‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪ /‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪Electric Field‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑــﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫)‪(1-8‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎﹰ ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻄﺎﳌﺎ ﺷﺒﻬﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺓ ﺑﺎ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤـﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﲤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛـﺐ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻓﻘـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺴﻤﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻠﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﻔﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪.Action at a Distance‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗ ﹼﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺳﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﺣـﱴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻴـﺸﻴﻞ ﻓـﺎﺭﺍﺩﺍﻱ‬
‫)‪ (1867-1791‬ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ∗ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻤﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ )ﺳﻨﺘﻔﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺷـﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ( qo‬ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬

‫∗ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ )ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺎﺋﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ )ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(1-8‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ qo‬ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﻐﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺷـﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﲜﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻮﺟ‪‬ﺐ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﻞ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪++++‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪++++++‬‬
‫‪++++++‬‬ ‫⊕ ‪qo‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪++++++‬‬
‫‪++++‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(1-8‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ qo‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻀﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪F‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪. qo‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ F‬ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ qo‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪………………………………….…. (1-8‬‬
‫‪qo‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺟﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺃﻟﺸﺤﲏ ﺍﳌﻮﻟِﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫‪E = lim‬‬ ‫)‪………………………………………..(2-8‬‬
‫‪q0 →0‬‬ ‫‪qo‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ E‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ F‬ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ ، qo‬ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ SI‬ﻫﻲ ‪ NC −1‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫‪. mkgs −2C −1‬‬

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 ‫)‪ (2-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪Lines of the Electric Force‬‬

‫ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴـﺰﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩﺍﻱ ﺇﻻ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻌـﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﲢﺮﻛﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F = q0 E‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻠﻜﻪ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻭﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﺐ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )ﻧﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳑﺎﺳﻬﺎ( ﻫﻮ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣـﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﳎﺎﳍﺎ ﳝﺜﻞ ‪‬ﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ )ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪، (2a-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ، (2b-8‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻟﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ q0‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﳋﻄـﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻟـﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻻﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻏـﲑ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻨﺄﰐ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪﻩ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿـﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪+++‬‬ ‫‪----‬‬
‫‪+++‬‬ ‫‪----‬‬
‫‪+++‬‬ ‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪----‬‬ ‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪⊕ q0‬‬
‫‪⊕ q0‬‬

‫‪-a-‬‬ ‫‪-b-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(2-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ -a‬ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -b‬ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﳓﻮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (3-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗـﻮﻥ ﻭﺇﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ ﺫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ ‪.Electric Dipole‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ p‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪.E‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4-8‬ﻓﻴﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺷـﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘـﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﱐ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫‪ + 2q‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ –q‬ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(5-8‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻄـﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ + 2q‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ . –q‬ﻫﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﰲ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ + 2q‬ﻭ ‪ –q‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫‪. +q‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(3-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (4-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﺸﺎ‪‬ﺘﲔ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪217‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻻ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺷ ‪‬ﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﳏﺘﺸﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺷـﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺒ ‪‬ﲑ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻌﻒ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻄـﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (6-8‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﻮﺻـﻠﲔ ﻣﺘـﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﲔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺗﺼﻄﻒ ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻏـﲑ ﻣﻨـﺘﻈﻢٍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻓﱵ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﺱ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪++++++++++++++‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪-- -- -- --- -- --- -‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (6-8‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﲔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﻘﻢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ )‪ (7-8‬ﻭ )‪ (8-8‬ﻭ )‪ .(9-8‬ﺇﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺟـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﻣﺒ‪‬ﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (7-8‬ﺗﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﳒﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﻮﺳﺔ ﲢﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﻠﻜﻬـﺎ ﺧﻄـﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (8-8‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪+q‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(7-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪219‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺗـﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳉـﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ )ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟(‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (9-8‬ﻓﻴﻤﺜـﻞ ﺧﺮﻳﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻣﺜﹼﻠﺚ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‬
‫)ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟(‪.‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (8-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳒﺬﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (9-8‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (3-8‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪Calculation of Electric Field Strength‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺗﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻟـﺔ‬

‫‪220‬‬
‫‪ .............., q3 , q2 , q1‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ‪ .................., r3 , r2 , r1‬ﺍﱁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ q0‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(10-8‬ﻓـﻴﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ )ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ (3-7‬ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣـﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻴﺎﹰ ﳓﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪q1q 0‬‬ ‫∧ ‪1 q2 q0‬‬ ‫∧ ‪1 q3q0‬‬
‫= ‪F1‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪r3‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r12‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0 r22‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0 r32‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪∴ F = F1 + F2 + F3 + .......... ........ = ∑ Fi‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
‫‪q1 q 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧‬
‫‪1 q 2 q0‬‬ ‫∧‬
‫∧ ‪1 q3 q0‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪r3 + .......... .......‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r12‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0 r22‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0 r32‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪q‬‬ ‫∧ ‪q ∧ q ∧ q‬‬
‫)‪= 0 ( 12 r1 + 22 r2 + 23 r3 + .......... .......... ....‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r1‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪r3‬‬

‫‪F3‬‬
‫⊕‬ ‫‪F2‬‬
‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪r1‬‬

‫‪q0‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪r3‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬
‫⊕‬
‫‪q2‬‬ ‫‪⊕ q3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(10-8‬ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ q0‬ﰲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪ q2‬ﻭ ‪. q3‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪F‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪q0‬‬

‫‪221‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪q1 ∧ q2 ∧ q3‬‬
‫= ‪∴E‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫) ‪r1 + 2 r2 + 2 r3 + ........................‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪r12‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪r3‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qi‬‬ ‫∧‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪∑r‬‬ ‫‪ri‬‬ ‫)‪………………………….....(3-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫∧‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ i‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻭ ‪ ri‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ‪ qi‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪.p‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ)‪ (3-8‬ﲤﺘﺪ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫‪The‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،(Dipole‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻥ‬
‫‪Electric‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪2-8‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺓ( ﳎﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ‪4-‬‬
‫)‪8‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧـﺔ ﺣـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺎﹰ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ +q‬ﻭﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﺳـﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪–q‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ . (11-8‬ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪+q‬ﻭ ‪ -q‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﶈﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E1‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ E2‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ‪ p‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪E1 = E2‬‬ ‫)‪…………………….(4-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r + a 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣـﻦ ‪ E1‬ﻭ ‪ E2‬ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﲤﺎﺛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳒـﺪ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﳝﺤﻮ ﺃﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺯﻳﺘﲔ ﺗـﻀﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟـﻴﻤﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑـﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = E1 + E2‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫‪E1‬‬

‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪222‬‬
‫‪E2‬‬

‫‪r‬‬
 ‫ﺼﻞ ‪ E‬ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﶈ ‪‬‬
‫)‪E = E1 cos θ + E2 cos θ = 2 E1 cos θ …………….....(5-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ E1‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (4-8‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (5-8‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪E = 2.‬‬ ‫‪. 2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r + a ( r + a 2 ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2qa‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪4πε 0 (r + a 2 ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫= ‪cos θ‬‬
‫‪r 2 + a2‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ r>>a‬ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2 qa‬‬
‫= ‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪r3‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪………………....(6-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 3‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ p = 2qa‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪223‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ‪ E1‬ﻭ ‪E2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫∧‬
‫= ‪E1‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 (r − a ) 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪−q‬‬
‫= ‪E2‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫‪4πε 0 (r + a ) 2‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (11-8‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E1‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺊ‬

‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ +q‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ ، –q‬ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ‪ E‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ﺃﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﺘـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻟﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = E1 + E2‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = E1 − E2‬‬
‫‪1  q‬‬ ‫‪q ‬‬ ‫‪q  4ra ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪…. (7-8‬‬
‫)‪4πε 0  (r − a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪(r + a )  4πε 0  (r 2 − a 2 ) 2 ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ‪ E‬ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ E‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ Q‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ‪ E1‬ﺃﻱ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ‪ r>>a‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ‪ a 2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ r 2‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (7-8‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪4aq‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 3‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2p‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪………………… (8-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 3‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(1-8‬‬

‫‪224‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1m‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪−19‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪9 1.6 × 10‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪= 1.44 × 10 − 9 NC −1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1.6 × 10 −19‬‬
‫‪E = 9 × 10‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= 1.44 × 10 − 9 NC −1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻥ )ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟(‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(2-8‬‬

‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 5000nC‬ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ‪ xy‬ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫)‪ .(0.2 ،0.3‬ﺟﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ -a‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ )‪.(0‬‬
‫‪ -b‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﻬﺎ )‪.(1،1‬‬
‫)‪y(meter‬‬ ‫)‪y(meter‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫– ‪0.3‬‬ ‫–‪1‬‬
‫– ‪0.2‬‬ ‫– ‪0.8‬‬ ‫‪r2‬‬
‫– ‪0.6‬‬
‫‪0.1 – r1‬‬ ‫– ‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪θ2‬‬
‫‪θ1‬‬ ‫– ‪0.2‬‬
‫‪0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫)‪x(meter‬‬
‫)‪x(meter‬‬
‫‪-b-‬‬
‫‪-a-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (12-8‬ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺘﲔ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪.b‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-a‬‬

‫‪225‬‬
‫‪r1 = 0.2 2 + 0.32 = 0.36m‬‬
‫‪−9‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪9 5000 × 10‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪= 34.7 × 10 4 NC −1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬ ‫‪0.36 2‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪0 .3‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ1‬‬ ‫‪= 1 .5‬‬
‫‪0 .2‬‬
‫‪∴θ1 = tan −1 1.5 = 56.3o‬‬
‫‪-b‬‬
‫‪r2 = 0.8 + 0.7 = 1.06m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪5000 × 10 −9‬‬
‫‪E = 9 × 10 9‬‬ ‫‪= 4 × 10 4 NC −1‬‬
‫‪1.06 2‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪0 .7‬‬
‫= ‪tan θ 2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.875‬‬
‫‪0 .8‬‬
‫‪∴θ 2 = tan −1 0.875 = 41.2 o‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(3-8‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪ q2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ـﺖ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ـﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(13-8‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺎ ﻣـ‬‫ـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q3‬ﻛﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻊ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫ـﺚ ﻣﻮﻗـ‬ ‫ﺣﻴـ‬
‫‪ q1 = 1.5 ×10−3 C‬ﻭ ‪ q2 = −0.5 ×10 −3 C‬ﻭ ‪ r1 = 1.2m ، q3 = 0.2 ×10 −3 C‬ﻭ‬
‫‪. r2 = 0.5m‬‬
‫‪q2‬‬
‫‪E2‬‬
‫‪r2‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪r1‬‬ ‫‪q3‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(13-8‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪226‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪ q2‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪9 1.5 × 10‬‬
‫= ‪E1‬‬ ‫‪= 9 × 10‬‬ ‫‪= 0.9375 × 107 NC −1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r1‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(1.2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q2‬‬ ‫‪9 0.5 × 10‬‬
‫= ‪E2‬‬ ‫‪= 9 × 10‬‬ ‫‪= 1.8 × 107 NC −1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r2‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(0.5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺜﹼﻠﺚ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﳒﺪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﳏـﺼﻠﺔ ﺷـﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = E12 + E22 = (0.9375 × 107 ) 2 + (1.8 × 107 ) 2‬‬
‫‪= 2.03 × 107 NC −1‬‬
‫ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (13-8‬ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻇﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪1 .8‬‬
‫= ‪tanθ‬‬ ‫‪=1.9‬‬
‫‪0.9375‬‬
‫‪∴θ = 62 o‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ )‪ (6-7‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪q3‬‬
‫‪ . 4.1×103 N‬ﻭﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1-8‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪F 4.1 × 103‬‬

‫=‪E‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪= 2.03 × 107 NC −1‬‬
‫‪q1 0.2 × 10‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(4-8‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜـﻞ )‪.(14-8‬‬
‫‪227‬‬
 ‫‪+q‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪+2q‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪+q‬‬

‫ا )‪(14-8‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳒـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺊ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ + q‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻳﺴــﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔـﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻻﻥ ﺍ‪‬ــﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ + 2q‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ‪: r‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪x = a 2 + a 2 = 2a‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x 2 2 a2‬‬
‫(‪a2 =r 2 +‬‬ ‫‪) =r +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪a2‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬
‫‪r 2 =a2 −‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2q‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪∴E‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪πε 0 a 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪228‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(5-8‬‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ ‪ + 2µC‬و‪ − 3µC‬ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪1m‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(15-8‬ﺟﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳋـﻂ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪1m‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫‪− 3µC‬‬ ‫‪+ 2 µC‬‬ ‫‪E2‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(15-8‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺧـﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪ E‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪q‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ‪ E‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ‪ r‬ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﲔ ﳎـﺎﱄ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺍﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ E1‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒـﺔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪ E2‬ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ ، q2‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪E1 = E2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q2‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 ( x +1) 2‬‬

‫‪2×10 −6‬‬ ‫‪9 3×10‬‬

‫‪−6‬‬
‫‪9×109‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬‫‪10‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬ ‫‪( x +1) 2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x +1‬‬
‫‪∴x = 4.45m‬‬

‫‪229‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫‪ 4.45m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻭ ‪ 5.45m‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(6-8‬‬

‫ﺷﺤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﳘﺎ ‪ + 10 × 10 −8 C‬ﻭ ‪ − 5 × 10 −8 C‬ﺗﻔﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 20cm‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ -1. (16-8‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ -2 ،‬ﻟﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪− 5 × 10 −8 C‬‬ ‫‪+ 10 × 10 −8 C‬‬
‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪q2‬‬

‫‪20cm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(16-8‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﰐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E1‬ﻭ ‪ E2‬ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪ q2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1‬‬ ‫‪9 5 × 10‬‬
‫= ‪E1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪= 4.5 × 10 4 NC −1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(0.1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q2‬‬ ‫‪9 10 × 10‬‬
‫= ‪E2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪= 9 × 10 4 NC −1‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(0.1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q1‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ q2‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = E1 + E2‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫‪E = 4.5 × 10 4 + 9 × 10 4 = 13.5 × 10 4 NC −1‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1-8‬ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘـﺮﻭﻥ ) ‪( e‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫‪F = 13.5 × 104 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 2.16 × 10 −14 N‬‬

‫‪230‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1q2‬‬
‫= ‪ F‬ﻟﻠـﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪q2‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻟـﻮﻡ‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1q2‬‬ ‫‪9 5 × 10‬‬ ‫‪× 1.6 × 10 −19‬‬
‫= ‪F1‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪= 1.4400 × 10 −14 N‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬ ‫‪(0.1) 2‬‬

‫‪−8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q1q2‬‬ ‫‪9 10 × 10‬‬ ‫‪× 1.6 × 10 −19‬‬
‫= ‪F2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪= 0.7200 × 10 −14 N‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪(0.1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺗﲔ ‪ F1‬ﻭ ‪ F2‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ‪ q1‬ﻭ ‪ q2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪F = F1 + F2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪F = 1.4400 × 10 −14 + 0.7200 × 10 −14 = 2.16 × 10 −14 N‬‬

‫)‪ (5-8‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬

‫‪Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻋـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍﹰ‬
‫)ﻣﺘﺼﻼﹰ(‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫‪‬ﺗﺘ‪‬ﺒﻊ‪ ‬ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪∆q‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(17-8‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ∆E‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ ∆q‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪∆q‬‬
‫= ‪∆E‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫)‪…………….…..(9-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬

‫‪231‬‬
 ‫∧‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ r‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻭ ‪ r‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪.p‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪∆q i‬‬
‫≅‪E‬‬ ‫‪∑ ri‬‬ ‫)‪…………….…(10-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 i ri 2‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ i‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫‪ ∆qi‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ ∆qi → 0‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (10-8‬ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪∆q i‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪dq‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬
‫‪lim‬‬
‫‪∆qi →0‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪ri‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪ri‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪∫r‬‬‫‪2‬‬
‫)‪r …….…...(11-8‬‬

‫‪∆q‬‬
‫∧‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫‪r‬‬

‫‪p‬‬
‫‪∆E‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (17-8‬ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ∆E‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪. ∆q‬‬

‫‪232‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗ ‪‬ﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ،L‬ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪ λ‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ λ‬ﳍﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪C m −1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ‪ ،A‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪ σ‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪σ‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ σ‬ﳍﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪،‬ﺃﻱ ‪C m −2‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ V‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ρ‬ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪ρ‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ ρ‬ﳍﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪C m −3‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(7-8‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (18-8‬ﺳﻠﻚ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ L‬ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒـﺔ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪q‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ . λ‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ p‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪.a‬‬

‫‪233‬‬
 ‫‪dEy‬‬ ‫‪dE‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪dEx‬‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫‪θ2‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪θ1‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(18-8‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،dx‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪dq‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ‪ λ‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ dq‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻲ ‪ . dq = λdx‬ﺇﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ dE‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺊ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ dx‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ y‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺼ ‪‬ﺮ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﱵ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪ dEx‬ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‪ .x‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻧﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ‪ dEy‬ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ y‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪ dEy‬ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪dE y = dE cos θ‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪λdx‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬

‫‪234‬‬
 ‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪λdx‬‬
‫= ‪dE = dE y‬‬ ‫‪sin θ‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫‪λ sin θ‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫)‪……………… (12-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪ r‬ﻭ ‪ θ‬ﻭ ‪ x‬ﻭﻷﺟﻞ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﳚـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ‪ . θ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (18-8‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪x = −a cot θ‬‬
‫‪r = a csc θ‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪dx = a csc θdθ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ dx‬ﻭ ‪ r‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (12-8‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪sin θ‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫‪a csc2 θdθ‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 a csc θ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(18-8‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫= ‪E‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪4 πε 0 a  L + 4 a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪2q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪………………….…(13-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 a L2 + 4a 2‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﳑﺘﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﱵ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﻭﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠـﺔ ﺟـﺪﺍﹰً‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪ ، a ≅ 0‬ﻭﺍﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪2q / L‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬

‫=‪E‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪……………………(14-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 a 2πε 0 a‬‬

‫‪235‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(8-8‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ a‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(19-8‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪dE‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(19-8‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ dE‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ dx‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ ،q‬ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 x 2‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪λdx‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 x 2‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ p‬ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ ،(11-8‬ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫∧ ‪λdx‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺑﲔ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ L+a‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪L+ a‬‬ ‫‪L+a‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪dx‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬ ‫∫‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪λ − ‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0  x  a‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1 ‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ L+a−a‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪λ −‬‬ ‫=‪‬‬ ‫‪λ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪4πε 0‬‬ ‫‪L + a  4πε 0  a ( L + a ) ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪…………(15-8‬‬
‫) ‪4πε 0 a ( L + a ) 4πε 0 a ( L + a‬‬

‫‪236‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(9-8‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (20-8‬ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ a‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪q‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ y‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪dE‬‬ ‫‪dEy‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻧــﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﻣﻘ ‪‬‬
‫‪dEx‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨـﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ‪ ،ds‬ﻭﺍﻥ ‪dq‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‪ ds‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫= ‪dq‬‬ ‫‪ds‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ds‬‬ ‫‪2πa‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ)‪(7-8‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺷــﺪﺓ ﺍﳌـﺠﺎﻝ ‪ dE‬ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(20-8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ ds‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﳏـﻮﺭ ‪y‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ‪ E‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = E y = dE y = ∫ dE cos θ‬‬ ‫)‪……………….…(16-8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬‫‪dq‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qds‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 2πar 2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫= ‪cos θ‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (16-8‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qds y‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qy‬‬
‫∫=‪E‬‬ ‫=‬
‫∫ ‪4πε 0 2πar r 4πε 0 2πar 3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬ ‫)‪....…..….(17-8‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﹼﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪237‬‬
‫) ‪r = ( y2 + a2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫) ‪r3 = ( y2 + a2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∫ ds = s = 2πa‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ r3‬ﻭﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (17-8‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪qy‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪……………………(18-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 (a + y 2 ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ )ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﻠﻘـﺔ ﺃﻱ‬
‫‪ y>>a‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ‪ a2‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﹰ ﺑـ ‪ y2‬ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪…………………………..(19-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 y 2‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﻛﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(10-8‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (21-8‬ﻗﺮﺻﺎﹰ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺎﹰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ R‬ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ q‬ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪ . δ‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪. p‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ )‪ . (r‬ﳍﺬﺍ‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫ﺴـﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘ ‪‬‬
‫‪y‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ r‬ﻭﲰﻚ ‪ .dr‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ ، 2πrdr‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ‪ dq‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺏ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪dq = 2π rdr σ‬‬
‫‪dr‬‬

‫‪238‬‬
 ‫ﻭﺑﺈﺣﻼﻝ ‪ dq‬ﳏﻞ ‪ q‬ﻭ ‪ r‬ﳏﻞ ‪ a‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (18-8‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ydq‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫)‪………………....(20-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 (r + y 2 ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ‪ dq‬ﳒﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫) ‪y (2πrdrσ‬‬
‫= ‪dE‬‬ ‫)‪………………....(21-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 (r 2 + y 2 ) 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﲡﻴﺰ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (21-8‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﳏﺼﻠﺔ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓﹰ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪ r=0‬ﺇﱃ ‪ r=R‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺫﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪yσ‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪2rdr‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪4ε 0 0 ( y + r 2 ) 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪yσ‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪∫( y‬‬ ‫‪+ r 2 ) 2 2 rdr‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪4ε 0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪R‬‬
‫) ‪yσ  ( y 2 + r 2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4ε 0 ‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫) ‪yσ  ( y 2 + R 2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪y −1 ‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪4ε 0 ‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2 ‬‬

‫‪yσ ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬

‫=‪E‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫) ‪4ε 0  ( y + R‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪y ‬‬

‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪σ 1−‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪………………..…(22-8‬‬
‫‪2ε 0  ( y + R ) ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺑﺴﻂ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺣـﺴﺎﺏ ﺷـﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪ R>>y‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‪:‬‬

‫‪239‬‬
 ‫‪σ‬‬
‫≅‪E‬‬ ‫)‪…………………….(23-8‬‬
‫‪2ε 0‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺑﻨـﺼﻒ ﻗﻄـﺮ‬
‫‪ 10cm‬ﻭﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ q‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪20cm‬؟‬

‫)‪ (6-8‬ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪Flux of the Electric Field‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﺼﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺳﻄﺤﺎﹰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻔﻴﺾ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ . φ‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺪﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪φ = EA‬‬ ‫)‪……………………………….. (24-8‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ‪ A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻄـﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ )ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ( ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﺁﺧـﺮ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪.(24-8‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (22-8‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ‪ dA‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪ dA‬ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ‪ θ‬ﻣـﻊ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ‪ dφ‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪dφ = E (cos θdA‬‬ ‫)‪………………….(25-8‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ dA cos θ‬ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ dA‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ E‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪.dA‬‬

‫‪240‬‬
 ‫‪dA‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬

‫‪E‬‬

‫‪dA‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(22-8‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (25-8‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪dφ = E.dA‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (25-8‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪:‬‬
‫‪φ = ∫ E cos θdA‬‬ ‫)‪………………....(26-8‬‬
‫‪A‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﴰﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﺄﲨﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻋﻼﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺎﹰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(11-8‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (23-8‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 1C‬ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻧـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ .r‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪K‬‬ ‫‪= 9 × 109‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪+ 1C‬‬ ‫‪4πε 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 36π × 109‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ε0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(23-8‬‬

‫‪241‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ 1C‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (24-8‬ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ‪ ، φ‬ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪φ = EA‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫‪1 q‬‬
‫=‪φ‬‬ ‫‪.4πr 2‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪φ‬‬ ‫)‪……………………...(27-8‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (27-8‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪φ = 36π × 109‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻥ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪.(27-8‬‬

‫‪Gauss's Law‬‬ ‫)‪ (7-8‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ )ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ( ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﻀﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺷﻬﲑ ﺻﺎﻏﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻓﺮﺩﺭﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ )‪ ،(1855-1777‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﺪﺭٍ ﻛﺎﻑٍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺫﺍ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺑـﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛـﻞ ﺍﻻﺳـﻄﻮﺍﱐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨ ‪‬ﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻘﺮﺃ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ )‪ .(6-8‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (27-8‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﻘﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ‪ ،q‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪242‬‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺔ∗‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠـﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍﺎ ﺑـ ‪ qtot‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ‪ .q‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ φ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (26-8‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (27-8‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθdA‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫)‪………………….....(28-8‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫‪qtot = q1 + q2 + q3 + .................. = ∑ qi‬‬
‫‪i‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (28-8‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (27-8‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻐﻠـﻖ ‪qtot‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲰﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮ ﺃﻭ ﲰﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ‪. ε 0‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻮ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (28-8‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺃﻧﺎ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻧﺺ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻷﻣﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ qtot‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺣﺼﺮﻳﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻔﺘـﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻐﻠـﻖ‬
‫)ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ( ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻳﻬﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻓﻴﺾ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻣﺰﳚﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪!  #‬‬
‫ أم  ) ً‬ ‫∗   ا    ات ا  اء آ‬
‫ وا‪%‬ة ‪ q‬آ‪ )* +,-. )/‬ا(د ‪.(27-8‬‬

‫‪243‬‬
 ‫)‪ (8-8‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫‪Applications of Gauss's Law‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍ ﲤﺎﺛﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺹ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻳﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟـﺸﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻴﺰ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ‪ E‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cos θdA‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲡﺰﺋﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌ ‪‬ﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ )‪ (5-8‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(12-8‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (24-8‬ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻚ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷـﺤﻨﺔ ‪q‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ‪ . λ‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ‪ E‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ‪ a‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬

‫‪ds‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪ds‬‬

‫‪+++++++++++++++++++‬‬
‫‪s2‬‬

‫‪s3‬‬ ‫‪s1‬‬
‫‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(24-8‬‬
‫‪244‬‬
‫ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻄﺤﺎﹰ ﻛﺎﻭﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﹰ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﱐ ﺩﺍﺋـﺮﻱ ﻣﻐﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺴﻤ ‪‬ﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ a‬ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ L‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‪.‬ﰒ ﻧﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ s1‬ﻭ ‪ s2‬ﻭ‪ s3‬ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ‪ E‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cos θds‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθds + ∫ E cosθds + ∫ E cosθds‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cos 0ds + ∫ E cos 90ds + ∫ E cos 90ds‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ‪cos 90 = 0 ، cos 0 = 1‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﺧﺮﺍﺝ ‪ E‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ a‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪ qtot‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪E ∫ ds‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫‪∫ ds = 2πaL‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪E 2πaL‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ qtot‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺻﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ L‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ‪ λ‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot = λL‬‬
‫‪λL‬‬
‫= ‪2πaLE‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬
‫= ‪∴E‬‬ ‫)‪……………….…(29-8‬‬
‫‪2πaε 0‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ )‪ (7-8‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺑﺴﻂ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪245‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(13-8‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (25-8‬ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺹ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻻ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ . σ‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑـﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺹ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ y‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺳﻰ ﳔﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫‪s3‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴـﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﻌـﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ‪ s‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ،2y‬ﺗﻮﺿـﻊ‬
‫‪s1‬‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫‪2y‬‬
‫ﺴـﻢ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳـﻄﻮﺍﻧـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺹ‪ .‬ﻧﻘ ‪‬‬
‫‪s2‬‬ ‫)ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ( ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ‪ s1‬ﻭ‪ s2‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ s3‬ﰒ ﻧﻄ‪‬ﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫‪ds‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ E‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθds‬‬ ‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(25-8‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬

‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cos 90ds + ∫ E cos 0ds + ∫ E cos 0ds‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪0 + ∫ Eds + ∫ Eds‬‬
‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ E‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺜﺒـﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ y‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪ qtot‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪q tot‬‬
‫= ‪ES + ES‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫= ‪2 ES‬‬
‫‪σS‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬

‫‪246‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ σ S‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻭ‪‬ـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪………………….....(30-8‬‬
‫‪2ε 0‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ )‪ ، (10-8‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﺑﺴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(14-8‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (26a-8‬ﺟﺴﻤﺎﹰ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ a‬ﻭﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (26b-8‬ﺟﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ‬
‫‪ a‬ﻭﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺷـﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ r‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪+ + r+‬‬
‫‪+ + +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+ + +a +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+ ++ +‬‬ ‫‪o a‬‬
‫‪+ +r + +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+o‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+++‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪+ + +‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪(a‬‬ ‫)‪(b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(26-8‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺳﻲ ﳔﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ r‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪247‬‬
 ‫‪ -1‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθds‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺃﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺇﻥ ‪ E‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ θ‬ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ‪ E‬ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ds‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋـﺬ ﺗـﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪E ∫ ds‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪ES‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪S = 4πr 2‬‬ ‫)ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﻜﺎﻭﺱ(‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪E 4πr 2‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪1 qtot‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪…………………(31-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 r 2‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (3-8‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣـﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫)ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺸـﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ )‪ (31-8‬ﻃﺎﳌـﺎ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻥ ‪ E‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺃﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ‪ θ‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(15-8‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﻜـﺮﻭﻳﲔ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ‪o‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ \‪ r‬ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﲔ؟‬

‫‪248‬‬
 ‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﳔﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ r/‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ‪ o‬ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.(26-8‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﳒﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθds‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ qtot‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻓـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ q‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ q  4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ r \3 ‬‬
‫‪qtot =  4 3  πr \ 3  = q 3 ‬‬
‫‪ 3 πa  3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ‪ qtot‬ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪q  r \3 ‬‬
‫‪ES =  3 ‬‬
‫‪ε0  a ‬‬
‫‪q r \3‬‬
‫= ) ‪E (4πr \ 2‬‬
‫‪ε 0 a3‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫\ ‪1 qr‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪……………………...(32-8‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 a 3‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ E‬ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳـﺔ )ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ‪(r\=0‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ E‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ )ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ‪(r\=a‬ﻫﻲ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬
‫‪4πε 0 a 2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮﺍﹰ‪.‬‬

‫‪249‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(16-8‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪) p‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ (27-8‬ﺑﲔ ﻟﻮﺣﲔ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﲔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﲔ ﺑﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺘﲔ ﰲ‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﻓـﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳘـﺎﻝ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺳﻰ ﳔﺘﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﻯ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﻟﻠـﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺴﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻗـﺴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ‪ .‬ﻧﻘ ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ s1‬ﻭ ‪ s2‬ﻭ ‪ s3‬ﻭ ‪ s4‬ﰒ ﻧﻄ‪‬ﺒﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳـﻄﺢ ﳊـﺴﺎﺏ ‪E‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθds‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ E cosθds + ∫ E cosθds + ∫ E cos θds + ∫ E cos θds‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬ ‫‪s4‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪∫ (0) cos 0ds + ∫ E cos 90ds + ∫ E cos 90ds + ∫ E cos 0ds‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬ ‫‪s2‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬ ‫‪s4‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪qtot‬‬
‫= ‪0 + 0 + 0 + EA‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ )ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼﺕ( ‪ qtot‬ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪σA‬‬
‫‪σA‬‬
‫= ‪∴ EA‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫)‪……..………………….(33-8‬‬
‫‪ε0‬‬

‫‪250‬‬
 ‫‪+σ‬‬ ‫‪s3‬‬ ‫‪−σ‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪ds‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪s4‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪s2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(27-8‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠـﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ‪ .E‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻭﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺡ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ ﳊﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(17-8‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﲔ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﲬﺴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(28-8‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻂ ﳝﺜـﻞ ‪36π × 109‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺇﻥ ﳛﺘﻀﻨﻬﺎ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ؟ ﺣ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪φ = φext + φint = 30 − 5 = 25 Nm 2C −1‬‬
‫ﻭ‪‬ــﺬﺍ ﺗﻜــﻮﻥ ﳏــﺼﻠﺔ ﻋــﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻄــﻮﻁ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺍﻟــﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫) ‪ ( 25 × 36π × 109 = 2827.4 × 109‬ﺧﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪251‬‬
‫‪q = φε 0‬‬
‫‪= 2827.4 × 109 × 8.85 × 10 −12‬‬
‫‪= 25.022C‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(28-8‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ )‪(18-8‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ . 10 4 NC −1‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫=‪E‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ε0‬‬
‫‪∴σ = Eε 0 =10 4 ×8.85×10 −12 = 8.85×10 −8 C / m 2‬‬

‫‪252‬‬
 ‫‪Exercises‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪ : (1-8‬ﺟِﺪ‪ ‬ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 0.1m‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪.2nC‬‬
‫)‪ : (2-8‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺎﹰ؟ ﰒ ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (3-8‬ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺪﺗﻪ ‪ . 3600 NC −1‬ﺟِﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ‪. me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg‬‬
‫)‪ : (4-8‬ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻛﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ − 4 × 10 −13 C‬ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﳓـﻮ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 10−9 N‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻫﻪ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ؟‬
‫)‪ : (5-8‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ R‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ Q‬ﻣﻮﺯﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ E‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (6-8‬ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ x‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ x=b‬ﻭ ‪ .x=-b‬ﺍﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ‪ y‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯٍ ﶈﻮﺭ ‪ x‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪E = 2kqb /( y 2 + b 2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪ : (7-8‬ﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ؟‬
‫)‪ :(8-8‬ﻟﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ، (29-8‬ﻟﺘﻜﻮ‪‬ﻥ ﻣـﺎ ﻳـﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ p‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳏﻮﺭﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﻩ ‪ r‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻩ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ r‬ﺍﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪.a‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪E2‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪E1‬‬
‫‪+q‬‬ ‫‪-2q‬‬ ‫‪+q‬‬
‫‪r−‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r+‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(29-8‬‬

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 ‫)‪ : (9-8‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (10-8‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ d‬ﻋﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺳﻠﻚ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫‪q2‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ λ C‬ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ‪ -1.‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻡ‪ -2 ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫)‪ : (11-8‬ﻟﻮﺣﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﳛﻤﻼﻥ ﺷﺤﻨﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ .1cm‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ‪ 50NC-1‬ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ .100cm2‬ﺟﺪ ﺷـﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (12-8‬ﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﺾ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﱐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪ (12-8‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (13-8‬ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ 3m‬ﲝﻴـﺚ ﺍﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ‪ r‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﺣـﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ . ρ =10 −7 r C3 :‬ﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪ -1:‬ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‪ E -2 ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌـﺪ‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪ 4m‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‪ -3 ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ E‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺪ ‪ 2m‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (14-8‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻴﺎﱄ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺟِﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪ R‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ‪.E‬‬
‫)‪ : (15-8‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 10-3gm‬ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ، 2 ×10-8C‬ﻣﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﺣﺮﻳﺮﻱ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ 30o‬ﻣﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﺣـﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ : (16-8‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ 1gm‬ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ‪ ،3×10-9C‬ﺭﺑﻄﺖ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ـﺎﻳﱵ‬
‫ﺧﻴﻂ ﻋﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺨﻴﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ .25×10-7C/m2‬ﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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