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AS 2012.1-1990 Acoustics - Measurement of airborne noise emitted by earth-moving machinery and agricultural tractors -
Stationary test condition - Determination of compliance with limits for exterior noise

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Date: Wednesday, November 04, 2009 5:13 PM

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 AS 2012.1—1990
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Australian Standard

Acoustics—Measurement of
airborne noise emitted by
earth-moving machinery and
agricultural tractors—Stationary
test condition

Part 1: Determination of
compliance with limits for
exterior noise
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee AV/6, Acoustics, Machinery
Noise. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 3 July 1990
and published on 17 September 1990.

The following interests are represented on Committee AV/6:

Australian and New Zealand Environment Council

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Australian Coal Association

Australian Compressed Air and Mining Equipment Institute
Australian Federation of Construction Contractors
AUSTROADS
Confederation of Australian Industry
Master Builders Construction and Housing Association, Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
Monash University
National Farmers Federation
Outdoor Power Equipment Association
Royal Institution of Naval Architects
Tractor and Machinery Association of Australia
University of Melbourne
WorkCover Authority, N.S.W.

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edit ion, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australi an Standards and related publi cati ons wil l be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australi an
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editi ons
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggesti ons for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head offi ce of Standards Australi a,
are welcomed. Notif ication of any inaccuracy or ambiguit y found in an Australi an Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 89225.

 AS 2012.1—1990
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Australian Standard

Acoustics—Measurement of
airborne noise emitted by
earth-moving machinery and
agricultural tractors — Stationary
test condition
Part 1: Determination of
compliance with limits for
exterior noise

First publi shed as part of AS 2012—1977.

AS 2012—1977 revised and redesignated in part as
AS 2012.1—1990.

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 6433 4
 AS 2012.1—1990 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Acoustics,

Machinery Noise to supersede part of AS 2012—1977, Method for measurement of
airborne noise from agricultural tractors and earth-moving machinery.
This Standard is a test for the earth-moving machinery and agricultural tractors in
stationary test conditions.
Specific requirements in this test enable the sound power emission in a stationary test
condition to be determined in a manner which is repeatable. Attachments (bucket,
dozer, etc.) for the manufacturer’s production version are to be fitted since this is the
configuration most likely to exist when the machine is in actual use.
This Australian Standard may be used for determination of compliance with noise
limits, and for evaluation purposes in noise reduction investigations, and for
comparison between machines.
This Standard is one of the series which deals with noise emitted by earth-moving
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machinery and agricultural tractors, the series being arranged as follows:

Part 1: Determination of compliance with limits for exterior noise (this Standard)
Part 2: Operator’s position
This Standard is technically equivalent to ISO 6393, Acoustics — Measurement of
airborne noise emitted by earthmoving machinery — Method for determining
compliance with limits for exterior noise — Stationary test condition.

CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5 TEST ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6 MEASUREMENT OF EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUS
A-WEIGHTED SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5
7 SETTING-UP AND OPERATION OF MACHINERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8 ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . 8
9 INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 8
10 INFORMATION TO BE REPORTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 9

APPENDIX A TEST ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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 3 AS 2012.1—1990

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Acoustics—Measurement of airborne noise emitted by earth-moving machinery and
agricultural tractors—Stationary test condition

Part 1: Determination of compliance with limits for exterior noise

1 SCOPE This Standard describes a method for determining the exterior noise emitted by earth-moving
machinery and agricultural tractors in terms of the A-weighted sound power level while the machine is stationary.
At six positions on a hemispherical surface, the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels are
measured. The A-weighted sound power level of the machinery is calculated from the measured values.
This Standard applies to the following types of machinery:
(a) Agricultural tractors.
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(b) Crawlers and wheeled excavators.

(c) Crawlers and wheeled loaders.
(d) Crawlers and wheeled dozers.
(e) Backhoe loaders.
(f) Graders.
(g) Compactor/rollers.
(h) Four-wheel drive skid-steer machines.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1217 Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources
1217.2 Part 2: Precision methods for broad-band sources in reverberation rooms
1259 Acoustics — Sound level meters
1259.1 Part 1: Non-integrating
1259.2 Part 2: Integrating-averaging
1633 Acoustics — Glossary of terms and related symbols
2659 Guide to the use of sound measuring equipment
2659.1 Part 1: Portable sound level meters
2659.2 Part 2: Portable equipment for integration of sound signals
2789 Internal combustion engines — Performance
2789.7 Part 7: Engines for road vehicle use — Test code, net power
2951 Earth-moving machinery — Nomenclature
2951.1 Part 1: Basic types
3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 1633 and AS 2951.1 and those
below apply.
3.1 Equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (L Ae q,T) The value of the sound pressure level
of a continuous steady sound that, within a specified time interval (T), has the same mean square sound pressure
as a sound whose level varies with time and is defined as —

L Ae q,T = .... .. ... .. ..... ..... .................. ... 1

where
LAe q,T = equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level, determined over a time interval (T),
in hours, starting at t 1 and ending at t 2, in decibels(A)
po = reference sound pressure
= 20 µPa
pA(t) = instantaneous A-weighted sound pressure of the sound signal, in micropascals.

NOTE: In cert ain circumstances L Aeq,T may be esti mated by representative samples of less than the stated measurement time interval.

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 AS 2012.1—1990 4

Where discrete sampling methods are used, the value of L Ae q,T may be approximated as follows:

L Ae q,T .... .. ... .. ..... ..... .................. .... 2

where
LpAi = A-weighted sound pressure level corresponding to the class-midpoint of the class i
ti = time interval for which the A-weighted sound pressure level is within the limits of class i,
expressed as a percentage of the relevant time.
NOTE: The class interval should not exceed 5 dB.
3.2 A-weighted sound power level (L WA) The A-weighted sound power level calculated using equivalent
continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels averaged over the measurement surface and as defined in
Clause 3.1.
3.3 Earth-moving machine A machine used for the purpose of moving or transporting earth, overburden,
rubble, spoil, or similar material.
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3.4 Agricultural tractor A self-propelled, ride-on machine, with more than one axle, whether wheeled or
tracked, solely or primarily intended for the pushing, pulling, or functioning of agricultural implements.

4 INSTRUMENTATION
4.1 General The preferred instrumentation system for acquiring the data is one that determines the equivalent
continuous A-weighted sound pressure level with characteristics that will permit it to qualify for at least Type 1
accuracy in accordance with AS 1259. The equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure (L Ae q,T ), in decibels,
shall be determined according to Clause 3.1.
Where any storage device, e.g. a magnetic tape recorder or digital event recorder, is used, its effects on the
accuracy of measurements shall be taken into account.
4.2 Frequency weighting The A-type frequency weighting, as defined by AS 1259.1, shall be used.
4.3 Time weighting The ‘F’ response in any part of the instrumentation system, as defined by AS 1259.1, shall
be used.
4.4 Microphone A condenser microphone or other type of microphone with equivalent accuracy, stability and
frequency response shall be used. The external diameter of the microphone shall not exceed 13 mm so as to
reduce possible directivity errors. The microphone and its associated cable shall be chosen so that the combined
sensitivity does not change significantly over the temperature range encountered during the measurement.
4.5 Calibration All component parts of the measuring system, including portable calibration devices, shall be
calibrated over their full frequency and dynamic range, and the configuration for calibration shall be in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions if available. A comprehensive recalibration procedure, by a
suitably equipped laboratory, shall be carried out at least every 2 years (see AS 2659.1 and AS 2659.2).
4.6 Field checks The performance of the instrumentation shall be checked periodically with a pistonphone,
portable calibrator or other portable checking device appropriate to the sound level meter or other instrumentation
system, and immediately before and after measurements are made. For extended measurement periods, ideally
these checks should be repeated at least four times during an entire day; however, the lapse of time between
checks will depend on the type of instrumentation and its reliability. Except where the calibration signal cannot
be excluded from the data, the instrument shall not be switched off between checks. In all cases, the operating
instructions for the instrument shall be followed carefully. If the instrumentation system registers a discrepancy
equal to or greater than 1 dB between consecutive checks, any measurements in the interval between the two
checks shall be considered invalid.

5 TEST ENVIRONMENT
5.1 General Ideally, the test environment should be free from reflecting objects other than a reflecting plane
so that the source radiates into a free field over a reflecting plane. Appendix A describes a procedure for
determining the magnitude of the environmental correction factor (K) to account for departures of the test
environment from the ideal condition.
For test sites which consist of a hard, flat ground surface, such as asphalt or concrete, and with no
sound-reflecting obstacles within a distance from the source equal to three times the greatest distance from the
source centre to the lower measurement positions, it may be assumed that the environmental correction factor (K)
is less than or equal to 0.5 dB and is, therefore, negligible and can be disregarded.
5.2 Test site surface Three types of test site surface are allowed. The test site surface or surfaces selected shall
be reported as specified in Clauses 9 and 10. The test site surfaces are as follows:
(a) Hard reflecting plane (test site surface A) The test area bordered by the microphones shall consist of
concrete or sealed asphalt that has not incurred any extensive surface deterioration.

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 5 AS 2012.1—1990

(b) Sand (test site surface B) The test area bordered by the microphones shall consist of humid sand of grain
size up to 2 mm. The minimum depth of the sand shall be 0.3 m for the working location of the machine.
The remainder of the test site should have a minimum depth of 0.05 m. If 0.3 m is not sufficient depth for
track penetration, the depth shall be increased accordingly.
(c) Compacted earth (test site surface C) The test area bordered by the microphones shall consist of compacted
earth that is slightly moist and will permit track or wheel lug penetration. The moisture content shall be low
enough so that the material does not stick or pack in the track system or in the wheel lugs. The material shall
be free of stones greater than 25 mm in diameter and the proportion of sand, gravel or crushed rock should
not exceed 50%. The soil may be clay or loam.
5.3 Air temperature The ambient air temperature during testing should be not less than 5°C or more than 40°C.
Tests shall not be conducted under frosty ground conditions.
5.4 Humidity Measurements should not be taken in fog, snow, or rain. Any conditions of unusual humidity
should be recorded. The humidity at the time of the test shall be within the operating limits for the instruments
used, as specified by the manufacturer.
5.5 Wind speed During tests, the speed of any wind across the test site should not exceed 5 m/s.
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5.6 Background noise At the microphone positions, the background noise (including wind noise at the
microphone) measured as the A-weighted sound pressure level shall be at least 6 dB and preferably more than
10 dB below the level due to the machine being tested. Corrections for background noise are given in Table 1.
5.7 Signal devices Any signal devices, such as forward warning horn or back-up alarm, shall not be activated
during this test.
5.8 Personnel A machine operator shall be in the operator’s position. Persons other than the operator of the
machine under test shall not be in the vicinity of the microphone.

6 MEASUREMENT OF EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUS A-WEIGHTED SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS

6.1 Size of measurement surface The measurement surface to be used for the test shall be a hemisphere. The
radius of the hemisphere shall be determined by the basic length (L) of the machine (see Figures 1, 2 and 3). The
basic length encloses the main body of the machine and excludes major attachments, such as dozer blades,
buckets and boom.
The radius shall be:
(a) 4 m when the basic length (L) of the machine to be tested is less than 1.5 m;
(b) 10 m when the basic length (L) of the machine to be tested is greater than 1.5 m but less than 4 m; and
(c) 16 m when the basic length (L) of the machine to be tested is greater than 4 m.
6.2 Microphone positions on the hemispherical measurement surface There shall be six measurement
positions distributed on the surface of a hemisphere of radius (r) as shown in Figure 1.
6.3 Positioning of the machine The midpoint of the basic length (L) except excavator, (see Figures 3 and 4)
is defined as the machine centre and shall coincide with the intersection of the x- and y-axes of the hemisphere
in Figure 1. The front of the machines shall face microphone positions Nos 1 and 4.
NOTE: For the excavator the centre of the machine is the centr e of rotati on of the upper structure (see Figure 2).
6.4 Measurement time The total measurement time for each reading at each measurement position in a
stabilized operating mode shall be in the range of 15 s to 30 s.
6.5 Corrections for background noise The equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels recorded
at the microphone positions shall be corrected for the influence of background noise according to Table 1.

TABLE 1
CORRECTIONS FOR BACKGROUND NOISE
decibels
Diff erence between sound Correcti on to be subtracted from
pressure level measured with sound pressure level measured with
sound source operating and sound source operati ng to obtain
background sound pressure sound pressure level due to sound
level alone source alone
<6 Measurements invalid
6 1.0
7 1.0
8 1.0
9 0.5
10 0.5
>10 0.0

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 AS 2012.1—1990 6
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* r = radius of hemisphere

No. z

1 0.7 0.7 1.5 m

2 -0.7 -0.7 1.5 m
3 -0.7 0.7 1.5 m
4 0.7 -0.7 1.5 m
5 -0.27 0.65 0.71 r
6 0.27 -0.65 0.71 r

FIGU RE 1 MICR OP HONE AR RA Y ON THE HE MISP HE RE

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 7 AS 2012.1—1990

FIGURE 2 EX CA VA TOR
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FIGU RE 3 TRAC TOR WITH DOZER EQUIPMENT

FIGURE 4 LOAD ER

7 SETTING-UP AND OPERATION OF MACHINERY

7.1 Safety and operation All relevant safety precautions and the manufacturer’s operating instructions shall
be followed during the test.

7.2 Setting-up of the machine The machine shall be equipped with the attachment (bucket, dozer, etc.)
designated for the manufacturer’s production version. Fuel tanks shall not be more than one-half full and oil
reservoirs shall be filled within the range as specified by the manufacturer. The machine shall be placed on the
test site with the bucket of the excavator or loader, or cutting edge of the dozer blade, or other attachments
positioned at a height of 300 ±50 mm above the ground or at its maximum height, if this is less than 250 mm.
The plane formed by the edges of the bucket (excluding teeth) or dozer cutting edge (excluding the teeth) shall
be more or less parallel to the ground (transport position).

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 AS 2012.1—1990 8

7.3 Machine operating condition The machine shall be stationary and the brakes applied. The engine shall be
operated in a no-load condition at the manufacturer’s specified rated speed. This is the speed at which the engine
develops rated power in accordance with AS 2789.7. The transmission shall be in neutral, and auxiliary or prime
attachments shall not be in operation. Test data shall not be taken until a stabilized operating temperature for the
prevailing ambient conditions has been attained. The operator shall remain at the machine controls throughout
the test.
7.4 Machine operating sequence The machine shall be brought first to a low idle condition and then up to the
manufacturer’s specified rated speed at a stabilized no-load conditions prior to each data-measuring sequence.
8 ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS
8.1 Equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (L Ae q,Ti) For each of the six measurement positions
LAe q,Ti shall be determined in accordance with the equation in Clause 3.1 and then corrected for background noise,
if necessary, using Table 1.
8.2 Number of measurements A minimum of three measurement series at all microphone positions shall be
required. In order to meet the requirements laid down in Clause 8.5 additional measurement series may be
necessary.
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8.3 Calculation of equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level averaged over the measurement
surface, (LAe q,T) The equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level averaged over the measurement
surface (L Ae q,T), in decibels, (reference: 20 µPa), shall be calculated from the measured values of the equivalent
continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels by means of the following equation:

LAe q,T = .... .. ... .. ..... ..... .................. .... 3

where
LAe q,Ti =the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level resulting from the ith microphone
position, corrected for background noise, in decibels. (Reference: 20 µPa)
N = the total number of microphone positions.
8.4 Calculation of A-weighted sound power level The A-weighted sound power level (L WA ), in decibels, of
the machinery shall be calculated using the following equation:

.... .. ... .. ..... ..... .................. .... .. .... . 4

where
K = the environmental correction factor in decibels(A) (see Clause 5.1 and Appendix A).
S = the area of the measurement surface, in square metres
= 2πr 2 for a hemispherical measurement surface
So = 1 m2

= 20 for 4 m radius, 28 for 10 m radius and 32 for 16 m radius

8.5 Determination of measurement result Calculate at least three values of the sound power level from the
three sets of data obtained at all microphone positions (see Clause 8.2). It is necessary to have two of these values
within a 1-dB range of each other. The reported value of the A-weighted sound power level will be the arithmetic
mean of the two highest values that are within a 1-dB range of each other.
9 INFORMATION TO BE RECORDED
9.1 Machinery under test The following shall be recorded:
(a) The machine manufacturer.
(b) The machine model number.
(c) The serial number.
(d) The machine arrangement, including major attachments and the manufacturer’s specified rated speed, which
is the speed at which the engine develops rated power, in accordance with AS 2789.7.
9.2 Acoustic environment The following shall be recorded:
(a) A description of the test site and the type of test site surface or surfaces used, including a sketch showing
the position of the machine.
(b) The air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity and wind velocity at the test site.

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 9 AS 2012.1—1990

9.3 Instrumentation The following shall be recorded:

(a) The instrumentations used for the measurements, including name, type, serial number and manufacturer.
(b) The method used to calibrate the instrumentation system.
(c) The date and place of calibration of the acoustical calibrator.

9.4 Acoustical data The following shall be recorded:

(a) The location of the microphones.
(b) The equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level at each microphone position for each
measurement conducted in accordance with Clause 8.1.
(c) The A-weighted sound pressure level of the background noise at each microphone position and corresponding
correction. All intermediate results, such as sound pressure and area calculation, shall be expressed to one
decimal point.
(d) The environmental correction factor (K) calculated in accordance with Appendix A.
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(e) The equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level averaged over the measurement surface,
calculated in accordance with Clause 8.3.
(f) The A-weighted sound power level calculated in accordance with Clause 8.4.

10 INFORMATION TO BE REPORTED The following information shall be reported:

(a) The A-weighted sound power level calculated in accordance with Clause 8.4 rounded to the nearest whole
number. (For values less than 0.5, round the number down; for values greater or equal than 0.5, round the
number up.)
(b) The machine manufacturer, model number, serial number, net power, as defined in AS 2789.7 in kilowatts,
machine arrangement, including major attachments, and the type of test site surface or surfaces used.
(c) The manufacturer’s specified rated speed, which is the speed at which the engine develops rated power, in
accordance with AS 2789.7.

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 AS 2012.1—1990 10

APPENDIX A

TEST ENVIRONMENT
(Normative)

A1 GENERAL Environmental conditions on the test site shall be verified before the tests are conducted. The
following factors shall be taken into account:
(a) Properties of the reflecting plane.
(b) Background noise.
(c) Atmospheric conditions, including wind, temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure.

A2 PROPERTIES OF REFLECTING PLANE Ideally, measurements should be made in a test environment

that provides a free field over a perfectly reflecting plane. The environment should be free of reflecting objects
with the exception of the reflecting plane. This Appendix gives a procedure for determining the influence of a
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departure from ideal conditions on the test site. A method is given for determining an environmental correction
factor (K) to account for differences between the actual test environment and the ideally free field over a
reflecting plane. The test, which yields the environmental correction factor (K), is carried out with a reference
sound source which has characteristics that meet the requirements of AS 1217.2 and which has been calibrated
in a free field over a reflecting plane.
The reference sound source is mounted in the test environment in essentially the same position as that to be
occupied by the machine under test. The A-weighted sound power level of the reference sound source is
determined according to the procedures of Clause 8 without the environmental correction factor (K) (i.e. K is
initially assumed to be 0). The same measurement surface is used as that used during the measurements of the
machine under test. The environment correction factor (K) is then given, in decibels, by the equation:
K = LW - L Wr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
where
LW = the calculated A-weighted sound power level of the reference sound source, in decibels
(Reference: 1 pW).
LWr = the name plate A-weighted sound power level of the reference sound source, in decibels
(Reference: 1 pW).
For test sites which consist of a hard, flat, surface such as asphalt or concrete and with no sound-reflecting
obstacles within a distance from the source equal to three times the greatest distance from the sound centre to
the lower measurement points, it may be assumed that the environmental correction factor (K) is less than or
equal to 0.5 dB and is, therefore, negligible.
NOTE: An obstacle in the proximity of the source may be considered to be sound refl ecti ng if its width (for example diameter of a pole
or supporti ng member) exceeds one-t enth of its distance fr om the measurement hemisphere.
The reflecting surface shall in all cases be larger than the projection of the measurement surface on the ground
plane.

A3 ENVIRONMENTAL CORRECTION FOR REFLECTING AND NON-REFLECTING SURFACES No

environmental correction factor (K) need be determined if the surface of the test site is constructed of concrete
or non-porous asphalt and is free of reflecting objects. For other test sites, it is important that an environmental
correction factor (K) describing the acoustic quality of the site be determined according to Paragraph A2.
Whenever a test is conducted over partially non-reflecting surface (surface B or C), the properties of the
absorptive surface will be determined by means of an environmental correction factor (K).
If the environmental correction factor (K) as determined according to the procedure described in Paragraph A2
is less than 2dB and greater than -1dB, the test environment is satisfactory for measurements in accordance with
this Standard. The value of K so determined is used in Equation (4) of Clause 8.4.

A4 BACKGROUND NOISE The A-weighted sound pressure levels recorded at the microphone positions on
the measurement surface with the source not operating shall be at least 10 dB below the A-weighted sound
pressure level recorded with the source in operation. Corrections for the A-weighted sound pressure levels of the
background noise are to be made in accordance with Table 1.

A5 METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND ALTITUDE OF TEST SITE Corrections for the effects of
temperature, humidity, altitude of test site and wind shall be made to the measured values of the A-weighted
sound pressure levels in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of the acoustical instrumentation.

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