6.

LIFE PROCESSES
Q. List in tabular form three distinguishing features
between autotrophic nutrition & heterotrophic nutrition. Q. Experiment to prove that sunlight is essential for
Answer: photosynthesis?
Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition Answer:
Autotrophs are organisms Heterotrophs are organisms AIM: Sunlight is essential for Photosynthesis.
that prepare their own food that cannot prepare their PROCEDURE:
through the process of own food & depend upon
photosynthesis. autotrophs for nutrition.
Autotrophs are Producers in Heterotrophs are
the food chain. Consumers in the food
chain.
Example: Plants & some Example: All Animals &
algae Fungi

Q. Define the term parasite. Name one plant parasite & one
animal parasite. Some organisms break down the food
material outside the body and then absorb it. Give two
examples.
Answer:
Parasites are organisms that obtain nutrients from the host
body.
(i) Plant parasite – Cuscuta
(ii) Animal parasite - Tapeworm
Organisms that break down food outside the body and then
absorb it are saprophytes. Eg: Fungi, Bacteria

Q. Name the organ and site of photosynthesis in green

plants? What are the raw materials essential for this
process? How are they obtained by a green plant
Write the balanced chemical reaction?
What is the byproduct?
What happens to the carbohydrates which are not
immediately used by the plant?
Answer:
Organ : Leaf
Site of Photosynthesis : Chloroplast in the leaf
Raw materials: Carbon dioxide, water, sunlight, chlorophyll
• Carbon dioxide enters into the leaves through stomata & Root
cells absorbs water from the soil.
OBSERVATION:
It is observed that the covered portion of the leaf does not
show any presence of starch (food).
CONCLUSION:
The covered portion of leaf did not receive any sunlight so
Starch was not produced in that portion but the uncovered
portion of leaf gives Blue-black colour when tested with
Iodine because plants prepare food through photosynthesis &
store food as Starch.

Q. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free

The byproduct in this process is the Evolution of Oxygen gas.
The carbohydrates which are NOT used immediately
are stored in the form of Starch in the plants.
containers, one in the dark and other in sunlight. It was
observed that plant kept in dark could not survive longer.
Give reason for this observation. 2M
Answer:
The plant kept in continuous light will live longer as plant
leaves can make food through photosynthesis. Whereas in the
absence of light, the leaves can’t do photosynthesis so plant die
due to lack of food.

