Ceramics International 49 (2023) 16011–16018

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Ceramics International
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ceramint

Electrochemical and piezocatalysis properties of

Bi0.5(Na0.9K0.1)0.5TiO3 ceramic
Yuzhen Sun a, b, **, Yuting Han a, Rong Xing a, Imed Boukhris c, d, Anuruddh Kumar e, *
a
Institute of New Energy on Chemical Storage and Power Sources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng,
224000, Jiangsu, PR China
b
Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Breeding Pollution Control and Resource, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, PR China
c
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
d
Laboratoire des Matériaux Composites céramiques et Polymères (LaMaCoP), Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax BP 805, Université de Sfax, Sfax,
3000, Tunisia
e
Center for Creative Convergence Education Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, South Korea

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Handling Editor: Dr P. Vincenzini Piezocatalysis activity was examined for poled and unpoled Bi0⋅5(Na0⋅9K0.1)0.5TiO3 (BNKT) ceramic. BNKT was
synthasized using solid state routes and was thoughly characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron
Keywords: microscopy,and XPS. BNKT was examined for piezocatalysis inder ultrasonication for Rhodamine B (RB) dye.
Electrochemistry Poling was performed using Corona poling setup and piezoelectric nature was evaluated using d33. d33 was found
Piezocatalysis
to be ±45 pC/N for sintered sample. The effect of electric poling was significant in view of dye degradation
Poling effect
performance. Poled BNKT sample degraded ~90% the RB dye solution in 180 min which was segnificanly higher
Piezoelectric
than that of unpoled sample. The influence of electric poling on the oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution
process in alkaline fuel cells and electrolyzer is also reported.

1. Introduction limited to low-power electronics devices [17,18]. With the discovery

Piezocatalysis has emerged as a new catalysis alternative for water-
cleaning applications. It is a kind of piezoelectric-electrochemical
coupling associated with semiconductor non-centrosymmetric dielec­
tric materials [1,2]. On the other hand, all piezoelectric materials cannot
be piezocatalytic active. Since most of the piezoelectric materials belong
to the ferroelectric family, these materials have also demonstrated other
sister catalysis phenomena such as pyrocatalysis, photocatalysis,
piezo-photocatalysis, etc [3–6]. A good number of articles have reported
these phenomena using mostly dye degradation signatures. Particularly,
piezocatalysis has been investigated and reported promising catalytic
process. Piezocatalysis requires mechanical energy to trigger catalysis.
Recently, an interesting application of piezocatalysis has been reported
where researchers have successfully performed tooth whitening [7].
Existing literature suggests that piezocatalysis has opened novel appli­
cations of waste mechanical vibration for environmental remediation
[7–16]. Until now, piezoelectric energy harvesting applications were
and effectiveness of piezocatalysis process, it is possible to utilize this
harvested energy for environmental applications [19–23]. Piezocatal­
ysis can be furter analysed in various physical and chemical conditions.
The surface morphology of piezoelectric materials also effects on the
catalysis performance. The various surface morphology are used in
piezocatalysis such as nano particals, porous structure, pellets, films and
glasses [15,16,24–27].
Moreover, many more potential applications, such as air cleaning,
hydrogen generation, anti-bacterial surfaces, etc., are also possible.
However, these are not well explored till now. There is a huge scope to
understand this phenomenon from materials viewpoints. At this
moment, mostly experimental results are available for a few piezoelec­
tric ceramics. The investigated ceramics are BaTiO3, LiNbO3,
K0⋅5Na0⋅5NbO3, ZnO, etc [10,24,28–37]. There is a need to understand
the effect of various piezoelectric and electrical properties on piezoca­
talysis process. There is a scope to explore other classes of materials for
such applications. Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT) family of materials is known for

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author. Institute of New Energy on Chemical Storage and Power Sources, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yancheng Teachers
University, Yancheng, 224000, Jiangsu, PR China.
E-mail addresses: sunyz@yctu.edu.cn (Y. Sun), anuruddh07@hanyang.ac.kr (A. Kumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.01.198
Received 22 September 2022; Received in revised form 29 December 2022; Accepted 28 January 2023
Available online 3 February 2023
0272-8842/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
Y. Sun et al.
promising piezoelectric applications and energy storage viewpoints
[38–40]. BNKT is solid solution of Bi0⋅5Na0⋅5TiO3 and Bi0⋅5K0⋅5TiO3.
BNKT lies near to morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) and superior
piezoelectric properties [41]. This composition is not reported for cat­
alytic application. Hence, BNKT is selected and thoroughly explored in
electrochemistry and piezocatalysis applications. The results are dis­
cussed in the subsequent sections.
2. Experimental
Bi0⋅5(Na0⋅9K0.1)0.5TiO3 (BNKT), piezoelectric material was synthe­
sized using a solid-state reaction route method. Powders of high-purity
reagents (AR grade, chemicals) such as Bi2O3 (99% pure), Na2CO3
(98% pure), K2CO3 (98% pure), and TiO2 (99% pure) from Thermo
Fisher Scientific in India were used as the raw materials. The mixture
was calcined at 900◦ C for 5 h to obtain the single-phase BNKT. Powder
X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique using Cu-Kα radiation (Smart lab,
Rigaku Tokyo, Japan) was used to characterize the phase formation of
the calcined sample. 2 wt% PVA was added in BNKT powder sample and
prepared green pellet. These pellets were sintered at ~1150 ◦ C for 2 h.
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (Nova NanoSEM) with
tungsten as the source of electrons was used to observe the morphology
of the material. To determine the surface elemental constitution and
composition, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was performed
on Thermo Fisher Scientific Nexsa using Al-Kα as a source of X-Rays
(1487 eV). BNKT powder sample was poled with the help of a Corona
poling setup. The Corona poling setup is shown in schematic 1. It con­
sists of a copper needle (known as a corona needle) hanging above the
powder sample that is set on a hot plate and coupled to a high-power dc
supply. The ground is attached to the specimen’s bottom surface where
the electrode is located. A Corona needle sprays electric charge onto the
surface of the powder sample, which is resting on a grounded plate,
when the corona discharge is sparked by the application of a dc high
voltage. This creates an electric field between the samples. Charges that
are still present on the surface create an electric field that is poling be­
tween the top surface and the ground. We assume that the voltage on the
powder sample’s upper side is the same as the corona needle’s voltage.
The sample can also be heated by the hot plate during poling to a pre­
determined temperature. 4 kV/mm electric field was applied at the time
of poling. Similarly sintered sample was poled and measured piezo­
electric constant (d33) with the help of d33 m (YE2730A d33 m, APC
international Ltd.).
The electrochemical properties of the BNKTmaterials were evaluated
on Auto Lab, Metrohm using a three-electrode setup. Pt wire and Ag/
AgCl (3 M KCl) were employed as counter and reference electrodes. A
rotating disk electrode (Glassy carbon, 5 mm diameter) was used as a
working electrode, and catalyst ink was drop cast on it. To prepare the
catalyst ink, 1 mg active material was mixed with 4 mg Vulcan carbon
Schematic 1. Corona discharge poling setup.
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and a 1:1 vol ratio of isopropyl alcohol (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt.
Ltd., India): distilled water was added to it, along with 20 μl Nafion as a
binder. The ink was sonicated until a homogeneous solution was formed
and 20 μl (loading = 102 μg cm− 2) dropped cast over RDE to be used as a
working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltam­
metry (LSV) were performed for characterizing materials for their
electrochemical ability.
Rhodamine B (RB dye) (Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd.) was selected as a
representative pollutant in the water to investigate piezocatalysis
degradation activities in prepared specimens. In the 15 ml glass vial used
for the piezocatalysis experiments, RB dye solution with an initial con­
centration of ~5 mg/L was collected, and powder samples were mixed
into it. To further maintain the adsorption-desorption equilibrium be­
tween the prepared BNKT powder acting as a catalyst and the dye, the
glass vial was kept in the dark for 24 h. The piezocatalytic experiment
included continuous sonication (Ultrasonic 40 kHz and 150 W), and test
samples were taken every 15 min. To quantify the degradation in these
samples, a UV–visible spectrophotometer was used. Further, to deter­
mine the most active species during catalysis reactions various scaven­
gers Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA), 3-Indolepropionic acid
(IPA) and p-Benzoquinone (p-BQ) were used. A 10 ml solution of 0.01 M
was prepared for all scavengers. All the catalytic reactions were per­
formed in same conditions as described in the previous section after
adding 1 ml of scavenger solution.
3. Results and discussion
The XRD pattern of BNKT powder sample was recorded at the room
temperature is shown Fig. 1. The rhombohedral (JCPDS file No.
036–0340) and tetragonal (JCPDS file No. 036–0339) phases, which are
well-known, identify the pure Bi0⋅5Na0⋅5TiO3 and Bi0⋅5K0⋅5TiO3 ce­
ramics, respectively. The XRD peaks are indexed according to the
perovskite single phase; no secondary phase was observed in the
calcined powder sample.
Fig. 2(a and b) shows the surface morphology images of BNKT as
observed under FESEM. It displays irregular-shaped sheet-like particles
with an average diameter of ~500 nm-2μm. Elemental mapping was
performed, and it revealed that all the elements- Bi, K, Na, Ti, and O are
present uniformly over the material surface, as shown in Fig. 2(c–h).
Fig. 2(c) shows the overall element mapping of the BNKT powder sample
and the atomic percentage of all the constituents.
Fig. 3 shows the XPS spectrum of the BNKT. Fig. 3 (a) shows the
survey spectrum, revealing that K is abundantly present on the surface of
BiNaTiO3 as a dopant, apart from Bi, Na, Ti, and O elements. The core
spectrum of Bi 4f was evaluated (Fig. 3 (b)) by deconvoluting into Bi 4f
7/2 and 4f 5/2 at binding energy, respectively 158.71 eV and 163.99 eV
belonging to Bi(III) [42]. K 2p dopant core spectrum displayed peaks at
binding energy 292.96 eV and 295.42 eV corresponding to 2p 3/2 and 2p
Y. Sun et al. Ceramics International 49 (2023) 16011–16018

oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was

performed by applying potential in the range of 1.0 to 0.19 V (vs RHE).
Fig. 4 (a) shows the ORR performance of BNKT-based materials taken at
900 rpm. The onset presented by all samples is nearly the same (0.85 V),
but there is a visible difference in the diffusion-limited current density
(Id). The trend observed in Id at 0.2 V (vs RHE) is BNKT Unpoled (− 0.64
mA cm− 2) < BNKT Poled (− 1.00 mA cm− 2).
The trend reveals that the poled sample has higher activity than the
unpoled material. The reason for this behavior may be attributed to
higher negative charge surface density caused due to poling. Moreover,
the introduction of dopant- K+, which may occupy voids or replace Ti+4
in the lattice, creates charge distribution, leading to enhanced conduc­
tivity. It has also been reported that BNKT possesses polar cation
displacement leading to electron-rich surface charge density [46].
The Koutecky- Levich (K-L) plot is usually drawn to study the
mechanistic pathway followed during ORR and to measure the kinetic
limited current density of the materials. The material may follow either
of the pathways for ORR.

Fig. 1. XRD plot of BNKT powder. 1. Incomplete two-electron pathway, which leads to the formation of
HO−2 ;
1/2respectively, indicating the presence of K+ oxidation state (Fig. 3 (c)) 2. Complete four-electron pathways, which leads to the formation of
[43]. Na 1s displays a peak at 1071.08 eV, indicating the presence of HO− ;
Na+1 in the material (Fig. 3 (d)) [42]. Ti 2p spectrum can be deconvo­ 3. 2 + 2 electron pathway, involving the formation of intermediate
luted into two peaks at binding energy 457.82 eV and 463.67 eV cor­ HO−2 , followed by HO− .
responding to Ti+4 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 respectively [44]. An additional
peak at 465.92 eV is also visible belonging to Bi 4d 3/2 (Fig. 3 (e)) [42]. The k-L plot follows the K-L equation, which is as follows:
Fig. 3 (f) shows the spectrum of O 1s consisting of three peaks at 532.54
eV, 529.91 eV, and 528.98 eV belonging to M-O-H, M − O, and C–O, 1 1 1
= + (1)
respectively 76.59, 14.13, and 9.28 atomic % respectively [45]. The I IL Ik
peak at 528.98eV could be attributed to C–O bond on the carbon tape
where IL and Ik are Levich current and kinetic current density
used as substrate for powdered BNKT.
respectively.
Fig. 4 shows the electrocatalytic ability of BNKT poled versus
unpoled material. To assess their electrocatalytic activity towards Ik = nFAkO2 CO2 γcatalyst (2)

Fig. 2. Electron microscopic images of BNKT: (a–b) surface morphology of BNKT as observed under FESEM; (c) overall elemental mapping with respect to (b), (d–h)
elemental mapping of Bi, Na, K, Ti, and O.

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Fig. 3. XPS revealing the surface atomic composition: (a) Survey spectrum; and core spectrum of (b) Bi4f; (c) K2p; (d) Na1s; (e) Ti2p and (f) O1s.
Ilev = 0.62nFACO2 DO22/3 v− 1/6
ω1/2
Where (n) is the number of electrons that are transferred during ORR;
(F) is the faraday constant (96,485 C/mol); (k) is the rate of constant for
ORR (m/s); (A) is the area of the electrode (0.19 cm2); (v) is the kine­
matic viscosity (1 × 10− 6 m2/s in 0.1 M KOH); (ω) is the angular fre­
quency of rotation (rad/s); (γ catalyst ) is the surface concentration of
catalyst (102 μg cm− 2); (CO2 ) is the concertation of dissolved oxygen
(1.21 mol/m3 in 0.1 M KOH); and (DO2 ) is the diffusion coefficient of
oxygen in solution (1.87 × 10− 9 m2/s in 0.1 M KOH).
The slope of the K-L plot gives the value of n and the intercept gives
information about the kinetic-limiting current density. Fig. 4 (b) pre­
sents the K-L plot drawn at 0.46 V (vs RHE). From the calculations, it is
found that BNKT follows a four-electron pathway for the reduction of
oxygen to OH− .
As BNKT possesses an electron-rich surface charge, we evaluated its
efficiency towards another cathodic reaction of an electrolyzer-
hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). HER was performed by applying
potential 0 to − 1.1 V (vs. RHE) without rotation in N2 saturated 0.1 M
KOH electrolyte, and BNKT was found efficient for performing HER.
Fig. 4 (c) compares the HER activity of both materials and shows that
upon poling, the material displays a sharp increase in current, repre­
senting HER. On the other hand, BNKT unpoled material does not show
such behavior. To study HER kinetics, a Tafel plot was drawn, where the
Tafel slope gives an idea about the kinetics and pathway followed during
Ceramics International 49 (2023) 16011–16018
HER. The Tafel equation is as follows:
(3)
η = a + b log J (4)
where η = overpotential; a = intercept; b = Tafel slope. Fig. 4 (d) shows
the Tafel slope of both materials, which further supports the LSV study.
BNKT poled displayed a Tafel slope of 265 mV dec− 1 which is lesser than
611 mV dec− 1 belonging to BNKT unpoled. This illustrates that the
material has accumulated negative charges on the surface and displays
faster kinetics than before poling upon poling. It follows the Volmer-
Heyrovsky Mechanism of hydrogen generation [47].
To further prove the electropositive surface charge density of poled
material, we checked the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) ability of
poled sample in comparison with the unpoled one. For assessing the
material for its OER ability, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was per­
formed by applying potential in the range 1.2–1.96 V (vs RHE) in N2
saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte. Fig. 5 (a) shows the OER plots, and it
can be interpreted that the unpoled sample shows a higher diffusion-
limited current density than the poled sample. The reason for this
behavior can be attributed to poling. The charge separation occurs in the
material, and the electron-poor surface participates in oxygen reduction
to OH− . Hence, BNKT poled could not show higher current density
during OER. To study the kinetics and mechanism for OER, the Tafel
slope was plotted (Fig. 5 (b)). Both samples’ slope is nearly equal (225
mV dec− 1 for unpoled and 268 mV dec− 1 for poled material). The nearly
equal Tafel slope indicates the same kinetics and follows a four-electron
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Fig. 4. ORR capability of BNKT unpoled versus poled collected in O2 saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte: (a) LSV at 900 rpm; (b) K-L plot taken at 0.5 V; HER capability
of BNKT unpoled versus poled taken in N2 saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte: (c) LSV; (d) Tafel plot.

Fig. 5. OER capability of BNKT unpoled versus poled collected in N2 saturated 0.1 M KOH electrolyte: (a) LSV; (b) Tafel plot.

proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) pathway.
To understand piezocatalysis performance, these unpoled and poled
powders were submerged in RB dye aqueous solution, and vibration was
exposed. Several tests were conducted to rule out any effects (other than
piezocatalysis). Using a predetermined calibration curve and UV–vis
spectroscopy, the catalytic effect was measured. The typical dye
degradation behavior signatures can be seen in the absorption plots at
different times scales in Fig. 6(a). The enhanced activity in the poled
BNKT powder sample is seen in this image. Other standard samples (only
dye and unpoled powder samples) were also recorded with similar
wavelength scans, however, they are not shown here. The estimated
degradation for all the samples taken into consideration under the same
circumstances is shown in Fig. 6(b). Only poled samples have out­
performed the unpoled sample, providing an unambiguous interpreta­
tion possible. The first-order kinetic rate is calculated by using equation
(5).
C with oxygen species (O2 ) and hydroxyl ions (OH− ) to produce ȮH and ˙
ln = − kt (5)
C0
The plot of rate constants for various understudy experiments is
shown in Fig. 6(c). These rate constants are needed to compare catalytic
performance with other materials. The rate constant “k” was obtained by
calculating the slope of ln C/C0 vs. time plots (Fig. 6(c). The calculated
value of k was 0.0003, 0.0032, and 0.0125 min− 1 for ~5 mg/L RB dye
using RB dye, unpoled, and poled BNKT powder samples, respectively.
Ferroelectric materials have proven piezocatalysis effect due to their
piezoelectric nature and semiconductor behavior. Table 1 shows the
comparison of piezocatalytic performance of reported piezocatalysts
with the BNKT poled sample.
Fig. 6(d) depicts the pictorial representation of the piezocatalysis
process. Understanding the mechanism of piezocatalysis is necessary in
order to effectively discuss the results of experiments using this catalyst.
The material must be piezoelectric in nature in order to perform pie­
zocatalysis. If piezoelectric materials are stressed, an internal polariza­
tion field develops [42].
The internal polarization forced the electron (e− ) and hole (h+) pairs
to move in the opposite direction, and some of these did so by reacting
O−2 . These transient radicals target the RB dye right away and break it
down into harmless products. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated in
the literature that the local piezoelectricity is adequate to carry out the
piezocatalysis process [2]. This local piezoelectricity induces the

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Fig. 6. Piezocatalysis performance and mechanism of BNKT powder sample.

Table 1 O•−2 + H + →HO•2 (10)

