the
Summer time, I doe now goe as thin clad as any, onely wearing a
light Stuffe Cassocke vpon my Shirt and Stuffe Breeches of one
thicknesse without Linings. Besides, I haue one of my Children that
was formerly most lamentably handled with sore breaking out of both
his hands and feet of the Kings Euill, but since he came hither he is
verie well ouer hee was, and there is hope of perfect recouerie
shortly, euen by the verie wholesomnesse of the Aire, altering,
digesting and drying vp the cold and crude humors of the Body: and
therefore I thinke it is a wise course for all cold complections to come
to take Physicke in New England; for a sup of New-Englands Aire is
better then a whole draft of old Englands Ale.
In the Summer time in the midst of Iuly and August it is a good
deale hotter then in old England: and in Winter, Ianuary and
February are much colder as they say: but the Spring and Autumne
are of a middle temper.
Fowles of the Aire are plentifull here, and of all sorts as we haue in
England as farre as I can learne, and a great many of strange
Fowles which we know not. Whilst I was writing these things, one of
our Men brought home an Eagle which he had killed in the Wood:
they say they are good meat. Also here are many kinds of excellent
Hawkes, both Sea Hawkes and Land Hawkes: and my selfe walking
in the Woods with another in company, sprung a Partridge so bigge
that through the heauinesse of his Body could fly but a little way:
they that haue killed them, say they are as bigge as our Hens. Here
are likewise aboundance of Turkies often killed in the Woods, farre
greater then our English Turkies, and exceeding fat, sweet and
fleshy, for here they haue aboundance of feeding all the yeere long,
as Strawberries, in Summer all places are full of them, and all
manner of Berries and Fruits. In the Winter time I haue seene
Flockes of Pidgeons, and haue eaten of them: they doe flye from
Tree to Tree as other Birds doe, which our Pidgeons will not doe in
England: they are of all colours as ours are, but their wings and
tayles are farr longer, and therefore it is likely they fly swifter to
escape the terrible Hawkes in this Countrey. In Winter time this
Countrey doth abound with wild Geese, wild Duckes, and other Sea
Fowle, that a great part of winter the Planters haue eaten nothing but
roastmeat of diuers Fowles which they haue killed.
Thus you haue heard of the Earth, Water and Aire of New-
England, now it may be you expect something to be said of the Fire
proportionable to the rest of the Elements.
Indeed I thinke New England may boast of this Element more then
of all the rest: for though it be here somthing cold in the winter, yet
here we haue plentie of Fire to warme vs, and that a great deale
cheaper then they sell Billets and Faggots in London: nay, all Europe
is not able to afford to make so great Fires as New-England. A poore
Seruant here that is to possesse but 50 Acres of Land, may afford to
giue more wood for Timber and Fire as good as the world yeelds,
then many Noble Men in England can afford to doe. Here is good
liuing for those that loue good Fires. And although New-England
haue no Tallow to make Candles of, yet by the aboundance of the
Fish thereof, it can afford Oyle for Lampes. Yea our Pine-Trees that
are the most plentifull of all wood, doth allow vs plentie of Candles,
which are verie vsefull in a House: and they are such Candles as the
Indians commonly vse, hauing no other, and they are nothing else
but the wood of the Pine Tree clouen in two little slices something
thin, which are so full of the moysture of Turpentine and Pitch, that
they burne as cleere as a Torch. I haue sent you some of them that
you may see the experience of them.
Thus of New-Englands commodities, now I will tell you of some
discommodities that are here to be found.
First, In the Summer season for these three months Iune, Iuly and
August, we are troubled much with little Flyes called Musketoes,
being the same they are troubled with in Linconshiere and the Fens:
and they are nothing but Gnats, which except they be smoked out of
their Howses are troublesome in the night season.
Secondly, In the Winter season for two months space the Earth is
commonly couered with Snow, which is accompanied with sharp
biting Frosts, something more sharpe then is in old England, and
therefore are forced to make great Fires.
Thirdly, This Countrey being verie full of Woods and Wildernesses,
doth also much abound with Snakes and Serpents of strange colours
and huge greatnesse: yea there are some Serpents called Rattle
Snakes, that haue Rattles in their Tayles that will not flye from a Man
as others will, but will flye vpon him and sting him so mortally, that he
will dye within a quarter of an houre after, except the partie stinged
haue about him some of the root of an Hearbe called Snake weed to
bite on, and then he shall receiue no harme: but yet seldome falles it
out that any hurt is done by these. About three yeeres since an
Indian was stung to death by one of them, but we heard of none
since that time.
Fourthly and lastly, Here wants as yet the good company of honest
Christians to bring with them Horses, Kine and Sheepe to make vse
of this fruitfull Land: great pittie it is to see so much good ground for
Corne and for Grasse as any is vnder the Heauens, to lye altogether
vnoccupied, when so many honest Men & their Families in old
England through the populousnesse thereof, do make very hard shift
to liue one by the other.
Now, thus you know what New-England is, as also with the
commodities and discommodities thereof: now I will shew you a little
of the Inhabitants thereof, and their gouernment.
For their Gouernours they haue Kings, which they call
Saggamores, some greater, and some lesser, according to the
number of their Subiects.
The greatest Saggamores about vs can not make aboue three
hundred Men, and other lesse Saggamores haue not aboue fifteene
Subiects, and others neere about vs but two.
Their Subiects about twelue yeeres since were swept away by a
great and grieuous Plague that was amongst them, so that there are
verie few left to inhabite the Countrey.
The Indians are not able to make vse of the one fourth part of the
Land, neither haue they any setled places, as Townes to dwell in, nor
any ground as they challenge for their owne possession, but change
their habitation from place to place.
For their Statures, they are a tall and strong limmed People, their
colours are tawny, they goe naked, saue onely they are in part
couered with Beasts Skins on one of their Shoulders, and weare
something before their Priuities: their Haire is generally blacke, and
cut before like our Gentlewomen, and one locke longer then the rest,
much like to our Gentlemen, which fashion I thinke came from hence
into England.
For their weapons, they haue Bowes and Arrowes, some of them
headed with Bone, and some with Brasse: I haue sent you some of
them for an example.
The Men for the most part liue idlely, they doe nothing but hunt
and fish: their wiues set their Corne and doe all their other worke.
They haue little Houshold stuffe, as a Kettle, and same other Vessels
like Trayes, Spoones, Dishes and Baskets.
Their Houses are verie little and homely, being made with small
Poles pricked into the ground, and so bended and fastned at the
tops, and on the sides they are matted with Boughes, & couered on
the Roofe with Sedge and old Mats; and for their beds that they take
their rest on, they haue a Mat.
They doe generally professe to like well of our comming and
planting here, partly because there is abundance of ground that they
cannot possesse nor make vse of, and partly because our being
here will be a meanes both of reliefe to them when they want, and
also a defence from their Enemies, wherewith (I say) before this
Plantation begun, they were often indangered.
For their Religion, they doe worship two Gods, a good God and an
euill God: the good God they call Tantum, and their euill God whom
they feare will doe them hurt, they call Squantum.
For their dealing with vs, we neither feare them nor trust them, for
fourtie of our Musketeeres will driue fiue hundred of them out of the
Field. We vse them kindly, they will come into our Houses sometimes
by halfe a douzen or halfe a score at a time when we are at victuals,
but will aske or take nothing but what we giue them.
We purpose to learne their Language as soone as we can, which
will be a meanes to do them good.
Of the present condition of the Plantation,

and what it is.
When we came first to Neihum kek, we found about halfe a score
Houses, and a faire House newly built for the Gouernour, we found
also aboundance of Corne planted by them, verie good and well
likeing. And we brought with vs about two hundred Passengers and
Planters more, which by common consent of the old Planters were
all combined together into one Body Politicke, vnder the same
Gouernour.
There are in all of vs both old and new Planters about three
hundred, whereof two hundred of them are setled at Nehum-kek,
now called Salem: and the rest haue Planted themselues at
Masathulets Bay, beginning to build a Towne there which we doe call
Cherton, or Charles Towne.
We that are setled at Salem make what hast we can to build
Houses, so that within a short time we shall haue a faire Towne.
We haue great Ordnance, wherewith we doubt not but we shall
fortifie our selues in a short time to keepe out a potent Aduersarie.
But that which is our greatest comfort, and meanes of defence
aboue all other, is, that we haue here the true Religion and holy
Ordinances of Almightie God taught amongst vs: Thankes be to
God, we haue here plentie of Preaching, and diligent Catechizing,
with strickt and carefull exercise, and good and commendable orders
to bring our People into a Christian conuersation with whom we
haue to doe withall. And thus we doubt
not but God will be with vs, and
if God be with vs, who can
be against vs?
FINIS.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
&c.
Generall Consideracons for ye plantacon in
New England, wth an aunswere to seuerall
objections[1]
FIRST it will be a service to ye Church of great consequence, to

carry ye gospell into those parts of ye world, & to raise a bulwarke agt
ye kingdos of Antichrist wch ye Jesuits labour to reare vp in all places
of ye world.
Secondly all other churches of Europe are brought to desolacon, &
it may be justly feared yt ye like judgmt is coming vpon vs: & who
knowes but yt God hath provided this place to be a refuge for many
whom hee meanes to saue out of ye generall destruction.
Thirdly the land growes weary of her inhabitants, so that man wch
is ye most precious of all creatures is here more vyle & base then ye
earth they tread upon; so as children neighbours & friends especially
of ye poore, are counted ye greatest burdens, wch if things were right
would be ye highest earthly blessings.
Wee are growen to yt excesse & intemperaunce in all excesse of
riot as no meane estate almost will suffice to keepe saile wth his
equalls & hee yt fayles in it must [live] in scorne & contempt. Hence it
comes to passe yt all arts & trades are carried in yt deceitfull maner &
vnrighteous course, as it is almost impossible for a good upright man
to maintayne his chardge & liue cofortably in any of ym.
Fiftly ye Schooles of learning & religion are so corrupted, as
(besides ye unsupportable chardge of this educacon) most children,
(euen ye best wittiest & of fayrest hopes) are perverted, corrupted &
utterly ouerpowered by ye multitude of evill examples & licentious
governors of those seminaries.
Sixtly ye whole earth is ye Lords garden & hee hath giuen it to ye
sons of Adam to bee tilled & improoued by ym why then should we
stand starving here for places of habitacon (many men spending as
much labour & cost to recouer or keepe soetymes an acre or two of
lands, as would procure him many hundreths of acres, as good or
better in another place) & in ye meane tyme suffer whole countreyes
as profitable for ye use of man, to lye wast wthout any improouement.
Seaventhly, what can bee a better worke and more noble & worthy
a Christian, then to helpe to raise & support a particular church while
it is in it infancy, & to [join] or forces wth such a copany of faithfull
people, as by a tymely assistaunce may grow stronger & prosper, &
for want of it may be put to great hazzard if not wholly ruinated?
Eightly if any such as are knowne to bee godly & liue in wealth &
prosperity here, shall forsake all this to joyne ymselves wth this
church, & runne in hazard wth ym of hard & meane condicon, it will be
an example of great vse both for ye remooving of Scandall & sinister
& worldly respects, to giue more lyfe to ye faith of Gods people in
their prayers for ye plantacon, & also to encourage others to joyne ye
more willingly in it.
Objections:
Obj. 1. It will bee a great wrong to or owne church & countrey to take
away the best people; & we still lay it more open to ye judgmts feared.
Aunsw. 1. The number will be nothing in respect of those yt are
left. 2ly many yt liue to no vse here, more then for their owne priuate
familyes may bee employed to a more como good in another place.
3ly such as are of good vse here may yett be so employed as ye
church shall receiue no losse. and since Christs coming ye church is
to be conceiued as universal wthout distinctio of countryes, so as hee
yt doth good in any one place serves ye church in all places, in
regard of ye vnitye. 4thly it is ye revealed will of God yt ye gospell
should be preached to all nations, and though we know not whether
ye Indians will receiue it or not, yet it is a good worke to observe
Gods will in offering it to ym, for God shall haue glory by it though yy
refuse it.
Object. 2. wee haue feared a judgemt a long tyme, but yet we are
safe; therefore it were better to stay till it come, & either we may flie
then, or if we be ouertaken in it wee may well bee content to suffer
wth such a church as ours is.
Aunsw. It is likely yt this consideracon made ye churches beyond ye
seas as ye Palatinate & Rochel &c to sit still at home, & not looke out
for shelter while yy might haue found it. but ye wofull spectacle of
their ruine may teach us more wisdome to avoid ye plague while it is
foreseene, & not to tarry as yy did till it ouertooke ym. If they were
now at their former liberty, wee may be sure yy would take other
courses for their safety. And though most of ym had miscarried in
their escape, yet it had not bene halfe so miserable to thmselves, or
scandalous to religion, as this desperate backsliding and abjuring ye
truth, wch many of ye auntient professours among ym, & ye whole
posterity that remayne are plunged into.
Object. 3. wee haue here a fruitfull Land wth peace & plenty of all
things.
Aunsw: wee are like to haue as good condicons there in tyme; but
yet we must leaue all this abundance, if it bee not taken fro vs. When
we are in or graues, it will bee all one whether we haue liued in
plenty or in penury, whether we haue dyed in a bed of downe or
lockes of straw. Onely this is ye advantage of ye meane condicon, yt it
is a more freedoe to dye. And ye lesse cofort any haue in ye things of
this world, ye more liberty yy haue to lay vp treasure in heauen.
Obj. 4. wee may perish by ye way or when we coe there, having
hunger or ye sword &c and how vncofortable will it bee to see or
wives & children & friends come to such miserie by or occasion?
Aunsw. Such objections savour too much of ye flesh. Who can
secure himselfe or his fro ye like calamities here? If this course bee
warrantable, we may trust Gods providence for these things. Either
hee will keepe those evills fro vs, or will dispose ym for or good &
enable vs to beare ym.
Obj. 5. But what warrant haue we to take yt land, wch is & hath
bene of long tyme possessed of others ye sons of Adam?
Aunsw. That wch is como to all is proper to none. This Savage
people ruleth ouer many lands wthout title or property: for yy inclose
no ground, neither haue yy cattell to maintayne it, but remooue their
dwellings as yy haue occasion, or as yy can prevaile agt their
neighbours. And why may not Christians haue liberty to go & dwell
amongst ym in their wast lands & woodds (leaving ym such places as
yy haue manured for their corne) as lawfully, as Abraham did
amongst ye Sodomites? For God hath giuen to ye sons of men a 2
fould right to ye earth: there is a naturall right & a civill right. The first
right was naturall when men held ye earth in como, every man
sowing & seeding where hee pleased: then, as men and cattell
increased, yy appropriated some parcells of ground by enclosing &
peculiar manurance, & this in tyme got ym a civill right. Such was ye
right wch Ephron ye Hittite had in ye field of Machpelah, wherein
Abraham could not bury a dead corps wthout leaue, though for ye
outparts of ye countrey wch lay comon, hee dwelt vpo ym & tooke ye
fruit of ym at his pleasure. This appeares also in Jacob & his sons
who fedd their flocks as bouldly in ye Canaanites Land for hee is said
to bee Lord of ye countrey; & at Dotham and all other places men
accounted nothing their owne, but yt wch yy had appropriated by their
owne industry, as appeares plainly by Abimelechs servaunts, who in
their owne countrey did often contend wth Isaacks servaunts about
wells wch yy had digged; but neuer about ye lands wch yy occupied. So
likewise betweene Jacob & Laban: hee would not take a kidd of
Labans wthout speciall contract; but hee makes no bargaine wth him
for ye land where yy fedd. And it is probable yt if ye countrey had not
bene as free for Jacob as for Laban, yt covetous wretch would haue
made his advantage of him, & haue vpbraided Jacob wth it as hee
did wth ye rest. 2dly there is more then enough for ym & vs. 3dly God
hath consumed ye natives wth a miraculous plague, whereby ye
greater part of ye countrey is left void of inhabitants. 4ly, we shall coe
in wth good leaue of ye natiues.
Obj. 6. we shall send or young ones & such as may best bee
spared, & not of ye best of or ministers & magistrates.
Aunsw. It is a great worke & requires more skilfull Artisans to lay ye
foundacon of a new building, then to uphoald & repayre one yt is
already built. If great things bee attempted by weake instrumts, ye
effects will bee aunswerable.
Obj. 7. Wee see yt those plantacons yt haue bene formerly made,
succeeded ill.
Aunsw. 1 The fruit of any publique designe is not to bee discerned
by ye imediat successe: it may appeare in tyme, yt yy were all to good
vse. 2dly, there were great fundamentall errours in others wch are like
to bee avoided in this: for 1 their mayne end & purpose was carnall &
not religious. 2 yy aymed chiefely at profitt & not at ye propagacon of
religion. 3 yy vsed too vnfitt instrumts, a multitude of rude vngoverned
persons, ye very scums of ye Land. 4 yy did not stablish a right
fourme of gouernmt.
THE AGREEMENT WITH MR. HIGGINSON
THE AGREEMT
WTH
MR. HIGGINSON
A true note of ye allowance yt ye new England Copany haue by como
consent & order of their Court & Counsell graunted vnto Mr. Francis
Higginson minister, for his maintenaunce in new England April 8,
1629.
IMPRIMIS yt 30li in money shall be forthwth paid him by ye

Copanyes treasurer towards ye chardges of fitting himselfe wth
Apparell & other necessaryes for his voyage.
2 Item yt 10li more shall be payed ouer by ye said treasurer
towards ye provyding of bookes for present vse.
3 Item yt hee shall haue 30li yearly paid him for 3 yeares to
beginne fro ye tyme of his first arrivall in new England & so to be
accounted & paid paid him at ye End of eury yeare.
4 Item yt during ye said tyme ye Company shall provide for him &
his family necessaryes of diett housing & firewood; and shall be at
chardges of transporting him into new England: and at ye end of ye
said 3 yeares, if hee shall not like to continue there any longer, to be
at ye chardge of transporting him backe for England.
5. Item yt in convenient tyme an house shall be built, & certayne
lands allotted thereunto; wch during his stay in ye countrey &
continuance in ye ministrey shall bee for his vse; & after his death or
remoovall ye same to be for Succeeding ministers.
6. Item at ye expiracon of ye said 3 yeares an 100 acres of land
shall be assigned to him & his heires for euer.
7. Item yt in case hee shall depart this lyfe in yt countrey, ye said
Company shall take care for his widdow during her widdowhood &
aboade in yt country and plantacon: & ye like for his children whilst yy
remayne vpon ye said plantacon.
8. Item yt ye milke of 2 kyne shall bee appointed towards ye
chardges of diett for him & his familye as aforesaid, & halfe ye
increase of calves during ye said 3 yeares: but ye said 2 kyne, and ye
other halfe of ye increase to returne to ye Company at ye end of ye
said 3 yeares.
9. Item yt he shall haue liberty of carrying ouer bedding, linnen,
brasse, iron, pewter, of his owne for his necessary vse during ye said
tyme.
10 Item yt if he continue 7 yeares upon ye said plantacon, yt then
100 acres of land more shall be allotted him for him and his for ever.
Messrs. Higginson’s and Skelton’s Contract.[A]

