AREMA 2019

Concrete Structures and Foundations

3.2.4.3 Depth of Frost and Volume Change

a. The maximum depth of frost penetration shall be determined, usually on the basis of local experience and records.
Figure 8-3-2 is a map showing the depths of frost penetration in the contiguous 48 states. Similarly, in regions of
excessively swelling or shrinking soils, the depth to which significant volume changes occur as a result of seasonal
variations in moisture content shall be determined.

b. Permafrost, or permanently frozen ground, exists in the northern hemisphere in arctic and subarctic regions. Although
the southern boundary of permafrost is irregular, it may extend as far south as the 50th parallel. Foundations for
structures, in areas of permafrost, should be designed in such a way as to not disturb the permanently frozen ground; or
if this is not practical, the influence of the foundation on the permafrost should be predicted so the effect of the changes
can be accommodated in the design. A geotechnical engineer with experience in these ground conditions should be
consulted for design of foundations to be placed on permafrost.

Figure 8-3-2. Extreme Frost Penetration, in Inches, Based upon State Averages. Source:
U.S. National Weather Records Center

SECTION 3.3 DEPTH OF BASE OF FOOTINGS

3.3.1 SELECTION OF TENTATIVE DEPTHS (2013)

On the basis of the data concerning the subsurface materials, tentative elevations for the bases of the footings shall be selected.
Unless special provisions are made, the depth shall not be less than the depth of frost penetration, scour, or in expansive clay

© 2019, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association

8-3-6 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering