Assignments 1: - Properties of fluids

Q1 Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of 1 L of petrol of specific gravity 0.7?
Ans.[700kg/m3,6867 N/m3,6.867N]

Q2 The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate is 60 cm. The
thickness of oil film is 12.5 mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 m /s, requires a force of 98.1 N to
maintain the speed. Determine:

I. The dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and

II. The kinematic viscosity of oil in stokes, if the specific gravity of oil is 0.95
Ans.[13.635 poise,14.35 stokes]

Q3 What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of liquid which is compressed in cylinder from a volume of
0.0125 m3 at 80 N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124 m3 at 150 N/cm2 pressure?
Ans.[8.75×103 N/cm2]

Q4 Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 40 mm dia. When the inside pressure is 2.5 N/m 2 above
atmospheric pressure? Ans.[0.0125 N/m]

Q5 The capillary rise in glass tube is not to exceed 0.2 mm of water. Determine its minimum size, given
that surface tension for water in contact with air =0.0725N/m?
Ans. [14.8 cm]

Q6 In measuring the unit energy of a mineral oil(specific gravity=0.85), by the bubble method ,a tube
having a internal dia of 1.5 mm is immersed to a depth of 12.5 cm in the oil. Air is forced through the
tube forming a bubble at the lower end. What magnitude of the unit surface energy will be indicated by a
maximum bubble pressure intensity of 150 N/m2.
Ans.[0.01716 N/m]

Q7 Find the surface tension in a soap bubble of 30 mm dia when the inside pressure is 2.5 N/m 2 above
atmosphere? Ans.[0.0125 N/m]

Q8 A shaft of 250 mm dia rotates inside a sleeve of 120 mm long at 200 r.p.m. If the thickness of oil film
between shaft and sleeve is 1.5 mm find the power lost in friction. The dynamic viscosity of oil is 8
poise? Ans.[430.638 watt]

Q9 A vertical cylinder of diameter 180 mm rotates concentrically inside another cylinder of diameter 181.2
mm. Both the cylinder are 300 mm high. The space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid whose
viscosity unknown. Determine the viscosity of the fluid of torque of 20 Nm is required to rotate the
inner cylinder at 120 rpm.
Ans.[6.95 poise]

Q10 What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a cylinder from a volume of
0.0125 m3 at 80 N/cm2 pressure to a volume 0.0124 m3 at 150 N/cm2 pressure?
Ans.[8750 N/cm2]
 Assignment 2: - Pressure and its Measurement
Q1 A hydraulic press has a ram of 30 cm diameter and a plunger of 4.5 cm diameter. Find the weight lifted by
the hydraulic press when the force applied by the plunger is 500 N?
Ans.[22.22 KN]

Q2 The diameter of a small and a large piston of a hydraulic jack at 3 cm and 10 cm respectively. A force of
80 n is applied on the small piston. Find the load lifted by the large piston when

I. The piston are at same level

II. Small piston is 40 cm above the large piston

The density of the liquid in the jack is given as 1000kg/m3.

Ans.[888.96 N,919.7 N]

Q3 What are the gauge pressure and absolute pressure and absolute pressure at a point 3 m below the free
surface of a liquid having a density of 1.53×103 kg/m3 if the atmospheric pressure is equivalent to 750
mm of mercury? The specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and density of water=1000 kg/m3

Ans.[45028 N/m2, 145090 N/m2]

Q4 A pressure gauge consists of two cylindrical bulbs B and C each of 10 cm2 cross sectional area, which
are connected to U-tube with vertical limbs each of 0.25 cm2 cross sectional area. A red liquid of
specific gravity 0.9 is filled into C and clear water is filled into B, the surface of separation being in the
limb attached to C. Find the displacement of surface of separation when the pressure on the surface in C
is greater than that in B by an amount equal to 1 cm head of water Ans.[6.78cm]

Q5 An inverted U-tube manometer is connected to two horizontal pipes A and B through which water is
flowing. The vertical distance between the axes of these pipes is 30 cm. When an oil of specific gravity
0.8 is used as a gauge fluid, the vertical heights of water columns in the two limbs of the inverted
manometer (when measured from the respective centre lines of the pipes) are found to be same and
equal to 35 cm. Determine the difference of pressure between the pipes. Ans.[2354.4 N/m2]

Q6 Figure shows the systematic for the measurement of velocity of air (density=1.2 kg/m 3) through a
constant area duct using pitot tube and water tube manometer. The differential head of water (density=1000
kg/m3) in the two columns of manometer is 10 mm. Velocity of air in m/s?
Ans.[1.2 m/s]
Q7 A differential U tube Hg manometer is used to measure the difference between 2 water pipes A and B as
shown in fig.The pressure at point B 300 kPa. Find pressure at A

Ans.[202.632 kPa]

Q8 A vaccum gauge is connected to a chamber which reads 25 kPa at a location where the atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa. Calculate the absolute pressure in the chamber.
Ans.[74 kPa]
 Assignment 3: - Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces
Q1 A vertical sluice gate is used to cover an opening in a dam. The opening is 2 m wide and 1.2 m high. On
the upstream of the gate , the liquid of specific gravity 1.45, lies up to a height of 1.5 m above the top of
gate, whereas on the downstream side the water is available up to a height touching the top of gate. Find
the resultant force acting on the gate and position of centre of pressure. Find also the force acting
horizontally at the top of the gate which is capable of opening it. Assume that the gate is hinged at the
bottom. Ans.[57565 N, 0.578 m above the hinge, 27725.5 N]

Q2 A trapezoidal channel 2 m wide at the bottom and 1 m deep has a slide slope 1:1. Determine

I. The total pressure

II. The centre of pressure on the vertical gate closing the channel when it is full of water
Ans.[13079.9 N, 0.625 m]

Q3 A rectangular plane surface 2 m wide and 3m deep lies in water in such a way that its plane makes an
angle of 30° with the free surface of water. Determine the total pressure and position of centre of
pressure when the upper edge is 1.5 m below the free surface.
Ans.[132435 N, 2.333 m]

Q4 Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force due to water acting on a roller gate of cylindrical
form of 4 m diameter, when the gate is placed on the dam in such a way that water is just going to spill.
Take the length of gate as 8 m.
Ans.[798328 N, 31°8’]

Q5 A rectangle tank is moving horizontally in the direction of its length with constant acceleration of 2.4
m/s2. The length, width and depth of the tank are 6 m, 2.5 m, 2 m respectively. If the depth of water in
the tank is 1 m and tank is open at the top.

I. The angle of the water surface to the horizontal

II. The maximum and minimum pressure intensities at the bottom
III. The total force due to water acting on each end of the tank

Ans.[13°44.6’, 2611.4 N, 868.95 N]

Q6 The profile of a masonry dam is an arc of a circle, the arc having a radius of 30m and subtending an
angle of 60° at the centre of curvature which lies in the water surface. Determine (a) the load on the dam
in N/m length, (b) the position of the line of action to this pressure. Ans.[4.28 °, 106
N/m length at depth 19.0m]

Q7 A vertical rectangular gate of 4m x 2m is hinged at a point 0.25 m below the centre of gravity of the
gate. If the total depth of water is 7 m what horizontal force must be applied at the bottom to keep the
gate closed? Ans.[18.8 kN]

Q8 A solid cylinder of 2.4 m diameter and 2.5 kn weight rests on the bottom of a tank which is one meter
long. Water and oil (specific gravity 0.75) are poured into the two sides of the cylinder up to a depth of
0.6m and 1.2 m respectively. Find the magnitude of the horizontal and vertical component of the force
that keeps the cylinder touching the tank bottom.