shows the comparison of piezocatalytic performance of reported piezocatalysts
with the BNKT poled sample. HO2 • + HO2 • → H2 O2 + O2 (11)
Sr. Piezocatalyst Pollutant with Time Degradation
No. concentration (mg/L) (min) efficiency BNKT(e− ) + H2 O2 → OH • +OH − (12)
1 BaTiO3 [29] Methyl Orange dye 160 ~90%
(5 mg/L) min H2 O2 + O−2 . → OH • + OH − + O2 (13)
2 Ag/BCT-BZT [13] Methylene blue dye 90 min ~96%
(5 mg/L) H2 O2 + hv→2OH. (14)
3 ZnSnO3 [49] Rhodamine B dye 150 ~100%
(4.5 mg/L) min Organic pollutants + OH.→Intermediates (15)
4 Sodium Niobate Rhodamine B dye (5 120 ~80%
nanowire [50] mg/L) min
5 (Ba,Ca)(Ti,Zr)O3 Methyl Orange dye 150 ~65%
Intermediates → CO2 + H2 O (16)
[51] (5 mg/L) min
The impact of ultrasonic vibration on dye degradation must be part
6 Ag/BCZTO [52] Rhodamine B dye (8 90 min ~95%
mg/L) of the discussion. Several unexpected, well-documented phenomena,
7 LiNbO3 [53] Methylene blue dye 200 99% like cavitation and its effects, are carried on by ultrasonic vibrations.
(12 mg/L) min Utilizing extremely high local temperatures and pressure, this cavitation
8 LuFeO3 [54] Rhodamine B dye (5 90 min ~30% participates in catalysis. Similarly, it has been proposed that electro­
mg/L)
magnetic spectra could be produced when bubbles collapse. It is
9 Bi4O5I2 [55] Rhodamine B dye (5 180 ~62%
mg/L) min currently difficult to explore more into this issue. It may be assumed that
10 SrTiO3 [56] Rhodamine B dye (5 180 ~80% all samples—poled or unpoled—will be impacted equally by these ul­
mg/L) min trasonic waves. In a conclusion, the achievement gap between a polar­
11 BNKT [Present Rhodamine B dye (5 180 ~90%
ized and an unpolarized sample can be attributed to intrinsic
study] mg/L) min
piezoelectric behavior.
Fig. 7(a) shows the repeated performance of the understudied BNKT
execution of piezocatalytic surface reactions as mentioned above and is powder sample. Almost the same performance warrants its potential
also shown in Eqs. (6)–(16). uses. Every time, poled BNKT powder sample performance decreases
due to loss of powder sample at recovery time. The performance of poled
(6)
vib
BNKT ̅→BNKT (e− ) + (h+ ) BNKT powder sample decreased by ~10% first to the last cycle due to
powder sample losses. To perform a scavenger test to identify the
BNKT(h+ ) + H2 O → BNKT + H + + OH• (7) responsible reactive oxygen species (ROS) during piezocatalysis. p-
Benzoquinone (superoxide (•O2 − )), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
BNKT(h+ ) + OH − → BNKT + OH• (8) (holes (h+)), and isopropyl alcohol (hydroxyl (•OH) were the three
different types of scavengers used in the scavenger test. The maximum
BNKT(e− ) + O2 → BNKT + O•−2 (9)
decrease is shown in Fig. 7(b) in the presence of isopropyl alcohol. It
indicates that the catalytic reaction is carried on by hydroxyl (•OH)

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Fig. 7. Re-usability and scavenger test during piezocatalysis activities.
radicals.
4. Conclusions
The degradation of the aqueous organic dye (RB) by vibration is
carried out using the piezoelectric material (BNKT). It has been
discovered that the BNKT sample degrades the RB dye solution ~90%
within 180 min. As a result, the piezocatalytic performance of the poled
sample is promising. During ultrasonic exposure, the poled BNKT pro­
duces reactive oxygen species (mainly radical hydroxyl), which have the
potential to develop into organic contaminants. This is the first study on
a ferroelectric polarized electrocatalyst based on BNKT that is extremely
effective in an alkaline medium, has a low overpotential for oxygen
evolution processes, and has an effective mass activity. The remnant
polarization in the ferroelectric catalyst showed a lower value of the
Tafel slope after BNKT polarization, which is associated with improved
reactive species adsorption on the poled surface and increased charge
separation efficiency. As a result, electrocatalytic activity is significantly
increased.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Opening Project of Jiangsu Province
Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Breeding Pollution Control
and Resource (2021ABPCR015), the Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory
of Coastal Wetland Bioresources (JKLBS2020004), the Jiangsu Province
Education Department Major Project (19KJA140003), the Jiangsu
Agriculture Sci-ence and Technology Innovation Fund (JASTIF) (CX(20)
3169), and the Innovation and entrepreneurship training program for
College Students (202010324017Z).
Imed Boukhris extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific
Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work
through Large Research Groups Program under grant number L.R.G.P2/
174/43.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.01.198.
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