Operating System – Windows : Unit 7

• Terminologies:-
1. Operating System and Basics of Windows
An operating system (OS) is essential software that manages hardware and software
resources on a computer, enabling them to work together. Windows, created by Microsoft,
is a widely used OS that provides a graphical user interface (GUI), making it easier for users
to interact with their computers. The GUI includes elements like windows, icons, and menus
that simplify accessing and managing files, running programs, and performing tasks.
Windows also supports multitasking, allowing users to run multiple applications
simultaneously and switch between them efficiently. Understanding the basics of Windows
involves learning how to navigate this interface, use system features, and customize settings
to suit individual needs and preferences.

2. The User Interface

The user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and computers
occur. In Windows, the UI consists of graphical elements like windows, icons, menus, and
buttons. These elements help users navigate the system, execute commands, and access
various functionalities. For example, windows display the content of applications and files,
icons represent programs or files, and menus offer options and commands. The taskbar at
the bottom of the screen provides quick access to running applications and system
notifications. Understanding the UI helps users operate the computer efficiently, perform
tasks more easily, and customize their workspace to enhance productivity and comfort.

3. Using Mouse and Moving Icons on the Screen

The mouse is a crucial input device for interacting with a computer, allowing users to point,
click, and drag items on the screen. To use the mouse effectively, move it across the mouse
pad to move the cursor on the screen. Clicking the left mouse button selects items or opens
programs, while right-clicking often reveals additional options. To move icons on the
desktop or within folders, click and hold the left mouse button on the icon, drag it to the
desired location, and then release the button. This action helps users organize their
workspace and access frequently used files and applications more efficiently.

4. The My Computer Icon

The "My Computer" icon, now commonly referred to as "This PC" in newer versions of
Windows, provides access to all drives and connected devices on your computer. Double-
clicking this icon opens a window displaying your hard drives, external drives, and network
locations. It allows users to browse and manage files stored on these drives. For instance,
you can open, copy, or delete files and create new folders. The icon is a central point for
accessing important storage areas and managing the contents of your computer, making it
easier to organize and retrieve data.

5. The Recycle Bin

The Recycle Bin is a special folder where deleted files are temporarily stored before being
permanently removed from the computer. When you delete a file, it is moved to the Recycle
Bin rather than being immediately erased, allowing you to recover it if needed. To restore a
file, open the Recycle Bin, locate the file, right-click on it, and choose "Restore." If you want
to permanently delete files, you can empty the Recycle Bin by right-clicking on its icon and
selecting "Empty Recycle Bin." This process helps prevent accidental loss of important files
and provides an opportunity to recover mistakenly deleted items.

6. Status Bar
The Status Bar is a horizontal area usually located at the bottom of a window. It provides
useful information about the current state of the application or document you are working
on. For instance, in a file explorer window, the Status Bar might display details such as the
number of items in a folder, the available disk space, or the current zoom level. In some
programs, it shows the progress of ongoing tasks or provides contextual information related
to the content displayed. Understanding the Status Bar helps users stay informed about
various aspects of their work and the status of different operations.

7. Start and Menu & Menu-selection

The Start Menu is a fundamental feature in Windows, offering access to programs, files, and
system settings. Clicking the Start button, usually located at the bottom-left corner of the
screen, opens the Start Menu. This menu contains shortcuts to frequently used applications,
a list of installed programs, and options to access settings or power options. Menu-selection
involves navigating through this menu to find and open desired items. You can use the
search bar at the top of the menu to quickly locate applications or files. The Start Menu is
an essential tool for managing and accessing various functions and applications on your
computer.

8. Running an Application
Running an application involves opening and using a program on your computer. To run an
application in Windows, you can either double-click its icon on the desktop or select it from
the Start Menu. Alternatively, you can use the search function to find the program quickly.
Once you open the application, it appears in a new window, allowing you to interact with its
features. Some applications may also run in the background, and you can switch between
running applications using the taskbar or by pressing Alt + Tab. Running applications enables
you to perform various tasks, such as editing documents, browsing the internet, or playing
games.

9. Windows Explorer Viewing of Files, Folders, and Directories

Windows Explorer, now known as File Explorer, is a tool for managing and viewing files and
folders on your computer. It provides a graphical interface to navigate through directories
and access various files. By opening File Explorer, you can browse through different drives,
folders, and directories, view file details, and organize your files. You can create new folders,
rename files, move or copy items, and perform other file management tasks. Understanding
how to use File Explorer helps you efficiently manage your files and folders, making it easier
to organize and retrieve data when needed.

10. Creating and Renaming Files and Folders

Creating and renaming files and folders are basic tasks for organizing your computer's data.
To create a new folder, right-click in the directory where you want it, select "New," and then
choose "Folder." Type a name for the new folder and press Enter. Similarly, to create a new
file, right-click, choose "New," and select the type of file you need. To rename a file or
folder, right-click on it, select "Rename," type the new name, and press Enter. Renaming
helps in organizing files and folders with meaningful names, making it easier to identify and
locate them later.

11. Opening and Closing Different Windows

Opening and closing windows are essential actions for managing multiple tasks on your
computer. To open a new window, click on a program’s icon on the desktop, use the Start
Menu, or search for it. The window will appear, allowing you to interact with the program.
To close a window, click the "X" button at the top-right corner of the window. You can also
use Alt + F4 to close the current window. Managing windows efficiently helps you work with
multiple applications simultaneously, organize your workspace, and switch between
different tasks with ease.
12. Windows Settings
Windows Settings is a feature that allows you to customize and manage various aspects of
your computer's operation. You can access Settings from the Start Menu or by clicking the
gear icon. In Settings, you can adjust display options, manage sound settings, configure
network connections, and customize privacy settings. You can also change system
preferences such as language and accessibility options. Understanding Windows Settings
enables you to tailor your computer’s functionality to meet your specific needs and
preferences, improving your overall user experience and ensuring that your system operates
according to your requirements.

13. Control Panels

The Control Panel is a central location in Windows where you can manage and configure
your computer's hardware and software settings. Access it through the Start Menu or by
searching for it. The Control Panel contains various tools and options for tasks such as
adding or removing programs, setting up printers and other devices, and adjusting system
settings. You can also change user account settings, update security options, and manage
network connections. The Control Panel provides a comprehensive way to control and
customize your computer's functionality, ensuring that it meets your personal and
professional needs.

14. Wallpaper and Screen Savers

Wallpaper and screen savers are visual elements that enhance the appearance of your
computer screen. Wallpaper is the background image on your desktop, which you can
change to personalize your workspace. To set or change wallpaper, go to Settings and select
"Personalization" or right-click on the desktop and choose "Personalize." Screen savers are
animations or images that appear after a period of inactivity to prevent screen burn-in. You
can choose a screen saver from the Settings menu or the Control Panel. Customizing
wallpaper and screen savers helps make your computer more visually appealing and can be
a fun way to personalize your workspace.

15. Setting the Date and Sound

Setting the date and sound on your computer ensures that your system displays the correct
time and provides the appropriate audio alerts. To set the date and time, right-click on the
clock in the taskbar and select "Adjust date/time" or go to Settings and choose "Time &
language." From there, you can set your time zone, date, and time. For sound settings, go to
Settings, select "System," and then "Sound." Here, you can adjust the volume, choose sound
effects, and manage audio devices. Properly configuring these settings ensures accurate
timekeeping and optimal audio performance on your computer.

16. Concept of Menu Using Help

Menus are lists of options or commands that you can select to perform various actions on
your computer. In Windows, menus are often accessed by clicking on icons or through right-
clicking items. They provide a way to access features and settings within applications and
the operating system. The Help menu offers assistance and guidance on how to use
different features and resolve issues. You can access Help from the Start Menu or by using
the Help icon in most programs. Understanding how to navigate menus and use the Help
feature enhances your ability to effectively operate your computer and troubleshoot
problems.

17. Advanced Windows

Advanced Windows features include additional tools and functionalities that go beyond
basic operations. These features help users optimize their workflow and manage complex
tasks more efficiently. For example, virtual desktops allow you to create multiple desktop
environments for different projects, making it easier