Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Download General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications 10th Edition Petrucci Solutions Manual all chapters
Download General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications 10th Edition Petrucci Solutions Manual all chapters
https://testbankfan.com/product/general-chemistry-principles-and-
modern-applications-10th-edition-petrucci-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/general-chemistry-principles-and-
modern-applications-11th-edition-petrucci-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/general-chemistry-principles-and-
modern-applications-11th-edition-petrucci-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/general-chemistry-10th-edition-
ebbing-solutions-manual/
Principles of General Chemistry 3rd Edition Silberberg
Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/principles-of-general-
chemistry-3rd-edition-silberberg-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/principles-of-modern-
chemistry-8th-edition-oxtoby-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/general-chemistry-10th-edition-
ebbing-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/principles-of-general-
chemistry-3rd-edition-silberberg-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/principles-of-general-
chemistry-2nd-edition-silberberg-test-bank/
CHAPTER 15
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
PRACTICE EXAMPLES
1A (E) The reaction is as follows:
2Cu 2 (aq) Sn 2 (aq) 2Cu (aq) Sn 4 (aq)
Therefore, the equilibrium expression is as follows:
2
Cu Sn 4
K 2
Cu 2 Sn 2
Rearranging and solving for Cu2+, the following expression is obtained:
1/ 2
Cu + 2 Sn 4+ x2 x
1/2
Cu = x
2+
K Sn 2+
1.48 x 1.22
K 9.14 106
3 2
0.015 x
2
Fe Hg 2
2
Hg 2
2
0.009847 0.0098 M
0.015 9.14 106
2 2
Fe3 K
2B bg
(E) First we reverse the given reaction to put NO 2 g on the reactant side. The new
equilibrium constant is the inverse of the given one.
NO 2 g NO g + 12 O 2 g
K c ' = 1/ (1.2 102 ) = 0.0083
bg
Then we double the reaction to obtain 2 moles of NO 2 g as reactant. The equilibrium
constant is then raised to the second power.
666
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
4A (E) We remember that neither solids, such as Ca 5 ( PO 4 ) 3 OH(s) , nor liquids, such as H 2 O(l) ,
appear in the equilibrium constant expression. Concentrations of products appear in the
5 2 3
Ca 2+ HPO 4
numerator, those of reactants in the denominator. Kc = 4
H+
4B (E) First we write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Then we write the
equilibrium constant expressions, remembering that gases and solutes in aqueous solution
appear in the Kc expression, but pure liquids and pure solids do not.
3 Fe s + 4 H 2 O g Fe3O 4 s + 4 H 2 g
Kp =
b g
{ P H 2 }4
Kc =
H2
4
Because ngas = 4 4 = 0, Kp = Kc
b g
{ P H 2 O }4 H 2O
4
5A (M) We compute the value of Qc. Each concentration equals the mass m of the substance bg
divided by its molar mass (this quotient is the amount of the substance in moles) and further
divided by the volume of the container.
667
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
1 mol CO 2 1 mol H 2
m m
44.0 g CO 2 2.0 g H 2 1
Qc =
CO H
2 2 V V 44.0 2.0
28.0 18.0
= 5.7 1.00 = K c
CO H O
2
m
1 mol CO
m
1 mol H 2 O 1 44.0 2.0
28.0 g CO 18.0 g H 2 O 28.0 18.0
V V
(In evaluating the expression above, we cancelled the equal values of V , and we also
cancelled the equal values of m .) Because the value of Qc is larger than the value of Kc ,
the reaction will proceed to the left to reach a state of equilibrium. Thus, at equilibrium
there will be greater quantities of reactants, and smaller quantities of products than there
were initially.
Because Qc Kc , the net reaction will proceed to the right, forming products and consuming
reactants.
6A bg
(E) O 2 g is a reactant. The equilibrium system will shift right, forming product in an
attempt to consume some of the added O2(g) reactant. Looked at in another way, O 2 is
increased above its equilibrium value by the addition of oxygen. This makes Qc smaller
than Kc . (The O 2 is in the denominator of the expression.) And the system shifts right to
drive Qc back up to Kc, at which point equilibrium will have been achieved.
6B (M)
(a) The position of an equilibrium mixture is affected only by changing the concentration
of substances that appear in the equilibrium constant expression, Kc = CO 2 . Since
CaO(s) is a pure solid, its concentration does not appear in the equilibrium constant
expression and thus adding extra CaO(s) will have no direct effect on the position of
equilibrium.
(b) bg
The addition of CO 2 g will increase CO 2 above its equilibrium value. The reaction
bg
will shift left to alleviate this increase, causing some CaCO 3 s to form.
(c) Since CaCO3(s) is a pure solid like CaO(s), its concentration does not appear in the
equilibrium constant expression and thus the addition of any solid CaCO3 to an
equilibrium mixture will not have an effect upon the position of equilibrium.
668
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
7B (E) In the balanced chemical equation for the chemical reaction, ngas = 1+1 1+1 = 0 . b g b g
As a consequence, a change in overall volume or total gas pressure will have no effect on the
position of equilibrium. In the equilibrium constant expression, the two partial pressures in
the numerator will be affected to exactly the same degree, as will the two partial pressures in
the denominator, and, as a result, Qp will continue to equal Kp .
8A (E) The cited reaction is endothermic. Raising the temperature on an equilibrium mixture
bg
favors the endothermic reaction. Thus, N 2 O 4 g should decompose more completely at
bg
higher temperatures and the amount of NO 2 g formed from a given amount of N 2 O 4 g bg
will be greater at high temperatures than at low ones.
K c = 4.61 10 3
= N 2 O4 = = = 0.121 M
N 2 O 4
4.61 103 4.61 103
Then we determine the mass of N 2 O 4 present in 2.26 L.
0.121 mol N 2 O 4 92.01 g N 2 O 4
N 2 O 4 mass = 2.26 L = 25.2 g N 2 O 4
1L 1 mol N 2 O 4
669
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
10A (M) We use the initial-change-equilibrium setup to establish the amount of each substance
at equilibrium. We then label each entry in the table in the order of its determination (1st,
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th), to better illustrate the technique. We know the initial amounts of all
substances (1st). There are no products at the start.
Because ‘‘initial’’+ ‘‘change’’ = ‘‘equilibrium’’ , the equilibrium amount (2nd) of Br2 g
bg
enables us to determine “change” (3rd) for Br2 g . We then use stoichiometry to write other
entries (4th) on the “change” line. And finally, we determine the remaining equilibrium
amounts (5th).
Reaction: 2 NOBr g
2 NO g + Br2 g
st
Initial: 1.86 mol (1 ) 0.00 mol (1st) 0.00 mol (1st)
Change: 0.164 mol (4th) +0.164 mol (4th) +0.082 mol (3rd)
th
Equil.: 1.70 mol (5 ) 0.164 mol (5th) 0.082 mol (2nd)
2
0.164 0.082 mol
[NO]2 [Br2 ] 5.00 5.00 1.5 104
Kc 2
2
[NOBr] 1.70
5.00
K p = K c RT = 1.5 104 0.08314 298 = 3.7 103
+1
Here, ngas = 2 +1 2 = +1.
10B (M) Use the amounts stated in the problem to determine the equilibrium concentration for
each substance.
Reaction: 2 SO3 g
2 SO 2 g + O2 g
Initial: 0 mol 0.100 mol 0.100 mol
Changes: +0.0916 mol 0.0916 mol 0.0916 / 2 mol
Equil.: 0.0916 mol 0.0084 mol 0.0542 mol
0.0916 mol 0.0084 mol 0.0542 mol
Concentrations:
1.52 L 1.52 L 1.52 L
Concentrations: 0.0603 M 0.0055 M 0.0357 M
We use these values to compute Kc for the reaction and then the relationship
b g
Kp = Kc RT
ngas
(with ngas = 2 +1 2 = +1) to determine the value of Kp .
SO 2 O 2 0.0055 0.0357
2 2
Kc = = = 3.0 104
2
0.0603
2
SO3
K p = 3.0 104 (0.08314 900) 0.022
670
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
11A (M) The equilibrium constant expression is Kp = P{H 2 O} P{CO 2 } = 0.231 at 100 C . From
bg
the balanced chemical equation, we see that one mole of H 2 O g is formed for each mole of
bg b
CO 2 g produced. Consequently, P{H 2 O} = P{CO 2 } and Kp = P{CO 2 } . We solve this g 2
The two partial pressures do not have to be equal at equilibrium. The only instance in which
they must be equal is when the two gases come solely from the decomposition of NH 4 HS s . bg
bg
In this case, some of the NH 3 g has come from another source. We can obtain the pressure
bg
of H 2S g by substitution into the equilibrium constant expression, since we are given the
equilibrium pressure of NH 3 g . bg
0.108
K p = P{H 2S} P{NH 3 } = 0.108 = P{H 2S} 0.500 atm NH 3 P{H 2S} = = 0.216 atm
0.500
So, Ptotal = PH S PNH3 = 0.216 atm + 0.500 atm = 0.716 atm
2
12A (M) We set up this problem in the same manner that we have previously employed, namely
designating the equilibrium amount of HI as 2x . (Note that we have used the same
multipliers for x as the stoichiometric coefficients.)
Equation: H2 g + I2 g
2 HI g
Initial: 0.150 mol 0.200 mol 0 mol
Changes: x mol x mol +2x mol
Equil: b g
0.150 x mol b g
0.200 x mol 2 x mol
2
2x
2x
2
15.0
Kc = = 50.2
0.150 x 0.200 x 0.150 x 0.200 x
15.0 15.0
We substitute these terms into the equilibrium constant expression and solve for x.
b gb g c h
4 x 2 = 0.150 x 0.200 x 50.2 = 50.2 0.0300 0.350 x + x 2 = 1.51 17.6 x + 50.2 x 2
0 = 46.2 x 2 17.6 x +1.51 Now we use the quadratic equation to determine the value of x.
671
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
The first root cannot be used because it would afford a negative amount of H 2 (namely,
0.150-0.250 = -0.100). Thus, we have 2 0.131 = 0.262 mol HI at equilibrium. We check
by substituting the amounts into the Kc expression. (Notice that the volumes cancel.) The
slight disagreement in the two values (52 compared to 50.2) is the result of rounding error.
K =
b0.262g 2
0.0686
c
b0.150 0.131gb0.200 0.131g 0.019 0.069 = 52
=
12B (D)
(a) The equation for the reaction is N 2 O 4 g 2 NO 2 g and K c = 4.6110 at 25 C .
3
In the example, this reaction is conducted in a 0.372 L flask. The effect of moving the
mixture to the larger, 10.0 L container is that the reaction will be shifted to produce a
bg bg
greater number of moles of gas. Thus, NO 2 g will be produced and N 2 O 4 g will
dissociate. Consequently, the amount of N 2 O 4 will decrease.
(b) The equilibrium constant expression, substituting 10.0 L for 0.372 L, follows.
FG IJ
2x
2
Kc
[ NO 2 ]2
H K
10.0
4x2
4.61 103
[N 2 O 4 ] 0.0240 x 10.0(0.0240 x )
10.0
This can be solved with the quadratic equation, and the sensible result is x = 0.0118
moles. We can attempt the method of successive approximations. First, assume that
x 0.0240 . We obtain:
The amount of N 2 O 4 at equilibrium is 0.0118 mol, less than the 0.0210 mol N 2 O 4 at
equilibrium in the 0.372 L flask, as predicted.
672
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
13A (M) Again we base our solution on the balanced chemical equation.
Equation: Ag + aq + Fe 2+ aq
Fe3+ aq + Ag s K c = 2.98
Initial: 0M 0M 1.20 M
Changes: +x M +x M x M
Equil: x M x M b g
1.20 x M
Fe 3+ 1.20 x
Kc = = 2.98 = 2.98 x 2 = 1.20 x 0 = 2.98 x 2 + x 1.20
Ag +
Fe 2+
x2
13B (M) We first calculate the value of Qc to determine the direction of the reaction.
V 2+ Cr 3+ 0.150 0.150
Qc = = = 225 7.2 102 = Kc
V 3+
Cr 2+
0.0100 0.0100
Because the reaction quotient has a smaller value than the equilibrium constant, a net
reaction to the right will occur. We now set up this solution as we have others, heretofore,
based on the balanced chemical equation.
V 3+ aq
+ Cr 2+ aq V aq + Cr aq
2+ 3+
H 0.0100 x K
2
Kc = =
V 3+ Cr 2+ b0.0100 xg b0.0100 xg
If we take the square root of both sides of this expression, we obtain
0.150 x
7.2 102 27
0.0100 x
0.150 + x = 0.27 – 27x which becomes 28 x = 0.12 and yields 0.0043 M. Then the
equilibrium concentrations are: V 3+ = Cr 2+ = 0.0100 M 0.0043 M = 0.0057 M
673
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
INTEGRATIVE EXAMPLE
A. (E) We will determine the concentration of F6P and the final enthalpy by adding the two
reactions:
C6 H12 O6 ATP G6P ADP
G6P F6P
C6 H12 O6 ATP ADP F6P
ΔHTOT = –19.74 kJ·mol-1 + 2.84 kJ·mol-1 = –16.9 kJ·mol-1
Since the overall reaction is obtained by adding the two individual reactions, then the overall
reaction equilibrium constant is the product of the two individual K values. That is,
K K1 K 2 1278
K
ADP F6P
C6 H12O6 ATP
1278
110 2
x x
1.0 102 x x 2
1.20 10 6
x 1 104 x 1.2 1010 1.012 104 x x 2
Expanding and rearranging the above equation yields the following second-order polynomial:
1277 x2 – 0.1393 x + 1.534×10-7 = 0
Using the quadratic equation to solve for x, we obtain two roots: x = 1.113×10-6 and
1.080×10-4. Only the first one makes physical sense, because it is less than the initial value of
C6H12O6. Therefore, [F6P]eq = 1.113×10-6.
During a fever, the body generates heat. Since the net reaction above is exothermic,
Le Châtelier's principle would force the equilibrium to the left, reducing the amount of F6P
generated.
674
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
B. (E)
(a) The ideal gas law can be used for this reaction, since we are relating vapor pressure and
concentration. Since K = 3.3×10-29 for decomposition of Br2 to Br (very small), then it can be
ignored.
nRT 0.100 mol 0.08206 L atm K 298.15 K
1
V 8.47 L
P 0.289 atm
(b) At 1000 K, there is much more Br being generated from the decomposition of Br2.
However, K is still rather small, and this decomposition does not notably affect the volume
needed.
EXERCISES
Writing Equilibrium Constants Expressions
1. (E)
2 COF2 g
CO2 CF4
(a) CO 2 g + CF4 g
Kc =
COF2
2
Cu 2+
(b) Cu s + 2 Ag +
aq Cu aq + 2 Ag s
2+
Kc = 2
Ag +
2 2
SO 4 2 Fe3+
Kc =
(c) S2 O8
2
aq + 2 Fe2+ aq 2 SO 4 aq + 2 Fe aq
2 3+
2+ 2
2
S2 O8 Fe
2. (E)
P N 2 P H 2 O
2 6
(a) 4 NH 3 g + 3 O 2 g 2 N 2 g + 6 H 2O g
KP =
P NH 3 P O 2
4 3
P NH 3 P H 2 O
2 4
(b) 7 H 2 g + 2 NO 2 g 2 NH 3 g + 4 H 2 O g
KP =
P H 2 P NO 2
7 2
CO
3
3. (E)
2
NO2 OH
2
Zn 2+
(a) Kc = (b) Kc = (c) Kc =
NO O2
2 2
Ag + CO 32
675
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
4. (E)
(a) Kp =
P{CH 4 }P{H 2S}2
P{CS2 }P{H 2 }4
(b) l q
Kp = P O 2
1/2
(c) Kp = P{CO 2 } P{H 2 O}
5. (E) In each case we write the equation for the formation reaction and then the equilibrium
constant expression, Kc, for that reaction.
HF
2 H 2 g + 2 F2 g HF g
(a) 1 1 Kc =
H 2 F2
1/2 1/2
NH3
2
(b) N2 g + 3 H2 g 2 NH 3 g
Kc =
N 2 H 2
3
[N 2 O]2
(c) 2 N 2 g + O2 g 2 N2O g
Kc =
[N 2 ]2 [O 2 ]
1
(d) 1
2 Cl2 (g) + 32 F2 (g) ClF3 (l) Kc
[Cl2 ] [F2 ]3 / 2
1/ 2
6. (E) In each case we write the equation for the formation reaction and then the equilibrium
constant expression, Kp, for that reaction.
PNOCl
2 N 2 g + 2 O 2 g + 2 Cl 2 g NOCl g
(a) 1 1 1 KP = 1/2 1/2 1/2
PN2 PO2 PCl2
2
PClNO2
(b) N 2 g + 2 O 2 g + Cl2 g 2 ClNO 2 g
KP = 2
PN 2 PO2 PCl2
PN2 H4
(c) N2 g + 2 H2 g N2 H4 g
KP = 2
PN2 PH2
1
(d) 1
2 N2 g + 2 H2 g + 1
2 Cl2 g NH 4 Cl s
KP = 1/2 2 1/2
PN2 PH 2 PCl2
H 2S
3
= K p RT = K p = 0.429
0
(c) Kc = 3
H 2
676
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
(E) K p = K c RT
ng
8. , with R = 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1
P{NO 2 }2
(a) Kp = K c (RT) +1 = 4.61 × 10-3 (0.08206×298)1 0.113
P{N 2 O 4 }
P{C2 H 2 }P{H 2 }3
(b) Kp 2
K c (RT)( 2) (0.154) (0.08206 2000) 2 4.15 103
P{CH 4 }
P{H 2 }4 P{CS2 }
(c) Kp 2
K c (RT)( 2) (5.27 108 ) (0.08206 973) 2 3.36 104
P{H 2 S} P{CH 4 }
12. (M) We combine the several given reactions to obtain the net reaction.
1
2 N 2 O g
2 N 2 g O 2 (g) Kc =
2.7 1018
2
1
4 NO 2 g
2 N 2 O 4 g Kc =
4.6 10 3 2
net : 2 N 2 O g + 3 O2 g
2 N 2 O 4 g K c ( Net ) =
4.1 10
9 4
= 1.8 106
2.7 10 4.6 10
18 2 3 2
677
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
13. (M) We combine the Kc values to obtain the value of Kc for the overall reaction, and then
convert this to a value for Kp.
2 CO 2 g + 2H 2 g 2 CO g + 2 H 2 O g K c = 1.4
2
2 C graphite + O2 g 2 CO g K c = 1 108
2
1
4 CO g 2 C graphite + 2 CO 2 g
Kc =
0.64
2
(1.4) 2 (1108 ) 2
net: 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(g) K c(Net) 2
5 106
(0.64)
Kc 5 1016
K p = K c RT
n
=
= = 5 1014
RT 0.08206 1200
14. (M) We combine the Kp values to obtain the value of Kp for the overall reaction, and then
convert this to a value for Kc.
2
1
2 NO 2 Cl g 2 NOCl g + O 2 g
Kp = 2
1.1 10
2 NO 2 g + Cl2 g 2 NO 2 Cl g K p = 0.3
2
N 2 g + 2 O2 g 2 NO 2 g
K p = (1.0 109 ) 2
678
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
17. (M) First, we determine the concentration of PCl5 and of Cl 2 present initially and at
equilibrium, respectively. Then we use the balanced equation to help us determine the
concentration of each species present at equilibrium.
