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Chapter 9
Pricing and customer profitability
Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Companies must ALWAYS examine their pricing:
A) based on the supply of the product.
B) through the eyes of their competitors.
C) based on the cost of producing the product.
D) through the eyes of their customers.
Answer: D
AACSB: Able to analyse and frame problems
Difficulty: Moderate
Topic: A framework for pricing decisions
Learning Objective: 9.1 Develop and apply a framework for pricing decisions.
2) Companies should ONLY produce and sell units as long as:

A) the revenue from an additional unit exceeds the cost of producing it.
B) there is customer demand for the product.
C) there is a generous supply of low-cost direct materials.
D) the competition allows it.
Answer: A
3) The cost of producing a product:

A) in highly competitive markets controls pricing.
B) is an important influence on pricing.
C) affects the willingness of a company to supply a product.
D) for pricing decisions includes manufacturing costs, but not product design costs.
Answer: C
4) In a competitive market with differentiated products like cameras, what is/are the key factor(s) affecting
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) – 9781488612640/Horngren/Cost Accounting 3e
pricing decisions?
A) customer’s willingness to pay
B) cost of producing and delivering the product
C) the price charged for alternative products
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
5) Long-run pricing decisions:

A) and short-run pricing decisions generally have the same relevant costs.
B) have a time horizon of less than one year.
C) include adjusting product mix in a competitive environment.
D) use prices that include a reasonable return on investment.
Answer: D
6) For long-run pricing decisions, what is the advantage of using stable prices?
A) Helps to build buyer-seller relationships
B) Minimises the need to frequently monitor competitors’ prices
C) Reduces the need to change cost structures frequently
D) Reduces competition
Answer: A
7) A price-bidding decision for a one-time-only special order includes an analysis of all:

A) manufacturing costs.
B) fixed manufacturing costs.
C) direct and indirect variable costs of each function in the value chain.
D) cost drivers related to the product.
Answer: C
8) Which of the following factors should NOT be considered when pricing a special order?
A) The incremental cost of one unit of product
B) Revenues that will be lost on existing sales if prices are lowered
C) Stable pricing to earn the desired long-run return
D) The likely bids of competitors
Answer: C
Answer the following questions using the information below:
Acacia Furniture manufactures rustic furniture. The cost accounting system estimates manufacturing costs
to be $140 per table, consisting of 60% variable costs and 40% fixed costs. The company has surplus
capacity available. It is Acacia Furniture’s policy to add a 50% mark-up to full costs.
9) Acacia Furniture is invited to bid on a one-time-only special order to supply 250 rustic tables. What is
the lowest price Acacia Furniture should bid on this special order?
A) $21 000
B) $7200
C) $14 400
D) $12 000
Answer: A
AACSB: Able to translate knowledge of business and management into practice
10) A large hotel chain is currently expanding and has decided to decorate all new hotels using the rustic
style. Acacia Furniture is invited to submit a bid to the hotel chain. What per unit price will Acacia
Furniture MOST likely bid on this long-term order?
A) $108 per unit
B) $72 per unit
C) $210 per unit
D) $140 per unit
Answer: C
Gold Coast Freshair (GCF) manufactures single room-sized air conditioners. The cost accounting system
estimates manufacturing costs to be $120 per air conditioner, consisting of 75% variable costs and 25%
fixed costs. The company has surplus capacity available. It is GCF’s policy to add a 40% mark-up to full
costs.
11) GCF is invited to bid on a one-time-only special order to supply 50 air conditioners. What is the lowest
price GCF should bid on this special order?
A) $4750
B) $4500
C) $6175
D) $6250
Answer: B
12) A medium-sized motel chain is currently expanding and has decided to create more rooms and air
condition all of its rooms, which are currently not air conditioned. GCF is invited to submit a bid to the
motel chain. What per unit price will GCF MOST likely bid for this special order of 50 units?
A) $140.00 per unit
B) $120.00 per unit
C) $168.00 per unit
D) $71.25 per unit
Answer: C
Alice Water Coolers is approached by Mrs Hu Qi, a new customer, to fulfil a large one-time-only special
order for a product similar to one offered to regular customers. Alice Water Coolers has excess capacity.
The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:
Direct materials $250

Direct manufacturing labour 80
Variable manufacturing support 50
Fixed manufacturing support 100
Total manufacturing costs 480
Mark-up (30%) 144
Estimated selling price $624
13) For Alice Water Coolers, what is the minimum acceptable price of this one-time-only special order?
A) $380
B) $330
C) $624
D) $480
Answer: A
14) Before accepting this one-time-only special order, Alice Water Coolers should consider the impact on:
A) long-term customers.
B) competitors.
C) current plant capacity.
D) All of these answers are correct.
Answer: D
15) If Mrs Hu Qi wanted a long-term commitment for supplying this product, what price would MOST
likely be quoted to her?
A) $330
B) $380
C) $480
D) $624
Answer: D
Geelong Generators is approached by Stephen Fleming, a new customer, to fulfil a large one-time-only
special order for a product similar to one offered to regular customers. Geelong Generators has excess
capacity. The following per unit data apply for sales to regular customers:

Direct manufacturing labour 50
Variable manufacturing support 100
Fixed manufacturing support 75
Total manufacturing costs 1075
Mark-up (20%) 215
16) For Geelong Generators, what is the minimum acceptable price of this one-time-only special order?
A) $1075
B) $1000
C) $1290
D) $900
Answer: B
17) Before accepting this one-time-only special order, Geelong Generators wants to know how much profit
would be made on the order.
A) $0
B) $1000
C) Loss of $75
D) $215
Answer: A
18) If Stephen Fleming wanted a long-term commitment for supplying this product, what price would
MOST likely be quoted to him?
A) $1400
B) $1000
C) $1290
D) $1075
Answer: C
Rockhampton Manufacturing is approached by a Brazilian customer to fulfil a one-time-only special order

for a product similar to one offered to domestic customers. Rockhampton Manufacturing has a policy of
adding a 10% mark-up to full costs and currently has excess capacity. The following per unit data apply
for sales to regular customers:
Variable costs:
Direct labour 10
Manufacturing overhead 15
Marketing costs 5
Fixed costs:
Manufacturing overhead 100
Marketing costs 20
Total costs 180
Mark-up (10%) 18
19) If the Brazilian customer wanted a long-term commitment for supplying this product, what price
would MOST likely be quoted?
A) $180.00
B) $217.80
C) $198.00
D) $66.00
Answer: C
20) What is the full cost of the product per unit?

A) $66
B) $180
C) $60
D) $198
Answer: B
21) For Rockhampton Manufacturing, what is the minimum acceptable price of this one-time-only special
order?
A) $66
B) $40
C) $60
D) $55
Answer: C
22) A short-run pricing decision typically has a time horizon of less than:
A) one year.
B) two years.
C) five years.
D) None of these answers are correct.
Answer: A
Eucalyptus Products manufactures office desks. Eucalyptus Products has a policy of adding a 20%
mark-up to full costs and currently has excess capacity. The following information pertains to the
company’s normal operations per month:
Output units 30 000 tables

Machine-hours 8000 hours
Direct manufacturing labour-hours 10 000 hours
Direct materials per unit $50

Direct manufacturing labour per hour $6
Variable manufacturing overhead costs $161 250
Fixed manufacturing overhead costs $600 000
Product and process design costs $450 000
Marketing and distribution costs $562 500
23) Eucalyptus Products is approached by an overseas customer to fulfil a one-time-only special order for
2000 units. All cost relationships remain the same except for a one-time set-up charge of $20 000. No
additional design, marketing, or distribution costs will be incurred. What is the minimum acceptable bid
per unit on this one-time-only special order?
A) $67.38
B) $80.85
C) $111.13
D) $77.38
Answer: A
24) For long-run pricing of the office desks, what price will MOST likely be used by Eucalyptus?
A) $80.85
B) $67.38
C) $111.13
D) $133.35
Answer: D
Ozfone manufactures high-tech mobile phones. Ozfone has a policy of adding a 30% mark-up to full costs
and currently has excess capacity. The following information pertains to the company’s normal operations
per month:
Output units 20 000 phones

Direct manufacturing labour-hours 5000 hours

25) Ozfone is approached by an overseas customer to fulfil a one-time-only special order for 1000 units. All
cost relationships remain the same except for a one-time set-up charge of $15 000. No additional design,
marketing or distribution costs will be incurred. What is the minimum acceptable bid per unit on this
one-time-only special order?
A) $92.50
B) $180.00
C) $53.75
D) $234.00
Answer: C
26) For long-run pricing of the mobile phones, what price will MOST likely be used by Ozfone?
A) $65.00
B) $92.50
C) $180.00
D) $134.88
Answer: D
27) Predatory pricing is a type of price discrimination that:

A) deliberately sets prices very low, sometimes even below costs, to minimise competition.
B) allows prices to be cut to the level of variable costs.
C) is required when a company declares bankruptcy so that it can sell its remaining goods quickly.
D) is used in the food industry for perishable goods.
Answer: A
28) Which of the following is NOT allowed in Australia?

A) Discounting of prices
B) Competitive pricing
C) Price fixing
D) Price wars
Answer: C
29) Organisation-sustaining costs should be allocated to:

A) evaluate distribution-channel managers.
B) determine the selling price that will cover all costs.
C) identify the most profitable customers.
D) motivate changes in customer behaviour.
Answer: B
Write ‘True’ if the statement is correct and ‘False’ is the statement is incorrect.
30) Companies must always examine pricing decisions through the eyes of their customers.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Basic
31) Companies that produce high quality products do not have to pay attention to the actions of their
competitors.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
32) A perfect market is characterised by many buyers and many sellers, a homogenous product, zero
transaction costs and some other conditions.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Basic
33) In markets with little or no competition, the key factor affecting price is costs, not customers’
willingness to pay or competitors.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
34) Profit margins are often set to earn a reasonable return on investment for short run pricing decisions,
but not long-run pricing decisions.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
35) Full costs of a product are relevant for one-time-only special order pricing decisions.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
36) Bid prices and costs that are relevant for regular orders are the same costs that are relevant for
one-time-only special orders.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
37) In a one-time-only special order situation, if the price offered by the potential buyer is less than the
absorption cost per unit, the producer should not accept the special offer.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
38) Businesses have complete freedom to set prices.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
39) Price fixing is allowed in Australia.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
40) ‘Dumping’ and ‘predatory’ pricing are the same.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
41) Price dumping occurs when a domestic company is trying to get rid of out-of-style products at a
substantially reduced price.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

42) Explain the differences between short-run pricing decisions and long-run pricing decisions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
Short-run pricing decisions typically have a time horizon of less than a year and include such decisions such
as (a) pricing a one-time-only special order with no long-run implications and (b) adjusting product mix
and output volume in a competitive market place. Two key differences affect pricing for the long-run
versus the short-run.
1. Fixed costs are often irrelevant for the short-run and are generally relevant in the long-run because they
can be altered in the long-run.
2. Profit margins in the long-run pricing decisions are often set to earn a reasonable return on investment.
Short-run pricing decisions tend to be more opportunistic. Prices are decreased when demand is weak and
increased when demand is strong.
AACSB: Able to communicate effectively orally and in writing
Difficulty: Complex
43) Bluegum Incorporated manufactures coffee tables. The cost accounting system estimates
manufacturing costs to be $100 per table, consisting of 70% variable costs and 30% fixed costs. The
company has surplus capacity available. It is Bluegum’s policy to add a 50% mark-up to full costs.
a. Bluegum Incorporated is invited to bid on an order to supply 100 coffee tables. What is the lowest
price Bluegum should bid on this one-time-only special order?
b. A large hotel chain is currently expanding and has decided to decorate all new hotels using the
Bluegum style. Bluegum Incorporated is invited to submit a bid to the hotel chain. What is the lowest
price per unit Bluegum should bid on this long-term order?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
a. The lowest price Bluegum should bid on the 100 table one-time special order is $7000 = Variable costs
($100 × .70 × 100 tables), the short-term incremental costs.
b. The lowest price Bluegum should bid on the long-term hotel chain order is $150 per table = Full costs
$100 + 50% mark-up, the long-term targeted price.
AACSB: Able to communicate effectively orally and in writing
Difficulty: Complex
44) Boomerang Company manufactures basketball backboards. The following information pertains to the
company’s normal operations per month:
Output units 15 000 boards

Direct manufacturing labour-hours 5000 hours

Required:
a. For long-run pricing, what is the full-cost base per unit?
b. Boomerang Company is approached by an overseas city to fulfil a one-time-only special order for 1000
units. All cost relationships remain the same except for an additional one-time set-up charge of
$40 000. No additional design, marketing, or distribution costs will be incurred. What is the minimum
acceptable bid per unit on this one-time-only special order?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
a. Direct materials $100.00
Direct manufacturing labour ($12 × 5000)/15 000 4.00
Variable manufacturing ($150 000/15 000) 10.00
Fixed manufacturing ($300 000/15 000) 2.00
Marketing and distribution ($250 000/15 000) 16.67
Research and development ($200 000/15 000) 13.33
Total $146.00
b. Direct materials $100.00
Direct manufacturing labour 4.00
Variable manufacturing 10.00
Set-up ($40 000/1000) 40.00
Total $154.00
Difficulty: Complex
Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
45) When the firm uses the target-costing approach to pricing, the target cost per unit is the difference
between the per unit target price and the per unit target:
A) operating profit.
B) contribution margin.
C) production costs.
D) gross margin.
Answer: A
Topic: Market-based pricing
Learning Objective: 9.2 Set market-based prices.
46) Too high a price may:

A) indicate supply is too plentiful.
B) deter a customer from purchasing a product.
C) increase demand for the product.
D) decrease a competitor’s market share.
Answer: B
47) Which of the following reflects price discrimination?

A) Charging different prices to different customers or clients for the same products or services
B) Charging different prices according to quantity amounts
C) Setting different prices for different products
D) Using variable costing for some products and full costing for other products when setting prices
Answer: A
48) WA Utility Company charges its high-usage commercial customers a lower rate per kilowatt-hour
than other customers. This is an example of:
A) high-load pricing.
B) price discrimination.
C) peak-load pricing.
D) customer-preference pricing.
Answer: B
LeBlanc Lighting manufactures table lamps and is considering raising the price by $15 a unit for the
coming year. With a $15 price increase, demand is expected to fall by 2500 units.
Current Projected
Demand 20 000 units 17 500 units
Selling price $150 $165
Variable costs per unit $100 $100
49) Would you recommend the $15 price increase?

A) No, because demand decreased.
B) Yes, because contribution margin per unit increases.
C) No, because the selling price increases.
D) Yes, because operating profit increases.
Answer: D
50) The demand for this product is:
A) elastic.
B) greatly inelastic.
C) slightly inelastic.
D) indeterminable.
Answer: A
51) The Cronulla Sea Eagles are evaluating ticket prices for basketball games. Studies show that Friday and
Saturday night games average more than twice the fans of games on other days. The following
information pertains to the stadium’s normal operations per season:
Average fans per game (all games) 2500 fans

Average fans per Friday and Saturday night games 3500 fans
Number of home games per season 30 games
Stadium capacity 3500 seats
Variable operating costs per operating hour $5000
Marketing costs per season for basketball $238 750
Customer-service costs per season for basketball $75 000
The stadium is open for five operating hours on each day a game is played. All employees work by the
hour except for the administrators. A maximum of one game is played per day and each fan has only one
ticket per game.
The stadium authority wants to charge more for games on Friday and Saturday. What is the minimum
price that should be charged for peak attendance nights?
A) $10.60
B) $171.45
C) $14.19
D) $6.40
Answer: C
52) Plaza Video Rentals is evaluating rental prices. Historical data show that Friday and Saturday have
twice the rentals of other days of the week. The following information pertains to the store’s normal
operations per week:
Average rentals per day on Friday and Saturday 1150

Average rentals per day on Sunday through Thursday 500
Store hours per day 12
Total units available for rent 10 000
Variable operating costs per hour $40

Marketing costs per week $1500
Customer service costs per week $250
The store manager wants to charge more for rentals on Friday and Saturday. What is the minimum price
that should be charged during peak rental days?
A) $0.60
B) $0.90
C) $0.83
D) $1.07
Answer: D
Write ‘True’ if the statement is correct and ‘False’ is the statement is incorrect.
53) When demand is elastic, an increase in price will lead to an increase in profits.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
54) Companies that operate in non-competitive environments offering products or services that differ
from each other can charge a very high price for their products and services.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
55) ‘Peak-load pricing’ is the practice of charging a lower price for the same product or service when the
demand for it approaches the physical limit of the capacity to produce that product or service.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
56) ‘Peak-load pricing’ is a form of price discrimination and is illegal.

Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
57) Companies that operate in non-competitive environments offering products or services that differ
from each other use a market-based approach when making their long-run pricing decisions.
Answer: False
Difficulty: Basic
58) Sellers estimate a target price for a product or service that potential customers will be willing to pay
based on their understanding of customers’ perceived value of its outputs and how competitors will price
competing products or services.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Basic
59) ‘Reverse engineering’ involves disassembling and analysing competitors’ products to determine
product designs and materials and to become acquainted with the technologies that competitors use.
Answer: True
Difficulty: Basic
60) Different categories of customers are willing to pay different prices for services depending on their
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the square piece to keep it in position.
Keeping Magazines in a Book Form
Several Boxes will Appear the Same as a Set of Books and will Preserve the
Magazines
Desiring to preserve magazine copies without binding them, I

made up a series of boxes that gave the appearance of books, and
placed the numbers in order in them as they were received. The
sides of the boxes consist of two thin boards, a little larger than the
size of the magazine to be placed in them. The ends are made of the
same material, wide enough to equal the thickness of the copies to
be placed in each box, four or six numbers, or a volume. One end of
these pieces is made slightly rounding, and the pieces are then put
together as shown.
The rounded ends of the end pieces and the opening between the
sides are covered with a piece of cardboard or bristol board, to
shape the back of the box like a book. The finished box is entirely
covered, like a book, with cloth or imitation leather. The backs can be
lettered and decorated to appear like a book.—Contributed by R. M.
Guarino, New York City.
A Cardboard Creaser
The Wire on the Creaser Presses the Paper into the Space between the Two
Wood Pieces
A simple apparatus for creasing thin cardboard or heavy paper in

a perfectly straight line without broken edges is described in the
French magazine La Nature as follows: On a base of convenient
dimensions are fastened two pieces of wood, well smoothed and of
equal thickness, so that there remains a slot, about ¹⁄₈ in. wide,
between them. At one end a hole is bored through these pieces for a
shaft on which the creaser will turn. The creaser is made of a piece
of wood somewhat longer than the baseboard so that a handle can
be formed at one end. At the other end it is slotted for a piece of
metal, perforated for the shaft and fastened with two pins or rivets,
as shown. On the under side of the creaser a stiff steel wire is
fastened so that it coincides with the slot. The wire is fastened by
heating the ends red hot, bending them at right angles to the main
part and driving them into the creaser.
¶A razorlike edge can be put on a knife blade by carefully stropping

it without lubricant on a piece of smooth aluminum after first whetting
on an oilstone.
A Miniature Illuminating-Gas Plant
By MORTON SOUTHARD
ery few persons realize that the smoke issuing from

chimneys is mainly coal gas carrying minute particles
of unconsumed carbon that gives it a dark-gray color,
containing, besides, some sulphur and sulphuric
gases, carbonic-acid gas, and other impurities. It is
only necessary to collect the impurities to get a gas
that will burn with a bright flame.
The products obtained from a gas plant are gas,
ammoniacal liquor, coal tar, and coke. Of 1 ton of coal,
1,500 lb. remains in the retort, or furnace, as coke; 20 gal. of
ammoniacal liquor and 140 lb. of coal tar are taken from the
cylinders and washers. When distilled, the ammoniacal liquor will
yield close to 18 gal. of ammonia, which is used in the manufacture
of artificial ice and cold storage. The coal tar will yield approximately
19 lb. of benzol, which is the base of all true aniline dyes; 6 lb. of
naphthalene, commonly known as camphor flakes or moth balls,
which also yields some dyes; 4 lb. of toluene, which is valuable as a
solvent and is the base of saccharine, and about 2 lb. each of phenol
(carbolic acid), pyrene, anthracene, xylenol, cresol, chrysene, and
alizarin. The residuum is coal-tar pitch, used extensively as a binder
for briquetting coal dust for household consumption, and also for
roofing and street paving. From these various coal-tar products, dyes
of every tint, shade and color are obtained, as well as other industrial
chemicals, from flavoring extracts to perfumes, from volatile oils to
high explosives, and from the sweetest of all sweets to the bitterest
of bitter.
A model gas plant—one that will be instructive and in no way
dangerous if proper precautions are taken—can be built from a few
fire brick, some pieces of pipe, and a few tin cans. Enough fire brick
must be secured to build a furnace 14 in. square by 20 in. high,
inside measurements. Build up the four walls on a level surface of
the ground, laying the bricks with a cement mortar to seal them
perfectly, as coal gas will find any small crevice and escape. For this
reason it is best to build a second wall outside of the first and plaster
the joint between them as it is built. When the four walls are finished,
make a grate of fire brick in the bottom by setting the brick on edge
and spacing them about ¹⁄₄ in. After the walls are dry, make ready the
material for the fire. Place sufficient kindling on the grate to start a
quick fire, then cover it with coal. When this is done, cover the
furnace with a heavy piece of asbestos board large enough to reach
the outside edge of the furnace walls. The board must be cemented
to the top surface of the brick walls. Place the cement mixture on the
wall top, then press the board on it, and place a weight on top until
the cement becomes dry. The cement mixture should consist of one
part cement to two parts of fine sand.
Procure a large can, such as used in canning tomatoes, having a
diameter of more than 4 in. and with top and bottom whole; also two
other cans, each having a capacity of 2 gal. with closed heads.
Connect the first can to the furnace with a piece of 2-in. pipe, as
shown in the illustration. The pipe can be bent for convenience, but
in case such a piece is not at hand, regular pipe connections can be
made with threaded ends, ells, waste nuts, etc. In either case, be
sure to make the joints gas-tight. If a bent pipe is used, the ends can
be cemented in the asbestos furnace top and the can top. Cut a hole
centrally in the asbestos top and at one side in the can top. Fit one
end of the pipe in the hole made in the asbestos and seal the
connection with asbestos cement, then do likewise with the end that
enters the can top.
The Furnace Made of Fire Brick is Connected to the Condenser and Washers
with Ordinary Iron Pipe through Which the Gases Pass After being Purified
Before They Enter the Storage Tank
In connecting the first and second cans, use a piece of 1-in. pipe.
This may be bent or connected with ells to form a U-shaped piece. In
either case, one end should be longer than the other so that one will
just pass into the first can, where it is sealed with asbestos cement,
while the other end passes through the second-can top, where it is
sealed, and extends to the bottom of the can. For the connection to
the third can, make a hole in the top of the second can, but do not
seal it up to the connection until the can is first filled with water to
within 2 or 3 in. of the top. Also put powdered coke into the water,
about halfway of the can’s height.
The connection from the second and third cans should be made of
glass so that the gas can be observed passing through it between
the cans. This is not absolutely necessary, however, and a piece of
¹⁄₂-in. iron pipe can be used instead. This pipe is connected in the
same manner as that between the first and second, extending to the
bottom of the third can and being sealed where it passes through the
tops. The third can is filled with water to within 2 or 3 in. of the top.
The gas coming from the third can or washer, is ready for use, but
as the pressure would not be uniform, a storage tank must be
provided. To make a storage tank suitable for the needs of this small
plant, procure two pans from 10 to 12 in. in diameter and from 3 to 4
in. deep. One pan should be a trifle smaller, so that it may be
inverted in the larger pan, as shown. Make a connection from the
third can with a rubber hose to the bottom of the larger pan, near the
center, and use this pan as the bottom part of the storage tank. Pour
into this pan enough water to make it 2 in. deep, invert the other pan
and set it into the water. Attach a gas hose to the bottom of the
inverted pan and fasten a gas jet into the rubber-hose end. This will
make the gas plant complete and ready to operate.
To start the furnace, bore a hole in one side of the brick walls,
about the size of an ordinary lead pencil, and insert a lighted taper to
set fire to the kindling. There may be some difficulty in getting the fire
to burn at first, and it may be necessary to force considerable air in;
however, when the fire is fairly started, it will burn freely and the
gases will soon find their way through the first pipe to the condenser,
which is the first can. There they will mingle and deposit some tar
and ammonia, then flow out through the second pipe, up through the
coke and water in the second can and through the glass tube, where
they may be observed passing into the can of water, where some
more tar and ammonia will be deposited. After leaving this can the
gas will find its way through the rubber tube into the storage tank. It
passes from this tank to the burner, where it can be lighted and will
burn with a bright flame.
If it is possible to force steam into the furnace when the fire is at its
height, a much better quality and a larger volume of gas will be
made. This is accomplished by placing a closed can of water over a
fire near the furnace and connecting it to the latter with a piece of 1-
in. gas pipe. The water in this can must be boiling hot at the time the
fire in the furnace is lighted. The steam entering the furnace is
decomposed, the hydrogen being released as a gas. The pipe
connecting the boiler with the furnace should be fitted in the furnace
wall so that the steam will pass in at the top of the fire; about halfway
up the side of the furnace being about right. The steam will start the
gases more rapidly and force them through the pipes.
Make sure that all connections are carefully sealed to prevent the
escape of gases, as they will always follow the lines of least
resistance and pass out through a very small crevice. The only
danger with a plant of this size is from fire, wherefore it should be
built away from inflammable materials. It will not make sufficient gas
to be of injury to any living being.
Webfoot Attachments for Swimmers
In order to make the feet more effective in swimming, webfoot
devices are frequently used. A simple arrangement for this purpose
is shown in the illustration. It consists of three thin sections of metal,
or wood, fastened together on the back side with spring hinges,
which tend to remain open, thereby keeping all the sections spread
out in one straight surface. The center section should be cut to
conform closely to the shape of the foot, or it will produce
considerable resistance during the onward stroke of the foot, and
tend to stop the forward movement of the swimmer. Straps should be
provided for attaching the device to the foot; one to fit across the
toes, and the other adjusted around the ankle by a buckle.
Device for Attaching to the Feet to Work Like Webfeet
When using the device, the upward or forward stroke of the legs
will cause the wings to brush against the water, creating sufficient
resistance to overcome the slight force of the springs, thereby
pushing the wings parallel with the direction of the stroke. During the
opposite, or pushing, stroke, the resistance of the water combined
with the opening tendency of the hinges will quickly spread the wings
out flat, greatly increasing the effectiveness of the feet.—Contributed
by J. B. Laplace, New York City.
Repairing Sectional Spun-Metal Candlesticks
In repairing hollow, spun-brass candlesticks I find that frequently
the metal rod holding the sections together becomes loosened from
the pitch composition designed to hold it in the base. By tinning the
outer edges of the sections that fit into the other portions, which are
also tinned on the inner surfaces, and then using an iron, or an
alcohol torch, to run the solder together at these points, I secure a
very firm job. Paper can be placed at points necessary to keep the
solder from running out of bounds. When the rod is firm and the nut
only gives trouble, solder can be used to fasten the nut permanently
to the grease cup at the top.—Contributed by James M. Kane,
Doylestown, Pa.
Alcohol Blowtorch for Difficult Soldering
Clamps for Holding the Alcohol Receptacle on the End of the Blowpipe
To solder in close places, I have found the device illustrated quite

convenient, as it leaves both hands free to handle the object being
soldered. Two pieces of spring brass, about 3 in. long and ¹⁄₄ in.
wide, are bent to the shape shown at A and clamped together with a
screw taken from a dry cell, as shown at B. This device clamped to
the blowpipe end and fitted with a tube, such as used for holding
pencil leads, filled with a wick saturated in alcohol, completes the
blowtorch. It makes an excellent tool for small work, as the hands
are free to hold the parts to be soldered in place.—Contributed by J.
A. Tandy, Ghent, Ky.
¶Electric wires should never be run crooked.

Preventing Sewing-Machine Thread from
Tangling
The highly enameled surface of a sewing-machine arm offers so

little resistance to the bottom of the spool that the thread will unwind
faster than it is used, thereby causing a tangle. A piece of paper
slipped over the spool post will cause enough friction to prevent the
spool from revolving beyond the proper speed.
Bearing Made of a Brass Cartridge
A brass cartridge makes a good bearing to fit in a wood driving rod

used to run a small piece of foot-power machinery. It prevents wear
on the wood and admits more lubrication than the bare wood. Cut
the cartridge to the proper length, and ream out the cap hole even
with the diameter of the bore of the shell.
Lighting a Match in the Wind
To light a match in a stiff wind is very easy if the wood part back of
the prepared end is cut and turned up about it before striking the
match. The curled-up shavings about the striker will catch fire easily
and hold a flame, where in the ordinary way it is easily blown out
when the composition of the striker has burned up.—Contributed by
E. K. Marshall, Oak Park, Ill.
A Miniature Cement Plant
By MORTON SOUTHARD
Formolded
many years geologists searched for a substance which could be
into any size and form, and would have the hardness of
rock. As a matter of fact it was found that limestone was composed
of carbonic-acid gas, clay, and lime, and that when great heat was
applied the sealing bond was disrupted and the rock was reduced to
a powder. When this powder was placed in water the gas was set
free so fast that it made the water boil. The powder, or calcined rock,
is now known as lime. This action demonstrated that nature used
heat and moisture in forming these materials into rock. Knowing that
clay contained silica, and that silica furnished the sealing quality of
rocks, experiments were made to reverse the order of this rock
formation, and a cement was produced. Equal portions of lime and
clay were mixed together and stirred until all parts were thoroughly
mingled, and then the mixture was subjected to a very high heat,
after which the resulting mass was ground to a powder. When this
powder was mixed with water, instead of the gases passing off as
they did in the case of the lime, they penetrated the clay and the
mixture became hard. This was first called Portland cement, as it
was made from Portland limestone.
The Furnace is Built Up of Ordinary Brick and Used for Calcining the Lime
This discovery partly solved the problem of artificial-rock making,

but not wholly, for the best makes will break, peel, and crack without
the slightest cause and when least expected, and besides its dark-
gray color and rough appearance is unattractive. Much progress has
been made with cement for interior decorations and many of the
finest marbles are closely imitated. This grade of cement will not
weather and its use is confined wholly to interior work. A white
cement is much desired and many of the large manufacturers
maintain laboratories where experiments are carried on constantly in
the endeavor to produce it.
To build a miniature cement plant, first secure sufficient common
brick to make a furnace with an inside cavity, 20 in. square and 24 in.
high. Two sides and one back wall are built up, sealing the brick with
mortar, clay, or cement. The bottom is covered with bricks standing
on edge, and so placed that they will be about ¹⁄₄ in. apart, to serve
as a grate. The top is then covered with a piece of tin, or asbestos,
and a hole is cut in its center to receive a pipe, about 3 in. in
diameter, for a chimney. This chimney should be about 15 in. high.
Build the front wall halfway up by laying the brick loosely together so
that the fire will get the air through the crevices, then cover the grate
with kindling, place coal on top of it, and start the fire. When it is well
under way, place a few fair-sized lumps of limestone on top of the
fire and complete the wall to the top by laying the brick as closely as
possible. Use sufficient coal to burn at least two hours.
When the fire has burned itself out and the furnace has cooled,
remove the front wall and take out the burned limestone. Some parts
of the limestone will be mixed with the coal, but most of it will remain
in the lump, which is known as “black lime,” and when it is placed in
water it will give off gas very fast. Obtain some fire clay and
thoroughly mix equal portions of lime and clay, then place the
mixture in a one-piece pan, made of pressed tin or sheet iron, as a
soldered-bottom pan will come apart with the heat. Build up the front
of the furnace as before, build a fire and place the pan on the fire
and let it burn itself out. When the furnace has cooled, remove the
front, take out the pan, and pulverize the mass in the pan. When this
powder is placed in water it will become hard. If some sand or gravel
is mixed with it, and the mortar thus formed is spread out over a flat
surface, a miniature cement sidewalk will be the result.

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2) Companies should ONLY produce and sell units as long as:

3) The cost of producing a product:

5) Long-run pricing decisions:

7) A price-bidding decision for a one-time-only special order includes an analysis of all:

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Direct materials $250

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Direct materials $850

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Rockhampton Manufacturing is approached by a Brazilian customer to fulfil a one-time-only special order

20) What is the full cost of the product per unit?

Output units 30 000 tables

Direct materials per unit $50

Answer the following questions using the information below:

Output units 20 000 phones

Direct materials per unit $25

27) Predatory pricing is a type of price discrimination that:

28) Which of the following is NOT allowed in Australia?

29) Organisation-sustaining costs should be allocated to:

38) Businesses have complete freedom to set prices.

39) Price fixing is allowed in Australia.

40) ‘Dumping’ and ‘predatory’ pricing are the same.

Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

Output units 15 000 boards

Direct manufacturing labour per hour $12

46) Too high a price may:

47) Which of the following reflects price discrimination?

Answer the following questions using the information below:

49) Would you recommend the $15 price increase?

Average fans per game (all games) 2500 fans

Average rentals per day on Friday and Saturday 1150

Variable operating costs per hour $40

56) ‘Peak-load pricing’ is a form of price discrimination and is illegal.

Desiring to preserve magazine copies without binding them, I

A simple apparatus for creasing thin cardboard or heavy paper in

¶A razorlike edge can be put on a knife blade by carefully stropping

ery few persons realize that the smoke issuing from

To solder in close places, I have found the device illustrated quite

¶Electric wires should never be run crooked.

The highly enameled surface of a sewing-machine arm offers so

A brass cartridge makes a good bearing to fit in a wood driving rod

This discovery partly solved the problem of artificial-rock making,

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