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DISASTER RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT SERIES
ON THE GLOBAL SOUTH
SERIES EDITOR: AMITA SINGH

Development in
Coastal Zones and
Disaster Management
Edited by
Amita Singh
R. Lalitha S. Fernando
Nivedita P. Haran
Disaster Research and Management Series
on the Global South

Series Editor
Amita Singh
Centre for the Study of Law and Governance
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi, India
Disaster Research and Management Series on the Global South is a series
coming out of Special Centre for Disaster Research (SCDR) at Jawaharlal
Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India. SCDR is the first in Asia
Pacific to start a course on disaster research within a social science perspec-
tive. The series follows and publishes pedagogical and methodological
change within the subject. The new direction of teaching, research and
training turns from ‘hazard based’ to ‘resilience building’. The series taps
such research for the benefit of institutes and higher education bodies of
the global south. It also suggests that much of the western literature based
upon rescue, relief and rehabilitation which is also being taught in the
Asian institutes is not directly relevant to managing disasters in the region.
It provides reading and study material for the developing field of disaster
research and management.

1. Generates a non-west transdisciplinary literature on disaster research

and studies
2. Strengthens disaster governance and improves its legal framework
3. Sensitizes disaster management authorities towards key priorities and
attention areas
4. Focus on preparedness is strongly proposed and revisited
5. Highlights changes in pedagogy and methodology of disaster
research and teaching
6. Mainstream vulnerable communities of differently abled, elderly,
women, children
7. Indicate strategies needed to protect city animals, birds and wildlife
during disasters

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16402
 Amita Singh
R. Lalitha. S. Fernando • Nivedita P. Haran
Editors

Development in
Coastal Zones and
Disaster Management
Editors
Amita Singh R. Lalitha. S. Fernando
Center for the Study of Law & Department of Public Administration
Governance University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Jawaharlal Nehru University Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
New Delhi, India

Nivedita P. Haran
Additional Chief Secretary, 3rd Floor
Government of Kerala, South Block
Trivandrum, Kerala, India

ISSN 2662-4176     ISSN 2662-4184 (electronic)

Disaster Research and Management Series on the Global South
ISBN 978-981-15-4293-0    ISBN 978-981-15-4294-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4294-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-­01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
 Foreword: A Message from the Coast

Was it time for Mother Earth to take a break? Is this one of the many ways? Has
she sent a message to all of 8 billion+? Did she not send messages earlier which
we did not heed? Or resisted? Will we learn the lessons? For those fortunate?
(Hon’ble Lt. Governor Puducherry, Dr Kiran Bedi on the recent outbreak
of COVID-19, March 2020)

Coasts have always been fascinating for me both for their pristine purity of
an infinite spiritual universe which they offer and for the challenge which
grips me as I stand over a fragile, floating landmass against a mighty, tem-
pestuous and endless spread of turquoise ocean. There is so much to write
and feel about the coast which valiantly stands between the two un-­equals
to protect the enormous biodiversity that adorns her throughout the year.
Its ironical that mankind in its miniscule size inhabits the tenuous coast to
only weaken it further and make it more vulnerable against the turbulence
and fury of the ocean. Coasts need special protection, care and consider-
ation from citizens as much as from governments which control activities
over it.
India has a long coastline of 7516.6 km, out of which mainland coast-
line consists of 6100 km and islands’ coastline consists of 1197 km. Around
nine states and four union territories fall in the coastal area which estab-
lishes that Indian economy has a huge share of these coastal goods, man-
power and natural resources. No government can afford to ignore coastal
health in terms of natural resources, its culture and its people. My experi-
ence of managing disasters at Andaman and Nicobar islands and then as
the Lt. Governor at Puducherry has opened me to a deepening

v
vi FOREWORD: A MESSAGE FROM THE COAST

understanding about the nature of an ocean and about responsibilities of

citizens and administration who inhabit the coast. The manner in which
consumerism, ostentatiousness and greed have overtaken mankind has
caused the erstwhile serenity of coasts to be somewhat disturbed and disas-
ters to become more frequent, more impactful and more unpredictable.
This has only increased as one looks into the scattering of coastal commu-
nities and nonhuman wildlife which provided the best early warning sys-
tem against disasters.
I would prefer to highlight the three most important areas where habit-
ual governmental lethargy and apathy have weakened the coasts; and by
mentioning them here, I would like the readers of this work to give a
thought to it as they participate in policy planning processes.
First is reinstating participatory governance in coastal cities and vil-
lages so that they can protect and conserve their own local resources. I
tried to arrange a community meeting at Allankuppam village and the
experience was so rewarding for environmental awakening that with the
help of these communities I could set up a forum which also included
some officials including the area’s Junior Engineer. This monthly meet-
ing is now instituted as a regular governance practice. Sometimes, apa-
thetic public servants perceive participatory governance as interference
in their day to day affairs because it creates public vigilance and watch-
fulness. In a recent 11 March judgement in which the Madras High
Court dismissed this perception of ‘interference’ presented as a problem
by the Chief Minister against my involvement with communities and
local administration revives hope that people are powerful and their rise
to vigilance does create ripples across bureaucracy. The judgement has
established the need for collaborative, participatory and pro-people
governance in the coastal Union Territory of Puducherry. I would like
to suggest that this should be the guiding principle of participatory
governance on the coasts so that these areas become clean, green and
water rich. Notwithstanding the acts and laws through which states and
union territories are governed (e.g., Puducherry Village and Commune
Panchayats Act of 1973), there is a pressing need for some serious
incorporations and changes in the Disaster Management Act 2005,
which has so far not attempted to elaborate the responsibilities of deci-
sion makers too intricately with a vision for sustainable participation
and administrative accountability in managing a disaster.
 FOREWORD: A MESSAGE FROM THE COAST vii

Second is the building of true leadership which can keep the coasts
prepared to prevent a hazard from escalating into a disaster. This may
entail a responsibility of keeping all ministries coordinated and not just
the State Disaster Management Authority. That would be over-expecta-
tion from a single department for action which takes place in other
departments. I have been a great advocate of building a grassroots
women leadership which brings immense resilience to local community
action. I even instituted a Puduvai Pengal Award to encourage women
leaders of local communities. The first awardee of this honour is Mrs
Allimuthu of Villianur who maintains 51 women Self-Help Groups, and
has spearheaded the construction of 100 toilets I also suggest that
police force at the rank of Sub-Inspectors should be trained to be more
community oriented to prevent land grabbing in coastal areas by power-
ful interests.
Third, that governance should be ‘conservation oriented’ – conser-
vation of everything which is local such as culture, people, livelihood
choices, plants, trees, animals, birds, mountains, hills and agricultural
practices. A combination of conservation knowledge which is indige-
nous wisdom and modern technology would definitely help in sustain-
ing coastal wetlands for all forms of life that inhabits it. Conservation
also has a spiritual element which I experienced while walking by an ‘old
reborn tree’ collectively conserved near the police station at
Puducherry(see the photograph).Such old trees have been preserved
through titles of ‘sacred groves’ or the ‘abode of deities’. In reality, they
are the greatest insurance for the local communities against scarcity of
water, livelihood, food and ecosystem. The Forest Rights Act of 2006
has given community rights to manage these pristine environmental
conservation spaces. Those belonging to the coasts are the biggest
stakeholders in conservation but plans undertaken by coastal govern-
ments have not trusted their participation and sharing of knowledge.
The energy of college youth and children in schools ought to be tapped
to achieve a two sided goal of sustainable development and sustainable
economy at the coasts. It had been a worthwhile experience to organize
college level Science Exhibitions and open to them a world of relevant
and appropriate scientific solutions for their surroundings. Many bigger
institutions of Science in the neighbourhood such as the National
Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management at Chennai should play a
more involved community role to tap young talent of local students. An
viii FOREWORD: A MESSAGE FROM THE COAST

experience of conservation of water bodies and tanks has generated

much responsibility. When Puducherry youth undertook desilting of
Bahour Lake, much support arrived from Club Mahindra and Sri
Aurobindo Society for undertaking the work. One sixth standard girl
promised that she and her friends would take care of it. The Aurobindo
Society has decided to adopt her to be an engineer. Another experience
of recharging local people was the Clean Kanagan Lake. However, the
most promising effort was the revival of a huge water body next to the
Puducherry Medical College which was dead under the loads of gar-
bage dumps and sewerage discharge of drains. Its revival into a tourist
spot now is a result of a combined and collaborative effort of many
government departments, local communities, Resident Welfare
Associations, children and college students. This was part of a Green
Puducherry Initiative.
In conclusion, I found that four steps definitely lead to achievement;
Plan purposefully, Prepare prayerfully, Proceed positively and Pursue
persistently. I applied these principles during my directives to disaster
management departments at Puducherry. I also found that the Karaikal
administration had undertaken a meticulous preparation and planning
as a result of which no life was lost. In encountering disasters at the
coasts, mankind is merely a dot before the might and prowess of the
ocean. What it can do is to change ways to live and use coastal attributes
and resources. An attitude of conservation and co-existence is indis-
pensable. I wish to recall the passion of Dr Jane M.Goodall, an English
primatologist and anthropologist. At the age of 26, carrying just her
notebook and binoculars, she travelled from England to an unknown
tropical forest of Tanzania to protect, save and conserve Chimpanzees
and to give the world a remarkable window into humankind’s closest
relatives. What if she had not dared to do this? Chimpanzees would
have gone extinct and with them a deep history of the evolution of
human beings. It is passion which drives exceptional leaders and the
coasts need these leaders to train mankind to face oceans, save plank-
tons and enrich carbon sequestration to obviate climate change and
disasters waiting to devour our sinking coasts.

What you do makes a difference and you have to decide what kind of difference
you want to make, The greatest danger to our future is apathy (Dr Jane
M. Goodall)
 FOREWORD: A MESSAGE FROM THE COAST ix

(This is an invited ‘Foreword’ from Dr Kiran Bedi, a legendary Indian

Police Service (IPS) Officer, currently the Lt. Governor of the Union
Territory of Puducherry. She is one of the most brilliant and dedicated
citizen of mother earth, a Magsaysay Award winner, a governance reformer,
the Asian Tennis Champion and a versatile grassroots social worker head-
ing NGOs ‘Navjyoti’ and IV Foundation. She has courageously withstood
anyone who misused power against a common citizen in every way. Her
contributions to coastal Puducherry have brought a transformation in
many ways. Coasts have always needed someone like her to decide on how
to protect them)

Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry Dr. Kiran Bedi, IPS (Rtd)

Puducherry, India
 Acknowledgments

Our deepest gratitude to the former Executive Director of the National

Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) Mr. Anil Kumar and to the
current Executive Director Major General Manoj Kumar Bindal for
enabling wholesome participation, providing an atmosphere of academic
freedom and encouraging empirical research in the NIDM faculty. The
faculty of the Special Centre for Disaster Research (SCDR) at JNU and
the NIDM collectively encountered challenges in the field and contrib-
uted to a variety of curriculum building events at JNU.
SCDR is equally appreciative of Lt. Gen. N.C. Marwah, Member of the
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), who consistently
provided the required backup support during field surveys and data collec-
tion in disaster-affected areas. Sometimes the victims of disasters became
his mission and brightened studies on administrative leadership in manag-
ing disasters.
The JNU Central Library deserves a special mention. The readiness to
help in exploring and providing rare literature and data on disasters came
in handy to many of the authors. The former librarian Dr Ramesh C. Gaur
and after him Dr Manorama Tripathy understood and appreciated our
search for literature on transdisciplinary disaster studies in law, gover-
nance, public policy and sciences. We will never forget the vibrancy and
intellectual energy of a younger librarian, Azmi Khan, of a smaller library
at the Centre for the Study of Law and Governance at JNU. She always
waited to hear from the research team about their next search and joined
them in loud youthful discourses.

xi
xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Our office staff of the Special Centre for Disaster Research, Deepak
Kumar, Hemchand Pandey, Darakshan, Jhuman and Narinder, brightened
the work with their secretarial assistance and coordination support, which
helped us immensely in meeting the deadline.
This section also acknowledges the unforgettably versatile contribution
of the research team of Gaurika Chugh, Vualzhong Mung, Chetana Attri
and Natasha Goyal. The long-distance support of Dr Manika Kamthan
and Dr Binod Kumar was always available like disciplined soldiers of
the team.
The most enlightened support arrived from the Springer-Palgrave pub-
lishing team guided by the visionary Editorial Director for Springer
Singapore William Achauer, Associate Editor for Palgrave Macmillan
Sandeep Kaur and Editor for Springer-Nature Nupoor Singh, who man-
aged discussions and coordination in an unfailing manner. Their collabo-
ration goes beyond mere publication, as they absorbed themselves in the
research teams including many workshops, symposiums and debates.
Publishing these volumes of non-western literature has led the SCDR
research team to look for many new authors from local administrations,
affected communities and implementers. The editors acknowledge the
shared contribution of many who, despite the motivation, could not write
due to their intensive work responsibilities in the Chennai floods, Cyclone
Gaja and the Kolkata Bridge collapse. The Indian Council of Social Science
Research (ICSSR) has empowered many of these implementers who
remain knowledge repositories for original literature in disaster studies.
The editors appreciate the supportive role of ICSSR in bringing about
this volume.
Last but not the least, NAPSIPAG (Network of Asia Pacific Schools
and Institutes of Public Administration and Governance) stands with this
initiative, as strong and determined as ever before. This is one big Asia-­
Pacific family of policy experts which is always passionate to celebrate col-
laborations in generating knowledge from their homelands.
 Contents

 isaster Management in Coastal Areas: An Introduction  1

D
Nivedita P. Haran

Part I Policies, Law and Regulations for the Mitigation

of Coastal Disasters   7

 oastal Conservation in Sri Lanka: Problems and Prospects  9

C
R. Lalitha S. Fernando, H. M. I. U. P. Herath, and
R. B. P. M. Rathnayake

 he Coastal Zone Policy in Bangladesh: An Appraisal 39

T
N. Nabila Hoque

 isaster Mitigation & Planning for Tsunami in Coastal Areas 49

D
Mehul Padharia

Part II Land, Agriculture and Food at the Coastal Rim  59

 oastal Agriculture and Future Challenges 61

C
Anurudh K. Singh

xiii
xiv Contents

 and Mismanagement and Coastal Disasters 87

L
Gaurika Chugh

 armers, Climate and Disaster Management in a Coastal

F
Region101
Swarnamayee Tripathy

Part III Conserving Marine Flora and Fauna 119

 arine Animals and Coastal Disasters121

M
Amita Singh

 rotecting the Non-Human Animals of Coastal Ecosystems

P
from Disasters139
Surinder Verma and Shalini

Part IV Tackling Vulnerability and Resilience in Coastal

Ecosystems 157

 uilding Resilience in Coastal Ecosystems: Problems and

B
Prospects159
Akanchha Singh

 ustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Risks to Coastal

S
Communities171
Sushma Guleria

 isasters and Climate Change Adaptability at Odisha Coast185

D
Niranjan Sahoo and Maheswar Satpathy

 omen in 2018 Kerala Floods: A Sociological Narrative201

W
Nisha Jose and Sony Kunjappan
 Contents  xv

 limate Change and Coastal Disasters of Bangladesh215

C
Nasim Banu

 ole of Insurance in Building Resilience for Coastal Zones:

