CHAPTER-2

CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SPORTS

2.1 Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups
2.2 Common Postural Deformities (Knock Knees, Flat Foot, Round shoulders, Bowlegs,
Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis) and their corrective measures.
2.3 Women participation in sports- Physical, Psychological and social benefits.
2.4 Special Considerations (Menarche, Menstrual Dysfunction)
2.5 Female Athlete Triad (Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea and Eating Disorders)
IMPORTANT DEFINATIONS
Deformities It is the malformation of any component or body part or joint of the body.
Knock Knees (Genu It is derived from Latin word “Genu” and “Valgus” which means knee bent inwards. It is condition in
Valgus) which the lower legs are positioned at an angle and the knees touch each other.
Bow-legs Bow legs cause an increase in the curve of the legs and leave a gap between the knees. It is a condition
in which the knees remain wide apart when a person stands with the feet and ankle together.
Flat Foot (PCs Planus It is a condition in which the arch of the foot collapse downwards. The entire sole of the foot comes
Fallen Arches) into complete or near complete contact with the ground.
Spinal Curvature It is related to the spine. It is caused due to carrying excessive weight beyond one’s capacity.
Kyphosis It is an increase of backbone or the posterior curve.
Lordosis It is an increase of the curvature of the backbone or spine in the lower back area.
Scoliosis It is a disorder due to an abnormal curve in the backbone or the spine in the lateral side.
Round shoulders It is the postural defect in which the shoulders are drawn forward, the head is extended and the chin
faces forward.
Menarche The first menstruation cycle of a girl. The medical word for the age or date of someone’s first period
(Menstruation) is menarche.
Menstrual It is a disorder or irregularity in women’s menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle varies from 21-35 days.
dysfunction Its flow lasts approximately 2-7 days.
Eumenorrhea It is known as normal menstrual function.
Oligomenorrhea It is termed as abnormal infrequent menstrual periods. Women who go more than 35 days without
menstruating may be diagnosed with Oligomenorrhea.
Amenorrhea Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation.
Primary When a woman of 18 years of age or above do not have menarche.
Amenorrhea
Secondary A woman who does not have normal menstrual cycles for months or even years. Over exercising can be
Amenorrhea one of the reasons.
Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone density and improper bone
formation. It is characterized by low bone mineral contents.
Eating Disorders Women try to lose weight as they want to improve their athletic performance.
Anorexia Nervosa When someone tries to keep their weight as low as possible it is called Anorexia Nervosa. It is done by
starving themselves or exercising excessively.
Bulimia Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binging and purging.

2.1 Exercise guidelines of WHO for different age groups

⮚ Children under 5 years of age

 ⮚ Children 1-2 years of age

⮚ Children 3-4 years of age

⮚ Children and adolescents aged 5-17 years

⮚ Adults aged 18–64 years

⮚ Adults aged 65 years and above

⮚ Pregnant and postpartum women

⮚ People living with chronic conditions (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, HIV and cancer
survivors)
⮚ Children and adolescents living with disability

⮚ Adults living with disability

Children under 5 years of age

⮚ In a 24-hour day, infants (less than 1 year)

● Be physically active several times a day in a variety of ways, particularly through interactive
floor-based play; more is better. For those not yet mobile, this includes at least 30 minutes
in prone position (tummy time) spread throughout the day while awake;
● Not be restrained for more than 1 hour at a time (e.g., prams/strollers, high chairs, or
strapped on a caregiver’s back);
● Screen time is not recommended.

● When sedentary, engaging in reading and storytelling with a caregiver is encouraged; and

● Have 14-17 hours (0-3 months of age) ,12-16 hours (4-11 months of age) of good quality
sleep, including naps.
⮚ In a 24-hour day, children 1-2 years of age should:

● Spend at least 180 minutes in a variety of types of physical activities at any intensity,
including moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, spread throughout the day; more
is better;
● Not be restrained for more than 1 hour at a time (e.g., prams/strollers, high chairs, or
strapped on a caregiver’s back) or sit for extended periods of time.
● For 1-year olds, sedentary screen time (such as watching TV or videos, playing
computer games) is not recommended.
● For those aged 2 years, sedentary screen time should be no more than 1 hour; less
is better.
● When sedentary, engaging in reading and storytelling with a caregiver is encouraged; and
 ● have 11-14h of good quality sleep, including naps, with regular sleep and wake-up times.