Q. What is photosynthesis? List the Three Events or
Mechanism that occur during the process of
photosynthesis.
Answer:
The process of making food in form of glucose by using H2O,
CO2, Chlorophyll in presence of sunlight is called
photosynthesis.
The 3 EVENTS/ MECHANISM that occur during the process
of photosynthesis are:
1. Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
2. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy &
splitting of water molecules into hydrogen & oxygen.
3. Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
Q. The leaves of a plant were covered with aluminium foil,
how would it affect the physiology of the plant?
Answer:
When leaves are covered with Aluminium, the plant will not
receive sunlight for photosynthesis. Hence No Photosynthesis
then No glucose will be made and hence the plant would be
food/energy deficient.
STOMATA
Q. What is stomata? State two functions of stomata?
Answer:
Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of leaf
Two functions of stomata are:
1. Exchange of gases between plant & atmosphere takes
place through stomata.
2. Transpiration in plants takes place through stomata.
Q. (i) A gas is released during photosynthesis. Name the gas
and also state the way by which the gas is evolved. 5M
(ii) What governs the opening and closing of stomata?
Answer:
(i) The gas is Oxygen.
During photosynthesis, the solar energy trapped by chlorophyll
breaks down water molecules. Photolysis of water releases
oxygen. This oxygen is released in the atmosphere.
(ii) The opening and closing of stomata is regulated by Guard
cells
• When water enters the guard cells, they become turgid
causing stomatal pore to open.
• When water exit from guard cells, they become flaccid
causing stomatal pore to close.
Q. (i) Explain how does the exchange of gases occur in
plants across the surface of stems, roots and leaves?? Or
What ensures sufficient exchange of gases in plants?
(ii) State the conditions on which the direction of diffusion
of gases in plant depend upon.
Answer:
(i) Exchange of gases O2 & CO2 in plants takes place
through stomata in leaves & Lenticels in stem by the
process of diffusion.
(ii) The direction of diffusion of O2 & CO2 gases in plants
depends on the environmental conditions and the
requirements of the plant.
Q. When do desert plants take up CO2 & perform
photosynthesis?
Answer:
The stomata does not open during the day to avoid
transpiration & only opens at night. They take CO2 at night
& store the CO2 in their cells. This stored CO2 is used during
the day for photosynthesis when the stomata are closed.
Q. Draw a diagram to show open stomatal pore & label on
it: 1) Guard cells 2)Chloroplast OR
A student is observing the temporary mount of a leaf peel
under a microscope. Draw labelled diagram of the
structure of stomata as seen under the microscope?
Q. What are Vacuoles?
Answer:
Vacuoles are single membrane-bound structure. The membrane
of the vacuoles is known as Tonoplast.
whose main function is to store waste, food, nutrients.
Q. Write four sequential steps of the procedure of the
experiment "Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to
show stomata."
Answer:
AIM: "Preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show
stomata."
PROCEDURE:
Four steps for preparing stained mount of leaf peel are:
1. Peel off the Epidermis from the lower side of leaf by
tearing it.
2. Place the peel in watchglass containing water & Stain the
peel with Safranin stain.
3. Absorb excess stain using blotting paper & add a drop of
Glycerine.
4. Put coverslip so as to avoid any air bubble & observe
under the microscope.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. The Epidermis is seen in the mount. It appears as a single
layer of cells without intracellular spaces.
2. Stomata are seen embedded in between epidermal cells.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Cut the peel to a proper size & avoid folding is.
2. Put peel immediately in the drop of water.
3. Don't overstrain or under strain the peel.
4. Remove excess stain & Glycerin with a blotting paper.
5. Place the coverslip carefully, avoiding any air bubble.
INFERENCE/ CONCLUSION:
Stomats are seen in the temporary mount of leaf peel. Each
stomata is surrounded by two bean-shaped Guard cells.
Q. In the experiment "To prepare a temporary mount of a
leaf peel to show stomata", glycerine and safranin are used.
When and why are these two liquids used. Explain?
Answer:
2 liquids used are:
(i) Glycerine is a good dehydrating agent used to keep the
stomata moisturized & wet.
(ii) Safranin is used to STAIN/ DYE the material to see it
clearly under the microscope.
Q. List four precautions in proper sequence which we
observe while preparing a temporary mount of a leaf peel
to show stomata in his school laboratory.
Answer: Done above
NEW EXPERIMENT
Q. In the experimental set-up to show that "the
germinating seeds give out carbon dioxide", answer the
following questions:
a. Why do we keep the conical flask airtight?
b. Name the substance kept in the small test tube inside
the conical flask. Write its role.
c. Why does water rise in the delivery tube?
Answer:
a. The conical flask was kept air tight to prevent the escape
of gases CO2 released during germination.
b. Substance kept in conical flask is KOH (Potassium
hydroxide). KOH solution absorbs the CO2 released by
germinating seed in conical flask.
c. Germinating seeds release CO2 which is absorbed by
KOH, this creates a partial vacuum which caused the
water in the delivery tube to rise.
Q. In the experimental set up to show that "CO2 is given
out during respiration", Name the substance taken in the
small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function
and the consequence of its use.
Answer:
KOH is taken in test tube.
Function & Consequence of KOH :
Germinating seeds release CO2 which is absorbed by KOH,
this creates a partial vacuum which caused the water in the
delivery tube to rise.
Q. A student has set up an apparatus to show that " CO2 is
released during respiration". After about 1 hour he
observes no change in the water level in the delivery tube.
Write two possible reasons for the failure of the
experiment?
Answer:
1. Conical flask is not air tight.
2. Freshly prepared solution of KOH not used.
3. Germinating seeds may be dry.
TRANSPIRATION & XYLEM
Q. Define the term transpiration. Design an
experiment to demonstrate this process. Write two
advantages of transpiration in plants. 3M
Answer:
Transpiration: is the loss of water in the form of water
vapour through stomata.
Experiment: When a polythene bag is tied around leaf
of a plant and left for hours, we observe water droplets
accumulated inside the polythene bag.
Advantages of Transpiration:
• Help in upward movement of water in plants.
• Regulate temperature of plant.
Q. Describe the process of transpiration in plants. How
does this process help the plant in remaining fresh and
healthy?
Answer:
Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water
vapour through stomata.
Transpiration helps in the upward movement of water &
minerals from the roots to the leaves by a Cohesion-adhesion
mechanism.
Xylem work on principle of Transpirational pull
Q. How are water & minerals transported in plants? OR
Plants absorb water from the soil. Explain how it is taken
up & transported from the soil? OR How water moves
upward through xylem?
Answer:
• Due to difference in concentration of ions, the root hairs
absorb water & minerals from soil by the process of Osmosis.
• Water move from cell to cell & reach the ROOT XYLEM.
• Cohesive & adhesive properties of water molecules forms a
continuous water column in the xylem.
• The water molecules in Xylem capillaries stick together &
get pulled up by the force called TENSION.
• This tension is created by transpirational pull which creates
a suction force that pulls water molecules upwards.
Q. The plants were wilting in a garden & the gardener
watered the plants. The plants became fresh again. Which
part of the plant is responsible for conducting water in it
and how does the process of conduction of water take place
in plants?
Answer:
Xylem is responsible for conducting water.
Then write about xylem discussed above
Q. A gardener forgot to water a potted plant for a day
during summer, what will happen to the plant ? Do you
think it is reversible ? If yes, how ?
Answer:
During summer the rate of transpiration is high. Thus the
plant cells will become flaccid & wilting of leaves will occur,
if the gardener forgot to water the plant for a day.
Yes, This condition is reversible if he waters the plant within
a certain time.
But if not watered for few days the potted plant will die
because water is necessary for photosynthesis to prepare food.
Q. Write two water-conducting tissues present in plants?
Answer:
Xylem Tracheid & Xylem vessels are two water-conducting
tissues.