The 8th of Aprill, 1629. Mr Francis Higgeson and Mr Samuel Skelton
intended ministers of this plantacon, and it being thought meete to
consider of their intertaynement, who expressing their willingnesse,
together, also with Mr Francis Bright, being now present to doe their
endevour in their places of the ministery as well in preaching,
catechizing, as also in teaching, or causing to be taught, the
Companyes servants & their children, as also the salvages and their
children, whereby to their uttermost to further the maine end of this
plantation, being, by the assistance of Allmighty God, the conversion
of the salvages, the proposicons concluded on wth Mr Francis Bright,
the 2 of February last, were reciprocally accepted of by Mr Francis
Higgison and Mr Samuel Skelton, who are in every respect to have
the like condicons as Mr Bright hath, onely whereas Mr Higgeson
hath 8 children it is intended that 10li more yearely shall be allowed
him towards their chardge. And it is agreed that the increase of the
improvement of all their grounds during the first 3 yeares shall be at

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Student Solutions Manual for Calculus

9th Edition Dale Varberg

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Problem Set 0.1 2 2

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.1 1

t 2 – 4t – 21 (t + 3)(t – 7) 31. .083

2 Section 0.1 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.1 3

42. x = 0.399999… 55. 8.9π2 + 1 – 3π ≈ 0.000691744752

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Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.1 5

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c. (−∞, −2] d. [−1, 3]

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.2 7

24. (2 x − 3)( x − 1) 2 ( x − 3) > 0;

27. a. False. b. True.

8 Section 0.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

32. a. 2 x − 7 > 1 or 2 x + 1 < 3

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.2 9

42. 2 x – 7 > 3; −11 ± (11) 2 − 4(14)(−15) −11 ± 31

49. x − 3 < 0.5 ⇒ 5 x − 3 < 5(0.5) ⇒ 5 x − 15 < 2.5

50. x + 2 < 0.3 ⇒ 4 x + 2 < 4(0.3) ⇒ 4 x + 18 < 1.2

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ε ( x –1) 2 < (2 x – 6)2

53. 3x − 15 < ε ⇒ 3( x − 5) < ε 3x 2 – 22 x + 35 > 0

54. 4 x − 8 < ε ⇒ 4( x − 2) < ε 60. 2x −1 ≥ x + 1

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.2 11

12 Section 0.2 Instructor’s Resource Manual

73. 0 < a < b 0.01

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d3 = (−2 − 10)2 + (4 − 8)2

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center = (–1, 3); radius = 10 ⎛ 3⎞ 5 10

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Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.3 15

16 Section 0.3 Instructor’s Resource Manual

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.3 17

Instructor’s Resource Manual Section 0.3 19

58. 2 ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4)2

3 2 62 As in Problems 50 and 61, the curved portions

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Of the waters of New-England with the things

Of the Aire of New-England with the Temper

Of the present condition of the Plantation,

FIRST it will be a service to ye Church of great consequence, to

IMPRIMIS yt 30li in money shall be forthwth paid him by ye

Messrs. Higginson’s and Skelton’s Contract.[A]

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