Ans.[3.53 kN and 10.15 kN]

Q9 A gate as shown in fig, is hinged at O and it is in the form of a quadrant of a circle of radius 1m. It
supports water at one side. If the length of gate is 3.5m find the force required to hold the gate.
Ans.[17.16 kN]
 Assignment 4: - Buoyancy and Floatation
Q1 Find the density of metallic body which floats at the interface of mercury of specific gravity 13.6 and
water such that 40% of its volume is submerged in mercury and 60% in water.
Ans.[6040 kg/m3]

Q2 A rectangle pontoon is 5 m long, 3 m wide and 1.20 m high. The depth of immersion of the pontoon is
0.8 m in sea water. If the centre of gravity is 0.6 above the bottom of the pontoon, determine the meta-
centric height. The density of sea water =1025kg/m3
Ans.[0.7375 m]

Q3 A solid cylinder of 10 cm diameter and 40 cm long, consists of two part made of different materials. The
first part at the base is 1 cm long and of specific gravity=6.0. The other part is made of material having
specific gravity 0.6. State if it can vertically float in water or not?
Ans.[cannot float]

Q4 A solid cone floats in water with its apex downwards. Determine the least apex angle of cone for stable
equilibrium. The specific gravity of the material of the cone is given 0.8.
Ans.[31◦ minimum]

Q5 The time period of rolling of a ship of weight 29430 KN in sea water is 10 seconds. The centre of
buoyancy of the ship is 1.5 m below the centre of gravity. Find the radius of gyration of the ship if the
moment of inertia of the ship at the water line about the fore and aft. Axis is 1000 m4. Take specific
gravity of sea water as=10100N/m3. Ans.[6.93 m]

Q6 A pontoon of 15696 KN displacements is floating in water. A weight of 245.25 KN moved through a

distance of 8 m across the deci of pontoon which tilts the pontoon through an angle 4°. Find the
metacentric height of the pontoon. Ans.[1.88 m]

Q7 A ship is 70 m long and 10 m breadth has displacement of 19620 kN. A weight of 343.35 KN is moved
across the deci of through the distance of 6 m. The ship is fitted through 6°. The moment of inertia of the
ship at water line about its force and after axis is 75% of MOI of the circumscribing rectangle. The
centre of buoyancy is 2.25 m below the water line. Find the meta centric height and position of centre
gravity of ship. Specific weight of sea water is 10104 N/m3 Ans.[0.996 m]

Q8 A solid cylinder of diameter 4.0 has height of 3 m. Find the meta centric height of cylinder when it is
floating in water with its axis vertical. The specific gravity of the cylinder=0.6.
Ans.[-0.05 m]
 Assignment 5: - Kinematics of Flow
Q1 Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2 m diameter at 3 m/s and then passes through a pipe BC 1.5 m
diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branches CD are 0.8 m in diameter and carries one-third of flow in
Ab. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5 m/s. Find the volume and the rate of flow in AB, the velocity
in BC, the velocity in CD and the diameter of CE.
Ans.[3.393m/s,1.92m/s,2.25m/s,1.0735m]

Q2 The velocity vector in a fluid flow is given V=4x3i-10x2yj+2tk. Find the velocity and acceleration of a
fluid particle at (2, 1, 3) at t=1.

Ans.[1536i+320j+2k,1568.9 units]

Q3 Find the convective acceleration at the middle of a pipe which converges uniformly from 0.4 m diameter
to 0.2 m diameter over 2 m length. The rate of flow is 20lts/s. If the rate of flow changes uniformly from
20 l/s to 40 l/s in 30 seconds. Find the total; acceleration at the middle of the pipe at 15th second

Ans.[9.48 cm/s2, 22.273 cm/s2]

Q4 If for two dimensional potential flow, the velocity potential is given by

Φ=x(2y-1)

Determine the velocity at a point P (4, 5). Determine also the value of stream function at the point P.
Ans.[12.04 unit/s, 4 units]