⮚ In a 24-hour day, children 3-4 years of age should:

● Spend at least 180 minutes in a variety of types of physical activities at any intensity, of
which at least 60 minutes is moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, spread
throughout the day; more is better;
● Not be restrained for more than 1 hour at a time (e.g., prams/strollers) or sit for extended
periods of time.
o Sedentary screen time should be no more than 1 hour; less is better.
● When sedentary, engaging in reading and storytelling with a caregiver is); encourage; and
● Have 10-13h of good quality sleep, which may include a nap, with regular sleep and wake-up
times.
Children and adolescents aged 5-17 years
● Should do at least an average of 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity,
mostly aerobic, physical activity, across the week.
● Should incorporate vigorous-intensity aerobic activities, as well as those that strengthen
muscle and bone, at least 3 days a week.
● Should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary, particularly the amount of
recreational screen time.
Adults aged 18–64 years
● Should do at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity;
● At least 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity; or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week
● should also do muscle-strengthening activities at moderate or greater intensity that involve
all major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week, as these provide additional health
benefits.
● may increase moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to more than 300 minutes; or do
more than 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity; or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week for
additional health benefits.
● should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary. Replacing sedentary time with
physical activity of any intensity (including light intensity) provides health benefits, and
● to help reduce the detrimental effects of high levels of sedentary behaviour on health, all
adults and older adults should aim to do more than the recommended levels of moderate-
to vigorous-intensity physical activity
Adults aged 65 years and above
● Same as for adults; and
● As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do varied multicomponent
physical activity that emphasizes functional balance and strength training at moderate or
 greater intensity, on 3 or more days a week, to enhance functional capacity and to prevent
falls.
Pregnant and postpartum women
All pregnant and postpartum women without contraindication should:
● Do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week
● Incorporate a variety of aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities
● Should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary. Replacing sedentary time with
physical activity of any intensity (including light intensity) provides health benefits.
People living with chronic conditions
(Hypertension, type 2 diabetes, HIV and cancer survivors)
● Should do at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity;
● At least 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity; or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week
● Should also do muscle-strengthening activities at moderate or greater intensity that involve
all major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week, as these provide additional health
benefits.
● As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do varied multicomponent
physical activity that emphasizes functional balance and strength training at moderate or
greater intensity, on 3 or more days a week, to enhance functional capacity and to prevent
falls.
● May increase moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to more than 300 minutes; or do
more than 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity; or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week for
additional health benefits.
● Should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary. Replacing sedentary time with
physical activity of any intensity (including light intensity) provides health benefits, and
● To help reduce the detrimental effects of high levels of sedentary behaviour on health, all
adults and older adults should aim to do more than the recommended levels of moderate-
to vigorous-intensity physical activity.
Children and adolescents living with disability:
● Should do at least an average of 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity,
mostly aerobic, physical activity, across the week.
● Should incorporate vigorous-intensity aerobic activities, as well as those that strengthen
muscle and bone, at least 3 days a week.
● Should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary, particularly the amount of
recreational screen time.
Adults living with disability:
● Should do at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity;
 ● At least 75–150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity; or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week
● Should also do muscle-strengthening activities at moderate or greater intensity that involve
all major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week, as these provide additional health
benefits.
● As part of their weekly physical activity, older adults should do varied multicomponent
physical activity that emphasizes functional balance and strength training at moderate or
greater intensity, on 3 or more days a week, to enhance functional capacity and to prevent
falls.
● May increase moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to more than 300 minutes; or do
more than 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity; or an equivalent
combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity throughout the week for
additional health benefits.
● Should limit the amount of time spent being sedentary. Replacing sedentary time with
physical activity of any intensity (including light intensity) provides health benefits, and
● To help reduce the detrimental effects of high levels of sedentary behaviour on health, all
adults and older adults should aim to do more than the recommended levels of moderate-
to vigorous-intensity physical activity.
● It is possible to avoid sedentary behaviour and be physically active while sitting or lying. E.g.
Upper body led activities, inclusive and/or wheelchair-specific sport and activities.
2.2 Common Postural Deformities (Knock Knees, Flat Foot, Round shoulders, Bow Legs, Kyphosis,
Lordosis, Scoliosis) and their corrective measures.
Common Postural Deformities

Name of Knock Knees Bow Legs (Genu Varum) Flat Foot

the (Genu means ‘knee’ (Pes Planus) (Fallen Arches)
deformity Valgus means ‘bent
inwards’)
Definition It is condition in which the It is a condition in which the It is a condition in which the arch
lower legs are positioned at knees remain wide apart when a of the foot collapses downwards.
an angle and the knees person stands with the feet and The entire sole of the foot comes
touch each other. ankle together. into complete or near complete
contact with the ground.
Causes
● Lack of Balanced diet Chronic illness Malnutrition

● Deficiency of calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D Improper footwear

● Carrying heavyweight at an early age Improper way of walking

● Weakened muscles due to foot injury Obesity

● Forcing babies to walk at an early stage Genetic

 ● Rickets (Only for Bow Legs) Flat Foot (Only for Bow Legs)

● Wearing high heels for prolonged periods of time or wearing shoes with no support. (Only for
Flat Foot)
Precautions
● Balanced diet should be taken

● Babies should not be forced to walk at an early stage

● Proper exercises should be done for this

● Always maintain healthy weight

● There should not be any deficiency of Calcium, Phosphorus and Vitamin D

● Don’t let the children to be overweight

● The shoes should be of proper shape and size

● Don’t walk bare feet for a longer periods of time

● High heeled shoes should be avoided

● Carrying heavyweight at an early stage must be avoided.

Remedies Horse riding Vitamin D should be taken. Walking on toes
Walking on outer side of the Walking on inner side of the foot Walking on heels
foot Some special shoes, casts and Rope skipping
Place a ball between the leg braces can be used to help Jumping on toes
knees and hop treat bow legs in younger Picking pebbles by toes
Keep a pillow between the children. Walking on sand
knees and stand erect for Balanced should be taken Rope climbing
some time
Applying Cod liver oil
Corrective Side lunges Leg strengthening exercises Toe clawing
measures

Toe spreading
Side step-ups:-
Pilates

Heel walking

Cable abduction: -
 Lying abduction:
Toe walking
Massage therapy
Wall abductor squeeze

Flexion and extension of legs

Cloth exercise

Asanas Padmasana ArdChakrasana Vajrasana

Gomukhasana
Garudasana

Tadasana

Vrikshasana
Ardmatasyenrasana

Spinal Curvature It is related to the spine. It is caused due to carrying excessive weight beyond one’s
capacity.

Name of Lordosis Kyphosis Round shoulders Scoliosis

the
deformity
Definition It is an increase of the It is an increase of It is the postural It is a disorder due to an
curvature of the backbone or backbone or the defect in which abnormal curve in the
 spine in the lower back area. posterior curve the shoulders are backbone or the spine in the
drawn forward, lateral side.
the head is
extended and the
chin faces
forward.
Causes Lack of balanced diet Heredity Obesity Rickets
Improper development of muscles Carrying heavy loads Under developed legs
Bending while walking Not performing exercises Wrong standing posture
Taking excessive intake of food. Carrying heavy weight on one
Wearing shapeless and tight clothes. (Only Kyphosis & Round shoulders) shoulder
Sitting on Improper furniture. (Only Round shoulders) Partial deafness and wrong
Becoming habitual to press the chest especially at the time of bench press. standing posture
(Only Round shoulders) Diseases in the joints of bones
Precautions Balanced diet should be taken The body should be kept straight while carrying weight
Excessive intake of food should be avoided Avoid carrying heavy weights at an early stage
Obesity should be avoided Don’t sit, walk or stand in bent position.
Do regular exercises for the proper posture.
Avoid tight fitting clothes. (Only Kyphosis & Round shoulders)
Avoid sitting on uncomfortable furniture. (Only Kyphosis & Round shoulders)
Avoid walking for a long time while carrying weight in one hand. (Only Scoliosis)
Studying should be avoided in sideways bending position. (Only Scoliosis)
Remedies Bend your head backward Bend your head backward Hold the horizontal Hold the horizontal bar
while in standing position while in standing position bars for some time. and hold for some time
Do swimming Do swimming Keep your finger tips Hold the horizontal bar
Keep a pillow under your Use pillow while sleeping on the shoulders and and hold for swing for
back while sleeping Always sit in proper rotate them clock and some time
Lay on your belly and put the position on the chair anticlockwise. Bending exercise must be
hands behind the neck, then Always keep up your head Always sit properly on done on the opposite
a partner will pull your hands with bending it slightly a chair. side of the ‘C’ curve
backwards backwards Stretch your shoulders Swim by using
Perform sit ups regularly and muscles breaststroke technique.
Toe touching for 10 times thoroughly after
should be performed performing
weightlifting exercises
to prevent your
shoulders from
rounding.
Corrective Hold the stretch position for Repeat the exercise at Standing chest stretch: Hip roll and bridge: - Hip
measures 25-30 seconds. least for 10 times. - roll and bridge is an
Stretches of hip flexor The prone extension exercise done while
raising vertebrae to form
a full circle. As the
circular position is
maintained in the
Strengthening cervical opposite direction, the
muscles problem gets good.
 Spine release exercise:

Prone position: - Lie

down on prone position
Lower back muscles
i.e., on the chest. Right
stretches
Press palms against arm should be upward
forehead and left arm at side. After
that, move right arm
Supine chest stretches
towards the left-over
Lie face up on an
head, press down with
exercise with your
left hand and then slide
spine and head
the left hip up.
Seated Cable row supported on the
Standing exercise: -
bench. Place both arms
Abdominal crunch Stand erect with feet few
out to the sides at right
inches apart that raise
angles from the body
the left heel and left hip.
with palms facing up.
Extend right arm in an
Exhale and stretch
arch overhead to the left.
Back exercises arms towards the floor
Press left hand against
until comfortable
the ribs on the left side.
position is achieved.
Then stretch in chest
Hip extension in the supine muscles. Hold this
position Prone position position for 40-60
seconds.
Keep your finger tips
on the shoulders and
rotate them clock and
anticlockwise to cure
Oblique crunch this problem

Asanas Dhanurasana Chakrasana Ushtrasana Bhujangasana

2.3 Women participation in sports- Physical, Psychological and Social benefits.

 Sports Participation of Women in India
Year Participation of Women in Modern Olympics
1896 Athens No participation of women
1900 Onwards 22 women started participated in two sports in Tennis and Golf
1904 6 women in 3 sports
2000 Sydney 4096 women participated

Year Major achievements of Indian women in Modern Olympics

1952 Helsinki 4 Indian women participated in
Athletics: Nilima Ghosa and Mary Dsouza
Swimming: Dolly Nazir and Arti Saha
1984 Los Angeles Athletics: P.T. Usha became the first Indian women to reach in the finals of any Olympic
event.
(Event 400m hurdle lost by 1/100th a second. Came fourth 4X400 relay secured 7 th
position)
2000 Sydney Karnam Malleshwari secured bronze medal in 69 kg weight category (Weightlifting)
2012 Beijing Saina Nehwal secured bronze medal in Women’s Singles
M.C.Mary. Kom secured bronze medal in 51kg Fly weight category (Boxing)
2016 Rio P.V.Sindhu secured Silver medal in Women’s singles
Sakshi Malik secured bronze medal in 58 kg Freestyle Wrestling
Other Indian Famous Performers
Athletics Anju Bobby George, Krishna Poonia, Seema Antil, Dutee Chand, Hima Das
Badminton Jwala Gutta, Ashwini Ponappa
Gymnastics Dipa Karmakar
Hockey Rani Rampal
Shooting Heena Siddu, Anjali Bhagwat,
Squash Joshanna Chinappa, Dipika Palikal
Table Tennis Ankita Das, Manika Batra
Tennis Sania Mirza
Weightlifting Kunjurani Devi, S.M.Chanu
Wrestling Geeta Phogat, Babita, Navjot Kaur
Other Indian Sports Personality
Cricket Mithali Raj, Jhulan Goswami, Anjum Chopra, Anju Jain, Harmanpreet Kaur
Chess Humpy Koneru
Hockey Rani Rampal

Reasons for Less Participation of Women in Sports

Physical Psychological Reasons Social Reasons

Reasons
Lack of physical Lack of Proper Education: Due to lack of Gender inequality: Women are considered less in
fitness and education women are surrounded by baseless, every way than men, which is not fair. Our society is
efficiency: Due imaginary wrong perceptions of our society. called a male-dominated society and in sports, it is
to lower That is a way they remain in mental stress. considered as a men’s inheritance. For this reason,
physical fitness They do not understand the importance of there is less participation of women in sports.
 and efficiencies sports due to lack of proper education. Financial Assistance: Lack of financial support in
than men the Lack of Self-Confidence: Women have less women sports. Sponsorship of women and scholarship
participation of confidence than men because of this the is also very small and money is required for
women in sports participation of women is low. international level competitions.
sports is less. Media and Audience’s Indifference: Women Lack of Proper Access to Facilities: Access to facilities
Many women in sports cannot be uplifted with media’s provided in the field of sports to women is not
India are not indifference towards women sports. Cricket appropriate. Facilities like sports equipment, training
conscious about (men) is so much popular in the media, but do and coaching are not generally provided to women
their fitness. we know the name of any one woman compared to men. Therefore, women have less
Female athlete (cricketer)? Most students will answer No. participation in sports.
triad: It is a This is because media do not give importance Do not get encouragement by parents: Girls do not
syndrome in to women sports and the audience too do not get encouragement from parents to participate in the
which eating like to see the women sports. games. There is no incentive for them also, hence less
disorders, The Question of Personal Safety of Women: participation from women is seen.
osteoporosis This is also a major issue in our society that The aptitude of society: Indian society have negative
and women will go out. The question of their thinking about women participation in sports because
amenorrhea, personal safety issue this is also becoming a our society is still considered to be a male dominating
effect adversely major reason for lack of women’s society. In such a society the thoughts towards
on the body. participation. women’s players are disappointing. Many times, it is
Due to these Lack of Female Trainers: Women hesitate to said that why women do not go to the kitchen where
three conditions take training from men and this is also the she has to be. Therefore, women participation in
also women main reason for lack of women participation in sports is less.
participation in sports. Lack of Time: As compare to men, women have more
sports is less. family and children’s responsibilities so she gets less
free time. This is also one of the reasons for their less
sports participation

Suggestions to increase women participation in sports

To make women aware Women should be educated so that they can understand physical, mental and social
about education characteristics and qualities.
By encouraging towards Women should be given as much information about sports as possible so that women can
sports participate in sports. Parents and other family members should also cooperate in it.
Appointment of women Women coaches should be appointed as much as possible so that they will not hesitate to play
coaches: and ask about their problems. Women will get information about their mistakes so there will be
less errors in technique and performance will be increased.
Giving financial assistance Women should be given financial assistance to participate in sports which will lead to more
participation in sports.
Family and society’s To increase participation in women’s sports, the cooperation of family and society is very
cooperation important. If the support and cooperation of family and society women get then definitely their
participation will increase.