Q. Give reason:
(a) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster
through xylem as compared to the night. Why?
(b) Explain why plants have low energy needs as compared
to animals.
(c) Why transport system in plants is slow?
(d) What will happen if Xylem tissue in a plant is removed?
Answer:
(a) Because the Rate Of Transpiration is higher during the
daytime as compared to night.
(b & c) Plants do not move & have large proportion of dead
cells in many tissues. As a result, plants have low energy
needs & thus have slow transport systems.
(d) No upward movement of water & minerals leading to
wilting of leaves & ultimately causes the death of a plant.

Q. Write down the functions of Xylem? DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Answer:
1. To carry water & minerals upwards from root to different
parts of shoots.
2. To provide mechanical support to the plant as the walls of
xylem are lignified.
TRANSLOCATION & PHLOEM
Q. (a) What is translocation? Why is it essential for plants?
(b) Where do the substances in plants reach as a result of
translocation?
Answer:
(a) Translocation is the movement of sucrose & other organic
materials from leaves to other parts of plants.
Translocation in plants takes place by vascular tissue called
Phloem.
Translocation is essential because without it, the food
prepared by the leaves cannot reach other parts of the plant.
(b) Food is transported to stem, root and all other storage
regions of plants.
Q. How food is transported in plants?
Answer:
The transport of food from leaves to other parts of the plant
occurs through the Vascular tissue called Phloem. The food
(sugar) made in leaves is loaded into the Sieve tubes by
utilising the energy from ATP molecules.
From there, the sieve tubes move in both direction upward &
downward providing food to all parts of the plant.
Q. Write down the functions of Phloem?
Answer:
(a) Phloem helps in translocation of food from leaves to all
parts of the plant.
(b) Phloem transports food in both directions, upwards &
downwards.
Q. Write difference b/w Xylem & Phloem?
Q. With the help of an activity, explain the action of
saliva on the food we eat. 3M
Answer:
Aim : To show the action of saliva on food (Starch).
Materials required : Boiled rice, two test tubes, dropper,
iodine solution.
Procedure : Take two test tubes A & B.
In A put boiled rice &
In B put chewed boiled rice.
Then add 3-4 ml of water in both the test tubes. Now
pour 2-3 drops of iodine solution in each test tube.
Observation : ln A test tube, the colour of rice changes to
blue-balck & in B test tube, there is no change in colour.
Conclusion : Boiled rice contains starch so colour
change to blue-black when iodine solution is added to it.
Whereas when rice is chewed, the enzyme salivary
amylase breakdown the rice starch into sugars due to
which no colour change is observed when iodine solution
is added to it.
Q. Give reason: 5M
(a) Why is nutrition necessary for the human body?
(b) What causes movement of food inside the
alimentary canal?
(c) Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in
carnivores?
(d) What will happen if mucus is not secreted by the
gastric glands?
Answer:
(a) Because it provides energy for the metabolic
processes, growth & repair of worn out cells.

(b) Food moves through alimentary canal by a process

called Peristalsis. Rhythmic contraction & relaxation
of muscles layer push the food forward. This is called
peristalsis.
(c) Digestion of cellulose takes a longer time. To allow
complete digestion of cellulose, small intestine in
herbivores are longer. Carnivorous animals cannot
digest cellulose, hence they have a shorter intestine.
(d) Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach from the
action of hydrochloric acid. If mucus is not released, it
will lead to erosion of the inner lining of the stomach
leading to acidity & ulcers.
Q. Give reason
(a) why absorption of digested food occur mainly in
the small intestine.
(b) Patients whose gallbladder are removed are
recommended to eat less oily food Why?
Answer:
(a) Because it has finger like projections called villi
which increase the surface area & thus helping in
absorption of food into blood.
(b) If the gall bladder is removed, then it will become
difficult for the body to digest fat & lipids containing
food items such as oily food, meat and junk foods.
Q. In human alimentary canal, name the site of complete
digestion of various components of food.
Answer: Small intestine
Q. Name the organ which performs the following function
in humans
(a) Absorption of digested food
(b) Absorption of water
Answer:
(a) Small Intestine
(b) Large Intestine
Q. Draw a diagram of human alimentary canal and label
on it:
1) Gall bladder 2) Liver 3) Pancreas
Q. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba?
Answer:
Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition.
The various steps of nutritions are as follows:
1. INGESTION:
Amoeba makes finger-like projections called
Pseudopodia. Amoeba traps food particles along with
water forming FOOD VACUOLE with the help of
PSEUDOPODIA.
2. DIGESTION:
Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are broken
down into simpler ones by DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
3. ABSORPTION:
After digestion, nutrients enter the cytoplasm through
osmosis.
4. ASSIMILATION:
Nutrients are utilized by the cell for various purposes.
5. EGESTION:
The remaining undigested material moves to the surface of
the cell, the Plasma membrane ruptures at any place &
undigested food is thrown out of the body.
Q. How does Paramecium obtain its food?
Answer:
Paramecium obtain their food through the use of tiny hairs
called cilia. They use the cilia to move the food into the oral
groove until it reaches the mouth opening. The cilia also used
to help the paramecium move.
Q. What is saliva? State its role in the digestion of food.
Answer :
Saliva is a watery fluid secreted by the Salivary glands in
the mouth.
The Role/ Functions of saliva are:
1. It lubricates & moistens the food for easy swallowing.
2. It contains a digestive enzyme called Salivary Amylase,
which breaks down starch into maltose
Q. Give the name of the enzyme present in the fluid in our
mouth cavity. State the gland which produces it. What
would happen to the digestion process if this gland stops
secreting this enzyme?
Answer:
Salivary amylase enzyme produced by Salivary gland. If this
gland stops secreting this enzyme then starch will not break
down into maltose.
Q. List three types of substances secreted by the gastric
glands and state the role of each in the digestion of food in
alimentary canal of human beings.
Answer:
The Gastric glands secretes gastric juice containing 3
substances Hydrochloric acid, Mucus & Pepsin.
Functions of 3 are:
1. Pepsin:
• Pepsin is a DIGESTIVE ENZYME made by Gastric glands
in Stomach that breaks down Proteins into proteoses &
peptones.
• HCl converts Inactive enzyme Pepsinogen to active Pepsin.
2. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• Make the stomach environment acidic.
• Kills the microbes which enter along with the food.
• HCl converts Inactive enzyme Pepsinogen to active Pepsin.
3. Mucus:
• Provide lubrication & protect the inner lining of the
stomach from HCl.
Q. State the role of the following in human digestive system
: (i) Digestive enzymes (ii) Trypsin (iii) Villi (iv) Bile juice
(v) Pancreatic juice
Answer:
(i) Digestive enzymes:
• Digestive enzymes are proteins that break down food & help
in digestion.
• Example are: Pepsin, Trypsin, Amylase, Lipase
• Pepsin & Trypsin enzyme break down protein into amino
acid.
• Amylase is a pancreatic enzyme that break down
carbohydrates into glucose.
• Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that break down fat into fatty
acid & glycerol.
(ii) Trypsin:
Trypsin is a Digestive Enzyme made by Pancreas glands that
breaks down Proteins into peptides & amino acid.
• Enterokinase converts Inactive enzyme Trypsinogen to
active Trypsin.
(iii) Villi:
• Villi are finger like projections in the Small intestine.
• Villi are richly supplied with blood vessel & help to increase
the surface area for absorption of digested food into the
bloodstream.
(iv) Bile juice:
• Bile is a digestive juice secreted by liver & stored in the
Gallbladder.
• Bile contains bile salt which help in emulsification of fat ie
break down of large fat globules into smaller globules so that
the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them.
• Bile juice neutralises the acid making the medium alkaline
and activates lipase.
(v) Pancreatic juice:
Pancreas secrete Pancreatic juice which contains digestive
enzymes Trypsin, Lipase & Amylase.
• Trypsin enzyme break down protein into peptides & amino
acid.
• Amylase is a pancreatic enzyme that break down
carbohydrates into glucose.
• Lipase is a pancreatic enzyme that break down fat into fatty
acid & glycerol.
Q. Explain the dual function of pancreas?
Answer:
Pancreas possess both Exocrine & Endocrine functions
1. Exocrine functions:
Exocrine Pancreas secrete Pancreatic juice which contains
digestive enzymes that help in digestion of food.
2. Endocrine functions:
Endocrine pancreas produces hormones like Insulin which
lowers down the Blood Sugar level.
Q. List in tabular form three differences between pepsin
and trypsin?? Answer: Done above
Q. Why is bile juice important in the process of digestion?
OR Give two reasons, why bile juice is considered to be an
important secretion of liver in the process of digestion?
Answer: Done above
Q. What are the final products after digestion of
carbohydrates proteins and fats? Or Name the site of
complete digestion in the human body and write the name
of the end products formed of (i) carbohydrates, (ii) fats,
and (iii) proteins. 2M
Answer:
The site of complete digestion of food in our body is small
intestine
The final product produced after digestion of
 Carbohydrates is Glucose,
 Protein is Amino acid,
 Fat is Fatty acid & Glycerol.
Q. In the process of digestion of food in human beings, two
protein-digesting enzymes are secreted. Name the enzymes
along with the glands that secrete them. 2M
Answer: Pepsin & Trypsin are two protein-digesting
enzymes.
Pepsin is secreted by Gastric gland in stomach in inactive
form Pepsinogen.
Trypsin is secreted by Pancreas gland forming pancreatic
juice.
Q. Name enzymes present in pancreatic juice. 1M
Answer: Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, amylase
& nucleases are enzymes present in pancreatic juice.
Q. What are enzymes? Name any one enzyme of our
digestive system and write its function.
Answer:
Enzymes: Enzymes are protein molecules which acts as
biocatalysts. They fasten up any biochemical reaction
without getting used up in the reactions.
Example: Salivary amylase in saliva helps in breaking down
starch into maltose.
Q. State the role of liver?
Answer:
• liver has 3 vital functions essential to our body:
Detoxification, Synthesis & Storage.
• It synthesizes Bile juice secreted by the liver & stored in
the Gallbladder which breaks down large fat globules into
small fat globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily
act on them.
• Metabolism of fats, proteins & carbohydrates.
Q. Although the liver does not contain any enzyme yet it
plays an important role in digestion. Comment. 3M
Answer:
Bile juice secreted by the liver & stored in the Gallbladder
which breaks down large fat globules into small fat globules
so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily act on them.
Q. What is emulsification of fats? Why is it necessary.
Answer:
Emulsification is the process of breaking down large fat
globule into smaller globules making it easy for the enzymes
to act and digest the food.
Emulsification is necessary because it helps in digestion of
fats into fatty acids and glycerol which can be easily
absorbed by small intestine.
Q. In the human body the site of absorption of digested
food is the small intestine. How is the process of absorption
carried out and why is absorption of digested food
necessary?
Answer:
The small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections
called VILLI. These villi increase the surface area for more
efficient food absorption. Within these villi, many blood
vessels are present that absorb the digested food and carry it
to the bloodstream. Once the food particles reach the
bloodstream, they are transported throughout the different parts
of the body, wherever necessary.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Q. With the help of a schematic flowchart, show the
break down of glucose in a cell to provide energy:
(i) In the presence of oxygen
(ii) In the absence of oxygen
(iii) When there is a lack of oxygen
Answer:
Q: Write two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to
provide energy in the human body. Write the products
formed in each case.
Q. (i) What is the first step in the breakdown of glucose
during aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Where does it
take place?
(ii) What is meant by "residual volume of air" in a
breathing cycle?
Answer:
(i) Glycolysis is the common step/ first step for aerobic
respiration & anaerobic respiration. It occurs in the
cytoplasm.
First step is breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose into 2
molecules Pyruvic acid.
(ii) Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air remaining in
the lungs after maximum forceful expiration.
Q. (i) Name the molecule of energy which is synthesized
during respiration.
(ii) State the role of ATP in cellular respiration. Or ATP is
called the energy currency of the cell. Why?
Answer:
(i) ATP is the molecule. The energy released during
respiration is stored in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP).
(ii) The energy released during respiration is stored in the form
of ATP. ATP serves as the main energy currency in cellular
respiration, storing & transferring energy for various
cellular activities like for muscle contraction, circulation of
blood, locomotion and various body movements.
Q. How is O2 and CO2 is transported in human beings? Or
Explain how oxygen is delivered to all parts of the body in
human beings. In what form is carbon dioxide transported
in our blood?
Answer:
02 is absorbed by blood capillaries from lungs alveoli by
diffusion. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in blood and
is transported as oxyhaemoglobin.
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three ways, as
dissolved form in blood plasma, as carbaminohaemoglobin
& as bicarbonates.
Q. "Respiration is an exothermic process." Justify this
statement giving the chemical equation for the reaction
involved. How is respiration different from breathing?
Answer:
Respiration is considered as an exothermic reaction
because, in respiration, a large amount of heat energy is
released when oxidation of glucose takes place.
CHEMICAL REACTION OF RESPIRATION
Q. "The breathing cycle is rhythmic whereas, exchange of
gases is a continuous process". Justify this statement.
Answer:
The breathing cycle involves Inhalation & Exhalation Of Air
due to alternate expansion &contraction of thoracic cavity.
Thus it is a rhythmic process.
But exchange of gases is a continuous process as it takes
place b/w blood & every cell by diffusion.
Breathing Respiration
Inhale of O2 & exhale of Oxidation of food to form
CO2 CO2, H2O, Energy.
No energy is released Energy released in form of
 ATP.
No enzyme involved Large no.of enzymes are
involved.
Q. How are the alveoli designed to maximise the exchange
of gases? Or What is the function of Alveoli??
Answer:
The alveoli are thin-walled balloon-like structures present in
Lungs & richly supplied with network of blood vessels which
provide maximum surface area for exchange of gases b/w
blood capillaries & air in alveoli.
Millions of alveoli are present in each lungs.
Q. In single celled organisms diffusion is sufficient to meet
all their requirements of food, exchange of gases or
removal of wastes but it is not in case of multicellular
organisms. Explain the reason for this difference?
Answer:
Diffusion is insufficient to meet the oxygen requirement of
multicellular organisms because all the cells are not in
direct contact with environment & diffusion is a very slow
process & take too much of time for carrying even a single
particle in the body of organism.
Q. Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label
the following :
a. part where air is filtered by fine hair and mucus.
b. part which terminates in balloon - like structures.
c. balloon - like structures where exchange of gases takes
place.
d. part which separates chest cavity from abdominal
cavity.
e. The two large air passages that lead from trachea to
the lungs
Answer:
(a) Nasal passage (b)Bronchioles (c)Alveoli (d)Diaphragm
(e) Bronchi tube
Q. (a) What is the internal energy reserve in plants and
animals?
(b)State the form in which the following are stored :
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) Energy derived from food in humans.
Answer:
(a) The carbohydrates like Starch (in plants) & glycogen (in
animals) serve as the internal energy reserve.
b. (i) As starch in fruits/storage roots tubers etc.
(ii) As glycogen
Q. Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label
on it:
1) Diaphragm 2) Larynx 3) Nasal passage
4) Bronchioles 5) Alveoli/ Alveolar sac
6) