4. Grade 11

Grade 11 Euclidean Geometry 2014
GRADE 11 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
4. CIRCLES
4.1 TERMINOLOGY
Arc An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle

Chord A chord is a straight line joining the ends of an arc.
Radius A radius is any straight line from the centre of the circle to a point on the
circumference
Diameter A diameter is a special chord that passes through the centre of the circle. A
Diameter is the length of a straight line segment from one point on the
circumference to another point on the circumference, that passes through the
centre of the circle.
Segment A segment is the part of the circle that is cut off by a chord. A chord divides a
circle into two segments
Tangent A tangent is a line that makes contact with a circle at one point on the
circumference (AB is a tangent to the circle at point P).
1
4.2 SUMMARY OF THEOREMS
4.2.1 Definitions
2
4.2.2 Chords and Midpoints
3
4.2.3 Angles in circles
4
4.2.4 Cyclic Quadrilaterals
5
4.2.4 Tangents
6
7
4.3 PROOF OF THEOREMS
All SEVEN theorems listed in the CAPS document must be proved. However, there are four
theorems whose proofs are examinable (according to the Examination Guidelines 2014) in
grade 12. In this guide, only FOUR examinable theorems are proved. These four theorems
are written in bold.
1. The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to the chord bisects the
chord.
2. The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle.
3. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle subtended
by the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the arc as the centre).
4. Angles subtended by an arc or chord of the circle on the same side of the chord are equal.
5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
6. Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in length
(If two tangents to a circle are drawn from a point outside the circle, the distances
between this point and the points of contact are equal).
7. The angle between the tangent of a circle and the chord drawn from the point of
contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
The above theorems and their converses, where they exist, are used to prove riders.
8
9
OR
Theorem 1
The line drawn from the centre of a circle, perpendicular to a chord, bisects the chord.
10
11
OR
Theorem 4
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle
subtended by the same arc at the circumference of the circle.
12
Theorem 7
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
13
Theorem 10
The angle between a tangent and a chord, drawn at the point of contact, is equal to the angle
which the chord subtends in the alternate segment.
14
4.4 ACTIVITIES
GEOMETRY 1
1. The sketch alongside shows chord BD cutting AE at C. A is the

centre of the circle and AE  BD. If EC = 3cm and BD = 14cm,
calculate the area of the circle.
E
B C D
2. The sketch shows circle centre O with OC ‖ AB . OCˆ B = 76º and Â = x.
Calculate x.
O
o C
76
x
A B
15
CONDITIONS FOR QUADRILATERAL TO BE CYCLIC
If
OR
opp. int.
angles
suppl.
Then PQRS is a
cyclic quad.
If
OR Angles in
the same
Then PQRS is a seg.
cyclic quad.
If ext. angle
Then PQRS is a equal to int.
cyclic quad. opp. angle
16
3. The diagram shows circles with centres Q and O, and MTˆR = 400.
MT and RT are not necessarily tangents to the smaller circle.
P M
1
3 4
2
1
o
2 1 O 40 T
Q
1 3
2
Determine: 3.1 Q̂2
3.2 Ô1
3.3 PMˆ O
3.4 P̂
17
4. In the accompanying figure, AB is a diameter of the circle with centre O. DC is a

tangent to the circle at point C. Chord AC is drawn. D is a point on the tangent DC so
that Aˆ1  Aˆ 2 .
A D
2
1
2 1
1
O C
2
Prove that:
4.1 AD ‖ OC
4.2 ADˆ C = 90
18
5. In the figure PS is a diameter of the circle with centre T. BQ is a tangent to the circle
and TR is perpendicular to QS. RTˆS = x.
Q
1
2 3 4
1 R
2
2
P 1 x 1
2
T
S
5.1 Prove that TR ‖ PQ.
5.2 Determine, with reasons, other four angles each equal to x.
5.3 Prove that TQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.
19
6. In the figure below, diagonals AC and BD of cyclic quadrilateral ABCD

intersect at P such that AP = PB. FPG is a tangent to circle
F
D
2
A 1
2
1
2 1
3 P
4
1
2
2
B
1
C
G
ABP.
Prove that:
6.1 FG ‖ DC
6.2
20
7. The sketch below shows circles BKAC and KMTB intersecting at K and B, and
ABˆ T  90 . AB and BT are not diameters, BT is not a tangent to the smaller circle, and
AB is not a tangent to the larger circle.
3
1 2
2
1 3
2 1
A 2
3 4
K 1 T
2
1
2 M
1
S
7.1 Prove that SABT is a cyclic quadrilateral.
7.2 Express in terms of .
7.3 Prove that
21
SOLUTIONS
GEOMETRY 1
1. BC = CD = 7cm ….. AC  BD
Let AC = x
B C D
Then the radius r = x + 3
AD² = AC² + CD² … Pythag
Thus (x + 3)² = x² + 7² A
 x² + 6x + 9 = x² + 49
 6x = 40
 x = 6⅔
 r = 9⅔
 Area =  (9⅔) ²
= 293, 56 cm²
2. ABˆ C = 104º …. Co-int ’s;
OC ‖ AB.
 Reflex AOˆ C = 2B
= 208º
 Obtuse AOˆ C = 152º

O
o C
76
 x = 28º … co-int ’s;
OC ‖ AB.
x
A B
22
3.
P M
1
3 4
2
1
o
2 1 O 40 T
Q
1 3
2
3.1 Q̂ 2 = 140º ….. opposite T̂ in cyclic quad MQRT
3.2 Ô 1 = 80º ….. 2× T̂ on the circumference
3.3 PMˆ R = 90º …..  in a semi-circle
M 3 = 50º …..  sum of isosceles ∆ OMR
 PMˆ O = 1400
3.4 P̂ = 70º ….. Q̂ 2 is the exterior  of isosceles ∆ QMP
23
4. A D
2
1
2 1
1
O C
2
4.1 C2= A 1 ….. OA = OC (radii)
 C 2 = A 2 ….. A 1 = A 2 (given)
 AD ‖ OC ….. alternate angles equal
4.2 OĈE = 90º ….. tangent CE  radius OC
 A Dˆ C  90 ….. corresponding angles; AD ‖ OC
5.
B
5.1 Q 2  3 = 90º ….  in semi-circle
 TR ‖ PQ …. corresponding ’s equal
Q
5.2 T 2 = x …. TR is a line of symmetry of isos  TQS 1
2 3 4
 P = x …. ½ T at the centre 1 R
2
 Q 2 = x …. PT = TQ (radii)
2
P 1 x 1
2
Q 4 = P = x …. tan BQR ; chord QS T
S
24
5.3 Q 4 = RTˆS = x. Thus TQRS is cyclic …. chord RS
6.
F
D
2
A 1
2
1
2 1
3 P
4
1
2
2
B
1
C
G
6.1)  P4  A1 ..... tang PG; chord PB
But P4  P1 ..... vert opp angles and A1  D1 ... chord BC
 P1  D1
 FG ‖ DC … alt’s equal
6.2 P4  A1 ..... tang PG; chord PB
P2  B1 …. tang FP; chord AP
But A1  B1 …. equal chords AP and BP
 P4  P2  P1
 FP bisects AP̂D
25
7.
3
1 2
2
1 3
2 1
A 2
3 4
K 1 T
2
1
2 M
1
S
7.1 M1 = B 3 ….. exterior  of cyclic quad BKMT
Let M 1 = B 3 = x
 ABˆ K = 90º – x = Ĉ ….. ’s in the same segment
 ASˆM = 90º …..  sum ∆ CSM
 BAST is cyclic ….. ABˆ T  ASˆM  180
7.2 Let T2 = y
 S 2 = y ….. same chord AB
 S1 = 90º – S 2 = 90º – T2
7.3 M 1 = K 4 + T 1 ….. ext  of ∆
26
But M 1 = B 3 , K 4 = K 1 (vert opp ’s) and T 1 = B 1 (chord AS)
 Bˆ3  Kˆ 1  Bˆ1
27
MORE ACTIVITIES
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29
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Grade 11 Euclidean Geometry 2014

GRADE 11 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

Arc An arc is a part of the circumference of a circle

4.2 SUMMARY OF THEOREMS

4.2.2 Chords and Midpoints

4.2.3 Angles in circles

4.2.4 Cyclic Quadrilaterals

4.3 PROOF OF THEOREMS

5. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

1. The sketch alongside shows chord BD cutting AE at C. A is the

2. The sketch shows circle centre O with OC ‖ AB . OCˆ B = 76º and Â = x.

CONDITIONS FOR QUADRILATERAL TO BE CYCLIC

Determine: 3.1 Q̂2

4. In the accompanying figure, AB is a diameter of the circle with centre O. DC is a

4.2 ADˆ C = 90

5.1 Prove that TR ‖ PQ.

5.2 Determine, with reasons, other four angles each equal to x.

5.3 Prove that TQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.

6. In the figure below, diagonals AC and BD of cyclic quadrilateral ABCD

7.1 Prove that SABT is a cyclic quadrilateral.

7.2 Express in terms of .

7.3 Prove that

AD² = AC² + CD² … Pythag

2. ABˆ C = 104º …. Co-int ’s;

 Obtuse AOˆ C = 152º

 x = 28º … co-int ’s;

3.1 Q̂ 2 = 140º ….. opposite T̂ in cyclic quad MQRT

3.2 Ô 1 = 80º ….. 2× T̂ on the circumference

3.3 PMˆ R = 90º …..  in a semi-circle

M 3 = 50º …..  sum of isosceles ∆ OMR

3.4 P̂ = 70º ….. Q̂ 2 is the exterior  of isosceles ∆ QMP

4.1 C2= A 1 ….. OA = OC (radii)

 AD ‖ OC ….. alternate angles equal

4.2 OĈE = 90º ….. tangent CE  radius OC

 A Dˆ C  90 ….. corresponding angles; AD ‖ OC

5.3 Q 4 = RTˆS = x. Thus TQRS is cyclic …. chord RS

6.1)  P4  A1 ..... tang PG; chord PB

But P4  P1 ..... vert opp angles and A1  D1 ... chord BC

6.2 P4  A1 ..... tang PG; chord PB

P2  B1 …. tang FP; chord AP

But A1  B1 …. equal chords AP and BP

7.1 M1 = B 3 ….. exterior  of cyclic quad BKMT

 ABˆ K = 90º – x = Ĉ ….. ’s in the same segment

 ASˆM = 90º …..  sum ∆ CSM

 BAST is cyclic ….. ABˆ T  ASˆM  180

 S 2 = y ….. same chord AB

7.3 M 1 = K 4 + T 1 ….. ext  of ∆

But M 1 = B 3 , K 4 = K 1 (vert opp ’s) and T 1 = B 1 (chord AS)

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