2.4 Special Considerations (Menarche, Menstrual Dysfunction)

Menarche Menstrual Dysfunction
Definition First menstruation cycle of girl. The It is a disorder or irregularity in women’s menstrual cycle. The
medical word for the age or date of menstrual cycle varies from 21-35 days. Its flow lasts approx. 2-7
someone’s first period (Menstruation) is days. A menstrual disorder is a physical or emotional problem
 menarche. The time between the first that interferes with the normal menstrual cycle, causing pain,
day of a menstrual period and the unusually heavy or light bleeding, delayed menarche, or missed
beginning of the next one is referred to periods.
as a menstrual cycle.
Description It occurs at the age of 12 yrs. It can Typically, a woman of child bearing age should menstruate every
happen early as 8 or 9 years or as late as 28 days or so unless she is pregnant or moving into menopause.
during 16 years of age. But numerous things can go wrong with the normal menstrual
Menarche usually begins between the cycle, some are the results of physical causes others emotional.
ages of 9–15 years, about two years These include amenorrhea, menorrhagia, or heavy bleeding, and
after the onset of puberty. The average dysmenorrhea, or severe menstrual cramps. Nearly every woman
age of menarche is 12–14 years, but it will experience one or more of these menstrual irregularities at
can be normal for it to happen earlier or some time in her life.
later. Women usually have periods until
about ages 45–55 years.
Types Eumenorrhea: It is known as normal menstrual function.
Oligomenorrhea: It is termed as abnormal infrequent menstrual
periods. Women who go more than 35 days without
menstruating may be diagnosed with Oligomenorrhea.
Amenorrhea: Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. It has
two types
Primary Amenorrhea: When a woman of 18 yrs. of age or above
do not have menarche.
Secondary Amenorrhea: A women who do not have normal
menstrual cycles for months or even years. Over exercising can
be one of the reasons.
Causes Women cannot become mother. Diseases
The menstrual cycle is regulated by Genetics
hormones. Luteinizing hormone and High anxiety
follicle-stimulating hormone, which are Miscarriage
produced by the pituitary gland, Mental stress
promote ovulation and stimulate the Consumption of more medicines
ovaries to produce oestrogen and Weakness
progesterone. High-level training
Oestrogen and progesterone stimulate
the uterus and breasts to prepare
possible fertilization.
Measures Teenagers should be educated about All nutritional food should be consumed.
menstruation and not to panic for that. Yoga should be done.
Teens should talk about teen’s napkins. Regular light activities should be done in the morning and
At this stage, ask the teen to calm down. evening.
Do not carry out very hard work. Get the doctor's advice and keep on checking from time to time

2.5 Female Athlete Triad (Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea and Eating Disorders)

● Female Athletes Triad: In 1997 American college of Sports medicine made a report on athlete
triad. These disorders can lead to physical performance of mortality.
 Osteoporosis Amenorrhea Eating Disorders
Definition Osteoporosis is the weakening of the bones due to Amenorrhea is the Women try to lose
the loss of bone density and improper bone absence of menstruation. weight as they want to
formation. It is characterized by low bone mineral improve their athletic
contents. performance. This occurs
in players in games like
diving, figure skating,
gymnastics, etc.
Types Primary Amenorrhea: Anorexia Nervosa: When
When a woman of 18 someone tries to keep
years of age or above do their weight as low as
not have menarche. possible it is called
Secondary Amenorrhea: A Anorexia Nervosa. It is
women who do not have done by starving
normal menstrual cycles themselves or exercising
for months or even years. excessively.
Over exercising can be Bulimia: Bulimia nervosa
one of the reasons. is an eating disorder
characterized by cycles
of binging and purging.
Symptoms Back pain: - It is usually caused by fractures of the Female players with this
spine and cause back bone. problem are often tense.
Bone fracture: - The bones become fragile and due Game performance
to small bone breaks. A bone fracture that occurs declines and du to this
much more easily than expected. many times they do not
Bad posture: - Due to fractures of the spinal region take part in the
caused by osteoporosis a person experiences competition.
stooped posture of the upper back. Cannot conceive.
Causes Gender differences: - It is found that women have Physical and mental
more chances of developing osteoporosis than men problems
because of hormonal changes that occur due to Due to prolonged illness.
menopause. The oestrogen hormone is essential for Due to improper food
healthy bones and after the menopause its levels habits.
fall. Change in hormones.
Deficiency of calcium: - Calcium is essential for Intense exercising
healthy and strong bones. For the players, its Less consumption of
importance also increases, but if the player’s calories.
especially female player does not take enough Irritability
amount of calcium in her diet, then the probability
of osteoporosis is greatly increased.
Prevention Women should regularly do light exercises.
Stop dieting; even if you have weight you want to lose.
Eat a calcium rich food at each meal to help maintain bone density.

● Eating Disorders: Women try to lose weight as they want to improve their athletic performance.
 Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia

Definition When someone tries to keep their weight as low as Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by
possible by starving it is called Anorexia Nervosa. cycles of binging and purging.

Types Restricting type of Anorexia: In this type the person

Purging Bulimia: The person affected by purging
loses weight by restricting calories intake. They try
bulimia regularly self-induce vomiting or misuses
to achieve starvation and increase in exercise. laxatives, diuretics or enemas after binging.
Purging type of Anorexia: This kind of anorexia Non-purging Bulimia: In this type of bulimia the person
leads to weight loss which is achieved by vomiting or
tries to get rid of calories and tries to prevent weight
by consuming laxatives gain. He /she try to abstain from food by keeping
skipping meals. Strict dieting and excessive exercise
aim to reduce weight.
Causes Biological: Sometimes genetic changes may develop Genetic: The development of bulimia can be due to
anorexia. It has been observed in many cases that genetics. Some researchers have found that it gets
some people have a genetic tendency toward developed more in case if some relative is having
perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance. bulimia.
Psychological: Most young women are over Low self-esteem: Low opinion of yourself can cause
obsessive towards personality traits. This nature bulimia as person observes losing weight.
tends them to restrict diets and starvation being Depression: People suffering from bulimia often feel
even hungry. depressed. So they binge regularly. It has been
Environmental: Since modern western culture observed that in case of experience like death of a
emphasizes thinness, this creates interest towards close relative may develop depression and that can
anorexia. The magazines and newspapers even lead to bulimia.
television shows images of thin models and actors Cultural and Social pressure: Fashion industry and
which develops interest to become like them. media environment create interest of losing weight
that may lead to bulimia.
Symptoms Feeling fat: Despite a person is underweight he or Binge eating: Binge eating repeatedly refers to eating
she feels that they are overweight. large quantities of high-calories food despite feeling
Dieting even thinness: The first symptom is found hungry. The urge to eat repeatedly develops
when a person restricts food despite, he or she is Purging: Purging is a response to binging. When a
thin. They start eating low calorie food. person eats excessively repeatedly after a short interval
Intense exercising: The tendency to start intense then he may also feel guilty, regretful and full of self-
exercising for weight loss appears. They always try hatred. Then person tries to vomit.
to burn calories even more than the body requires. Obsessive attitude towards food and eating
Treatmen Counselling: Counselling play a vital role for the Psychological therapy: Cognitive behavioural therapy is
t treatment of anorexia. First all sick thought must be the most popular type of psychological treatment for
removed and must be made confident. bulimia.
Medical treatment: Medication such as Medication: Antidepressants are used to treat bulimia.
antidepressant and anti-anxiety medications may Fluoxetine is an oral drug that is used primarily for
also help with symptoms of depression or anxiety, treating depression.
which are frequently associated with eating Hospital treatment: Bulimia is not usually treated in
disorder. hospital. In case of acute health complications, a
Nutritional treatment: The nutrition experts do person is admitted to hospital.
counseling regarding healthy eating. This will help to Educating about Nutrition and Healthy Weight: If a
plan a healthy diet to the person who is suffering person is underweight due to bulimia, then the first
from anorexia. The meal plans must include enough goal of treatment will start to guide him to attain
calories to reach to healthy weight. healthy weight by an expert dietician.