R
Market Versus the State225
Shubhalaxmi Sircar

Part V Case Studies 233

 oastal Flooding by Dam Mismanagement: Investigative

C
Post-Disaster Study on Criminal Negligence or An Act of God235
N. R. Joseph

 oastal Ballads and Conservation Ironic: Understanding

C
Implementation Slippages of the CRZ Law255
Amita Singh

 nvironmental Sociology of Floods in the Colombo District

E
of Sri Lanka271
Dinushika M. Yapa Abeywardhana

 oss and Damages from Cyclone: A Case Study from

L
Odisha, a Coastal State281
Trupti Mishra and Krishna Malakar

 ownstream Impact of Melting Glaciers: Climate Change in

D
Nepal and Beyond293
Meen B. Poudyal Chhetri

Part VI Preparedness and EWS Technology 303

 rtificial Intelligence Based Early Warning System for

A
Coastal Disasters305
Rabindra Lamsal and T. V. Vijay Kumar
xvi Contents

Part VII Path Ahead 321

 ritical Coastal Planning to Prevent Coastal Elegy323

C
Amita Singh
 List of Figures

Disaster Mitigation & Planning for Tsunami in Coastal Areas

Fig. 1 Five steps towards Tsunami preparedness. (Source: Tsunami
preparedness: information guide for disaster planners, 2008) 51
Fig. 2 Inundation area of Mandvi Taluka from Kutch district due to
1945 Makran trench earthquake and tsunami. (Source: Ministry
of Earth Sciences, March 2009) 54

Coastal Agriculture and Future Challenges

Fig. 1 Coastal agriculture and future challenges. (Source: A
restructured version of “Map of India displaying geographic
regions as effecting its bio-diversity” available on public domain
under slideshare.net)63

Marine Animals and Coastal Disasters

Fig. 1 Five transformations to relate to nature (bracketed content is
interpretative of the UNEP’s suggested transformation). (Source:
UNEP https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/) 122

Protecting the Non-Human Animals of Coastal Ecosystems

from Disasters
Fig.1 A Tweet from a public twitter account on rescue operations for
companion animals from homes and streets 149
Fig. 2 Some of the rescued animals by a good community Samaritan
Johnson V. Edicula in Upper Kuttunad village of Kerala’s
Alappuzha district 150

xvii
xviii List of Figures

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Risks to Coastal

Communities
Fig. 1 Parameters of coastal community resilience (ADPC 2007) 173

Disasters and Climate Change Adaptability at Odisha Coast

Fig. 1 Preparing communities for cyclonic disasters. (Odisha
Government)189
Fig. 2 Messages displayed on All India Radio and tweeted @
AkashwaniAIR for preparing communities for cyclonic disasters.
(Odisha Government) (30 May 2017) when 4 districts were put
on alert 190
Fig. 3 Wind and cyclone hazard map of Orissa. (Source: Vulnerability
Atlas, Published by BMTPC, Government of India) 191

Women in 2018 Kerala Floods: A Sociological Narrative

Fig. 1  205

Coastal Flooding by Dam Mismanagement: Investigative

Post-Disaster Study on Criminal Negligence or An Act of God
Fig. 1 Illustration in BIS guideline shows Flood Control Zone below
FRL and not above it as mentioned in KSEBL affidavit 240
Fig. 2 The image shows the eye of storm of August 15–17 over Idukki
(dark kidney-shaped area) where the storm was the strongest.
((Image Source: Study Report Kerala Floods of August 2018.
Central Water Commission/Hydrological Studies Organization
Hydrology (S) Directorate, Government of India) And yet,
Idukki was not flooded while many towns far from Idukki where
the storm was not as heavy were flooded: Chalakudy—under
10ft. water Kuttanand—under 8 ft. water Aluva—under 10 ft.
water Chengannur—under 8 ft. water 243
Fig. 3 An analysis of the IMD Rain Chart 2018. (Source: IMD,
https://www.imdtvm.gov.in)244
Fig. 4 Discharge data on Periyar River at Neeleshwaram G&D site.
(Source: Study Report Kerala Floods of August 2018. Central
Water Commission/Hydrological Studies Organization
Hydrology (S) Directorate, Government of India) 246
Fig. 5 CWC graph depicts struggle to keep water level that was just 1 m
below FRL from overflow during storm in Idukki Dam. (Source:
Study Report Kerala Floods of August 2018. Central Water
 List of Figures  xix

Commission/Hydrological Studies Organization Hydrology (S)

Directorate, Government of India) 247
Fig. 6 Study Report Kerala Floods of August 2018. Central Water
Commission/Hydrological Studies Organization Hydrology (S)
Directorate, Government of India) 249
Fig. 7 Chief Minister’s Office Kerala appeal, Report: https://twitter.
com/cmokerala/status/1028576388352110592?lang=en249
Fig. 8 Flooded Aluwa/Kochi area due to Idukki Dam release on August
10 when the rain was just 20 mm (low) (aerial view) The water
level at Idukki Dam was 2398 at 8 am, against the FRL of 2403
feet. Idukki Dam gates in Kerala were opened after 26 years.
(Source: DD News, YouTube retrieved from site https://youtu.
be/-YBbAfw1Ka4)251

Loss and Damages from Cyclone: A Case Study from Odisha,

a Coastal State
Fig. 1 Track of Cyclone Phailin (IMD 2014) 285

Artificial Intelligence Based Early Warning System for Coastal

Disasters
Fig. 1 Illustration of the proposed EWS 310
 List of Tables

Coastal Agriculture and Future Challenges

Table 1 List of vegetable crops grown in coastal regions of Oregon,
USA, for direct salea73
Table 2 Summary of challenges/constraints to coastal agriculture:
causes and solutions 80

Farmers, Climate and Disaster Management in a Coastal Region

Table 1 Farmers in India, 2016 107

Marine Animals and Coastal Disasters

Table 1 Total mangrove cover since 1987 126
Table 2 Total mangrove cover 2017 127

Protecting the Non-Human Animals of Coastal Ecosystems

from Disasters
Table 1 State-wise Details of Damage due to Cyclonic Storm/Flash
Floods/Floods/Landslides/Cloudburst etc. during the years
2013–14 to 2017–18 145

Women in 2018 Kerala Floods: A Sociological Narrative

Table. 1  209

xxi
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no related content on Scribd:
 eventful, checkered; restless, inconstant, mutable, desultory,
unequal.
Ant. Regular, equable, orderly, systematic, calculable.
Fix. Set, place, establish, plant, fasten, make firm; attach, tie,
connect; determine, define, appoint, limit, settle; rivet, direct
steadily, adjust; solidify, consolidate; link, locate, root, secure;
decide.
Ant. Displace, unsettle, remove, disarrange, uproot, transplant,
transfer, weaken, shake, disestablish, reverse, disturb, change,
unfix.
Flaccid. Limber, lax, drooping, flabby, soft, limp, yielding, relaxed,
inelastic, pendulous.
Ant. Firm, braced, plump, muscular, chubby, brawny,
vigorous, strong, powerful.
Flag, n. Flagstone; streamer, banner, colors, standard, pennon,
pennant, ensign, gonfalon.
Flag, v. Hang loose, droop; languish, faint, decline, pine, sink,
succumb, grow weak, become dejected; pall, grow stale, lose
interest, weary, tire; give in.
Ant. Freshen, flourish; persevere, hold, brace up, struggle,
persist, battle, recruit, recover.
Flagitious. Atrocious, heinous, flagrant, scandalous, villainous,
corrupt, abandoned, profligate; enormous, monstrous, disgraceful,
nefarious, aggravated.
Ant. Creditable, honorable, noble, meritorious, justifiable,
distinguished, extenuated, excusable, pardonable.
Flaring. Flaming, glaring, conspicuous, bright, gaudy, overcolored,
flaunting, flashy, ostentatious, showy, tawdry.
Ant. Subdued, toned, harmonized, dull, dim, dingy, neutral,
dowdy, colorless.
Flat, a. Level, horizontal; even, plane, smooth; low, prostrate, laid
low; dull, lifeless, spiritless, unanimated, frigid, tame, prosaic,
uninteresting; pointless; vapid, tasteless, insipid, stale, dead,
jejune; peremptory, absolute, positive; downright, mawkish.
Ant. Animated, exciting, interesting, thrilling, sensational,
emotional, melodramatic.
Flaunt. Wave ostentatiously, insolently, brazenly, or boldly;
display, vaunt, flourish, toss, disport, boast; flout, flounce, flutter,
parade, figure.
Ant. Conceal, suppress, retire, skulk, recede, hide, shrivel,
collapse, furl.
Flavor. Taste, savor, relish, zest, smack, gusto; aroma, essence,
subtle quality, spirit, soul; odor.
Ant. Insipidity, tastelessness, inodorousness, mawkishness,
scentlessness, flatness.
Flexible. Pliable, pliant, limber, lithe, supple, crooked; affable,
tractable, compliant, docile, gentle; elastic; easy, indulgent, ductile,
flexile, yielding.
Ant. Tough, rigid, inelastic, hard, inflexible, inexorable.
Flicker. Quiver, flutter, falter, waver, glimmer, bicker, shimmer,
scintillate.
Ant. Stream, blase, beam, shine, gleam.
Flight. Flying, soaring, volitation, mounting, fleeing, departure;
flock; volley, shower; escape, evasion, disappearance; stampede,
hegira, exodus.
Ant. Recurrence, return, reappearance; repose, perching,
alighting.
Flimsy. Gauzy, poor, transparent, thin; trifling, trivial, inane,
puerile; weak, shallow, superficial, slight, unsubstantial; feeble,
frivolous, foolish, light, trashy.
Ant. Solid, sound, irrefragable, cogent, substantial.
Flinch. Wince, swerve, recoil, blench, shrink, draw back.
Ant. Dare, face, bare, meet, endure, challenge, defy.
Fling. Throw, cast, toss, hurl, dart, pitch, chuck; prostrate,
overthrow, throw down; wince, flounce; jeer, sneer, gibe, scoff,
flaunt, taunt; emit, ejaculate.
Ant. Snatch, grasp, hold, keep, retain, arrest, catch.
Flippant. Fluent, voluble, glib, talkative, nimble of speech;
impertinent, pert, malapert, forward, bold; superficial, saucy,
thoughtless.
 Ant. Servile, considerate, obsequious, flattering, deferential;
accurate; complimentary, respectful.
Float. Waft, swim, be buoyed up; bear up, buoy up; spread, prevail.
Ant. Sink, drown, die, vanish, founder.
Flock, n. Brood, bevy, herd, lot, group, pack, swarm, set, hatch,
drove, covey, litter; collection, company, congregation.
Flock, v. Herd, congregate, assemble, throng, crowd, troop.
Ant. Disperse, scatter, separate, segregate, distribute, rout.
Flood, n. Deluge, abundance, inundation, overflow, freshet;
downrush, multitude.
Ant. Drought, drain, ebb, scarcity, subsidence.
Florid. Flowery; flushed, rubicund; ornate, rhetorical, figurative,
embellished; overwrought, sanguine, meretricious.
Ant. Pallid, exsanguine; bloodless, anemic, unadorned, bare,
sober, nude, chaste.
Flounder. Struggle, toss, wallow, tumble, flounce; roll, blunder,
bungle.
Ant. Emerge, course, career, speed, rise, skim, flourish.
Flourish. Thrive, grow; prosper, succeed, be successful; vapor,
boast, brag, vaunt, bluster, show off; attain one’s prime, be in
vigor; brandish, wave; speed, triumph.
Ant. Fail, decline, fade, arrest, founder, miscarry; sheath,
ground.
Flow. Stream, run, pour, roll on, sweep along; melt, liquefy, be
molten; issue, emanate, proceed, come, grow, arise, follow, spring,
result; glide, wave, undulate, float, waver, abound, be full, flood,
deluge, overflow; career, progress, course.
Ant. Halt, stick, stop, hesitate, fail, stickle, stint, beat, recoil,
ebb, regurgitate; stagnate.
Flower, n. Blossom, bloom; best part; prime, vigor; figure,
expression; perfection, acme, ornament, pride, gem, cream.
Ant. Deformity, disappointment, blot, abortion; blight; scum;
dregs.
Flowing. Running; fluent, copious, smooth; abundant, exuberant,
easy, eloquent.
 Ant. Dry, dribbling, meager, strained, labored, difficult,
unready, forced.
Fluctuate. Veer, waver, swerve, vacillate, vary, undulate, oscillate,
hesitate.
Ant. Abide, adhere, persist, stand fast, stay, stick, hold fast.
Fluctuation. Oscillation, undulation, unsteadiness, variation,
change, shifting, rise and fall, inconstancy, hesitation, wavering,
vacillation.
Ant. Steadiness, firmness, steadfastness, constancy, stability,
fixedness, stolidity; persistence, perseverance, pertinacity,
obstinacy, tenacity.
Fluency. Smoothness, flowing quality, liquidness; copiousness,
affluence, command of language, readiness of speech.
Ant. Solidity, density, compactness, hardness; difficulty,
slowness; paucity.
Flurry, v. Excite, agitate, disconcert, confuse, disturb, perturb,
hurry, ruffle, worry, fluster.
Ant. Soothe, compose, quiet, calm, mesmerize.
Flutter. Hover, flap, flirt; palpitate, tremble; flaunt; fluctuate,
waver, oscillate, vacillate, be inconstant, be unsteady; flit, quiver,
flicker.
Ant. Perch, roost, nestle, settle, subside, collapse, rest, repose,
pause, sink, lull.
Flux. Flow, flowing; mutation, change, shifting, transition; fusion,
melting; solvent; motion, progression, substitution, transmutation.
Ant. Stagnation, stillness, identity, invariableness,
immutability, arrestation, crystallization.
Focus. Center; standpoint; convergence, rendezvous, nucleus.
Ant. Circle, dispersion, divergence, dissipation.
Foggy. Misty, hazy; confused, dazed, bewildered, muddy, muddled;
absent, stupid, obscure.
Ant. Alert, alive, awake; lucid, clear, bright; shrewd, sharp.
Foible. Frailty, weakness, failing, defect, imperfection, infirmity,
fault, weak point; peccadillo.
Ant. Crime, atrocity, sin, enormity.
Foil, n. Contrast, background, set off; rapier; enhancement, setting;
elucidation.
Ant. Eclipse, outshining, extinction, overshadowing.
Foist. Impose, thrust; falsify, counterfeit, palm, pass.
Ant. Expose, detect, verify, authenticate.
Fold, v. Double, enfold, enwrap, envelop, wrap, embrace, enclose.
Ant. Unfold, expose, disengage.
Follow. Attend, accompany, result, pursue, succeed, chase, go
after, come after, copy, ensue, heed, imitate, observe, obey,
practice; shadow.
Ant. Avoid, elude, precede, quit, disobey, cause, produce, shun,
abandon.
Follower. Pursuer; attendant, retainer, supporter, dependant,
companion, associate; adherent, disciple, pupil, partisan; imitator,
copier.
Ant. Leader, teacher, rival, antagonist, opponent.
Folly. Foolishness, imbecility, fatuity, stupidity, shallowness,
dulness; absurdity, extravagance, infatuation, unwisdom,
imprudence, nonsense, indiscretion; slip, lapse, misstep; madness,
misconduct, silliness, weakness.
Ant. Wisdom, sanity, sense, prudence, judgment, sobriety.
Foment. Bathe; excite, instigate, stimulate, brew, encourage,
promote, abet, stir up; fan, cherish, propagate.
Ant. Allay, extinguish, extirpate, quench, discourage.
Fond. Foolish, silly, weak, absurd, empty, vain, senseless, baseless;
doting, affectionate, loving, attached, enamored, devoted.
Ant. Averse, unloving, unaffectionate, strong-minded, rational,
austere, sensible, well-grounded, undemonstrative.
Fondle. Caress, coddle, blandish, pet; dandle; spoil, indulge.
Ant. Worry, annoy, tease, chafe, irritate, ruffle.
Fondness. Delusion, folly, silliness, weakness, absurdity;
tenderness, doting; liking, preference, partiality, predilection,
affection; relish, appetite.
 Ant. Repulsion, aversion, dislike, antipathy; hatred, contempt;
harshness, brutality, loathing.
Food. Aliment, nourishment, nutriment, nutrition, viands,
sustenance, victuals, provender, regimen, pabulum, fodder, diet,
forage, feed, fare; bread, meat, provisions, cheer, commons,
rations, subsistence.
Fool. Idiot, natural; dolt, witling, driveler, blockhead, simpleton,
dunce; buffoon, harlequin, droll, punch, antic, jester, clown.
Ant. Wise man, adept, expert, scholar, master.
Foolish. Senseless, idiotic, silly, weak, daft, simple, irrational,
insensate, shallow, brainless, witless; unwise, unreasonable,
absurd, ridiculous, preposterous, indiscreet, imprudent; puerile,
idle, trivial, trifling, contemptible, vain, childish; injudicious,
objectionable, imbecile, nonsensical; crazed.
Ant. Sensible, sane, clear-sighted, deep, strong-minded, sound,
sagacious, wise, prudent, judicious, eligible, calculating,
advisable.
Footing. Foothold; foundation, basis, groundwork; standing, rank,
grade, status, state, condition; settlement, establishment; sum
total.
Ant. Dislodgment, ousting, unstableness.
Foppish. Dandyish, vain, coxcombical, dressy, dandified.
Ant. Unassuming, modest, dowdy, unaffected, clownish,
slovenly.
Foray. Inroad, irruption, raid, invasion, incursion; sally, escapade,
dragonnade.
Ant. Flight, retreat, recall, stampede, decampment.
Forbear. Abstain, avoid, withhold, refrain, forego; stop, desist,
pause, cease, stay, hold, break off, give over; be tolerant, endure, be
patient; shun, decline; omit; spare, tolerate, put up with.
Ant. Seek, indulge, gratify, yield, grant, bestow; continue,
advance, progress; rebel, resist.
Forbidding. Repulsive, repellent, unpleasant, odious, abhorrent,
disagreeable, offensive; deterrent, prohibitory.
Ant. Attractive, seductive, permissive, alluring, encouraging.
Force, n. Strength, power, energy, might, vigor; efficacy, efficiency,
potency, validity, virtue, cogency, agency; compulsion, violence,
constraint, coercion, enforcement; army, troop, legion, battalion,
host, squadron, phalanx; instrumentality, dint, vehemence,
pressure.
Ant. Weakness, feebleness, inefficiency, counteraction,
neutralization, debility, inconclusiveness, pointlessness.
Fore, a. Anterior, preceding, antecedent, prior, previous, former,
foregoing; front, face; advanced, leading, head, foremost, first.
Ant. Posterior, subsequent, following; rear, back, hindmost,
last.
Forefather. Progenitor, ancestor, father.
Ant. Descendants, progeny.
Forefend. Avert, prevent, ward off, hinder, keep off, forbid; stave,
obviate.
Ant. Remedy, rectify, cure, mend, redress.
Forego. Relinquish, resign, renounce, surrender, cede, yield,
abandon, give up, part with, let go; waive, drop, abjure.
Ant. Claim, assume, seize, grasp, retain, vindicate.
Foreign. Alien, external, exterior, outward, strange, exotic, from
abroad; extraneous, extrinsic, adventitious, irrelevant; outlandish.
Ant. Domestic, congenial, native, relative, germane.
Forerunner. Precursor, herald, harbinger, foregoer, avant-
courier; prelude; prognostic, sign, omen, premonition;
predecessor.
Ant. Successor, follower; postlude; fulfilment.
Foresee. Foreknow, forecast, have prescience of; predict,
anticipate, foretell, forebode, divine.
Ant. Remember, recollect, recall, reflect.
Foretell. Prognosticate, foreshow, foreshadow, betoken, portend,
augur, bode, forebode, presage; predict, prophesy; pre-indicate,
forewarn.
Ant. Recite, narrate, detail; recollect, remember.
Forethought. Foresight, anticipation, precaution, forecast,
provision, prudence.
 Ant. Delay, procrastination.
Forever. Always, perpetually, eternally, everlastingly, ever,
endlessly, evermore, aye.
Ant. Never, at no time.
Forfeit, Forfeiture. Loss, fine, mulct, amercement, confiscation,
penalty; damages.
Ant. Bribe, premium, douceur, compensation, gratuity,
reward, remuneration.
Forge. Beat, hammer out, fabricate, frame, form; devise, invent,
coin; falsify, counterfeit; work, produce, elaborate, feign, make
falsely, shape.
Ant. Shatter, batter, shiver, blast, fuse, detect, expose;
misconstrue, misshape, misfabricate; verify.
Forgery. Counterfeit; falsification, fraudulent imitation.
Ant. Attestation, verification, signature; genuineness.
Forget. Consign to oblivion, overlook; slight, neglect, cease to care
for; unlearn, pretermit, obliterate.
Ant. Acquire, learn, recollect, remember, retain, treasure,
mind.
Forgetful. Apt to forget; negligent, inattentive, careless, heedless,
neglectful, mindless.
Ant. Attentive, retentive, careful, mindful.
Forgetfulness. Aptness to forget; failure of memory; negligence,
inattention, carelessness, heedlessness; oblivion.
Ant. Retentiveness, recollection, recalling.
Forgotten. Unremembered, bygone, slighted, overlooked,
obsolete, neglected, disregarded.
Ant. Remembered, present, treasured, cherished, guarded,
regarded.
Forlorn. Deserted, forsaken, solitary, abandoned, lost, friendless;
wretched, miserable, pitiable, destitute, desolate; helpless,
comfortless, disconsolate, wobegone; hapless, luckless; lone,
lonesome.
Ant. Supported, cherished, attended, protected, befriended,
cheered.
Form, n. Shape, figure, configuration, mold, fashion, cast, cut;
mode, method, formula, formulary, ritual; manner, system, sort,
kind, order; regularity, arrangement; shapeliness, ceremony,
formality, ceremonial; conventionality, etiquette; pattern, model;
mere appearance, empty show.
Form, v. Shape, mold, fashion, constitute, arrange, frame,
construct, contrive, conceive, make, produce, create, devise, invent,
compose, dispose, combine.
Ant. Deform, dislocate, distort, derange, disintegrate,
dismember, dissipate, disorganize, analyze.
Formal. Express, explicit, positive, strict, official; regular, set,
methodical, fixed, rigid, stiff; ceremonious, precise, punctilious,
starched, prim, exact; essential, constitutive; external; complete,
shapely, sufficient, affected, correct, stately, dignified, pompous.
Ant. Incomplete, irregular, informal, incorrect, inadequate,
easy, unassuming, unceremonious.
Formalism. Rigidity, parade, ceremoniousness, pomposity,
externalism, punctilio.
Ant. Simplicity, unaffectedness, unostentatiousness,
unceremoniousness.
Formality. Custom, established mode; ceremony, etiquette,
conventionality, mere form; parade, affectation, punctiliousness,
stateliness.
Ant. Informality; unceremoniousness, unconventionality;
originality.
Formation. Creation, production; composition, constitution;
arrangement, disposal, combination, disposition; construction,
shape, structure.
Former. Anterior, antecedent, previous, prior, preceding,
foregoing; quondam, late, old-time; past, bygone, foregone,
previous; first-named, first-mentioned; earlier, ancient.
Ant. Subsequent, succeeding, posterior, latter, modern, coming,
future.
Formidable. Terrible, redoubted, tremendous, dangerous; awful,
alarming, terrifying, discouraging, appalling, serious, horrible,
dreadful, fearful, shocking.
 Ant. Light, trivial; feeble, harmless, contemptible, powerless,
despicable, weak, helpless.
Forthwith. Instantly, directly, immediately, without delay,
instantaneously.
Ant. Hereafter, soon, by-and-by, presently.
Fortification. Fort, stronghold, fortress, fastness, castle, citadel;
bulwark, fortified place.
Fortify. Protect, surround; reinforce, brace, stiffen, strengthen;
confirm, corroborate; garrison, intrench.
Ant. Weaken, dismantle; invalidate.
Fortitude. Endurance, heroism, resolution, courage; firmness,
patience; bravery; calmness, resignation, hardihood, composure,
stoicism.
Ant. Impatience, timidity, flinching, irritation, faintness,
delicacy, effeminacy, womanishness, childishness.
Fortuitous. Accidental, casual, contingent, chance, incidental,
undesigned.
Ant. Purposed, planned, designed; anticipated, foreseen.
Fortunate. Favored, lucky, successful, prosperous, happy,
felicitous, propitious, auspicious, favorable, advantageous,
providential.
Ant. Miserable, unhappy, unlucky, ill-starred, unfortunate,
wretched, woful, fallen, infelicitous, broke, crushed.
Fortune. Chance, accident, luck, hap, casualty, fortuity; livelihood;
estate, substance, property, possessions; wealth, affluence, riches,
opulence; destiny, fate, destination, doom, star, lot; issue, result,
event; success.
Ant. Design, purpose; misfortune, ill luck, poverty; inception,
cause, failure.
Forward, a. Onward, progressive, advancing; front, fore, anterior;
ready, prompt, eager, willing, zealous, earnest; presumptuous,
confident, bold, impertinent, pert, assuming, flippant; early,
premature; obtrusive, anxious, self-assertive.
Ant. Tardy, reluctant, retiring, backward, slow, modest,
indifferent.
Forward, v. Support, foster, advance, promote, further, encourage,
aid, favor, help; hasten, accelerate, quicken, speed, hurry,
despatch, expedite; transmit, send on, ship.
Ant. Retard, delay, prevent, hinder, frustrate.
Foul. Impure, nasty, dirty, unclean, squalid, filthy, tarnished,
soiled, stained, polluted, sullied; disgusting, loathsome, offensive,
noisome; dishonorable, unfair, sinister, underhanded; base,
scandalous, infamous, vile, wicked, dark, abominable, detestable,
disgraceful, shameful; vulgar, coarse, low; abusive, insulting,
scurrilous; thick, turbid, muddy; stormy, cloudy, rainy; entangled,
tangled.
Ant. Pure, uncorrupt, unstained, undefiled, uncontaminated,
unsullied, stainless, fair, unspotted, spotless, unpolluted, holy.
Found, v. Base, set, fix, place, ground, rest; build, construct, raise,
erect; establish, institute, originate, plant, set up; cast, mold;
endow, root.
Ant. Uproot, subvert, supplant, disestablish.
Foundation. Base, groundwork, basis, bottom, footing;
establishment, settlement; endowment; institution, origin,
rudiments, ground, substratum, underlying principle.
Ant. Disestablishment; superstructure; demolition, ruin,
overthrow.
Founder. Originator, institutor, establisher, planter; molder,
caster; author.
Ant. Subverter, destroyer.
Fountain. Spring, well, jet; source, origin, original cause, first
principle.
Fraction. Part, portion, fragment, piece, bit, scrap, section.
Ant. Whole, total, amount, sum, aggregate.
Fractious. Cross, captious, petulant, testy, peevish, fretful,
irritable, waspish, snappish; pettish.
Ant. Good-humored, blithesome, agreeable, complaisant,
genial.
Fragile. Brittle, easily broken, frangible; infirm, frail, weak, feeble,
delicate, slight.
 Ant. Tough, hardy, stout, strong.
Fragment. Remnant, fraction, scrap, chip, detached part, bit,
piece, morsel.
Ant. Bulk, body, whole, mass.
Fragrance, Fragrancy. Redolence, perfume, aroma, balminess,
incense, grateful odor or smell, pleasant scent.
Fragrant. Aromatic, redolent, spicy, balmy, odoriferous,
perfumed, sweet-scented, odorous, sweet-smelling.
Ant. Inodorous, scentless, fetid.
Frail. Fragile, brittle, frangible; weak, feeble, infirm; irresolute,
erring, mutable.
Ant. Resolute, lasting, virtuous; tough, hardy, strong, stout.
Frame, n. Framework, skeleton, carcass, framing; form, structure,
system, fabric, constitution, scheme; condition, state, temper,
mood.
Frame, v. Construct, build, put together; form, compose, make,
constitute; invent, devise, plan, contrive; fabricate, forge.
Franchise. Right, privilege; exemption, immunity; freedom.
Ant. Obligation, disability, disqualification, liability,
jurisdiction.
Frank. Open, ingenuous, free, sincere, candid, artless, frank-
hearted, without disguise, unreserved; familiar, honest, outspoken,
easy, plain.
Ant. Close, reserved; disingenuous.
Frantic. Furious, raving, raging, mad, wild, infuriate, frenzied,
distracted; maniacal.
Ant. Sane, sober, calm, collected, cool, unruffled, composed.
Fraternity. Association, circle, society, company, brotherhood,
sodality, league, clan; brotherliness.
Fraternize. Harmonize, sympathize, consort, concur; associate
with, coöperate with; coalesce.
Ant. Renounce, abjure, forswear; ostracize.
Fraud. Duplicity, deceit, deception, dishonesty, treason, artifice,
trick, cheat, imposture, swindle, treachery, imposition.
 Ant. Good faith, honesty, truth, uprightness, fairness, integrity.
Fraught. Filled, stored, laden, freighted, charged, abounding,
pregnant, big; loaded, teeming.
Ant. Devoid, divested, exempt, empty, wanting, poor, scant.
Freakish. Whimsical, erratic, capricious, odd, fanciful,
humorsome; sportful, frisky, joking, mirthful.
Ant. Sober, steady, demure, unwhimsical, unfanciful, reliable,
consistent, equable, uniform.
Free, a. Independent, at liberty, unrestrained; released,
emancipated, delivered, liberated; exempt, clear, allowed,
permitted, open; unobstructed, unimpeded, unrestricted; frank,
ingenuous, candid, artless, unreserved, sincere, frank-hearted;
generous, liberal, bountiful, hospitable, charitable, munificent,
open-handed; prodigal, lavish, immoderate; ready, eager, willing,
prompt; gratuitous, spontaneous; loose, lax; familiar,
unconstrained, easy, informal; detached, playing, operating,
unoccupied, unhindered, unconditional, untrammeled, careless,
unconfined, bounteous.
Ant. Bound, shackled, subservient, restricted, obstructed,
clogged; occupied; impeded, unlawful, compulsory, biased,
subject, liable, amenable; conditional, qualified; stingy,
niggardly.
Freedom. Independence, liberty; scope, range, play, free swing;
franchise, immunity, privilege; license, laxity, looseness,
familiarity.
Ant. Slavery, serfdom, servitude; imprisonment, captivity.
Frenzy. Madness, rage, fury, insanity, raving, distraction, lunacy,
derangement, mania, delirium, aberration of mind; fanaticism,
fire.
Ant. Calm, composure, collectedness, coolness, sanity, sobriety,
equanimity.
Frequent, a. Oft-repeated; common, usual, everyday; many,
repeated, recurrent, general, numerous, continual.
Ant. Few, solitary, scanty, rare, casual.
Fresh. New, recent, novel; renewed, revived; blooming,
flourishing, unfaded, unwilted, unwithered, well-preserved;
 unimpaired, undecayed; rosy, ruddy, fair, delicate, fresh-colored;
well, hearty, florid, vigorous, healthy, hardy, strong; unworn,
unwearied, unexhausted, unfatigued; vivid, lively, keen, unabated;
unsalted; pure, cool, refreshing, sweet, health-giving, bracing;
brisk, stiff, strong; raw, uncultivated, unpracticed, untrained,
unskilled, inexperienced; young, untried, modern.
Ant. Old, stale, weary, jaded; former; stagnant, impaired;
original, ordinary, tarnished, faded, decayed, pallid, sickly,
putrid, moldy, musty, fusty.
Fretful. Touchy, peevish, petulant, testy, snappish, waspish,
splenetic, spleeny, captious, irritable, ill-humored, ill-tempered;
fractious, impatient, discontented.
Ant. Patient, contented, forbearing, meek, resigned,
unmurmuring.
Friction. Attrition, abrasion, resistance, confrication, rubbing;
grating, contact.
Ant. Lubrication, non-contact, detachment, isolation.
Friend. Confidant, intimate, associate, companion; ally, confrère,
fellow-adherent; favorer, encourager, well-wisher, advocate,
patron, adherent, defender, supporter; acquaintance, familiar,
chum, messmate, coadjutor.
Ant. Opponent, foe, adversary, antagonist, enemy.
Friendly. Companionable, genial, neighborly, cordial, affectionate,
brotherly, fond, favorable, kind, kindly, loving, well-disposed,
social, tender, affable, accessible, sociable, amicable, complaisant,
hearty, sincere.
Ant. Adverse, estranged, ill-disposed, unfriendly, antagonistic,
unkind, inimical, alienated, distant, disaffected, frigid, hostile,
cold, indifferent, contentious, belligerent, bellicose.
Friendship. Affection, good will, devotion, attachment, amity,
comity, consideration, favor, friendliness, love, regard, esteem,
admiration.
Ant. Hostility, hatred, enmity, feud; contempt, disdain;
antipathy.
Frighten. Alarm, affright, intimidate, scare, terrify, daunt, appall,
browbeat, depress, dismay.
 Ant. Calm, soothe, comfort, ease; reassure, encourage.
Frightful. Terrible, fearful, terrific, dire, dread, dreadful, horrid,
horrible, awful, shocking, hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly, gruesome,
alarming; ugly, monstrous.
Ant. Pleasing, fair, attractive, encouraging, lovely, beautiful.
Frigid. Cold, dull, cool, uninteresting, lifeless, unanimated, tame,
spiritless; formal, prim, stiff, forbidding, chilling, rigid, freezing,
repulsive, repellent; inanimate, passionless, distant.
Ant. Warm, ardent, impassioned; vehement, zealous.
Frisk. Leap, skip, hop, frolic, jump, romp, gambol, wanton, dance,
sport, play.
Ant. Lie, ruminate, roost, mope, sulk, rest, repose.
Frisky. Gay, lively, sportive, playful, coltish, wanton, frolicsome.
Ant. Demure, sedate, pensive, meditative.
Fritter. Slice, break, shiver, shatter; dribble, waste, dissipate, idle.
Ant. Husband, economize, cultivate, provide, be frugal.
Frivolous. Trivial, worthless, light, trifling, silly, petty, idle, flimsy,
childish, puerile, foolish, trashy.
Ant. Serious, earnest, important, grave.
Frolic, n. Gambol, lark, escapade, prank; fun, pleasantry, drollery;
merriment, merry-making; play, game, festivity, sport,
entertainment, gaiety, spree.
Ant. Study, engagement, occupation, purpose, undertaking.
Frolicsome. Gay, lively, frisky, sportive, playful, frolic, merry,
joyous; wanton, festive.
Ant. Grave, serious, laborious, earnest, studious.
Froward. Contrary, fractious, perverse, contumacious, refractory,
untoward, unyielding, ungovernable, wayward, disobedient,
peevish, cross, captious, petulant.
Ant. Docile, amenable, favorable, agreeable, obedient, ductile.
Frugal. Provident, economical, careful, choice, saving, chary,
thrifty, unwasteful, sparing; parsimonious, abstinent, abstemious,
temperate.
 Ant. Profuse, lavish, luxurious, extravagant, prodigal,
intemperate, self-indulgent.
Frugality. Parsimony, thrift, providence, prudence, economy,
sparing, miserliness, parsimoniousness, scrimping.
Ant. Liberality, luxury, opulence, waste, wealth, extravagance,
bounty, affluence, abundance, riches.
Fruit. Harvest, crop, product; production, result, effect,
consequence, outcome; offspring, issue, young; produce, reward,
outgrowth.
Ant. Seed, cause, origin, operation, growth.
Fruitful. Productive; prolific, fertile, fecund; abundant, rich,
plentiful, plenteous; pregnant, fraught, causative, successful,
effectual, useful.
Ant. Unproductive, sterile, barren, fruitless, useless, abortive,
ineffectual.
Fruition. Fulfilment, enjoyment; reaping, attainment, use,
possession.
Ant. Loss, disappointment, non-attainment.
Fugacious. Transitory, transient, evanescent, fugitive, ephemeral,
fleeting.
Ant. Persistent, perennial, permanent, perpetual.
Fulfil. Accomplish, effectuate, effect, realize, execute, consummate,
complete, perfect; obey, observe, perform, do, discharge, keep,
adhere to, comply with; meet, satisfy, answer, fill, fill out; verify,
achieve.
Ant. Neglect, ignore; falsify, disappoint; render abortive;
overlook, disregard, slight.
Fulminate. Explode, detonate; utter denunciations, thunder,
fulmine, hurl threats; clamor, roar, denounce, vociferate.
Ant. Laud, panegyrize, eulogize.
Fulsome. Gross, excessive, offensive, extravagant, nauseous,
disgusting, repulsive, coarse, ribald, questionable, loathsome,
sickening, fawning.
Ant. Chaste, sober, delicate, nice, temperate, moderate.
Fume, v. Smoke, reek, emit vapor, exhale; rave, rage, chafe, storm,
bluster, fret, flare up, be in a rage.
Ant. Acquiesce; smile; submit, accede, consent, concur.
Function, n. Exercise, performance, execution, discharge;
employment, office, duty, business, occupation, part, province;
character, capacity, operation, administration, power.
Ant. Usurpation, misdemeanor, misconduct,
maladministration.
Functionary. Office-holder, official, officer, servant, personage,
incumbent.
Fund. Stock, capital; supply, store; foundation, permanent fund;
money, means, resources; investment.
Ant. Expenditure, outlay, disbursement.
Fundamental. Essential, radical, primary, organic, constitutional,
indispensable, principal, important.
Ant. Secondary, unimportant, non-essential, ascititious,
adventitious.
Funereal. Mournful, sad, lugubrious, woful, dark, plaintive,
somber, melancholy, funeral, gloomy, dismal, sepulchral, solemn,
deathlike.
Ant. Joyous, festive, funny, stirring, lively, ridiculous, farcical.
Funny. Ludicrous, droll, comical, farcical, sportive, humorous,
amusing, laughable, diverting, jocose, ridiculous.
Ant. Tedious, dull, mournful, lugubrious, grave, serious,
dismal, sad, lamentable.
Furbish. Burnish, polish, rub, scour, brighten.
Ant. Dull, tarnish, cloud.
Furnish. Provide, supply; fit, equip, fit up; afford, give, bestow,
contribute, present, purvey, yield.
Ant. Withhold, withdraw; dismantle; retain, keep.
Furtive. Secret, sly, clandestine, stolen, stealthy, surreptitious,
secretive.
Ant. Open, public, undisguised, unconcealed, unreserved.
Fuse. Melt, liquefy, smelt; intermix, amalgamate, blend,
commingle, intermingle; coalesce.
Ant. Disunite, diffuse, disamalgamate, disincorporate.
Fuss, n. Hurry, worry, ado, fidget, bustle, flurry, stir, agitation,
excitement, tumult.
Ant. Quiet, peace, sedateness, calm, composure, tranquillity.
Futile. Trifling, frivolous, trivial; worthless, valueless, vain, idle,
unprofitable, profitless, unavailing, fruitless, bootless, ineffectual;
weak, ineffective, useless, nugatory.
Ant. Cogent, effective, potent, powerful, useful, substantial,
solid.
Future. Forthcoming, coming, advenient.
Ant. Past, gone, bygone.
 G

Gabble, n. Prate, jargon, stuff, jabber, rattle, twaddle, chatter,

gibber, gibberish, babble, gab, gossip, palaver, prattle, cackle.
Ant. Speech, conversation, eloquence; reticence, taciturnity;
mincing, mouthiness, euphuism, grandiloquence.
Gabble, v. Prate, prattle, chatter, cackle, rattle, jabber, gossip,
palaver.
Ant. Drone, drawl, murmur.
Gag. Silence, stifle, muzzle, muffle, hush.
Ant. Evoke, provoke, inspire, animate.
Gage, n. Measure, standard; dimensions, estimate; security;
challenge, defiance.
Gage, v. Measure, estimate, fathom, probe.
Ant. Survey, conjecture, observe, view, scan, guess,
mismeasure.
Gain, n. Profits, earnings, increase, gainings; emolument, lucre,
money-making; blessing, profit, advantage, good, benefit.
Ant. Loss, detriment, damage, privation, injury.
Gain, v. Get, acquire, win, earn, obtain, procure, secure, carry,
achieve; conciliate, enlist, persuade, prevail upon, win over, gain
over, bring over; reach, attain, arrive at; profit; benefit, realize,
reap.
Ant. Lose, forfeit, suffer.
Gainful. Advantageous, profitable, beneficial; lucrative, paying,
productive, remunerative, winning.
Ant. Unprofitable, disadvantageous, detrimental, injurious,
losing, gainless.
Gallant, a. Gay, fine, magnificent, well-dressed, showy, splendid;
courageous, brave, valiant, valorous, intrepid, chivalrous, fearless,
bold, daring, high-spirited; noble, lofty, honorable, magnanimous,
high-minded; attentive, polite, courteous; amorous; heroic.
Ant. Cowardly, discourteous, churlish.
Gambol. Frisk, frolic, romp, caper, leap, hop, skip, jump, sport.
Ant. Droop, tire, weary, flag.
Game, n. Sport, play, amusement, pastime; plan, scheme,
stratagem, strategy, adventure, enterprise, measure, undertaking;
quarry, prey; recreation, frolic, diversion.
Ant. Toil, study, duty, labor; weariness, flagging; business.
Garb. Dress, clothes, habit, apparel, raiment, garments, vesture,
costume, attire, habiliment; uniform, vestments.
Ant. Undress; rags, tatters, shreds; nudity, nakedness.
Garble. Mutilate, falsify, corrupt, misrepresent, misquote, pervert;
cook, dress, color, distort.
Ant. Quote, cite, extract, recite, report verbatim.
Garnish. Adorn, embellish, decorate, deck, grace, beautify,
ornament, prank, set off, trick out; furnish, furbish.
Ant. Strip, dismantle, denude, bare, deprive, divest.
Garrulity. Loquacity, babble, loquaciousness, babbling,
talkativeness, prattle, prate; verbosity, chatter.
Ant. Reticence, taciturnity, laconism, reserve, silence.
Garrulous. Chattering, loquacious, verbose, talkative.
Ant. Taciturn, speechless, laconic, reserved, reticent, silent.
Gaud. Trinket, finery, gewgaw, trumpery, whim, gimcrack, toy,
bauble, trifle.
Ant. Ornament, gem, decoration, jewel, valuable.
Gaudy. Flaunting, garish, glittering, tawdry, tinsel, flashy, showy,
overdecorated, loud; bespangled, fine, gay, meretricious.
Ant. Rich, simple, handsome, chaste.
Gaunt. Lean, lank, thin, meager, emaciated, slender, attenuated,
spare; grim, savage, hungry.
Ant. Docile, tractable, well-fed, tame, sleek.