Q5 An open circular cylinder of 15 cm dia and 100 cm long contains water up to a height of 80 cm. Find the
maximum speed at which the cylinder is to be rotated about its vertical axis so that no water spills.
Ans.[356.66 rpm]

Q6 A 45 reducing bend, 0.6m diameter upstream, 0.3m diameter downstream, has water flowing through it
at the rate of 0.45m3/s under a pressure of 1.45 bar. Neglecting any loss is head for friction; calculate the
force exerted by the water on the bend, and its direction of application.
Ans[R=34400N to the right and down, ⏀= 14°]

Q7 The two scalar components of velocity field are given for two flow system. Find the third component of
the velocity. For case I) u=x3 +2y2 +z 3 and v = -x2 y – yz - xy. And II) u= log (y2 + z2 ) and w= log (x2
+y2 ). Ans.[log(x2+y2]
 Assignment 6:-Dynamics of Fluid Flow
Q1 A horizontal venturimeter inlet and throat dia 30 cm and 15 cm respectively is used to measure the flow
of water. The reading of differential manometer connected to inlet and the throat is 20 cm of Hg.
Determine the rate of flow. Ans.[125.756 l/s]

Q2 An orifice meter with orifice dia 15 cm is inserted in apipe of 30 cm dia. The pressure difference
measured by Hg oil differential manometer on the two side of the orifice meter gives a reading of 50 cm
of Hg. Find the rate of flow of oil of sp.gravity 0.9 when Cd =0.64.
Ans.[137.414 l/s]

Q3 Find the velocity of the flow of oil through a pipe, when the difference of mercury level in differential
U-tube manometer connected to the two tapings of the pitot tube is 100 mm. Take Cd=0.98 and
sp.gravity of oil =0.8. Ans.[5.49 m/s]

Q4 A 300 mm dia pipe carries water under a head 20 m with the velocity of 3.5 m/s. If the axis of pipe turns
through 45◦, find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force at the end.
Ans.[11279 N, 67◦28’]

Q5 A vertical wall is of 8 m in height. A jet of water is coming out from a nozzle with the velocity of 20
m/s. The nozzle is situated at a distance of 20 m from the vertical wall. Find the angle of projection to
the top of the wall. Ans.[73◦0.8’ or 38◦37’]

Q6 A jet of water from 25 mm dia nozzle is directed vertically upward. Assuming that the jet remains
circular and neglecting any loss of energy, what will be the diameter at point 4.5 m above nozzle? The
velocity with which the jet leaves the nozzle is 12 m/s
Ans.[31.7 mm]

Q7 A 10 m long water pipe is laid at slope 3 in 4.The dia of lower end and upper end are 120 mm and 180
mm respectively. The pressure gauges are fixed at lower end and upper end are 0.2 MPa and 0.3 MPa.
Determine the flow rate of water through pipe.
Ans.[142 l/s]

Q8 Pipeline AB carries oil of specific gravity 0.9. Diameter of the pipe at A is 250 mm and that of B is 500
mm. End B of the pipe is 6 m above the end. The pressure intensities at A and B are 200kN/m 2 and 120
kN/m2 respectively. Discharge of oil is 450 l/s. Determine the loss of head, and direction of flow.
Ans.[7.856 m, A to
B]

Q9 A horizontal Venturimeter with inner diameter 20 cm and throat diameter 10 cm is used to measure the
flow of oil of specific gravity=0.8. The discharge of oil through Venturimeter is 60 l/s. Find the reading
of oil mercury differential manometer take Cd=0.98
Ans.[18.12 cm]

Q9 A vertical pipe carrying a oil of specific gravity 0.8 tapers uniformly from 20 cm at the lower section to
10 cm diameter at upper section. The vertical distance between the section is 1 m. The pressure gauges
installed at the lower and upper sections read 6 N/cm2 and 8 N/cm2 respectively. When the discharge is
30 l/s. Calculate the loss of head between the two sections and determine the direction of flow.
Ans.[4.19 m ]