1.00 103 mol PCl5 9.65 104 mol Cl2
PCl5 initial = = 0.00400 M Cl2 equil = = 0.00386 M
0.250 L 0.250 L
Equation: PCl5 g
PCl3 (g) + Cl2 g
Initial: 0.00400M 0M 0M
Changes: –xM +xM +xM
Equil: 0.00400M-xM xM xM 0.00386 M (from above)
Kc
PCl3 Cl2 (0.00386 M) (0.00386 M) = 0.106
PCl5 0.00014 M
0.08206 L atm
8.00 106 mol S2 1670 K
nRT mol K
Pequil {S2 g }= = 2.19 103 atm
V 0.500 L
Equation: 2 H2 g + S2 g 2 H 2S g
Initial : 136 atm 0 atm 8.52 atm
Changes : +0.00438atm 0.00219 atm 0.00438 atm
Equil : 136 atm 0.00219 atm 8.52 atm
P{H 2S g }2 8.52
2
Kp = = =1.79
P{H 2 g } P{S2 (g)} 136 2 0.00219
2
679
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
19. (M)
0105
. g PCl 5 1 mol PCl5
PCl5 2.50 L 208.2 g
26.3
(a) Kc = L O L O FG
=
IJ FG IJ
NM PCl 3 PQ NMCl 2 QP 0.220 g PCl 3 1 mol PCl 3 2.12 g Cl 2 1 mol Cl 2
H 2.50 L 137.3 g K H
2.50 L 70.9 g K
(b) Kp = Kc RT b g n
b
= 26.3 0.08206 523g 1
= 0.613
20. (M)
1 mol ICl
0.682 g ICl×
162.36 g ICl
[ICl]initial = = 6.72×10-3 M
0.625 L
Reaction: 2 ICl(g) I2(g)
+ Cl2(g)
Initial: 6.72 × 10-3 M 0M 0M
Change -2x +x +x
Equilibrium 6.72 × 10-3 M -2x x x
1 mol I 2
0.0383 g I 2 ×
253.808 g I 2
[I 2 ]equil = = 2.41×10-4 M = x
0.625 L
xx (2.41104 ) 2
Kc 3
3 4
9.31 106
(6.72 10 2 x) (6.72 10 2(2.4110 ))
21. (E)
Fe3 Fe3
K 9.110
3
1.0 107
3 3
H
Fe3 9.11018 M
22. (E)
K
NH3 (aq) 57.5
5 109
PNH3 (g) PNH3 (g)
PNH3 (g) 5 109 57.5 8.7 1011
680
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium Relationships
2
0.37 mol I
V
2
I 1 0.14 0.14
24. (M) K c 0.011 V 13L
I2 1.00 mol I 2 V 0.011
V
25. (M)
(a) A possible equation for the oxidation of NH 3 g to NO 2 g follows. b g b g
NH 3 g + 74 O 2 g
NO 2 g + 23 H 2 O g
(b) We obtain K p for the reaction in part (a) by appropriately combining the values of
K p given in the problem.
NH 3 g + 54 O 2 g
NO g + 32 H 2 O g K p = 2.111019
1
NO g + 12 O 2 g
NO 2 g Kp =
0.524
2.111019
net: NH 3 g + 74 O 2 g
NO 2 g + 23 H 2 O g Kp = = 4.03 1019
0.524
26. (D)
(a) We first determine [H2] and [CH4] and then [C2H2]. [CH4] = [H2] = 0.10 mol = 0.10 M
1.0 L
C2 H 2 H 2 K c CH 4
3 2
0.154 0.10 2
Kc = 2 C2 H 2 = 3
= = 1.54 M
CH
4
H
2
0.103
In a 1.00 L container, each concentration numerically equals the molar quantities of
the substance.
1.54 mol C2 H 2
{C2 H 2 } = = 0.89
1.54 mol C2 H 2 + 0.10 mol CH 4 + 0.10 mol H 2
(b) The conversion of CH4(g) to C2H2(g) is favored at low pressures, since the conversion
reaction has a larger sum of the stoichiometric coefficients of gaseous products (4) than
of reactants (2).
(c) Initially, all concentrations are halved when the mixture is transferred to a flask that is
twice as large. To re-establish equilibrium, the system reacts to the right, forming more
moles of gas (to compensate for the drop in pressure). We base our solution on the
balanced chemical equation, in the manner we have used before.
681
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
Kc = 2 2 22 =
0.050 2 x
2
CH 4
We can solve this 4th-order equation by successive approximations.
First guess: x = 0.010 M .
This is the maximum number of significant figures our system permits. We have
x = 0.006 M . CH 4 = 0.038 M ; C2 H 2 = 0.756 M; H 2 = 0.068 M
Because the container volume is 2.00 L, the molar amounts are double the values of
molarities.
0.756 mol C 2 H 2 0.038 mol CH 4
2.00 L = 1.51 mol C 2 H 2 2.00 L = 0.076 mol CH 4
1L 1L
0.068 mol H 2
2.00 L = 0.14 mol H 2
1L
Thus, the increase in volume results in the production of some additional C2H2.
682
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
27. (M)
n CO n H 2 O
(a) Kc
CO H 2 O
V V
CO2 H 2 n{CO2 } n H 2
V V
Since V is present in both the denominator and the numerator, it can be stricken from
the expression. This happens here because ng = 0. Therefore, Kc is independent of V.
