AA ym

AA
Ckiukn fd sdtks

OËEAN euntavm aitdramr y dxtdramr

pmr NB Iae`mnks y Gdrry Mbkcd

Kcdraekik rëpafk
EMIVDIAFM

ax \rõnmbm

xa Aitrmfueeaõi

; Ekpãtunm ;: Tik hrdvd `astmrak fdn euntavm fd

`mibms psanmeahaik

2 Ekpãtunm 8: Nk Hamnmbãk fd @mibms

8< Ekpãtunm 5: \sanmeyhd: Nks Dspdeads

8? Ekpãtunm 6: Eunturk dstáran Váeiaek

58 Ekpãtunm 4: Dquapkcaditm y Uuppn ADU

05 Ekpãtunm ?: Cdjmrk \O Vdg

16 Ekpãtunm 2: Vrkhkjkr emi Kbkr

;<1 Ekpãtunm 0: Vrkhkjkr emi brkim

;;0 Ekpãtunm 1: oruetaoaekeaõi Emitdidfmrds

;88 Ekpãtunm ; <: Eksaib Uma n

;81 Ekpãtunm ; ;: oruetaoaekeaõi y emsde`k

;58 Ekpãtunm ; 8: Fdspuás fd nk emsde`k

;5? Ekpãtunm ; 5: euntavm kn kard nahrd

(Aienuydifm uik fdenkrkeaõi fd prmpõsatms supudstkcditd faetkfm k uim fd nms kutmrds pmr dn `mibm
sdûmrds sã cascms!), Ds, smhrd tmfm, uik brki ndeturk.

K pdskr fd qud Nk psanmeahaik: Buãk fdn Ckbae Cus`rmmc Brmwdr ds ui enësaem, dchkrbm, ds
idedskram ui iudvm ckiukn smhrd dn euntavm fd sdtks psanmeahaik. Caditrks
Nk psanmeahaik `k rdsastafm nk prudhk fdn tadcpm emcm nk natdrkturk, sd `k emivdrtafm di mhsmndtm emcm uik buãk
pkrk dn euntavkfmr. Nm cës oëean y oakhnd emcm dn Mss y Mdrae cátmfm drk, tmfkvãk fdjõ uik brki ekitafkf fd cdjmrks
tmr `khatkeaõi. Di nms 5< kûms trkiseurrafms fdsfd

Nk psanmeahaik kpkrdeaõ pmr pracdrk vdz, cue`ks táeiaeks fd euntavm `ki safm `ëhancditd emisafdrd
rdoaikfm m supnkitkfm pmr emcpndtm, y sd `ki `de`m uik sdr ad fd iudvms fdseuhracaditms tdeimnõbaems y
caemnõbaems.
Dn prmpõsatm fd dstd nahrm ds ketuknazkr y emcpndcditkr nms cátmfms fd Mss y Mdrae fdserahdi. Ds
iudstrk dspdrkizk fd qud cdfakitd nk erdkeaõi fd ui iudvm rdeursm pkrk dn emcadizm fd nms
euntavkfmrds fd `mibms \sanmeyhd, nk ekrbk fd nk hdaj7 nb fae`m rdeursm sdrë ndvkitkfm fd dsd nahrm. @kifhmmg
Cus`rmmc \sanmehyai
ketuknazk nk aiomrckeaõi táeiaek oudrk fd cmfk fditrm fd nks pëbaiks fd su prdfdedsmr, fdjkifm Nk
psanmeahaik: Buãk fd ckbak Inus`rmmc Euntavkfmr ërhmn pkrk sdr vastm emcm nm qud ds: uik mhrk fd krtd.
Ds iudstrm `ucanfd fdsdm fd qud iudstrms dsoudrzms kquã prmpmreamikrëi aistrueeamids emieasks y hadi
mrbkiazkfks pkrk dn euntavm fd `mibms qud aiemrpmrki nks prëetaeks cës krrahk-`kstk nk ode`k. Kn `kedrnm,
dspdrkcms pkrk kyufkr k ckitdidr di acpracar dn nahrm qud pracdrm fdspdrtõ nk ackbaikeaõi fd sdtks k nk vafk
pmr nm qud emitaiukrë aisparkifm k nms iudvms dstufakitds fd psaem-Caemnmbãk furkitd kûms k EMnn;d.

x A \rõnmbm
cuifm, qud iudstrms dxpdracditms di dn pkskfm emcdizkrmi k fkr sus orutms, pmr nm qud nk dspdrkizk
spdkg.Rd qud dstd nahrm sd prdsditk fd tkn ckidrk qud kn nddrnm, ustdf ditdifdrë nm qud vk k `kedr y pmr
quá, pkrk qud pudfk dxpdracditkr dn áxatm rëpafm.

xav A Aitrmfueeaõi
 ;
HXD_D @AUVMXAK FD \UA NMEQHAI UDVK ETNVA_KVAMI;

Di dn cmcditm fd X. "Xdfdseuhracaditm" fd Bmrfmi Rkssmi fdn usm e`kcëiaem fd `mibms qud

emitadidi psanmeahaik di Cáxaem di nk fáekfk fd ;14<, nk eadieak fdn euntavm fd `mibms dstkhk tmfkvãk
di su aiokieak. @kstk ditmieds, nk úiaek dspdead fd `mibm di euntavm, kn cdims di dn Rdst8, oud

Kbkraeus haspmrus, dn hmtõi fd `mibm hnkiem emcúi. Nms cátmfms fd euntavm utanazkfms oudrmi cës m
cdims nms cascms qud nms afdkfm di Orkieak fur aib dn ; sabnm 2º: euntavkfmrds rdembafm fdn sudnm
caednam-raem fd ërdks sanvdstrds fmifd sd diemitrõ dn `mibm y sd trkisoaradrmi k oanks fd dstaáremn fd
ekhknnm di eudvks ikturkncditd enack emitrmnkfm . Dstd cátmfm oud doaekz, pdrm yk qud utanazk ui
sustrktm erufk, sai pkstdurazkr, qud fdjk cue`m kn kzkr, y nks ekcks sueuchaõ k cdiufm
emitkcaiktami.5

Dstms cátmfms fd erufm sd ckituvm dsdieakncditd sai ekchams `kstk dn sabnm 8<, eukifm sd
fdseuhradrmi uik sdrad fd cdjmrks aierdcditknds, emi dn tadcpm prdpkrkifm dn tdrrdim pkrk dn euntavm
dxatmsm fd \sanmeyhd Euhdi sas di nms kûms ;1?<. K oaiknds fdn sabnm 0 ;, dn euntavkfmr fd `mibms d
aivdstabkfmr dstkfmuiafdisd Rannakc Oknemidr puhnaekrmi ui nahrm tatunkfm Udtks: Eõcm erdedr7 ui
Vrktkfm prëetaem di sdtk Eunturk Jmr \rqoat y pnkedr,

dn eukn emcpankfm fdseuhracaditms rdeaditds di dn euntavm fd Kbkraeus, y sd aienuyd ui ekpãtunm smhrd nms hdidoaeams fd uik "ekpk

fd nk ekreksk." Cdfakitd nk emnmekeaõi fd uik ekpk fdnbkfk fd tadrrk di nk pkrtd supdramr fd nms nde`ms fd emcpmst kitds fd nk

oruetaoaekeaõi, nms prmfuetmrds fdseuhradrmi qud sus rdifacaditms fd `mibms sd `ki cdjmrkfm emisafdrkhndcditd.

'Ims prdstkrmi kyufk di brki cdfafk di nk rdfkeeaõi fd dstd ekpãtunm pmr dn krtãeunm 'Cis`rmmc Euntavm, Fd Oknemidr k Okiktaeus y cës knnë', fd yke`kj, k pkrtar fd nk dfaeaõi fd

aivadrim 8<<; fd D;;o`dmbdi Xdnnadw ( pp. ;82-;51). Dstd dxednditd krtãeunm euhrd nk `astmrak fdn euntavm fd `mibms \sanmeyhd emi cue`m ckymr fdtknnd r`ki qud `kedcms kquã, y

vknd nk pdik ui vastkzm.

8 Di Ksak, nk eadieak fdn euntavm nn;us`rmmnnn drk emisafdrkhndcditd cës kvkizkfm. Dn ;;nus`rmmnnn s`aatkgd

(Nd@tan;n; /" dfmfds) `khãki safm prmpkbkfks pmr cës fd ui can kûms cdfakitd nk emnmekeaõi fd nms trmiems rdeaái emrtkfms kn nkfm fd ërhmnds qud fki ;;;us`rm<;;;U, ui erufm
pdrm doaekz n;;dt`mf "aimeunkeaõi".

5 Ranf-rdembafm cátmfms fd trkisodrdieak "dibdifrm" fd dstd tapm smi hkstkitd doaekz sa dn sustrktm ds ikturkncditd rdsastditd k nk emitkcaikeaõi. _áksd dn ekpãtunm ;5 pkrk cës

fdtknnds smhrd eõcm sd pudfd utanazkr pkrk erdkr iudvks ekcks fd ckfdrk nmv aib \sanmeyhds.

Tik hrdvd `astmrak fd psanmeahaik Euntavm fd @mibm A ;

smhrd nk ckiapunkeaõi, drki hkstkitd ketavm, y prmitm sd emivartaõ di ui rderd pmpunkrds keamikn psaemfánaem. Kuiqud nks sdtks

oruetaoaekrmi di nubkr prmnãoaekcditd pmr su euditk, nms dstufakitds mhsdrvkitds fdseuhradrmi qud nks pmreamids fd caednam

acprdbikfk ckitannm pmfrãki trkisodrarsd k nk emrtdzk varbdi pkrk kedndrkr nks fas \DXUKN fdn mrbkiascm y prmcudvdi

oruetaoaekeamids cës brkifds, tkitm emcm sd `khãk `de`m emi Kbkraeus di Orkieak furkitd eaditms fd kûms. Nms kûms sabuaditds

vadrmi nk fdserapeaõi fd vkraks dspdeads fd \sanmeyhd fdn imrmdstd fdn \keãoaem qud drki iudvks pkrk nk eadieak, ditrd dnnks \sanmeyhd

eykidsedis, \KBU eykieaoahrannmsk,

y \KBU kzurdseE;;U. Vmfks fd dstms fdseuhracaditms nndvkrmi kn fdskrrmnnm fd cátm pkrk dn euntavm kn kard nahrd fd nks

dspdeads qud `khatki di \sanmeyhd ckfdrk, emcm sd fdtknnk di \kun Utkcdts' (án cascm ui dstufakitd di Rks`aibtmi di dn

cmcditm) nahrm, Nk erdeaditd Bmurcdt y cdfaeaiknds nvAus`rmmn;;

s.

Di ; 11 ;, ui dxpdracditkfmr dcprdifdfmrds emi dn imchrd fufmsm fd \sanmeyhd Okiktaeus puhnaeõ ui iudvm ckiukn fd
euntavm, V`.Váeiaek d \sanmeyhd Okiktaeus. Uu nahrm fdserahd uik táeiaek fd prudhk kntkcditd doaeaditd y eksa rafãeunm \sanmeyhd
euhdisas dn euntavm fd krrmz ckrrõi y unatd "tmrtks" _DXCAE di cdfak paitk tkrrms fd erastkn. Ua hadi dstd cátmfm (dn "\O Vdg",
emcm nndbõ k sdr emimeafm), mhvakcditd prdstkfm cue`m fd sus prdfdedsmrds, qud drk úiaem di uik sdrad fd kspdetms

acpmrtkitds.

\racdrm fd tmfks , dn sustrktm sd utanazõ drk uik cdzenk fd ckrrõi `ucdfdeafk

`kraik fd krrmz y vdrcaeunatk. Uu khadrtm, kardkfm dstrueturk `azm ui cdfa afdknds uc pkrk dn erdeacaditm rëpafm y vabmrmsm fdn

`mibm, dnacaikifm nk idedsafkf fd kbatkeaõi m pdrturhkr dn sustrktm fdspuás fd nk aimeunkeaõi fd mtrk ckidrk. Vkchaái sd

dstdranazõ oëeancditd di ui sacpnd hkûm fd kbuk `arvadifm, mhvakifm nk idedsafkf fd uik fd nks cës prm`ahatavkcditd ekrm y faoãean

fd mhtdidr padzks fd dquapm prdvakcditd dsdieakn pkrk dn euntavm fd `mibms, nk mnnk k prdsaõi. Di sdbuifm nubkr, dn sustrktm \O

dstkhk euhadrtk fd uik oaik ekpk fd vdrcaeunatk purk, sdek, qud sarvaõ emcm uik hkrrdrk dodetavk k nms emitkcaikitds furkitd nk

aimeunkeaõi y nk aieuhkeaõi. Dstm pdrcataõ k nms euntavms k sdr ckidjkfms khadrtm ny sai nk idedsafkf fd ekjks fd bukitds m táeiaeks

dstárands euafkfmsks. Caiacazkifm nk ckymr pkrtd fdn radsbm fd emitkcaikeaõi fd dstk ckidrk kekhõ emi mtrm mhstëeunm qud `khãk

hnmqudkfm prdvakcditd cës fd ui ksparkitd k vkfmr eunta. Cdfakitd nk utanazkeaõi fd uik suspdisaõi keumsk fd dspmrks emcm

aiõeunm, dn \O Vdg tkchaái dnacaiõ nk idedsafkf fd iaeks faoãeands y fd emitkcaikeaõi prmpdisks kbkr tdeimnmbãk. Fdspuás fd qud

dn sustrktm sd `khãk dstdranazkfm, sd aiydetõ k vkraks pmhnkeamids fd uik jdraibk qud emitadid uik smnueaõi fd dspmrks dstáran. Nks

dspmrks bdrcaiki `afrktkfms prd prmitm di cue`ms nubkrds fd tmfm dn orksem, y dn sustrktm rëpafkcditd emnmiazkfms.

6 AK hrdvd `astmrak fdn euntavm fd `mibms psanmeahaik

 Di nubkr fd emioakr di uik ekpk fd divmnturk pkrk prmcmvdr nk oruetaoaekeaõi, dn sustrktm \O sd sknaõ fd nk jkrrk emcm ui

sõnafm "tmrtk", qud fdspuás sd emnmek di uik pdqudûk eëckrk qud emitadid uik brudsk ekpk aiodramr fd `úcdfm pdrnatk (cktdrakn

uskfm ui aidrtd kbuk fd khsmreaõi di nk `mrtaeunturk), qud sarvaõ pkrk kbuk cde`k di nk tmrtk ksã emcm `ucafaoaekr nk ktcõsodrk

fditrm fd nk oahrk E`kc. Eukifm sd emnmek fdhkjm fd uik anucaikeaõi suoaeaditd, nms pkstdnds prmitm oruetaoaekrmi di cue`ms

nubkrds di sus supdroaeads dxtdramrds.

Nk khsmnutk sacpnaeafkf fd nk táeiaek fd \sanmeyhd Okiktaeus, emchaikfm emi nk rëpafk faousaõi fd nk aiomrckeaõi di nk drk

fd nms brupms fd imtaeaks fd Aitdridt y satams wdh, erdõ uik iudvk mndkfk fd aitdrás di dn euntavm sknk fd pkpannk \sanmeyhd y fam

nubkr k tmfk uik bdidrkeaõi fd prmfuetmrds fd koaeamikfms. 4

Caditrks tkitm, di dn cascm cmcditm di qud oud \sanmeyhd Okiktaeus pmr odetaib sus cátmfms, mtrk aiimvkfmrk cyemnmbast

koaeamikfm, oadhrd Rkyid, \`F, dstkhk prdpkrkifm uik rdvmnueaõi di sandieam euntavm fd su prmpak. Rkyid, ui hamquãcaem fd

prmodsaõi, sd `khãk aitdrdskfm di nk afdk fd euntavkr sdtks dfa hnd di eksk, pdrm su okcanakrafkf emi nks emcpnaekeamids fd nk stdr and

trkhkjm fd euntavm `khãk fdsknditkfm nd oa'mc trktkifm. Ds fdear, `kstk qud ndyõ ui krtãeunm fd rdvastk qud fdserahd dn usm fd

pdrõxafm fd `afrõbdim ( @8<8) di mrquãfdk bdrcaikeaõi fd nk sdcannk. Kn pkrdedr, dn pdrõxafm cktõ k hketdraks, ndvkfurks y

dspmrks favdrsaõi bkn di dn cdfam fd kbkr, fdjkifm nks sdcannks fd mrquãfdks sã cascms andsm, fdsfd mrquãfdks, emcm nk ckymrãk

fd nms mrbkiascms cuntaednunkrds, afksds prmfuetms \drmx, dizacks qud ektknazki nk mxafkeaõi fd emcpudstms fd pdrõxafms. Rkyid

prdbuitk sa dstk i;.dt`mf pmfrãk kpnaekrsd k trkhkjm fd euntavm fd sdtks, fkfm qud nms `mibms fd sdtk prmfuear tkchaái saitdtazki

pmr mxafksks.

Ud nndvk k ekhm uik nkrbk sdrad fd dxpdracditms di faodrditds `mibms y cdfams fd emcuiaekeaõi, uskifm uik vkradfkf fd

emieditrkeamids fd pdrõxafm, y fdseuhraõ qud su prdsditacaditm drk emrrdetk: nk ckymrãk fd nks dspdeads fd `mibms erdeadrmi

hkstkitd oëeancditd di nk prds dieak fd pdrõxafm fd `afrõbdim, caditrks qud mrbkiascms emitkcaikitds im nm `aeadrmi. Caditrks nms

cdfams fd emcuiaekeaõi drki dstárands, pkrk dcpdzkr, nk prdsdieak fd editrkeamids dstkokfmrds rdnktavkcditd hkjms fd pdrõxafm

raifaõ nms euntavms rdsastditds k nk emitkcaikeaõi pmr nkrbms pdrãmfms, nm qud nds pdrcatd sdr ckidjkfms kn kard nahrd sai spd dspdeak-

táeiaeks m dquapms. Kn abukn qud emi dn \O Vdg, `khãk fdskpkrdeafm nk idedsafkf fd oantrkeaõi fd kard, `khatkeamids nacpaks, m ekjks

fd bukitds. Rkyid puhnaeõ nms rdsuntkfms

'j Vkchaái fam nubkr7 ; tmfk aifustrak iudvk: yk qud nks dspmrks t`dannsdavds im emitadidi psanmeahaik. qud im smi dstraetms Ny andbkn pmsddr m vdifdr. TIK ;;nnnn;hdr fd dcprdskrams, v n' ANNAIMAU
Okiktaeus ki;<ib V`dai, tadid fdsiufk uik hudik vafk di nms kûms aitdrcdfams fd vditk fd jdraibks fd dspmrks kbuk prdpkrkfms.

Tik hrdvd `astmrak fd psanmeahaik Euntavm fd @mibm A 4

fd su aivdstabkeaõi di uik ;11? nahrm, Brmwaia n ^7 onns`rm<;;;U Dksy V ¥ ky: Euntavm Aiaeam a_nus`rmmc
emi pdrõxafm fd `afrõbdim.
Dn pdrõxafm fd `afrõbdim ds uhaeum di n k ikturkndzk, pmr nm tkitm, im ds smrprdifditd qud nms `mibms
fdhdi prmspdrkr di su prdsdieak. [uãcaekcditd, ds sacpndcditd kbuk emitadid aib ui mK kfaeamikn), ui
ëtmcm fd bdi. Fkfm qud dstm `ked qud sdk uik cmnáeunk rdnktavkcditd aidstkhnd, dn ëtmcm dxtrk sd nahdrk
oëeancditd emcm ui rkfaekn ërhmn. Nms rkfaeknds nahrds smi kntkcditd rdketavms y rëpafkcditd dinked k
cmnáeunks edrekiks, qud pudfdi dnnms cascms k emitaiukeaõi, emivdrtarsd di nms rkfaeknds nahrds, k pkrtar fd
uik rdkeeaõi di ekfdik. Ua dstk eksekfk sd n ndvk k ekhm sai emitrmn fditrm fd ui sastdck hamnõbaem, pmr nm
bdidrkn emifued k nk cudrtd ednunkr. Nk ckymrãk fd nms mrbkiascms cuntaednunkrds, `mibms ditrd dnnms,
pdrõxafm fd `afrõbdim prmfuedi y dizacks pdrmxafksk emcm ui cdfam fd prmtdeeaõi emitrk nks hketdraks,
ndvkfurks, y varus. Kfdcës, nms `mibms utanazki pdrõxafms y pdrmxafksks pkrk fdsemcpmidr nks pkrdfds
ednunkrds fd sus ouditds fd knacditm. Emcm nk ckymrãk fd nks pdrmxafksks `mibms prmfuedi,

vavm `mibms, aienuydifm cmnfds fd emitkcaikitds. Uai dchkrbm nm `ked fdstruar nks dspmrks. \mr nm tkitm,
emcm Rkyid fdseuhraõ, sadcprd y eukifm dn cdfam oud t`mr mub`ny dstdranazkfk m pkstdurazkfk, pkrk
dcpdzkr, nk kfaeaõi fd pdrõxafm k euntavms dodetavkcditd
dodetavkcditd prmtdbafms fd tmfms nms emitkcaikitds
trkispmrtkfms
trkispmrtkfms pmr dn kard.
Uai nubkr k fufks, dn fdseuhracaditm fd Rkyid r dprdsditõ uik vdrfkfdrk rdvmnueaõi fd nks
táeiaeks fd euntavm fd sdtks bdidrknazkfks. Nm qud dn \O Vdg `azm pmr
\sanmeyhd euhdisas euntavm, dn "pdrõxafm tdg" im pkrk dn euntavm fd eksa tmfks dspdeads fd `mibms
`mibms prmfuetmrks. TIK prëetaek qud `khãk safm uim khadrtm sõnm k nms dxpdrtms emi emimeacaditms
dspdeaknazkfms y emstmsms dquapms k`mrk sd pusm k faspmsaeaõi fd e uknquadr pdrsmik emi uik mnnk k
prdsaõi", uims tkrrms fd erastkn, y uik dieacdrk fd nk emeaik nacpak-suoaeaditd.

Im ds dxkbdrkfm koarckr qud dn nahrm qud tadid di sus ckims im `khrãk safm dseratm sai dn
fdseuhracaditm y wrat Aibs fd Xus` Rkyid. Nk aienusaõi fd pdrõxafm di iudstrm prmpam rdpdrtmram ims
pdrcataõ dxpnmrkr dn euntavm fd `mibms k uik prmouifafkf cue`m ckymr fd nm qud `khãkcms `de`m
\rdva mrcditd. Ds prmhkhnd qud, sai trkhkjm fd Rkyid, qud `khrãki pdfafm qud sd eadrrk di nk
orustrkeaõi fd nkrbm kitds fd `khdr pdiskfm di dserahar iudstrm prmpam ckiukn fd euntavm. \mr dsk
rkzõi, iudstrm nahrm dstë fdfaekfm k Rkyid, ksã emcm k nms cue`ms mtrms pamidrms fdn euntavm fd
`mibms qud nm prd edfadrmi. Ds iudstrm fdsdm qud dstd nahrm pudfd sdrvar fd ckidrk sacankr k nms
fdcës k cmtavkr k dxpnmrkr nms castdrams okseaikitds y `drcmsks fdn uiavdrsm cyemnmba ekn.

(, Rkyid aienusm fdserahd vkrams ;;;dt`mfs qud dvatki nk idedsafkf fd uik mnnk k prdsaõi pmr emcpndtm, pdrm sd `ki diemitrkfm emcpndtk dstdranazkeaõi fd kbkr ;;;dfak brkim 5ª

kitds fd nk kfaeaõi fd pdrõxafm k sdr ice` n;;<rd prëetaek diodrcm oakhnd.

? AK hrdvd `astmrak fdn euntavm fd `mibms psanmeahaik

 \krk iudstrms prmpõsatms, nks oanks cës acpmrtkitds k emisafdrkr smi Tiafm, báidrm y dspdead.
@ky eaiem gaibfmcsU, y nms `mibms rdsafdi fditrm fd su prmpak, dn Xdaim Ouiba. Ua hadi dxastdi
iucdrmsks vkrakeamids smhrd dn tdck, nk úiaek emsk qud tmfms nms `mibms tadidi di emcúi y nm qud
nms faodrdieak oa ² mc mtrms mrbkiascms ds qud nk fabdstaõi fd nk emcafk Dxtdr oaikncditd y nudbm
khsmrhdi nms iutraditds fd nms emcpmiditds di sus eánunks. Vmfks nks dspdeads fd `mibms fdseratks
di dstd nahrm dstëi di nk \sanmeyhd báidrm. \mr úntacm, ekfk dspdead tadid ui haimcam úiaem, emcm euheisas
\sanmeyhe m kzureseeis \sanmeyhe ".

Dn Nnaod Eaenm Ouibka

Emi dn oai fd mhtdidr ui hudi sditafm fd nm qud dxketkcditd smi nms `mibms, qud kyufk k hkjm smpmrtd nm qud
`kedi pkrk bkikrsd nk vafk, eõcm cmvdrsd, y quá tapm fd vafk qud nndvki dn kcmr. Tik hudik ckidrk fd
emisdbuar uik ckiajk di dstm ds trkzkr º eaenm fd vafk fd `mibms, dn ikeacaditm ormni vakjd k nk cudrtd, qud sd
rdpatd sai edskr emi ekfk bdidrkeaõi edsavk Uue. Nk emcprdisaõi fd nms eaenms vatknds fd nms mrbkiascms ds uik
ckidrk prdstkfm dxedn fd enksaoaekr nm qud ds úiaem pkrk ekfk uim fd dnnms, yk qud im `ky fms dspdeads nm
`kedi fd nk casck ckidrk.

Xdprmfueeaõi sdxukn ds nk rdemchaikeaõi fdn cktdrakn bdiátaem fd fms aifavafums pkfrds pkrk omrckr
uik iudvk. Dn emitdidfmr fd cktdrakn bdiátaem fmikfm pmr ekfk pkfrd sd emimed emcm uik bkcdtm. Nms
bkcdtms fd `mibms sd nnkcki dspmrks. Tik dspmrk ds uik eánunk emcpketk prmtdbafk, ekpkz fd
pdrckidedr
pdrckidedr emi vafk,
v afk, pdrm di dstkfm nktditd furkitd nkrbms pdrãmfms fd tadcpm `kstk qud dieuditrk ui
trkjd k eksk ekpkz. Vmfks fd nms `mibms vkcms k faseutar di dstd nahrm qud sd emimed emcm

hksafamcaedtms, yk qud prmfuedi sus dspmrks di hksafams, fd hksd pdqudûk hmnk-cureaánkbm di omrck fd
prmtuhdrkieaks qud rdeuhrdi su hrkiquaks, nk `mjk-emcm dstrueturks faspudstks di ui pktrõi rkfakn di nk
ekrk aiodramr fd nk tkpk, m pandus.2 Dn pãndm sd smstadid di kntm di dn dxtrdcm fd ui vëstkbm eanãifraem,
emimeafm k cyemnmbasts emcm uik dstãpatd.

4 M sa.x m sadtd kûms, fdpdifadifm fd sa y eõcm suhfavafar dn gaibfMni hketdrakik.

(9 faetktts nk emivdieaõi fd qud nks dspdeads smi haimcams k`vkys di eursavk. Kfdcës, dn báidrm sd E<n;;;;;<iny sabnk fdn vaktdf k su pracdrk ndtrk sdbuafk fd ui pdrãmfm. smhrd tmfm

eukifm dn emitdxtm nn;kgds di enkrm nm qud ds Ikind MV@ do ^ tmriannm fd hkiem acpnãeatk.

2 Di sditafm dstraetm, im tmfks ketm m fd ui kspdetm hkstkitd HksafaMnn;yeert dstd ^ vky. pdrm tmfms nms qud ims aitdrdsk kquã, tmfks nks fdn báidrm \sanmeyhd, nm `kedi.

;< A Nk hamnmbãk fd sdtks

 `mibms qud erdedi emisastdi di rdfds fd `aoks: tuhunkr, eánunks oankcditmsks
oankcditmsks qud sd dxpkifdi y sd
favafdi di sus puitks `keak kfdnkitd, fd vdz di eukifm pkrk erdkr rkcaoaekeaõi fd `mrquannk m ckrrõi-emcm
nks dstrueturks. Nks cksks fd `aoks smi emimeafms Ny emndetavk emcm nk caednam fdn `mibm. K sacpnd vastk,
caednam fdn `mibm kpkrded k cdiufm emcm hnkiem, faousk m dn ekhdnnm fd erdeacaditm sacankr di nk supdroaead
fd nk ouditd fd knacditm (m sustrktm), tkn emcm sd pudfd vdr di nk pkrtd aiodramr fd ui rdbastrm fd vudntk `keak
krrahk. Nk ckymrãk fd nms `mibms pkski nk ckymr pkrtd fd sus fãks emcm ui caednam uifaoodr ditaktdf,
ditaktdf, sõnm
meksamikncditd omrckifm dspdeaknazkfm, dstrue turks emcpndjks emcm nks sdtks.

erdeacaditm fd nks `aoks tkchaái ds aivksavm, nm qud sabiaoaek qud sd prmfued fditrm fd y, k cdiufm
pmr tmfm dn sustrktm. Nks dizacks fabdstavks sderdtkfks fdsfd nks puitks fd nk caednam kvkizkr di su
ditmrim fdbrkfki dn sustrktm di cmnáeunks mrbëiaeks sacpnds, pkrk sdr khsmrhafm m dibunnafm pmr dn caednam
yk qud ckre`k k nm nkrbm. Di dodetm, nms `mibms `kedi su fabdstaõi di dn oudrk fd. Caditrks qud tadifdi k
prmedskr iudstrks emcafks di nk aitacafkf fd iudstrks prmpaks ditrkûks, `mibms prdoadrdi emcdr oudrk.

Vmfks fd nms `mibms sd faseutdi di dstd nahrm smi skprõoatms, m skprmhams,

ds fdear, qud fdravki sus iutraditds fd nk cktdrak mrbëiaek im vavaditd, di dstd eksm nks pnkitks
cudrtks m di fdsemcpmsaeaõi. Dstm dstë di emitrkstd emi pkrësatm `mibms, qud emnmiazkr y fabdrar vavm mrbkiascms,
k cdiufm cktkifm k su kioatraõi kn oaikn, y caemrrazks `mibms, qud vavdi di uik rdnkeaõi sachaõtaek emi
su pnkitk fd `msts.nM

Udxm `mibms, \racdrk pkrtd: Kempnkcaditm

Ksã qud iudstrms dspmrks, k`mrk erdeafm di fms emnmiaks fd caednam aifavafuknds, emitaiúki dxpnmrkifm dn pkstdn fd
vkek, pmem k pmem pdidtrkifm y khsmrhadifm su emitdiafm, caditrks qud eadbkcditd nndbkr uim pmr dn mtrm. Emi dn
tadcpm, sus emnmiaks fd cyedna uc tmeki, y kn oaikn fd iudstrm fms kckitds sd dieuditrki. Uai dchkrbm, nk
tmtknafkf fd su hudim pkrk saitmiazkr `kstk dn cmcditm im ds bkrkitãk fd qud sd fdeafki k ktkr dn iufm, yk qud
nms `mibms smi tki dxabditd emcm imsmtrms nms sdrds `uckims eukifm sd trktk fd quaái dnabdi emcm
emcpkûdrms. Emi dn oai fd caiacazkr nk difmbkcak y pkrk prmcmvdr nk favdrsafkf bdiátaek, `mibms prmfuedi
dspmrks fd cúntapnds tapms fd kpkrdkcaditm. tapms fd kpkrdkcaditm smi ëspdrks Ny dquavknditd k iudstrms fms sdxms,
emi nk dxedpeaõi fd qud dn iúcdrm fd `mibms fao "báidrms" rditds pudfd dstkr di euknquadr nubkr fd fms k
cue`ms cands!" Di mrfdi

;< Vknds `mibms ek, cmt vavar di kusdieak fd su kioatraõi. Cue`ms fdnaeamsm `mibms emcdstahnds (truannds y e`kitdrdnnds, pmr djdcpnm) erdedi sõnm di rdnkeaõi emi nms ërhmnds

dspdeãoaems. Nms `mibms caemrrãeaems

caemrrãeaems `ki rdsastafm `kstk k`mrk tmfms nms aitditms fd euntavm, y sõnm pudfdi sdr rdembafms fd nk ikturkndzk, pmr nm qud dxabdi prdeams tki kntms.

;; sai dchkrbm, emcm nm qud skhdcms ikfad `k `de`m ui dstufam pkrk fdtdiiaid dxketkcditd eõcm ;;;kiy tapms ;;;Jtaib dxastdi pkrk

ruhdisas, pdrm nms iúcdrms smi pmr nm cdims di nms eaditms. @ky ui prmydetm fd aivdstabkeaõi nmr pdrodetk qud tmck hkjm uik vdz qud tnias` dstd nahrm y fdeafd sdbuar ui
pkbs.

fmetmrkfm di nk caemnmbãk.

Nk hamnmbãk fd nks sdtks A ; 5

 Eaenm fd TOD \sanmeyhd euhdisas

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.
Q e £ 2 (OJ

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rd

;. bdrcaikeaõi fd nks dspmrks caednam fd K. cmimgkrymtae

8. pnkscmbkcak caednam fd H. faekraõtaem
5. ekrambkcak iufm E. `aokn
6. Catmsas F. \racmrfauc
4. Catmsas CA. hksafauc
;6 A Nk hamnmbãk fd sdtks ?. fd fdsekrbk fd dspmrks O. hksafamspmrks
pkrk tvvm edpks fd `mibms cmimgkrymtae pkrk kpkrdkrsd, fdhdi sdr fd faodrditds tapms fd kpkrdkcaditm.
Komrtuikfkcditd pkrk iudstrms kckitds (y pkrk iudstrk `astmrak) qud smi hkstkitd emcpktahnds, y ds ikfk cdims
qud dn kcmr k pracdrk vastk tnrst.
@kstk dstd puitm, nks eánunks fd ekfk caednam aifavafuknds `ki safm
cmimekraõtaem: sus eánunks emitadidi pdrm uim `kpnmafds iúendm, emi sõnm nk catkf fdn cktdrakn bdiátaem fd ui
`mibm ckfurm. caednam cmimekraõtaem, sadifm aickfurm, ds fdnbkfk y tdiud di kpkradieak, y fd
erdeacaditm nditm. Eukifm nks fms emnmiaks sd ousamiki, prmfuedi ui caednam emcpudstm fd eánunks emi
VkaIaib fms iúendms, emimeafms emcm faekraõtaem caednam. Fagkrymtazktami ds ui dstkfm úiaem pkrk nk ckymrãk fd
nms Hksafamcyedtds, di nms qud nks eánunks fd fms bkcdtms emcpktahnds sd uidi di ui smnm tapm fd
eánunks, pdrm sus iúendms aifavafuknds sd ckitadidi sdpkrkfms. K faodrdieak fd nks eánunks fd su eudrpm
y nms fd nk ckymrãk fd mtrms mrbkiascms supdramrds, ekfk uim fd nms euknds emitadidi ui smnm fapnmaf;8 iúendm,
Hksafamcyedtds vavdi nk ckymr pkrtd fd sus fãks emi fms iúendms pmr eánunk, uim fd ekfk "pkfrd" caednam
cmimekraõtaem. Nms úiaems Hksafamcyedtds tadcpm emchaiki nk tmtknafkf fd su cktdrakn bdiátaem di ui
iúendm fapnmafd ds furkitd uik smnk, hrdvd aistkitd di dn aitdramr fd ekfk hksafauc, justm kitds fd qud sd
bdidrki dspmrks. Di eadrtm sditafm, dstms `mibms emcadizki dn ketm sdxukn edrek fdn emcadizm fd nk
vafk, sõnm pkrk tnias` qud sdk cue`m cës tkrfd, vavadifm sus vafks di nm qud dquavknd k ui emitaium ketm
fd nms judbms prdvams.

\mr úntacm, nms fms kckitds sd emchaiki di ui smnm mrbkiascm, ui `mibm ckfurk, y k`mrk qud
iudstrm `mibm ds ckfurm, qud pudfd `kedr nm qud ckfurki nms `mibms nds bustk `kedr: emcdr. Dn
`mibm aivkfd dn sustrktm fd nk dcpkikfk vkek emi fdism, `dhrks vasemsks fd caednam. Ud emitaiukrë
`keaáifmnm `kstk qud nk ouditd fd knacditkeaõi sd kbmtk fd nk iutraeaõi faspmiahnd, m knbuims mtrms
aifued Divarmi ekcham cditkn pkrk prmfuear sdtks, m Orutk.

Udxm `mibms, Udbuifk pkrtd: Nk oruetaoaekeaõi

Vmfks qud qudfk k`mrk pkrk nndvkrims fd rdbrdsm kn puitm fd pkrtafk kn puitm fd pkrtafk ds pkrk iudstrm

`mibm pkrk prmfuear sdtks, tdiadifm uik iudvk bdidrkeaõi fd dspmrks. Dxketkcditd pmr quá nms `mibms
y eukifm fdeafdi omrckr sdtks pdrsastd eadrtk nm qud fd ui castdram, y nks rkzmids vkrãki cue`m ditrd nks
dspdeads. Knbuims nm `kedi fdhafm k ui ekcham di dn enack, tknds emcm oudrtds nnuvaks, ui kucditm m
fascaiueaõi fd nk tdcpdrkturk, m kchms di emchaikeaõi. Mtrms prmfuedi orutms sõnm fdspuás fd qud dn
sustrktm `k safm emcpndtkcditd emnmiazkfm y sus iutraditds faspmiahnds kbmtkfm. Di tmfms dstms eksms,
dn `mibm ds prmhkhnd qud prmvmeõ di rdprm-

J8 Nm qud sabiaoaek qud tadid fms judbms fd e`rm;;;msm;;;ds, ui eMAn;pndnidit nndik fd ;;;ktdrakn bdiátaek.

Nk hamnmbãk fd nks sdtks A ; 4

 Nks sdtks knkrbëifmsd utanazki nk nuz, nks emrraditds fd kard, y nk brkvdfkf pkrk mra dit sus tkpks nm cës

vdrtaekncditd pmsahnd, ksdburkifm

ksdburkifm nk nahdrkeaõi fd dspmrks õptack uik vdz qud nks hrkiquaks khrdi. Di nks ekrks

vdrtaeknds fd nks hrkiquaks, di uik fdisk ekpk fd eánunks emimeafk emcm nk `Qnudiauc, cannmids fd hksafams sd dstëi

omrckifm. Tik vdz qud nk ckfurdz knekieds Hksaf auc, su ousahnd iúendms `kpnmafds pkrk omrckr ui úiaem fapnmafd iuend

imsmtrms, y dn ketm sdxukn qud emcdizõ eukifm iudstrms fms dspmrks diemitrkrmi pmr pracdrk vdz ds oaikncditd

emcpndtm.

Dstk oksd ds fd emrtk furkeaõi, sai dchkrbm, yk qud dstd iúendm sd favafd rëpafkcditd, s`uooaaib
su emitdiafm pkrk omrckr euktrm iúendms bdiátaekcditd úiaeks, `ajks `kpnmafds. Dstms iúendms cabrki k
nk stdrbacktk, di dn qud dstëi diedrrkfks y sd fdpmsatki emcm dspmrks di dn dxtrdcm fd nk hksafam. @ky
qud dspdrkr k su cmcditm k y on, y padnds iudstrk `astmrak pkrk dcpdzkr fd iudvm.

Nk hamnmbãk fd Euntavm fd @mibm

Dspdrdcms qud k`mrk ustdf tadid uik afdk fd eõcm sd emcpmrtki nms `mibms Hksafamcaedtms cës
di ui ditmrim ikturkn, y im fdhdrãk tdidr prmhndcks pkrk ditdifdr eõcm dstks sdtks sd euntavki
krtaoaeakncditd. Caditrks qud dn emitdxtm `k ekchakfm, nk hamnmbãk sabud sadifm dn cascm. `mjks
ikturkndzk cue`m k nk sudrtd, nk cdjmrk fd su prmhkhanafkf fd áxatm di vartuf fd nms brkifds iúcdrms:
cue`ks orutks, cannmids fd dspmrks pmr orutm, y quazës eaditms m cands fd edpks pmr báidrms eaõi, ui
pdqudûm pmreditkjd fd nms qud vki k prmspdrkr. Dn euntavkfmr, pmr mtrm nkfm, suedfd di ekfk dtkpk fdn
prmedsm sdndeeamikifm euafkfmskcditd sõnm nms cdjmrds ekifafktms pkrk ui ckymr kvkied, y
trkhkjkifm fditrm fd ui ditmrim emi Vrmnndf (dstáran).

Dn euntavm fd `mibms prmedfd k trkvás fd trds oksds hësaeks, aifdpdifaditdcditd fd nks dspdeads fd
`mibms: bdrcaikeaõi m kasnkcaditm, dxpkisaõi, y oaikncditd oruetaoaekeaõi. Nk pracdrk dtkpk acpnaek dn kasnkcaditm fd
ui euntavm fd `mibms k pkrtar fd dspmrks m fdn tdjafm fd uik sdtk fd dstkr. Nks dspmrks bdrcaikfks di
kbkr iutraoadf di pnkeks fd \dtra rdsuntkfm (fdspuás fdn kpkrdkcaditm) di uik favdrsafkf fd edpks fditrm
fd nk casck eunturk, caditrks qud nms rdsuntkfms fd euntavm fd tdjafms di ui bdiátaekcditd afdita ekn `de`m cus`rmmnVn
fd nk cktraz. Di euknquadr eksm, dn erdeacaditm fd nk favdrsaõi bus di dn cdfam fk nubkr k ui caednam
faekraõtaem. Dn usm fd ui cdfam fd kbkr sõnafm sdca pdrcatd qud dn euntavkfmr pkrk dxkcaikr oëeancditd dn
euntavm pkrk nks ekrketdrãstaeks fdsdkfks y pkrk afditaoaekr nk emitkcaikeaõi, sa dstë prdsditd. Dn caednam sd
pudfd prmpkbkr di kbkr cës m cdims aifdoaiafkcditd y sd pudfd knckedikr di dstk dtkpk k
tdcpdrkturks orãks pkrk su pmstdramr rdeupdrkeaõi.

Tik vdz sd `k kasnkfm ui euntavm nacpam kfdeukfm, dn caednam sd trkisoadrd ditmieds k ui cdfam
sdeuifkram, pmr nm bdidrkn dstdranazkfm fd brkim ditdrm di [ukrt-

Nk hamnmbãk fd nks sdtks A ; 2

tkrrm fd pa
sd dieuditrki ditrd nms cës prmtmtãpaem fd hksafamcaedtms. Tik vdz qud `kyk trkhkjkfm emi\KBU euhdisas pmr
ui tadcpm y `ki erdeafm okcanakrazkfms emi dn eaenm fd vafk fd sdtks, ustdf dstkrë nastm pkrk trkhkjkr emi
dspdeads qud sd emcpmrtki fd ckidrks cës VND suh.

\sanmeyhd euhdisas ds ui `mibm pki-trmpaekn qud erded di khuifkieak di dn dstaáremn fd

bkikfm, ekhknnms y dndokitds, m di sudnms qud emitadidi su dstaáremn. Ud pudfd diemitrkr eksa di
euknquadr pkrtd fdn cuifm emi ui enack eënafm `úcdfm, aienuydifm dn sufdstd fd Ksak y Kustrknak, nk
Aifak, Cáxaem, Editrmkcáraek, dn imrtd fd Uurkcáraek, y dn Ekrahd. Di nms Dstkfms Tiafms, qud sd
dieuditrk emcúicditd
emcúicditd di dn surdstd fd nms Dstkfms Tiafms di nk oaikn fd nk prackvdrk y praieapams fdn
vdrkim, fdsfd Onmrafk `kstk nk emstk fdn Bmnom fd Vdxks.

Ds uim fd nms cës brkifd fd dspdeads qud emitadidi psanmeahaik, emi nms eksquannms fd
ym ;8 k 4 punbkfks fd kie`m, y tknnms brudsms `kstk 0 punbkfks fd nkrbm. Eukifm sd euntavk di brkim m krrmz, pmr nm
bdidrkn ds fd tkckûm cmfdstm, pdrm di dn dstaáremn mremcpmst pudfd prmfuear dimrcds orutks, oudrtds. \rmfued
mseurm, fdisJ7 acprdsamids fd dspmrks fd emnmr púrpurk-ckrrõi.

Eukifm sd ckidjk, \sanmeyhd euhdisas cdiufm `adrd prmouifkcditd kzun. Kuiqud uik

rdkeeaõi fd kzunkfm k cdiufm aifaek nk prdsdieak fd nk psanmeahaik di uik sknk fd ruafm fd omifm, tkn dvafdieak pmr
sã casck im pudfd emisafdrkrsd uik prudhk fdoaiatavk, yk qud `ky mtrms emcpudstms ouibaeafks im
rdnkeamikfms qud sd emcpmrtki fd ckidrk sacankr. Kfdcës, dnkusdieak fd nk rdkeeaõi fd kzunkfm im
idedskrakcditd fdsekrtkr nk prdsdieak fd cmnáeunks fd psanmeahaik-emcm di ui `mibm. Nk rdkeeaõi fd kzunkfm
sd prmfued eukifm psanmeai mxafk di ui prmfuetm quãcaem kzun, qud kúi im ekrketdrazkfm mseurm. Nms `mibms
qud emitadidi hkjms iavdnds fd psanmeahaik, pdrm iav dnds sabiaoaektavms fd nk psanmeahaik, im sd vmnvdrë kzun, k
pdskr fd su ketavafkf. (Emisuntd nk pëbaik 48 pkrk mhtdidr uik ackbdi fd nk rdkeeaõi fd kzunkfm di\sanmeyhd
euhm / Asas. )

\KBU euhdisas sd emisafdrk cmfdrkfkcditd pmtditd di emcpkrkeaõi emi mtrks dspdeads

ketavks. \udfd emitdidr `kstk ; <.8% (pdsm sdem) fd psanmeahaik, psanmeaik, y hkdmeastaik, emi dn
knbuik pkrtd cdfak fd knrdfdfmr fd <. 4%, m <,4 cb / brkcm. Kuiqud tknds prmcdfams smi útands
puitms fd rdodrdieak pkrk nk emcpkrkeaõi fd nk pmtdieak fd uik dspdead k mtrk, ds acpmrtkitd tdidr di
euditk qud nk pmtdieak pudfd vkrakr kcpnakcditd ditrd nks sdtks fd nk casck dspdead. Eadrtks edpks,
m nk casck edpk erdeafm di emifaeamids faodrditds m di faodrditds sustrktms, pudfdi cmstrkr vkrakeaõi
frëstaek fd nk pmtdieak. Aienusm dn cascm eunturk pudfd vkrakr fd uik k rks k mtrm, emi dn sdbuifm y
tdredr ruhmrds sadifm imrckncditd dn cës pmtditd.

88 Cd \sanmeyhd: Nks Dspdeads

Nms nmeyhds Rmmfnmvaib \sa
Kuiqud \sanmeyhd euhdisas Ds cuy oëean fd euntavkr, `ky ui tapm fd euntavm eksk k nk qud dstë ckn
kfkptkfm: dn kard nahrd. Di nk ikturkndzk, pmr supudstm, qud erded kn kard nahrd, y eadrtkcditd pudfd sd
euntavk di ui ditmrim df jkrfãi m ckfdrk, pdrm im `ky iaibuik vditkjk rdkn pkrk `kedrnm. Nms fms
praieapknds ktkquds eams fd dstkhndedr ui jkrfãi fd sdtks kn kard nahrd ds qud pudfd sdr k nk vdz
pdrdiid y enkifdstaik. Ud emioaburk di ui nubkr oudrk fd nk vãk, tmrbdt fd dnnm `kstk qud nks orutks, nk
emsde`k fd nms `mibms, y nudbm mnvafkrsd fd án fd iudvm, `kstk qud dn prmedsm sd rdpatd kn kûm
sabuaditd. Tik vdz qud dstk hndeafm, ui pkre`d fd `mibm sderdtk fdhd sdr cës m cdims
kutmsuoaeaditd y emcpndtkcditd fdskpdreahafm dxedptm eukifm nk oruetaoaekeaõi.

\sanmeyhd euhdisas im eucpnãk nms rdquasatms pkrk dstd tapm fd pudstk k puitm, pkrk ui iúc drm fd
rkzmids. \racdrm fd tmfks, oruetaoaek rëpafk y emitaiukcditd `kstk qud su suh Utrktd sd kbmtk fd iutraditds, y
im sd fdtadid dn tadcpm suoaeaditd pkrk dstkr emi safdrdf pdrdiid. Di sdbuifm nubkr, qud erded di nks orutks y
fd uik kcpnak vkradfkf fd sustrktms, pdrm tkchaái nm `kedi tmfk uik sdrad fd mtrms mrbkiascms im fdsdkfms.
K cdims qud dn sustrktm oruetaoaekeaõi sd ckitadid dstáran (m kn cdims dxtrkmrfaikrakcditd nacpam), sdrë
emnmiazkfm pmr cm`ms y hketdraks cue`m kitds fd qud dn `mibm pudfd sdr pndikcditd dstkhndeafk. Ds pmr
dsm qud eksa sadcprd sd euntavk di aitdramrds hkjm emifaeamids cuy euafkfmskcditd emitrmnkfks. \mr úntacm, kn
sdr uik dspdead trmpaekn, qud im erded hadi di enacks cës orãms y eadrtkcditd im pudfd smhrdvavar k nk emcúi
pmr fdhkjm Orddz-AIB tdcpdrkturks di cue`ms nubkrds furkitd nms cdsds fd aivadrim.

Komrtuikfkcditd pkrk dn jkrfaidrm fd nms ksparkitds k nk sdtk, `ky uik sdrad fd mtrms qud
\sanmeyhds smi `kstk nk tkrdk. Dstms smi nmsnabiãemnks, m, kckitd fd nks dspdeads fd ckfdrk, ui brupm fd
`mibms qud emitadidi psanmeahaik rdnkeamikfms qud erdedi di varutks fd ckfdrk m ckitannm fd e mrtdzk
y, fdhafm k su kpkradieak, smi emimeafms emndet avkcditd emcm nms "\sanmeyhds ekrkcdnm emi tkpõi".
Dstd brupm khkrek tkitks emcm ;< aienuydifm dspdeads \sanmeyhd eykidsedis, \KBU

kzurdsedis, y \KBU eykimoahrannmsk,

eykimoahrannmsk, qud smi tmfms iktavms fdn imrmdstd fdn \keãoaem fd nms Dstkfms Tiafms,
nk dspdead fd Durmpk fdn Dstd \KBU sdrhaek y \KBU hm`d;;; a ek, y \KBU snnhkdruban;<sk y \KBU tksckiakik,
nms euknds smi fd Kustrknak y Iudvk Zdnkifk.

Kfdcës fd su sacanatuf di dn `ëhatkt y nk kpkradieak, dstks `khatkeamids cus` emcpkrtdi mtrk

ekrketdrãstaek acpmrtkitd: sd dieuditrki ditrd nms cës pmtditds fd nks dspdeads qud emitadidi
psanmeahaik emimeafms. Fd dstms,kzurdsedis \sanmeyhd, emi sus dspdeads dpãtdtm knufadifm k nk
rdkeeaõi fd kzunkfm prmouifm qud sd prmfued trks su ckiapunkeaõi, rdaik nk suprdck, qud emitadid
`kstk 8 <,4% (pdsm sdem) fd kneknmafds psanmeahaik, cës fd fms vdeds cës qud nk qud sd dieuditrk di

\sanmeyhd: Nk dspdead a 85
pkbs.euhdisas. Mtrms wmmfnmvdrs smi knbm cës cmfdstm di pmtdieak, emi emieditrkeamids cëxacks sd
aiomrcõ di dn rkibm fd ; -8%. Uai dchkrbm, nm qud nk dspdead nabruemnmus fd \sanmeyhds ekrdedi di
khuifkieak y di dstkturk eukifm sd emcpkrki emi \sanmeyhd euhdisas, qud cës qud emcpdiski emi
oudrzk, y ui rdnktavkcditd pdqudûm jkrfãi fd nk ekck fd uim smnm fd dnnms pudfd prmpmreamikr oëeancditd nm
suoaeaditdcditd
suoaeaditdcditd psanmeahaik qud furd dn jkrfaidrm cue`m tadcpm, m kn cdims `kstk nk oruetaoaekeaõi
oruetaoaekeaõi fdn
prõxacm kûm.

Caditrks qud dstks dspdeads smi rdnktavkcditd sacankrds di kpkradieak, `ky faodrdieaks ditrd dnnms.
Uai dchkrbm, tmfms dnnms hkjm euntavm sd emcpmrtki cës m cdims afáitaek, y nms cátmfms qud
prmpmreamiki cës kfdnkitd di dn nahrm vk k trkhkjkr pkrk euknquadrk fd dnnms. \krk uik cdjmr okcanakrazkr
kn ndetmr emi knbuims fd sus ekrketdrãs taeks, `dcms prmpmreamikfm omtmbrkoãks
omtmbrkoãks y fdserapeamids hrdvds
fd nks trds dspdeads qud `dcms euntavkfm (vdr pëbs. 4 ;-42). \krk cës fdtknnds kedrek fd dstd emcpndjm
fd dspdeads, ustdf fdhd emisuntkr k \kun Utkcdts'hmmg,Nk psanmeahaik

•
Cus`rmMn;nU
Cus`rmMn;nU fdn RtJrnf.

\sanmeyhd eykidsedis
\sanmeyhd eykidsedis ds uik dspdead cmfdrkfkcditd pmtditds qud sd dieuditrki emcúicditd
di dn imrmdstd fdn \keãoaem, ta ² mc Uki Orkieasem k Ekikfë. Uu cës odk turk fastaitavm ds ui mifunkitd ckrbdi
tkpk (dn tárcaim caemnõbaek pkrk dn hmrfd dxtdramr fd nk tkpk), nm qud fk sus sdtks dn kpmfm fd "tkpks
mifunkfks." Erded di varutks fd ckfdrk m rdstms fd ckfdrk di dn eáspdf, pkrtdrrds, yk nm nkrbm fd nks
vãks fd emhdrturk vdbdtkn. Eukifm jmvdi, sus sdtks tadidi ui prmcaiditd, Iktd Emrta (" wdh-nagd ") vdnm
pkreakn, qud sd fdsaitdbrk rëpafkcditd di nk ckfurdz. \.

eykidsedis tadid ui emitdiafm rdnktavkcditd kntm fd psanmeahaik, y dn hnuds emi rkpafdz eukifm sd kpnkstki.

kzurdsedis \sanmeyhd
kzurdsedis \sanmeyhd ds dn `mibm \sanmeyhd emimeafk pmtditd cës. Ds sacankr k \. eykidsedis di
kpkradieak, dxedptm qud ekrded fd ckrbdi mifunkfm dstk úntack dspdead, y, k cdiufm cudstrk ui pdzõi-emcm
bmnpd prmiuieakfm di dn editrm fd su tkpk, uik ekrketdrãstaek emimeafk emcm uik uchm. Di nk ikturkndzk, erded

emc emcúicditd di nms fdsde`ms fd ckfdrk di sudnms krdimsms emstdrms, k c diufm hkjm `adrhks fd fuiks.
pkbs.
kzurdsedis tadid ui emitdiafm pkrtaeunkrcditd kntm hkdmeastaik, nm qud pudfd dxpnaekr pmr su
supudstkcditd úiaek "oarck" psaemfánaek7 usukrams rdpmrtki emcúicditd qud prmfued ui dodetm
prmouifm y oudrtd vasamikram, sai aiemcmfafkf oãsaek ksmeakfk sabiaoaektavk.

86 Cd \sanmeyhd: Nks Dspdeads

Eddf di dn euntavm fd `mibms. [uadrm rdatdrkr dstd pkrk fkr áioksas: eun turk táeiaek dstáran ds nm cës
acpmrtkitd qud sd pudfd kprdifdr or mc dstd nahrm. Ua im nk omrck fd skhdrnm, iaibuim fd nms
cátmfms fd euntavm vk k ouieamikr, im acpmrtk euëitm ustdf eucpnd emi nks aistrueeamids. Ua ustdf ds
cuy, cuy komrtuikfk, ds pmsahnd emsde`kr ui `mibm m fms, pdrm smhrd tmfm sd nd `k erdeafm uik
fdsnuchrkitd vkradfkf fd kzun, vdrfd y idbrm cmnfds y uik vasemsk, kpdstmsm emndeeaõi fd hketdraks.
Cue`ms euntavkfmrds ksparkitds k sdtks `ki oknnkfm kquã, y nms qud `ki tdiafm áxatm (sus `ucanfds
kutmrds aienuafms) kprdifafm k nk oudrzk eõcm y pmr quá utanazkr nk táeiaek fd euntavm dstáran. Vdidcms nk
dspdrkizk fd qud nms prmedfacaditms fdseratms di dstd ekpãtunm nd cmstrkrë dn ekcaim cës oëean, qud nd
k`mrrk ui cmitõi fd tadcpm y `dkrtke`d.;

Ksã, uik vdz cës: táeiaek fd euntavm dstáran ds cuy cuy cuy acpmrtkitd.

Nacpadzk fd su ërdk fd trkhkjm

Nk pracdrk tkrdk dstë prdpkrkifm ui dspkeam fd trkhkjm nacpam. Nm afdkn ds qud sd pudfd fdfaekr uik
`khatkeaõi m dspkeam úiaekcditd pkrk sus prmydetms fd `mibms, tknds emcm ui fmrcatmram fd rdpudstm m ui
vdstafmr sai uskr. Ua im `ky tkn dspkeam faspmiahnd, ditmieds nk ckymr pkrtd fdn trkhkjm fd nkhmrktmram sd
pudfd emcpndtkr di uik emeaik fd tkckûm cdfam, pdrm dstm rdquadrd qud pkrk dstkhndedr y ckitdidr ui
iavdn fd nacpadzk prãstaik. Nms emcpatd
emcpatd emeaik emi dn eukrtm fd hkûm pmr sdr nk `khatkeaõi cës sueak y cës
hamnõbaekcditd
hamnõbaekcditd ketavm di nk eksk, y nms rdeuditms fd cm`m tadifdi k sdr cuy kntk knnã. \mr mtrm nkfm, trkhkjk
di uik emeaik prmpmreamik ui eõcmfm keedsm k uik ouditd fd kbuk y uik tkpk fd nk dstuok. Ua vk k fdfaekr
ui dspkeam sdpkrkfm pkrk dn trkhkjm fd sdtks, ksdbúrdsd fd qud dstë edrek fd nk emeaik. Im `ky iaibúi
puitm di nk dstdranazkeaõi fd nms cktdraknds sõnm pkrk nndvkrnks k trkvás fd uik eksk sueak k su nkhmrktmram.

Dn dspkeam fd trkhkjm fdhd tdidr uik tkhnk fd hudi tkckûm, prdodrahndcditd uim emi uik supdroaead
supdramr emitaiuk, fd oëean nacpadzk. Omrcaek m dsckntd ds afdkn, yk qud tdifrë qud nacpakr nk cdsk fd
trkhkjm emi knem`mn kitds fd ekfk usm. Ua ustdf tadid uik cdsk fd ckfdrk, pmr dn qud sd emisafdrd uik
padzk fd ckfdrk oaik emi uik supdroaead nkcaikfk taes pnks m ui trmzm fd pdskfk, dn vaianm brudsm di nk
pkrtd supdramr fd dnnk eukifm sd trkhkjk. Fdn cascm cmfm, dn sudnm fdn dspkeam fd trkhkjm fdhd sdr oëean fd
nacpakr (naiõndm m hknfmsk) y oëean fd aispdeeamikr nk nacpadzk. Nks knomchrks smi fdpmsatkrams fd nks
dspmrks y dn pmnvm, cannmids fd nms euknds sd ndvkitkhki di dn kard emi ekfk pksm, y fdhdi dvatkrsd sa ds
pmsahnd. Nks pkrdfds fdhdi dstkr nacpaks (uik iudvk ekpk fd paiturk im dstkrãk ckn), y eukndsquadrk mtrms
dspkeams y supdroaeads di nk `khatkeaõi fdhd sdr nacpakfm k omifm. Tsd uik smnueaõi fdsaiodetkitd sa prëe-

'Vrmiem fd dstms cátmfms emcm uik 'krsdikn fd euntavm dstáran.' Im ds idedskram utanazkr tmfms y ekfk uim fd dstms cátmfms pkrk tdidr áxatm, pdrm eukitm cës sd kfmptk, ckymr ds nk
prmhkhanafkf sdrë.

Eunturk dstáran Váeiaek A 82

taems (prmfuetms k hksd fd kedatd fd ikrkijk smi hudiks, yk qud smi hameafks sukvds pdrm doaekeds y
kchaditkncditd hdiabik). Mhvakcditd, sa ustdf dstë trkhkjkifm di su emeaik, im sd pudfd fdsaiodetkr
tmfks nks supdroaeads ekfk vdz qud sd
s d vkyk k utanazkr, pdrm kúi fdhd fkrnd uik nacpadzk prmouifk
pdraõfaek y fdsaiodetkr tkitm fd án emcm sdk pmsahnd kitds fd ekfk usm.

Dn dspkeam fdhd dstkr nahrd fd emrraditds fd kard pkrk ckitdidr dn cmvacaditm fdn kard knrdfdfmr fd sus eunturks kn

cãiacm. Nks vditkiks fdhdi dstkr edrrkfks `drcátaekcditd, fd ekndokeeaõi m kard kemifaeamikfm pmr emifuetms fdhdi

dstkr euhadrtms, y nks pudrtks fdhd sdr edrrkfm cue`m kitds fd qud emcadied su trkhkjm.

Dnacaikr mtrks ouditds fd emitkcaikeaõi fd nk `khatkeaõi sadcprd qud sdk pmsahnd. Nks pnkitks di ckedtk,

pdedrks, kiacknds fmcástaems pnktms fd emcafk, ekjks fd krdik: k pmr dnnms tmfm oudrk fd knnã.

Djdeueaõi fd ui faspmsatavm fd oantrkeaõi fd kard di dn dspkeam ds mm útan. @my di fãk, nms hudims
eudstki cdims fd $ ;<<, y smi nm suoaeaditdcditd trkiquanm y dooaadit pkrk ouieamikr emitaiukcditd.
Ksdbúrdsd fd qud nk uiafkf fd emcprk ds @DO'K-imcaikn. @D\K sabiaoaek @ab` Dooaeadiey \krtaeunktd Kar.
Ds uik eknaoaekeaõi fd oantrm moaeakn, nm qud sabiaoaek qud ekpturk nks pkrtãeunks <. ; caerks ( ;/; M mt` fd ui tdr
cannacd) y cës brkifd, m 11. 12% fd nk cktdrak sõnafk qud dstë di dn kard. Ckitdidcms iudstrm oantrm fd hkjk
di tmfm cmcditm, y djdeutkrnm di kntk furkitd kn cdims uik `mrk kitds fd trkhkjkr di dn nkhmrktmram pkrk
fkr dn kard fd nk `khatkeaõi fd ui nkvkfm k omifm.

\mr úntacm, ds idedskram nacpakr dn kard di su trkhkjm aicdfaktm krdk.Qmu pudfd `kedr dstm cdfakitd dn
trkhkjm fditrm fd uik bukitdrk, ui dspkeam edrrkfm qud pudfd sdr t`mr mub`ny fdsaiodetkfms y dstë nahrd fd
emrraditds fd kard, m orditd k uik ekcpkik fd onujm, uik brki uiafkf fd oantrm @D\K qud smpnk ui onujm emistkitd fd
kard dstáran purk pmr dieack fd su dspkeam fd trkhkjm, emi dxenusaõi fd tmfms nms emitkcaikitds. Tik bukitdrk sd
pudfd emistruar oëeancditd y hkrktm, pdrm ds cdims doaeaditd, yk qud dn kard fd nk sknk pudfd diemitrkr su ekcaim
di dn aitdramr. Tik ekcpkik fd onujm eudstk cue`m cës, pdrm ds faidrm hadi bkstkfm, yk qud nd pdrcatd trkhkjkr k
nk aitdcpdrad, ckitdiadifm iaqud tdeimnmbãk ksáptaek. Nks aistrueeamids pkrk nk emistrueeaõi fd kchms
faspmsatavms sd pudfdi diemitrkr dikpáifaed H.

@abadid pdrsmikn
K`mrk qud `k nacpakfm y prdpkrkfm su dspkeam, ds dn cmcditm fd emisaf dr nk mtrk ouditd praieapkn fd
emitkcaikeaõi di dn nkhmrktmram fd dxpdfaditd: ustdf. Uu eudrpm, dn ekhdnnm y nk rmpk ds uik juibnk
kckzõiaek fd hketdraks, varus y `mibms, tmfm aivasahnd pkrk nms mjms y smhrd tmfm aimodisavk pkrk nks
pdrsmiks m fd nms fdcës, pdrm cmrtkn pkrk nms euntavms fd `mibms. Emi dn oai fd ckitdidr dstk `mrfk
fdskbrkfkhnd k ui acm cai, fdhd sdr tki nacpam emcm sdk pmsahnd kitds fd ekfk sdsaõi fd trkhkjm. Dstk

80 Cd dstáran Eunturk Váeiaek

cdfams fue`krsd, sdekfm emi uik tmknnk rdeaái nkvkfk, y dn kfdrdzm di ui emijuitm fd rmpk nacpak aicdfaktkcditd
kitds fd trkhkjkr.
Uu dndeeaõi fd nk rmpk tkchaái ds acpmrtkitd7 im uskr ekcasks fd ckibk nkrbk m krtãeunms
sudntms qud pmfrãki qudfkr sudntm caditrks trkhkjk. Ua tadids dn pdnm nkrbm, ktkrnm fd iudvm di su
ekhdzk. Nacpakr nks ckims y nms kitdhrkzms emi asmprmpãnaem (ormtkifm) knem`mn y sadcprd usd bukitds
quarúrbaems fdsde`khnds caditrks trkhkjk (nacpakr dn dxtdramr fd nms bukitds emi dn knem`mn tkchaái).

@abadid cditkn
Fdn cascm cmfm qud `k prdpkrkfm su dspkeam fd trkhkjm y su eudrpm, ksdbúrdsd fd qud tkchaái
ksastd k su dstkfm fd ëia
ëiacm
cm kitds fd trkhkjkr. Nk `abadid cditkn ds tki acpmrtkitd emcm nk `abadid
pdrsmikn, yk qud su dstkfm fd ëiacm kodetk k nk omrck fd trkhkjkr, y sa dstë fastrkãfm m sai prasks, ds
prmhkhnd qud emcdtk drrmrds m aitrmfuear emitkcaikeaõi di sus eunturks. Uus cmvacaditms di dn
nkhmrktmram fdhdi tdidr euafkfm, cdfafm, y fdnahdrkr. Dvatkr rëpafk aiidedskrak m cmvacaditms hrusems,
yk qud sõnm erdki emrraditds fd kard im fdsdkfks. Vmcd su tadcpm. Ua tadids prask, rdfuear nk
vdnmeafkf, m bukrfkr dn prmydetm pkrk ui fãk eukifm tdibk cës tadcpm. Fdn cascm cmfm, prdbuitd k
su eõiyubd, `ajms, pdrrm m bktm im ditrkr di nk `khatkeaõi m cmndstkrnd caditrks trkhkjk y fdsemidetkr
dn tdnáomim. Judbk eknckitd, dndvkr nk cúsaek sa sd quadrd, pdrm dvatd Utmeg`kusdi m spddf cdtkn, k
cdims qud suedfk k diemitrkrnms rdnkjkitd pkrk n ms mãfms.

Ckitdiacaditm
Ckitdiacaditm fd rdbastrms

Ckitdidr rdbastrms emcpndtms y fdtknnkfms fd tmfms n ms dxpdracditms ds dsdieakn pkrk euknquadr táeiaek fd
nkhmrktmram doaekz. Nk ckymrãk fd nms pksms di dn euntavm fd `mibms kcpnãki nks kitdramrds7 \mr djdcpnm, ekfk
pnkek fd kbkr sd pudfd utanazkr pkrk aimeunkr ;< iudvks pnkeks m ? orksems, ekfk orksem pudfdi aimeunkr ? hmnsks,
y ksã suedsavkcditd. Ds oëean fd bdidrkr eaditms, aienusm cands fd eunturks aifavafuknds. Vdidr uik omrck fd
afditafkf fd ekfk eunturk fd omrck rëpafk y sdieannk nd k`mrrkrë ui cmitõi fd tadcpm y dsoudrzm di dn nkrbm
pnkzm. Vkchaái nd pdrcatarë juzbkr dn prmbrdsm fd su trkhkjm, kyufkifm k nms áxatms y orkeksms fd afditafkf y
rdknazkr ui sdbuacaditm fd ekfk uim fd dnnms fd vudntk k nk ouditd.

Ckrekcms ekfk rdeapaditd fd euntavm emi ui sastdck fd iucdrkeaõi emfaoaekfk, y dn trkhkjm fd nkhmrktmram fd

brkhkeaõi y eõfabms di ui eukfdrim fd nkhmrktmram. Euknquadr mrfdikfmr pmrtëtan vk k `kedr, kuiqud rkykfms m pëbaiks

fd brëoaems bmhdrikfk smi útands pkrk nk sdpkrkeaõi fd fktms y tkhnks fd AIB CKG m fakbrkcks. Ua nks pëbaiks fdn nahrm

im dstëi yk emitkfms, kûkfar iúcdrms fd pëbaik di nk pkrtd supdramr fd ekfk pëbaik.

Eunturk dstáran Váeiaek A 81

 Ekfk vdz qud sd erdk ui iudvm emijuitm fd dxpdracditms (pmr cmtavms fd sacpnaeafkf, euknquadr
rdeapaditd fd euntavm aifavafum fdhd sdr emisafdrkfm ui dxpdracditm), sd aiaeak di uik pëbaik di hnkiem. Di nk
pkrtd supdramr fd nk pëbaik, dserahar nk ode`k y uik imtk smhrd nm qud `k rdknazkfm dxpdracditms ( "pnkeks" m
"CQK orksems fd editdim fd brkim"), aienuydifm euknquadr aiomrckeaõi pdrtaiditd, tknds emcm rdedtks
dspdeãoaeks sabuadrmi m cátmfms utanazkfms aiusuknds. Di vartuf fd dstm, erdd trds emnuciks tatunkfks hësaeks
fd azquadrfk k fdrde`k: nks eunturks mrabaikraks, iúcdrms fd dxpdracditm fd dsd fãk, y imtks.

Ttanazkcms uik sdrad fd iúcdrms emi buamids pkrk dtaqudtkr fd omrck sastdcëtaek cditms
DP\DXA. Uabudi dn omrcktm: PP-QQ, emi PP sadifm dn iúcdrm fd pëbaik ketukn, y QQ fdsabikr ekfk
dxpdracditm aifavafukn, di mrfdi ksedifditd. Di nk emnucik k nk azquadrfk fd ekfk iúcdrm,
dserahacms nk imchrd fd nk dspdead m uik khrdvakturk kprmpakfm, sdbuafm pmr ui buaõi y ui / iúcdrm
rdodracms kiannm k nk edpk dspdeãoaek di eudstaõi ( "\E-;" pkrk \sanmeyh, d euhdisas, prdsami

;, "KZ-5" pkrk kzurdsedis psa / meyhd, emnkr 5, pmr djdcpnm). H! Hkjm nk dspdead y dn eõfabm fd nk tdisaõi,
qud tdibk di euditk dn iúcdrm fd dxpdracditm fd nk eunturk mrabaikrak fd pkráitdsas (pmr djdcpnm, "(;6-8)").
Fdsfd ekfk euntavm mrabaikram sd utanazk bdidrkncditd pkrk aimeunkr ui iúcdrm fd mtrms iudvms, ekfk emijuitm
fd dxpdracditms pudfd sdr

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\E-? mrfdikfmr pdrsmikn.,

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