Optimisation and kinematics

[272 marks]

Let f (x) = 13 x3 + x2 − 15x + 17.

1a. Find f ′ (x). [2 marks]

The graph of f has horizontal tangents at the points where x = a and x = b, a < b.

1b. Find the value of a and the value of b . [3 marks]

1c. Sketch the graph of y = f ′ (x). [1 mark]

1d. Hence explain why the graph of f has a local maximum point at x = a. [1 mark]

1e. Find f ′′ (b). [3 marks]

1f. Hence, use your answer to part (d)(i) to show that the graph of f has a [1 mark]
local minimum point at x = b.

1g. The normal to the graph of f at x = a and the tangent to the graph of f [5 marks]
at x = b intersect at the point (p, q) .

Find the value of p and the value of q.

Let f (x) = ln 5x where

kx
x > 0, k ∈ R+ .

2a. Show that f ′ (x) 1−ln 5x [3 marks]

= kx2
.
 The graph of f has exactly one maximum point P.

2b. Find the x-coordinate of P. [3 marks]

2 ln 5x−3
The second derivative of f is given by f ′′ (x) = kx3
. The graph of f has
exactly one point of inflexion Q.

2c. Show that the x-coordinate of Q is 1 e 32 . [3 marks]

5

2d. The region R is enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis, and the vertical [7 marks]
lines through the maximum point P and the point of inflexion Q.

Given that the area of R is 3, find the value of k.

A small cuboid box has a rectangular base of length 3x cm and width x cm, where
x > 0. The height is y cm, where y > 0.

The sum of the length, width and height is 12 cm.

3a. Write down an expression for y in terms of x. [1 mark]

3
 The volume of the box is V cm3.

3b. Find an expression for V in terms of x. [2 marks]

3c. Find dV . [2 marks]

dx

3d. Find the value of x for which V is a maximum. [4 marks]

3e. Justify your answer. [3 marks]

3f. Find the maximum volume. [2 marks]

A rocket is travelling in a straight line, with an initial velocity of 140 m s−1. It

accelerates to a new velocity of 500 m s−1 in two stages.
During the first stage its acceleration, a m s−2, after t seconds is given by
a (t) = 240 sin (2t), where 0 ⩽ t ⩽ k.

4a. Find an expression for the velocity, v m s−1, of the rocket during the first [4 marks]
stage.

The first stage continues for k seconds until the velocity of the rocket reaches 375
m s−1.

4b. Find the distance that the rocket travels during the first stage. [4 marks]

4c. During the second stage, the rocket accelerates at a constant rate. The [6 marks]
distance which the rocket travels during the second stage is the same as
the distance it travels during the first stage.
Find the total time taken for the two stages.

4 2 ⩽ ⩽
 Let f (x) = x4 − 54x2 + 60x, for −1 ⩽ x ⩽ 6. The following diagram shows the
graph of f .

There are x-intercepts at x = 0 and at x = p. There is a maximum at point A

where x = a , and a point of inflexion at point B where x = b .

5a. Find the value of p. [2 marks]

5b. Write down the coordinates of A. [2 marks]

5c. Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of f at A. [2 marks]

5d. Find the coordinates of B. [5 marks]

5e. Find the rate of change of f at B. [2 marks]

5f. LetR be the region enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis and the lines [3 marks]
x = p and x = b. The region R is rotated 360º about the x-axis. Find the volume
of the solid formed.
 A particle P starts from point O and moves along a straight line. The graph of its
velocity, v ms−1 after t seconds, for 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 , is shown in the following diagram.

The graph of v has t-intercepts when t = 0, 2 and 4.

The function s (t) represents the displacement of P from O after t seconds.
It is known that P travels a distance of 15 metres in the first 2 seconds. It is also
4
known that s (2) = s (5) and ∫2 v dt = 9.

6a. Find the value of s (4) − s (2). [2 marks]

6b. Find the total distance travelled in the first 5 seconds. [5 marks]
 A cylinder with radius r and height h is shown in the following diagram.

The sum of r and h for this cylinder is 12 cm.

7a. Write down an equation for the area, A, of the curved surface in terms [2 marks]
of r.

7b. Find dA . [2 marks]

dr

7c. Find the value of r when the area of the curved surface is maximized. [2 marks]

A potter sells x vases per month.

His monthly profit in Australian dollars (AUD) can be modelled by

1
P (x) = − x3 + 7x2 − 120, x ⩾ 0.
5

8a. Find the value of P if no vases are sold. [1 mark]

8b. Differentiate P (x). [2 marks]

8c. Hence, find the number of vases that will maximize the profit. [3 marks]

The population of fish in a lake is modelled by the function

1000
f (t) = 1+24e−0.2t
,0≤ t ≤ 30 , where t is measured in months.

9a. Find the population of fish at t = 10. [2 marks]

9b. Find the rate at which the population of fish is increasing at t = 10. [2 marks]
9c. Find the value of t for which the population of fish is increasing most [2 marks]
rapidly.

In this question distance is in centimetres and time is in seconds.

Particle A is moving along a straight line such that its displacement from a point P,
after t seconds, is given by sA = 15 − t − 6t3 e−0.8t , 0 ≤ t ≤ 25. This is shown in
the following diagram.

10a. Find the initial displacement of particle A from point P. [2 marks]

10b. Find the value of t when particle A first reaches point P. [2 marks]

10c. Find the value of t when particle A first changes direction. [2 marks]

10d. Find the total distance travelled by particle A in the first 3 seconds. [3 marks]

Another particle, B, moves along the same line, starting at the same time as
particle A. The velocity of particle B is given by vB = 8 − 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 25.

10e. Given that particles A and B start at the same point, find the [5 marks]
displacement function sB for particle B.

10f. Find the other value of t when particles A and B meet. [2 marks]

1 3 3 2
 Consider the function f (x) = 13 x3 + 34 x2 − x − 1.

11a. Write down the y-intercept of the graph of y = f (x). [1 mark]

11b. Sketch the graph of y = f (x) for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and −4 ≤ y ≤ 12. [4 marks]

The function has one local maximum at x = p and one local minimum at x = q.

11c. Determine the range of f (x) for p ≤ x ≤ q. [3 marks]

Let f (x) = x3 − 2x2 + ax + 6. Part of the graph of f is shown in the following

diagram.

The graph of f crosses the y-axis at the point P. The line L is tangent to the graph
of f at P.

12a. Find f ′ (x). [2 marks]

12b. Hence, find the equation of L in terms of a. [4 marks]

12c. The graph of f has a local minimum at the point Q. The line L passes [8 marks]
through Q.
Find the value of a .

−1
 A particle moves along a straight line so that its velocity, v m s−1, after t seconds
is given by v (t) = 1.4 t − 2.7 , for 0 ≤ t ≤ 5.

13a. Find when the particle is at rest. [2 marks]

13b. Find the acceleration of the particle when t = 2. [2 marks]

13c. Find the total distance travelled by the particle. [3 marks]

Haruka has an eco-friendly bag in the shape of a cuboid with width 12 cm, length
36 cm and height of 9 cm. The bag is made from five rectangular pieces of cloth
and is open at the top.

14a. Calculate the area of cloth, in cm2, needed to make Haruka’s bag. [2 marks]

14b. Calculate the volume, in cm3, of the bag. [2 marks]

 Nanako decides to make her own eco-friendly bag in the shape of a cuboid such
that the surface area is minimized.
The width of Nanako’s bag is x cm, its length is three times its width and its height
is y cm.

The volume of Nanako’s bag is 3888 cm3.

14c. Use this value to write down, and simplify, the equation in x and y for [2 marks]
the volume of Nanako’s bag.

14d. Write down and simplify an expression in x and y for the area of cloth, [2 marks]
A, used to make Nanako’s bag.

14e. Use your answers to parts (c) and (d) to show that [2 marks]
10368
A = 3x2 + x
.

14f. Find dA . [3 marks]

dx

14g. Use your answer to part (f) to show that the width of Nanako’s bag is [3 marks]
12 cm.
 A closed cylindrical can with radius r centimetres and height h centimetres has a
volume of 20π cm3.

15a. Express h in terms of r. [2 marks]

The material for the base and top of the can costs 10 cents per cm2 and the
material for the curved side costs 8 cents per cm2. The total cost of the material,
in cents, is C.

320π
15b. Show that C = 20πr2 + r
. [4 marks]

15c. Given that there is a minimum value for C, find this minimum value in [9 marks]
terms of π.

A factory produces shirts. The cost, C, in Fijian dollars (FJD), of producing x shirts
can be modelled by
C(x) = (x − 75)2 + 100.

16a. Find the cost of producing 70 shirts. [2 marks]

The cost of production should not exceed 500 FJD. To do this the factory needs to
produce at least 55 shirts and at most s shirts.

16b. Find the value of s. [2 marks]

16c. Find the number of shirts produced when the cost of production is [2 marks]
lowest.

48
 48
Consider the function f (x) = x
+ kx2 − 58, where x > 0 and k is a constant.
The graph of the function passes through the point with coordinates (4 , 2).

P is the minimum point of the graph of f (x).

17. Sketch the graph of y = f (x) for 0 < x ≤ 6 and −30 ≤ y ≤ 60. [4 marks]
Clearly indicate the minimum point P and the x-intercepts on your graph.

A manufacturer makes trash cans in the form of a cylinder with a hemispherical

top. The trash can has a height of 70 cm. The base radius of both the cylinder and
the hemispherical top is 20 cm.

18a. Write down the height of the cylinder. [1 mark]

18b. Find the total volume of the trash can. [4 marks]

 A designer is asked to produce a new trash can.
The new trash can will also be in the form of a cylinder with a hemispherical top.
This trash can will have a height of H cm and a base radius of r cm.

There is a design constraint such that H + 2r = 110 cm.

The designer has to maximize the volume of the trash can.

18c. Find the height of the cylinder, h , of the new trash can, in terms of r. [2 marks]

18d. Show that the volume, V cm3 , of the new trash can is given by [3 marks]
V = 110πr3 .

18e. Using your graphic display calculator, find the value of r which [2 marks]
maximizes the value of V.

18f. The designer claims that the new trash can has a capacity that is at [4 marks]
least 40% greater than the capacity of the original trash can.
State whether the designer’s claim is correct. Justify your answer.

2 R
19. Let f(x) = 15 − x2 , for x ∈ R. The following diagram shows part of the [7 marks]
graph of f and the rectangle OABC, where A is on the negative x-axis, B is on the
graph of f , and C is on the y-axis.

Find the x-coordinate of A that gives the maximum area of OABC.

A quadratic function f is given by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. The points (0, 5) and

(−4, 5) lie on the graph of y = f(x).

20a. Find the equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph of y = f(x). [2 marks]

20b. Write down the value of c. [1 mark]

The y-coordinate of the minimum of the graph is 3.

20c. Find the value of a and of b. [3 marks]

Maria owns a cheese factory. The amount of cheese, in kilograms, Maria sells in
one week, Q, is given by
Q = 882 − 45p,
where p is the price of a kilogram of cheese in euros (EUR).

21a. Write down how many kilograms of cheese Maria sells in one week if the [1 mark]
price of a kilogram of cheese is 8 EUR.

( − 6.80)EUR
 Maria earns (p − 6.80)EUR for each kilogram of cheese sold.

21b. Find how much Maria earns in one week, from selling cheese, if the [2 marks]
price of a kilogram of cheese is 8 EUR.

To calculate her weekly profit W , in EUR, Maria multiplies the amount of cheese
she sells by the amount she earns per kilogram.

21c. Write down an expression for W in terms of p. [1 mark]

21d. Find the price, p, that will give Maria the highest weekly profit. [2 marks]

Note: In this question, distance is in metres and time is in seconds.

A particle P moves in a straight line for five seconds. Its acceleration at time t is
given by a = 3t2 − 14t + 8, for 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 5.

22a. Write down the values of t when a = 0. [2 marks]

22b. Hence or otherwise, find all possible values of t for which the velocity of [2 marks]
P is decreasing.

When t = 0, the velocity of P is 3m s−1 .

22c. Find an expression for the velocity of P at time t. [6 marks]

22d. Find the total distance travelled by P when its velocity is increasing. [4 marks]

Let f(x) = ln x and g(x) = 3 + ln( x2 ), for x > 0.

The graph of g can be obtained from the graph of f by two transformations:
a horizontal stretch of scale factorqfollowed by

a translation of ( ) .
h
k

23a. Write down the value of q; [1 mark]

23b. Write down the value of h ; [1 mark]

23c. Write down the value of k. [1 mark]

Let h(x) = g(x) × cos(0.1x), for 0 < x < 4. The following diagram shows the
graph of h and the line y = x.

The graph of h intersects the graph of h −1 at two points. These points have x
coordinates 0.111 and 3.31 correct to three significant figures.

23d. Find 3.31 [2 marks]

∫0.111 (h(x) − x) dx.

23e. Hence, find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of h and h−1 . [3 marks]

d be the vertical distance from a point on the graph of h to the line [7 marks]
23f. Let
y = x. There is a point P(a, b) on the graph of h where d is a
maximum.
Find the coordinates of P, where 0.111 < a < 3.31.

4 2
 Let f(x) = −0.5x4 + 3x2 + 2x. The following diagram shows part of the graph of
f.

There are x-intercepts at x = 0 and at x = p. There is a maximum at A where

x = a, and a point of inflexion at B where x = b.

24a. Find the value of p. [2 marks]

24b. Write down the coordinates of A. [2 marks]

24c. Write down the rate of change of f at A. [1 mark]

24d. Find the coordinates of B. [4 marks]

24e. Find the the rate of change of f at B. [3 marks]

24f. Let
R be the region enclosed by the graph of f , the x-axis, the line [3 marks]
x = b and the line x = a. The region R is rotated 360° about the x-axis. Find the
volume of the solid formed.
 Violeta plans to grow flowers in a rectangular plot. She places a fence to mark out
the perimeter of the plot and uses 200 metres of fence. The length of the plot is x
metres.

25a. Show that the width of the plot, in metres, is given by 100 − x. [1 mark]

25b. Write down the area of the plot in terms of x. [1 mark]

Violeta places the fence so that the area of the plot is maximized.

25c. Find the value of x that maximizes the area of the plot. [2 marks]

By selling her flowers, Violeta earns 2 Bulgarian Levs (BGN) per square metre of
the plot.

25d. Show that Violeta earns 5000 BGN from selling the flowers grown on [2 marks]
the plot.

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