28. (M) For the reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) the value of Kp = 23.2
[CO 2 ][H 2 ]
The expression for Qp is . Consider each of the provided situations
[CO][H 2 O]
(a) PCO = PH2O = PH2 = PCO2 ; Qp = 1 Not an equilibrium position
PH2 PCO2
(b) = =x; Qp = x2 If x = 23.2 , this is an equilibrium position.
PH2O PCO
(c) PCO
PH2O = PCO2 PH2 ; Qp = 1 Not an equilibrium position
PH2 PCO2
(d) = =x; Qp = x2 If x = 23.2 , this is an equilibrium position.
PCO PH2O
683
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
30. (M) We compute the value of Qc for the given amounts of product and reactants.
2
0.0205 mol NO 2
NO 2
2
5.25 L 1.07 104 K 4.61 103
Qc
2 4
N O 0.750 mol N O
2 4
c
5.25 L
The mixture described cannot be maintained indefinitely. In fact, because Qc < Kc, the
reaction will proceed to the right, that is, toward products, until equilibrium is established.
If Ea is large, however, it may take some time to reach equilibrium.
31. (M)
(a) We determine the concentration of each species in the gaseous mixture, use these
concentrations to determine the value of the reaction quotient, and compare this value
of Qc with the value of Kc .
0.455 mol SO 2 0.183 mol O 2
SO =
2
= 0.239 M O =
2
= 0.0963 M
1.90 L 1.90 L
0.568 mol SO 3 SO 2
0.299
2
SO = = 0.299 M Qc =
3
= = 16.3
0.239 0.0963
3 2 2
1.90 L
SO 2
O 2
Since Qc = 16.3 2.8 102 = Kc , this mixture is not at equilibrium.
(b) Since the value of Qc is smaller than that of Kc , the reaction will proceed to the right,
forming product and consuming reactants to reach equilibrium.
32. (M) We compute the value of Qc . Each concentration equals the mass m of the substance bg
divided by its molar mass and further divided by the volume of the container.
1 mol CO 2 1 mol H 2
m m
44.0 g CO 2 2.0 g H 2 1
CO H 28.0 18.0
Qc = 2
2 V V 44.0 2.0 = 5.7 31.4(value of K c )
CO H O 2
m
1 mol CO
m
1 mol H 2 O 1 44.0 2.0
28.0 g CO 18.0 g H 2 O 28.0 18.0
V V
(In evaluating the expression above, we cancelled the equal values of V , along with, the
equal values of m .) Because the value of Qc is smaller than the value of Kc , (a) the
reaction is not at equilibrium and (b) the reaction will proceed to the right (formation of
products) to reach a state of equilibrium.
684
Chapter15: Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
33. (M) The information for the calculation is organized around the chemical equation. Let
x = mol H 2 (or I 2 ) that reacts. Then use stoichiometry to determine the amount of HI
formed, in terms of x , and finally solve for x .
2
2x
Equation: H2 gbg bg
I2 g
bg
2 HI g HI
2
3.25 L
Initial: 0.150 mol 0.150 mol 0.000 mol Kc
Changes: x mol x mol +2 x mol
H 2 I2 0.150 x 0.150 x
3.25 L 3.25 L
Equil: 0.150 x 0.150 x 2x
2x
Then take the square root of both sides: Kc 50.2 7.09
0150
. x
1.06
2 x = 1.06 7.09 x = 0.117 mol, amount HI = 2 x = 2 0.117 mol = 0.234 mol HI
x=
9.09
amount H 2 = amount I 2 = 0.150 x mol = 0.150 0.117 mol = 0.033 mol H 2 (or I 2 )
34. (M) We use the balanced chemical equation as a basis to organize the information
Equation: SbCl5 g SbCl3 g + Cl2 g
0.00 mol 0.280 mol 0.160 mol
Initial:
2.50 L 2.50 L 2.50 L
Initial: 0.000 M 0.112 M 0.0640 M
Changes: +x M xM xM
Equil: xM b g
0.112 x M b g
0.0640 x M
K c = 0.025=
SbCl3 Cl2 = 0.112 x 0.0640 x = 0.00717 0.176x + x 2
SbCl5 x x
0.025 x = 0.00717 0.176 x + x 2 x 2 0.201x + 0.00717 = 0
b b 2 4ac 0.201 0.0404 0.0287
x= = = 0.0464 or 0.155
2a 2
The second of the two values for x gives a negative value of Cl2 = 0.091 M , and thus is
physically meaningless in our universe. Thus, concentrations and amounts follow.
SbCl5 = x = 0.0464 M amount SbCl5 = 2.50 L 0.0464 M = 0.116 mol SbCl5
SbCl3 = 0.112 x = 0.066 M amount SbCl3 = 2.50 L 0.066 M = 0.17 mol SbCl3
Cl2 = 0.0640 x = 0.0176 M amount Cl2 = 2.50 L 0.0176 M = 0.0440 mol Cl2
685
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
discendendo in dolce curva fin sopra l’attico del portico, avrebbero
servito di guida al distendimento e raccoglimento delle vele.
Una corona di metallo dorato, dalla quale scendessero vele cerulee
ornate di auree stelle; padiglione degno dell’imponente cavea ove
tutto era splendore: «sic undique fulgor percussit» [407], sarebbe, non
v’ha dubbio, una brillante idea! Ma si sarebbe potuta attuare?... La
risposta la dovrebbe dare il calcolo, al quale nè io ho tempo di
consacrare, nè, credo, varrebbe la pena di consacrarvelo, restando
la cosa in ogni modo nel campo delle ipotesi.
Fig. 3.ª
ΖΕΦΙ
ΡΟΣ
FAVO
NIVS
(V. Fig. 5ª)
Fig. 4.ª
Fig 5.ª
*
**
Ma chi non vede che qui Marziale non parla dell’Anfiteatro, bensì
della costruzione di una domum diretta da Rabirio, il quale era
architetto non di Vespasiano ma di Domiziano? E chi ignora che
quando «nell’anno 80 fu solennemente dedicato (l’Anfiteatro) esso
era stato recato a compimento, salvo forse nei particolari
dell’ornamentazione, i quali saranno stati perfezionati dal
Domiziano»? [415].
La terza opinione, finalmente, sostenuta dal Marangoni e da altri
scrittori, attribuisce la direzione del nostro augusto monumento ad
un cristiano di nome Gaudenzio.
Il Nibby [416] dice che ai suoi tempi «i più s’inclinavano ad accettare
quest’opinione». I moderni però la rigettano unanimemente.
Ciò che fece credere al Marangoni e a tutti i seguaci di
quest’opinione che fosse Gaudenzio l’architetto dell’Anfiteatro Flavio,
fu una lapide con iscrizione cristiana rinvenuta nel cimitero di S.
Agnese [417]. Riporto qui le parole del Bellori contemporaneo della
scoperta: «Non pigeat hic inscriptionem veterem advertere quae
Amphitheatri Flavii architecto adscribitur, elapsis annis reperta
erutaque in coemeterio divae Agnetis via Nomentana.... neque
spuria reque recens, sed orthographia et caractheres longe
sequiorem Vespasiano Augusto aetatem indicant» [418].
La paleografia di questa lapide, la quale, come dice il Muratori, già
esisteva presso Pietro da Cortona e schedis Ptolomaeis, ci
riporterebbe (secondo il Nibby) [419] al secolo V dell’êra volgare; ed il
Nibby stesso aggiunge che l’iscrizione non dichiara che Gaudenzio
fosse l’architetto, ma che solo si può dedurre aver Gaudenzio
lavorato in quest’Anfiteatro. Detta epigrafe non è stata mai
pubblicata conforme all’originale. Il Marangoni, il Visconti, il
Marucchi, ecc., ce la presentano in caratteri comuni di stampa; e
benchè l’abbiano riprodotta esattamente riguardo alla disposizione
delle parole, sono stati inesatti riguardo ai segni, i quali dal
Marangoni e dal Marucchi furono espressi tondi, e dal Visconti in
forma di lunghi apici. L’Aringhi, il Venuti, il Nibby, il P. Scaglia ed i
recenti Bollandisti la riproducono altri in caratteri comuni di stampa
(come il Nibby, il Venuti ed i Bollandisti), altri in un fac-simile
arbitrario (come l’Aringhi ed il P. Scaglia); ma tutti inesattamente in
quanto alla disposizione delle parole. Solo l’Aringhi ed il P. Scaglia
esprimono con più verità degli altri la forma degli apici.
Fig. 6.ª