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 CLASS

8
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Physics
Sixth Edition
This page is intentionally left blank.
 CLASS

8
Pearson IIT Foundation Series
Physics
Sixth Edition

Trishna Knowledge Systems

Copyright © 2017 Trishna Knowledge Systems

Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly known as
TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia.

No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent.

This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to
remove any material in this eBook at any time.

ISBN: 978-93-325-7902-6
eISBN: 978-93-325-3071-3

Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No. 1, Block-C, Sector-16, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh,
India.
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www.pearson.co.in, Email: companysecretary.india@pearson.com
 Brief Contents

Prefacexiii
Chapter Insights xiv
Series Chapter Flow xvi
Chapter 1   Measurements  1.1
Chapter 2  Kinematics 2.1
Chapter 3  Dynamics 3.1
Chapter 4  Hydrostatics 4.1
Chapter 5   Wave Motion and Sound 5.1
Chapter 6  Heat 6.1
Chapter 7  Light 7.1
Chapter 8  Electricity 8.1
Chapter 9  Magnetism 9.1
Chapter 10 Electromagnetism 10.1
Chapter 11 Sources of Energy 11.1
This page is intentionally left blank.
 Contents

Prefacexiii CHAPTER 2 KINEMATICS 2.1

Chapter Insights xiv
Introduction2.2
Series Chapter Flow xvi
Geometrical Representation of a Vector  2.3

CHAPTER 1 MEASUREMENTS  1.1 Distance and Displacement 2.4

Distance2.4
Introduction1.2 Displacement2.4

Physical Quantities and their Units 1.2 Speed2.6

Characteristics of a Unit 1.2 Instantaneous Speed 2.7
Fundamental Quantity  1.2 Average Speed 2.7
Derived Quantity 1.2
Uniform and Non-Uniform
Fundamental Unit 1.3 Velocity2.8
Derived Unit 1.3 Instantaneous Velocity 2.10
Definitions of Units 1.4 Acceleration2.12

Measurement of Length 1.4 Equations of Motion 2.14

Metre Scale 1.4 Graphical Representation of Motion 2.15
Vernier Calliper 1.5 Displacement–Time Graph 2.15
Description of Vernier Calliper 1.6 Velocity–Time Graph  2.16
Observations to be Made 1.7 Practice Questions 2.17
Measurement of Area 1.7
Measurement of the Area of a Leaf 1.8 Hints and Explanation 2.26

Measurement of Volume 1.8 CHAPTER 3 DYNAMICS 3.1

Measuring Jar 1.8 Introduction3.2
Measuring Flask and Pipette  1.8 Classification of Forces 3.2
Burette 1.8
To Determine the Volume of a Newton’s First Law of Motion 3.3
Single Drop of Water 1.8
Types of Inertia 3.4
Measurement of Mass 1.9
Mass 1.9 Mass and Inertia 3.5
Applications of Different Types of Balances 1.9
Friction3.5
Measurement of Density and Factors Affecting Frictional Force 3.5
Relative Density 1.10 Types of Friction 3.5
Advantages of Friction 3.6
Practice Questions 1.11 Disadvantages of Friction 3.6
Hints and Explanation 1.20 Methods to Reduce Friction 3.6
 viii Contents

Streamlining3.6 CHAPTER 4 HYDROSTATICS 4.1

Momentum3.6 Introduction4.2
Units of Momentum 3.7
Kinetic Theory of Matter  4.2
Newton’s Second Law of Motion 3.8
  Thrust and Pressure 4.2
Derivation of F = ma 3.8
Units of Force 3.9 Thrust4.2
Relation Between Newton And Dyne 3.9 Pressure4.3
Fluid Pressure  4.5
Weight and Mass 3.10 Pressure at a Point Inside a Liquid 4.6
Difference between Mass and Weight 3.11
Laws of Liquid Pressure  4.7
Newton’s Third Law of Motion 3.11
Hare’s Apparatus 4.8
Principle of Conservation of Mass 3.12
Law of Conservation of Momentum 3.12 Atmospheric Pressure 4.9
Proving Law of Conservation of
Momentum by Newton’s third Law 3.12 Measurement of Atmospheric
Pressure4.10
Rockets3.14 Mercury Barometer 4.11
Fortin’s Barometer 4.13
Work3.14
Units of Work 3.15 Aneroid Barometer 4.14
Advantages of an Aneroid Barometer
Energy3.15 Over a Simple Barometer  4.14
Various Forms of Energy 3.16 Disadvantages of the Aneroid Barometer 4.14
Effect of Altitude on Atmospheric Pressure 4.15
Centre of Gravity 3.16
Altimeter4.15
Activity3.17
Centre of Gravity of Regular Bodies 3.17 Weather Forecast 4.15
Centre of Gravity of an Irregular Lamina 3.19 Gas Manometer 4.15
Stability of Bodies 3.20 Lift Pump 4.16
Equilibrium of Bodies  3.21 Construction4.16
Conditions for a Body to be in Equilibrium 3.21 Working4.17
Practical Applications 3.23
Pascal’s Law 4.17
Simple Machines 3.24 Application of Pascal’s Law 4.18
Power (P)3.24
Upthrust  4.19
Load (W)3.24
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) 3.25 Archimedes’ Principle 4.20
Efficiency (η)3.25 Relative Density 4.21
Levers3.27 Determination of Relative Density or
Load Arm 3.27
Specific Gravity of a Solid 4.22
Effort Arm 3.27
Determination of the Specific Gravity of a
Liquid Using Archimedes’ Principle 4.22
Law of Levers 3.27
Floatation4.24
Classification of Levers 3.27
Pulley3.29
Hydrometers4.25
Practice Questions 3.33 Principle of Hydrometer 4.25
Hints and Explanation 3.40 Types of Hydrometer 4.26
 Contents ix

Plimsoll Lines 4.28 CHAPTER 6 HEAT 6.1

Boyle’s Law 4.28 Introduction6.2

Bernoulli’s Principle 4.30 Flow of Heat Energy and
Explanation of Bernoulli’s Principle 4.31 Thermal Equilibrium 6.2
Surface Tension 4.31 Difference Between Heat
Explanation for Surface Tension 4.32 Energy and Temperature 6.2
Practice Questions 4.34
Measurement of Temperature 6.3
Hints and Explanation 4.42
Units of Heat 6.3
Heat Capacity 6.4
CHAPTER 5 WAVE MOTION Advantages of High Specific Heat Capacity of
AND SOUND 5.1 Water6.6
Introduction5.2
Conductors and Insulators of
Simple Pendulum  5.2 Heat Energy 6.6
Laws of Simple Pendulum 5.3 Thermal Expansions in Solids 6.6
1st Law of Simple Pendulum 5.3
2nd Law of Simple Pendulum 5.3 Measurement of Temperature and
3rd Law of Simple Pendulum 5.4 Thermometer6.7
Verification of Laws of Simple Pendulum 5.4 Different Temperature Scales 6.7
Construction of Celsius Thermometer 6.8
Wave Motion 5.5 Marking of Fixed Points 6.8
Transverse Waves 5.6 Relation Between Different Scales 6.9
Longitudinal Waves 5.7 Clinical Thermometer 6.10
Relation between Frequency (n), Clinical Thermometer 6.11
Time Period (T) and Wavelength (λ)5.8 Six’s Maximum and Minimum Thermometer 6.11
Galileo’s Thermometer 6.12
Sound5.8
Experiment to Verify that Vibrating Bodies
Change of State 6.13
Produce Sound 5.9
Determination of Melting Point of Wax 6.13
Transmission of Sound 5.9 Determination of Melting Point of
Longitudinal Nature of Sound Waves in Air 5.10 Ice and Boiling Point of Water 6.13
Sound Requires a Medium for Propagation 5.10 Experiment to Determine the
Melting Point of Ice and
Music and Noise 5.11 Boiling Point of Water 6.13
Musical Instruments 5.11 Latent Heat of Fusion 6.14
Stringed Instruments 5.11 Specific Latent Heat of Fusion 6.14
Percussion Instruments (Drum Instruments) 5.11 Latent Heat of Vapourization 6.14
Wind Instruments (Blow Type Instruments) 5.11 Effect of Pressure and Soluble Impurities 6.16
Practice Questions 5.13 Practice Questions 6.18
Hints and Explanation 5.20 Hints and Explanation 6.25
 x Contents

CHAPTER 7 LIGHT 7.1 Dispersion of Light 7.31

Spectrum7.32
Introduction7.2 Rainbow7.32
Properties of Light 7.3 Scattering of light 7.32
Blue Colour of the Sky 7.32
Shadows7.4
Formation of Shadow by a Point Source 7.4 Lenses7.32
Formation of the Shadow by Refraction by Spherical Lenses 7.34
An Extended Source 7.5 Sign Convention for Lenses 7.35
Lens Formula 7.36
Eclipses7.6 Formation of Images by a Convex Lens 7.36
Formation of Image by a Concave Lens 7.39
Reflection of Light 7.6 Determination of the Focal Length of a
Definitions Related to Reflection 7.7
Convex Lens 7.40
Laws of Reflection 7.7
Human Eye 7.41
Reflection by Plane Mirrors 7.9
Formation of Image on the Retina 7.43
Image Formed by Two Mirrors 7.10

Periscope7.11 Defects of Eye 7.43

Long-Sightedness or Hypermetropia 7.43
Kaleidoscope7.12 Short-Sightedness or Myopia 7.45

Spherical Mirrors 7.12 Photographic Camera 7.45

Path of the Reflected Rays in Similarities between the Eye and
Spherical Mirrors 7.13 the Camera 7.46
Rules for Construction of Ray Dissimilarities between the Eye and
Diagrams Formed in Spherical Mirrors 7.14 the Camera 7.46

Magnification7.15 Microscopes7.47
Formation of Images in Concave Mirror 7.15
Formation of Images by Convex Mirror 7.16 Compound Microscope 7.47
Mirror Formula and Cartesian Construction and Working 7.47
Sign Convention 7.17
Image Obtained Experimentally When the Telescopes7.48
Object is at a Small Distance 7.18
Astronomical Telescope 7.48
Refraction7.22 Working of Telescope 7.49
Practice Questions 7.50
The Laws of Refraction 7.24
Refraction through a Glass Slab 7.24 Hints and Explanation 7.58
Refractive Index of a Medium 7.25
Apparent Depth—A Phenomenon
Due to Refraction 7.27 CHAPTER 8 ELECTRICITY 8.1

Total Internal Reflection 7.28 Introduction8.2

Mirage7.29
Sparkling of Diamond 7.29 Structure of Atom  8.2
Bicycle Reflectors 7.29 Electrification  8.2
Optical Fibres 7.29 Unit of Electric Charge  8.3
Refraction through a Prism 7.30 Methods of Charging a Body 8.4
 Contents xi

Detection and Testing of Charges 8.6 Magnetic Induction 9.5

Electroscope  8.6 Factors Affecting Magnetic Induction 9.6
Gold Leaf Electroscope 8.6 Bar Magnet 9.6
Atmospheric Electricity  8.7
Clouds and their Electric Charge 8.7 Lines of Force (Magnetic
Field Lines) 9.7
Electric Current 8.8 Plotting the Magnetic Lines of
The Cause of Electric Current  8.10 Force Around a Bar Magnet 9.7
Properties of Lines of Force 9.8
Electric Cell 8.11 Patterns of Lines of Force 9.8
Uses of Magnets 9.9
Electro Motive Force (EMF)  812 Methods of Magnetization 9.10
Voltaic Cell  8.12 Methods of Demagnetization 9.12
Disadvantages  8.13
Magnetic Keepers 9.12
Daniel Cell  8.13 How Magnetic Keepers Prevent Loss of
Magnetism?9.12
Bichromate Cell  8.15
Magnetic and Non–Magnetic
Leclanche Cell  8.15 Substances9.13

Dry Cell  8.16 Molecular Theory 9.13

Construction of a Dry Cell 8.16 Earth as a Magnet 9.14
Lead-acid Storage Battery 8.18 Angle of Dip 9.15
Angle of Declination 9.15
Button Cell 8.18 Practice Questions 9.16
Hints and Explanation 9.22
Electric Circuit  8.19
Conductors and Insulators  8.20
Series and Parallel Circuits  8.20 CHAPTER 10 ELECTROMAGNETISM 10.1

Units of Electrical Energy 8.21 Introduction10.2

Electric Power 8.21
Practical Unit of Electrical Energy 8.22 Magnetic Field Due to Straight
Conductor—A Demonstration 10.3
Electricity—Its Applications 8.22 Ampere’s Right-hand Grip Rule 10.3
Maxwell’s Right-handed Cork-Screw Rule 10.4
Electricity—its Chemical Effect 8.22
Electrolysis of Water 8.23 Magnetic Field due to A Circular
Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4)8.23 Conductor—A Demonstration 10.5
Electricity—Its Heating Effect 8.25
Practice Questions 8.28 Solenoid10.6
Electromagnets—Applications10.7
Hints and Explanation 8.35 Electric Bell 10.7
Working10.8
Galvanoscope10.9
CHAPTER 9 MAGNETISM 9.1 Telegraph10.9
Direct Current (D.C.) Motor  10.10
Introduction9.2 Electromagnetic Induction 10.11
Properties of Magnets 9.3 Electric Generator 10.12
 xii Contents

Dynamo10.13 Solar Furnace 11.7

Electric Power Stations 10.13 Solar Water Heater 11.7
Direct and Alternating Electric Current 10.13 Solar Drier 11.8
Transformer10.14 Solar Cooker 11.8
Practice Questions 10.16 Solar Power Plant 11.10
Hints and Explanation 10.21 Solar Cells 11.10
Wind Energy  11.11
Windmill11.11
CHAPTER 11 SOURCES OF ENERGY 11.1
Hydel Energy  11.12
Introduction11.2 Pumped Storage Plant 11.12
Thermal Power Plants 11.12
Non-Renewable (Conventional) Bicycle Dynamo 11.13
Sources of Energy  11.3 Tidal Energy 11.13
Fuel11.3 Biogas11.13
Biogas Plant 11.13
Fossil Fuels 11.4
Coal11.4 Air pollution 11.14
Petroleum  11.4 Causes for Air Pollution 11.14
Gaseous Fuels 11.5 Hazards of Air Pollution 11.15
Nuclear Energy 11.5 Energy Crisis 11.15
Practice Questions 11.16
Renewable Sources Of Energy 11.6
Solar Energy  11.6 Hints and Explanation 11.20
 Preface

Pearson IIT Foundation Series has developed into a trusted resource for scores of students who have
aspired to be a part of the elite undergraduate institutions of India. As a result it has become one
of the best selling series, providing authentic and class tested content for effective preparation.
The structure of the content is not only student-friendly but is also designed in such a manner
that it invigorates the students to go beyond the usual school curriculum and also act as a source of
higher learning to strengthen the fundamental concepts of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics.
The core objective of the series is to be a one-stop-solution for students preparing for various
competitive examinations. Irrespective of the field of study that the student may choose to take
up later, it is important to understand that Mathematics and Science form the basis for most
modern day activities. Hence, utmost efforts have been made to develop student interest in these
basic building blocks via real-life examples and application based problems. Ultimately the aim is
to ingrain the art of problem-solving in the minds of the reader.
To ensure high level of accuracy and practicality this series has been authored by a team of
highly qualified and experienced faculties involved in grooming the young minds. That said,
we believe that there is always scope for doing things in a better manner and hence invite you
to provide us with your candid feedback and suggestions on how we can make this series more
superior.
 Chapter

1Measurements Measurements Measurements 1.1

pter

1 Chapter Insights
Remember
Before beginning this chapter, you should be able
to:
• know the methods involved in application of science
Remember -Aim, observation, measurement, systematization
and inference;
Before beginning this chapter, you should be able Remember section will
to: • define physical quantities and system of units;
help them to memories
• know the methods involvedmeasurement
in applicationofofsome
science and review the previous
physical quantities; difference
-Aim, observation, measurement, systematization
between mass and weight learning on a particular
and inference; topics
• define Density, density of a solid and liqiud, variation
2.4 Chapter 2 • define physical quantitiesin and system
density of units;
of liquids and gases with temperatures
measurement of some physical quantities; difference
between mass and weight
NOTE Key Ideas
Key points will• help define Density, density of a solid and liqiud, variation
An arrow or a short in line
density of liquids
is drawn andquantity
above the gases with
After to temperatures
represent
completing a vector.
this chapter you should be able
the students to identify
the essential points in a to:
Dynamics 3.7

Example: F , a , ABKey Ideas

chapter     • understand the different physical quantities and
, EF , etc.
different systems of units
InThus,
printwe
vectors After
see that completing
are moving
printed bodies
in this
possess
boldface, a chapter
e.g.,physical you should
quantity
F, a, AB, associated
EF, etc. bewith
abletheir motion
which determinesto:how much force is required •to recognize
bring themthe
to importance of accuracy
rest. This quantity which of measurements
depends on the mass and velocity of the moving body is called ‘momentum’ and is definedcallipers
and to understand how vernier as is used to
DISTANCE
momentum (p) AND • understand the(v)different measure
DISPLACEMENT
= mass (m) × velocity physicalthequantities
length more andaccurately
different systems of units
Distance • study the methods of determining physical quantities Text: concepts are
NOTE • recognize the importance oflike accuracy
Distance is defined as the length of the actual path described area, of measurements
volume, mass
by a particle in and density
motion. The explained in a well
and to in
unit of distance is centimetre understand
C.G.S. system howandvernier
metre incallipers
M.K.S. orisS.I.
used to
system.
(i) Since mass is ameasure
scalar andthe
velocity
lengthis amore •accurately
vector, find the relation
momentum between
is a vector quantity. structured and lucid
various physical quantities
Displacement
(ii) If a body is moving along a straight path, the body is said to possess ‘linear momentum’.
manner
• study the methods of determining physical quantities
Displacement is defined
like asarea,
the volume,
shortest distance
mass andbetween the initial and final positions of a
2.4 Chapter 2 density
body. It is a vector quantity, whose magnitude is equal to the length of the straight line path
• findtothe
from the initial position the relation between
final position and thevarious physical
direction is along quantities
the straight line drawn
Units
from the of Momentum
initial to the final position.
Note
Since pboxes
The distance are some
travelled
= mv, units by a particle=depends
of momentum (unit of on NOTE
the×path
mass) (unittraced by the particle,
of velocity) = g cm swhereas the
–1 (in C.G.S

displacement
system) and of
kg a
m
add-on information of particle
s in
–1 (in SI motion
system) is independent of the path traced and depends only on
An arrow or a short line is drawn above the quantity to represent a vector.
the initial and final positions of the particle.
related
1 kg mtopics
s–1 = 105g cm s–1
Consider a particle moving along the path ABCD as shown below:
   
Example: F , aD, AB, EF , etc.
EXAMPLE
m are printed in boldface, e.g., F, a, AB, EF,Examples
In print vectors etc. given topic-
The speeds of a tortoise and a hare are 2 m s−1 and 5 m s−1, respectively. The mass of the hare is wise to apply the
3 kg and that of the tortoise is 10 kg. Which of the twoChas greater momentum?
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT concepts learned in a
(Assume speed of each to be steady.) 2m
Distance
particular chapter
SOLUTION A 6m B

We have seen above that momentum =F Imass GDistance

U R× 2 . 2is defined as the length of the actual path described by a particle in motion. The
E velocity
unit of distance is centimetre in C.G.S. system and metre in M.K.S. or S.I. system.
Velocity being a vectorby thehas both = magnitude
6 + 2 + 5and = 13direction. In the question,is theonly the
The
 distanceoftravelled particle
Displacement
m. The displacement vector
ADmagnitude velocity,is i.e.,
, whose magnitude speed, isofgiven.
the length There
the line is no AD.
segment information regarding the direction
of motion of the hare and the tortoise. Since it is not possible
Displacement to compare
is defined two vectors,
as the shortest it between the initial and final positions of a
distance
is not possible
Example: to compare
A cop gets informationtheir that
momenta.
a thief However,
body.
is 5It km we can
is a away
vector compare
quantity,
from the magnitudes
whose
the police magnitude
station. of is equal to the Illustrative
Is it length of the examples
straight line path
theirfor
momenta
the copastobelow.
trace the thief with thefrom theinformation?
initial position to the final position and the direction solved is along the
possible given in astraight lineand
logical drawn
Mass of tortoise = 10 kg. from the initial to the final position.
step-wise manner
It is not be possible to trace the thief, as the Thecop distance
doesn’t know the by
travelled direction in which
a particle depends toon the path traced by the particle, whereas the
Speed of tortoise = 2 m s−1
chase the thief. Thus, the information about distance alone is not sufficient to locate the
displacement of a particle in motion is independent of the path traced and depends only on
position of =a 10
ptortoise × 2 = 20 kg m s−1
body. the initial and final positions of the particle.
Mass of the hare = 3 kg Consider a particle moving along the path ABCD as shown below:
Speed of the hare = 5 m s−1 D
 Chapter Insights xv
Dynamics 3.33

3.34 Chapter 3
TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
Very Short Answer Type Questions
40. State and explain the conditions necessary for
43. Why are passengers Different levels
travelling in a double decker bus
1. State Newton’s first law of motion. 16. Define centre of gravity.
equilibrium. ofa questions
allowed to stand in lower deck, buthave
not in the upper
2. Mass of a body is a ________ quantity whereas its 17. A plumb line is used to determine the center of grav- deck?
weight is a ________ quantity. 41. Find the effort required to lift a load
ity of ________ lamina. of 50 kg wt using a been included
simple machine if its mechanical advantage is 44. What is the efficiency of a machine, given mechani-
3. Define inertia. 18. A bottle standing on its base is more stable than when in the Test Your
cal advantage is 2 and velocity ratio is 4?
42. Derive the mechanical advantage
it stands on its neck. This of
is sosingle
becausefixed
when it stands
Concept as well
4. ________ is the measure of inertia.
pulley? on the base its __________. 45. Derive the mechanical advantage of single movable
5. Define momentum.
19. State the different types of equilibrium. pulley? as on Concept
6. ________ is the physical quantity that changes or
20. Friction in moving parts of a machine can be reduced
Application which
tends to change the state of rest or of uniform motion
of a body.
Essay Type Questions
by using _____________. will help students
7. The rate of change of momentum of a46. body is pro-
21. Give three examples of bodies in unstable equilibrium. to develop the
State and prove the law of conservation of momentum. 49. Describe an experiment to determine mechanical
portional to __________. 22. What is a simple machine? problem-solving
advantage of an inclined plane.
47. Obtain Chapter
3.40 the23. Bottle lid3opener is an example of ______ lever
relation between mechanical advantage,
50. Explain how theskill
8. Define newton.
velocity ratio and efficiency. centre of gravity of an irregular
9. When the mass of a body is kept constant, its accel- 24. (i) What is mechanical advantage? lamina is determined.
48. Explain
eration is directly proportional to the ________ act- how the centre of gravity of an annular ring
is determined. (ii) Define efficiency of a machine.
ing on it.
CONCEPT APPLICATION
25. One S.I. unit of force is _______ times one unit of
10. Powder is sprinkled on a carom board to reduce the
‘Test Your
________.
force in CGS system.
Level 126.
11.Concepts’
A constant forceatof 2 N acts on a bodyCONCEPT
for 5 seconds APPLICATION
What is a lever?

the
to end of
change its velocity.
is _____________.
The change in its momentum 27. See-saw is an example of ________ order lever.
Level True
1 or 28.
falseWhat is a first order lever?
the chapter
12. Define work.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. True29. 2.
TheFalse 3. True
mechanical 4. True
advantage 5. False is6. True
of a broomstick 7. False
for classroom
13. What is energy? ________.
Directions for questions 1 to 7: Directions for questions 8 to 14:
preparations
14. 1 newton = ________ dynes. StateFill in thethe
whether blanks
following
30. What of a pulley? are true or Fill in the blanks.
is the usestatements
false. 8. Inertia 9. Second 10. Large 11. Equal and opposite
15. What is a rigid body?
12. 1 : 1 13. Mass, velocity 14. External force 8. Newton’s first law of motion is also called law of
Short Answer Type Questions 1. All mechanical forces are contact forces. ________.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Match the following

31.‘Concept
Derive F = ma 2. A constant36. external
Explainforce
howacts the on a body
position of in
themotion. 9. A wheel barrow is an example of ________ order of
centre of gravity
If15.
the A mass
: g ofdetermines
the
B : body
h isCdoubled
: e a bodywith the
D is: in force
i stable Eor: unstable
a F : d
lever. G : j H : f I : c J : b
32.Application’
whether
Explain the inertia of rest through some examples.
remaining the equilibrium.
same, its acceleration also doubles.
33.section
An emptywith
truck of mass 1000 kg is moving atMultiple
a speed choice Questions 10. For greater stability, the position of center of gravity
37. Explain the motion of a rocket as an application of
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its used in swimming is Newton’s third should be low and base area should be _________.
16. (d) Newton’s
17. (b) third
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way and again moves with the same speed. law Willofthemotion.
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Level 1; Level
34. Distinguish between the mass and the 5. Whenever
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Find the mass of the wagon. (1 ton = 1000 kg)
of a a force is applied on a body, work is done.
12. ‘A’ can finish certain work in one day and B can fin-
2;body.
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Explanation for questions
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35. A railway wagon of mass 1000 kg is pulled31. withThe
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Momentum areproduct
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and ____.
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7. Frictional force always acts in a direction opposite to direction.
32. Friction in moving parts a machine can be reduced 14. A car changes its speed from 20 km h−1 to 50 km h−1.
the weight of the body. 38.isGiven m only
= 3 if
kg______ is applied on the car.
by using lubricants and ball bearings. This possible
33. When ball is thrown in upward direction, its weight s = 15 m
always acts in downward direction and as the body is t=3s
moving upward, frictional force (due to air) acts in
u=0 Hints and Explanation
downward direction.
for key questions along
Frictional force, ff = 2 N. (a)
34. Friction can be reduced by
with highlights on the
(i) using lubricants in machine parts. 1
15 = 0 × common
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students usually make
35. By Newton’s 2nd law of motion, the rate of change of 10
momentum of a body is directly proportional to the a = min s-2 the examinations
3
force acting on the body.
10
36. By Newton’s 2nd law Fnet = ma = 3 × = 10 N
3
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2 4
Substituting F = 100 N u1 = 10 m s-1, u2 = –2 m s–1 (d)
t=8s Momentum before collision, m1 u1 + m2 u2
mv – mu = 100 × 8 = 800 N s
 Series Chapter Flow

Class 7

Kinematics Light
1 3 5
2 4
Measurements Heat Sound

Machines and Tools

8 6
7
Our Universe Electricity

Class 9

Simple
Kinematics Machines
1 3 5
2 4
Measurements Dynamics Gravitation

Modern Wave Motion and

Physics Electricity Sound Hydrostatics
11 9 7
12 10 8 6
Magnetism Light Heat
 Series Chapter Flow xvii

Class 8

Kinematics Hydrostatics
1 3 5
2 4
Measurements Dynamics Wave Motion
and Sound

Magnetism Light
10 8 6
9 7
Electromagnetism Electricity Heat

11

Sources of Energy

Class 10

Wave Motion
Dynamics Light and Sound
1 3 5
2 4 6
Kinematics Heat Hydrostatics

Modern
Electronics Physics Electromagnetism
10 7
11 9 8
Sources of Electricity
Energy
This page is intentionally left blank.
 Measurements 1.1

Chapter

1 Measurements

Remember
Before beginning this chapter, you should be able
to:
• 
Know the methods involved in application
of science—aim, observation, measurement,
systematization and inference
• 
Define physical quantities and system of units;
measurement of some physical quantities; difference
between mass and weight
• Define density, density of a solid and liqiud, variation
in density of liquids and gases with temperatures

Key Ideas
After completing this chapter you should be able
to:
• 
Understand the different physical quantities and
different systems of units
• 
Recognize the importance of accuracy of
measurements and to understand how vernier
callipers is used to measure the length more
accurately
• Study the methods of determining physical quantities
like area, volume, mass and density
• Find the relation between various physical quantities
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Little
Miss Mouse
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Little Miss Mouse

Author: Amy Ella Blanchard

Release date: March 8, 2024 [eBook #73121]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: Hurst & Company, 1906

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITTLE MISS

MOUSE ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.
 LITTLE MISS MOUSE

BY

AMY E. BLANCHARD

Author of "Little Maid Marian," "Little Miss Oddity,"

"Little Sister Anne," "Mistress May," etc.

NEW YORK

HURST & COMPANY

PUBLISHERS

Copyright, 1906, by

GEORGE W. JACOBS & COMPANY

Published August, 1906

 All rights reserved

Printed in U. S. A.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

I. BUTTONHOLES

II. THE POCKET

III. HENRIETTA'S RED COAT

IV. ONE FRIDAY AFTERNOON

V. BILLY AND THE DOLL

VI. MISS HESTER MEETS AN OLD ACQUAINTANCE

VII. A SURPRISE PARTY

VIII. A STRANGE VISITOR

IX. UNCLE SIDNEY

X. HOMESICK

XI. SIGNED, SIMON PETTY

XII. A JOURNEY
 LITTLE MISS MOUSE

CHAPTER I
Buttonholes

"AUNT HESTER, do you like to make buttonholes?" Ruth

asked with interest in her tones.

"No," was the answer, "I hate to make them." Aunt Hester
bit off her thread fiercely. "I hate them," she repeated,
reaching for her spool which had fallen under the chair.

Ruth made a scramble for it, picked it up and laid it in Aunt

Hester's lap.

"If you don't like to make them, what's the reason you do
it?" she went on. "I thought grown-up people could do just
what they liked."

Aunt Hester gave a little scornful laugh. "That's where you

are mistaken. When I was a little girl like you I thought so,
too, and when my mother made me sit by her and sew as I
make you, I used to think that when I grew up I'd never
touch a needle."
"Oh, and now you have to do it nearly all day." There was
sympathy in Ruth's tones.

"Never you mind what I do all day. You chatter too much.
Go on with your work."

And Ruth returned to the slow and tedious task of picking

out the threads from a coat. The threads stood up in a long
row down the seam. Ruth called them Indians on account of
the fancied resemblance to the feathered decorations on the
heads of the savages in a picture in her geography.

She and Aunt Hester were sitting in the latter's bedroom

where the two always spent an hour together on Saturday
afternoons. Ruth always resented being kept indoors on this
holiday, but Aunt Hester was obdurate.

To be sure Billy had to stack wood or chop kindling or do

some such task at the same hour so he wouldn't be on hand
to play with, anyhow. Lucia Field had to help her mother;
Annie Waite's mother kept her busy, and it seemed as if
there was a combined intention on the part of the older
people to give this unhappy hour to children.

It was probable that they had decided to do it at some

mothers' meeting, Ruth concluded, and she always felt a
sudden rebellious pang whenever Aunt Hester prepared to
go forth to one of these gatherings, for just after, there was
sure to be a period of extra strictness, and certain little
tasks that perhaps had been gradually slighted during the
month were enforced more rigidly.

Ruth looked up at the clock. It still wanted fifteen minutes

to three and there were many Indians still poking up their
heads along the line of brown cloth. She ventured another
remark. It was out of reason to sit silent more than ten
minutes at a time.
"What are you going to do with this, Aunt Hester?" she
asked.

"Make a coat for Billy."

"Whose did it use to be?"

"My father's."

"Oh." Ruth's mind wandered to the time when the coat had
been new. It must have been a long time ago, she
considered. She wondered what old Major Brackenbury kept
in his pockets, and surreptitiously slipped her hand in the
one which was still hanging to the piece of cloth upon which
she was at work. He might have been fond of peppermint
lozenges, she thought, like Dr. Peaslee who never failed to
produce one when he met Ruth. But no lozenges of any kind
were to be found; only some siftings of tobacco and
particles of dust did Ruth's hand bring forth from the deep
pocket.

She worked away diligently for a few minutes, then her

tongue wagged again. "Was your father like Dr. Peaslee?"
she questioned.

"Not a bit," sighed Miss Hester. "He was tall and slim,
though not too slim. He carried a gold-headed cane. I can
see him now," she stretched forth her hand and smoothed
the cloth which lay in Ruth's lap. "I can see him now in that
very coat coming out the gate with Bruno at his heels."

Ruth's eyes followed hers to the big house across the way.
The tall white pillars were visible through the evergreens. It
had been a pleasant place to live in.

"I know all about Bruno," she said, "but tell me some more.
I am so tired of unripping."
"Of ripping, you mean. You couldn't unzip, you know. You
have only five minutes more, so I can't begin to tell tales
now. I want you to find Billy and tell him I want him to go
to the store when he has finished his task."

"May I go to the store, too?"

"Yes."

Ruth settled back contentedly. Only five minutes more to

fight the Indians. She would try to get to the end of the
seam before the clock in the kitchen struck. So her fingers
flew along the stretch of brown cloth and there were but a
few more threads to pull when one, two, three, strokes
sounded solemnly and slowly from the tall clock in the
corner of the kitchen.

Ruth looked up inquiringly and Aunt Hester nodded her

head.

"Fold up your work and put it in the big chest," she said,
"and then you may go and find Billy. When he has finished
his work, tell him to come to me."

Ruth did as she was bid. She found Billy industriously

stacking wood.

"Whew," he cried as he saw the little girl, "there's a lot of it,

isn't there? See how much I have already piled up."

"You're 'most through, aren't you?" said Ruth. "How hard

you must have been working, Billy."

Billy smiled appreciatively. When Billy smiled, you forgot his

red hair and snub nose, for his bright blue eyes were
squeezed up so merrily and his whole face showed such a
sunny expression that, you felt like smiling in return.
Ruth, on the contrary, was a sombre looking little mite with
burning dark eyes, a small thin face and serious mouth. Her
greatest beauty was her chestnut hair which rippled in
shining waves to her waist when it was unplaited, but Miss
Hester insisted upon smooth braids and was very particular
that every hair should be in place, so the shimmering
masses were generally confined in two plaits and tied tightly
by a black ribbon.

"I'll help," said Ruth after she had watched Billy sturdily
working to get his pile completed. "Aunt Hester wants to
send you to the store and I'm going, too. Billy, did you
know she hated to make buttonholes and her father had a
gold-headed cane?"

"I know; I saw it once, the cane I mean. I didn't know

about the buttonholes. She won't have to make 'em when I
am a man."

"Why? What for?" asked Ruth, struggling with a stick of

wood.

"'Cause, she has to do 'em now, so she can buy things for
us."

"Oh, I didn't know that was why."

Ruth placed her stick of wood so that it rolled down from

the pile. She thrust it back again and stood looking very
thoughtful, then she said soberly, "She's awful good, isn't
she, Billy?"

"You bet she is. She's a Jim dandy, if she does make a
fellow work Saturday afternoons. Where'd you and me be, if
it wasn't for her?"
"You'd be selling papers and I'd be in an orphan asylum, I
suppose," returned Ruth readily. She was accustomed to
this reminder from Billy.

"That's just what," he returned settling Ruth's wobbly stick

more securely in place.

"Tell me where you saw the cane," said Ruth, picking up a

stick more suited to her abilities.

"I saw it at Dr. Peaslee's; but don't you tell. She might not
like us to mention it. It's my opinion she sold it to him."

"Maybe, when the claim is settled, she'll buy it back again. I

wish it would hurry up and get settled; I'd love to live over
there again." Ruth nodded her head toward the big house
with the pillars. "We didn't stay long enough to get used to
it."

"If she can stand it here, we can," returned Billy eyeing his
wood-pile critically. "That's all now, Ruth. I've just got to
chop up a little kindlin' and then we can go 'long."

"I'll pick up some chips," said Ruth, stooping to fill her

apron with the splinters and bits of bark which lay around.

Then, following Billy, who, with arms piled high, strode

toward the kitchen, she rejoiced that the real work of the
day was over for them both. To be sure she must dry the
tea things and help put them away, but that was active
employment and did not come in the same list with sitting
still for an hour laboriously picking out stitches.

Ruth and Billy were not in any way related to each other.
They were found deserted in the streets of a large city near-
by and when an appeal was made at a Home Missionary
meeting in their behalf, Miss Brackenbury had offered to
take them both. That was a year or more previous to this
special Saturday afternoon and Miss Hester had then lived
in the big house across the way.

Old Major Brackenbury was alive then, though blind and

helpless, quite a different person from the one described to
Ruth as wearing the brown coat. He lived but three months
after the children became members of the household, and
the next thing the neighbors knew, the big house was given
up and Miss Hester was taking her young charges to a tiny
home across the way.

Miss Hester shed many tears at leaving her old home in

which she had expected to pass the remainder of her days.
She had believed herself comfortably provided for, but,
when her father's affairs were settled, there was very little
left.

Ruth, awe-stricken, believed the tears were all because of

the major's death, but Billy, wise before his time with a
knowledge of what poverty meant, knew better. He had
overheard a conversation between Miss Hester and Dr.
Peaslee and he knew there were many things to cause Miss
Hester's lips to tremble and her eyes to overflow, for had he
not heard the good doctor trying to persuade her to give up
Ruth and Billy and had she not replied:

"No, I have pleased myself in taking them. I was lonely and

wanted them for my comfort. Shall I give them up now
when I pledged myself to take them? The Lord sent them to
me and He means me to keep them. Would I desert my own
flesh and blood under like circumstances? Would I not work
my fingers to the bone for children of my own and shall I do
less by these whom Heaven has given me?"
The doctor coughed and wiped his eyes but he did not give
up. "They will be well cared for in some institution, Hester,"
he said. "Or they may perhaps find good homes. You need
not return them to the streets and what is left will not be
enough for you three."

Miss Hester set her lips firmly. "I'll make it enough. I am not
the only woman who has had to work for her living."

"But what can you do, Hester? What can you do?" said the
doctor in a troubled way.

Miss Hester thought for a moment. "I can make buttonholes

beautifully and do all sorts of fine sewing and embroidery.
Hand-work is very much in vogue now and I surely ought to
eke out my income; and then you know there is the claim,"
she added with a little smile.

"Pshaw!" said the doctor, as he brought his stick down hard,

but he did not try to urge her further, though he shook his
head and sighed.

And so it was that, with the best and choicest of her

belongings, Miss Hester removed to the tiny house with its
bit of front yard and its roomier back lot.

It was not long before the fine sewing daily work, was the
main part of Miss Hester's daily work, for the doctor spread
the information far and near that Miss Brackenbury made
beautiful buttonholes and did exquisite hand-work, and that
she would be willing to help out those of her neighbors less
accomplished.

Then Maude Fowler came over to know if Miss Hester would

help with her trousseau; Mrs. Ayres brought a dozen baby's
frocks; Mrs. Baker wanted a fine shirtwaist, and so it went
on till Miss Hester had about all she could do, and managed
to have enough to supply the wants of herself and her
adopted children, though their food was plain enough.

Billy did not forget what he had heard, and, though he

never said a word of it to Ruth, he faithfully kept alive the
fact that they owed a great deal to Miss Hester. He brought
a cheerful presence into her life, showing an awkwardly
expressed, but perfectly true, affection which Miss Hester
recognized and returned.

As for Ruth, she was younger and did not show her feelings
so easily. She had been brought up in a different school,
too, and was used to a fond mother's caresses. To this
mother's memory she clung, and Miss Hester often
wondered if she cared at all for her or indeed for any one.

"She hasn't those big, burning eyes for nothing," said Dr.
Peaslee. "She may be undemonstrative, but she is not
shallow, I'll warrant you."

So Miss Hester was watching the growth of this little bud,

wondering if it would ever show a heart full of warmth and
color, and if, in the long run, Ruth would really love her as
Billy did. Miss Hester was not of the gushing sort herself,
but, once in a while, she would pass her hand over Ruth's
shining head or would pat Billy's shoulder. Then Billy would
give her one of his beaming smiles as he snuggled up
against her. But Ruth would only turn her great eyes upon
Miss Hester with a questioning look and would invariably
slip off into some corner after such a caress.

This autumn afternoon, after they had deposited their

burdens in the wood-box, they were given directions by
Miss Hester with a list of things to be brought from the
store.
"Now, don't loiter by the way," was the charge given. "I
want the things as soon as I can get them, Billy."

"What do you suppose they are?" asked Ruth as they

passed out the gate. "Do you reckon it is anything good,
Billy? Maybe she has the claim."

"Ah, say, you've got bats in yer belfry," returned Billy. "She
ain't got no claim. I'm only goin' to get oatmeal and rice
and things like that."

"Oh." Ruth sighed. It would have been pleasant to

anticipate materials for gingerbread or some such luxury. "I
wish it had been raisins and currants and citron and all that
like we had last Thanksgiving," she said.

"Never you mind," returned Billy. "It's all right. What we

have every day is heaps better than that old crust you had
for dinner the day they found you on the corner, a beggar."

"Hush, Billy Beatty," cried Ruth stamping her foot. "I told
you never, never to speak about that again. I just hate to
have you, I do. I wasn't a beggar, I wasn't. I never asked
anybody for anything and I never will. I'd die first."

"Well, you needn't get so mad about it," replied Billy. "I
couldn't help it. I might have if I had been there, and if I
hadn't sprained my ankle like I did; that's 'why I couldn't
get along. It hurt like the mischief and I couldn't run after
people like the other boys, so I didn't sell a single paper
that morning, and I didn't have a copper to get anything to
eat, so that's why I keeled over the way I did, and they
picked me up with the wits sorter knocked out of me, and
just then that preacher, or whatever he was that had you by
the hand, come along. And when Dr. Peaslee was goin' me
over, he told him I'd just sorter fainted 'cause I hadn't had
no chicken pie for dinner, and he had us both took to that
place where they looks after young uns what ain't got
nobody else to look after 'em; Children's Aid Society, they
call it, and they fed us up slick, didn't they?"

"Now, you're talking as you did when I first knew you," said
Ruth disdainfully, "and not the way Aunt Hester likes you to
talk. Don't let's go back to that dreadful time. Billy, do you
suppose your relations will ever come after you?"

"Ain't got none."

"But I've a father, you know."

"Maybe you have and maybe you haven't. What's the

matter with his being killed in an accident? You wouldn't
care much, would you?"

"I don't know. It would be nice to have somebody your very

own." Ruth spoke wistfully. "He wasn't bad. Mother said
he'd come back; she knew he would. She said that the day
before she went to heaven."

The child's lip trembled and she bent over to pick up a

scarlet leaf in her pathway that she might hide her feelings.

"He won't come," declared Billy positively. "As for me I like

it here all right and I'm goin' to stay and keep a store here
myself when I grow up."

"Oh, good! And will you sell candy—that kind that's all pink
and soft?"

"Sure," returned Billy. "We'll move back into the big house
and have rice puddin' with raisins in every day, if we like."

"I'd rather have that lovely other kind of pudding like we

had last Thanksgiving."
"We'll have that too, sometimes."

"Maybe we won't have to wait till you grow up, Billy," said
Ruth, to whom so long a vista of years seemed an eternity;
"you know there's the claim. What is a claim, anyhow,
Billy?"

Billy hesitated. He didn't like to show his ignorance but he

was not at all sure that he knew what it meant. "It's
government," he said presently, "government," he repeated
more importantly.

Ruth look puzzled. It did not seem much plainer to her than
before. "But how will that make us able to go into the big
house?" she asked.

"Oh, they'll give a lot of money to Aunt Hester so she won't

have to sew any more."

"Oh, who'll give the money, Billy? Who is 'they'?"

"Oh, I don't just know their names. Maybe the president

does it or he gets somebody, some big general, to do it for
him." Billy's notions of such things were very vague.

"Oh my!" Ruth was much impressed; her imagination

immediately flew to the possible arrival of some magnificent
creature in regimentals, riding a coal black steed. He would
draw rein before the door and she would run out and open
the gate for him. "Do you suppose he would know where
she lives, that she's not living in the big house any more?"
she asked after a moment.

"Of course." Billy spoke confidently.

He did not like to be questioned as closely as Ruth had an

inconvenient way of doing, so he changed the subject.
"I'll race you to the store," he said, "and I'll give you a start
from here to the corner."

Therefore, Ruth set off and the two reached the store neck
and neck. They entered breathing hard between quick
bursts of laughter.

CHAPTER II
The Pocket

THE next Saturday there was another long seam of stitches

to pick out. To this piece of cloth also was hanging a pocket
of rather pretty pink and white stuff. Ruth thought it would
make a good frock for her one doll, Henrietta. She meant to
ask Aunt Hester if she could have the pocket.

Miss Brackenbury had been called into the next room by the
arrival of a visitor. Ruth could hear the sound of their
voices, Miss Brackenbury's low and quiet; Miss Amanda
Beach's high and shrill. She heard a word or two now and
then which made her think they were talking of herself and
Billy. Then the subject changed and she heard payments
and receipts and lawyers talked about.

She wondered how grown-up people could be interested in

such dull subjects, so she let her thoughts wander to the
striped pocket which would perhaps make a frock for
Henrietta. The doll was named for Miss Hester's twin sister
who had died when she was about Ruth's age and Ruth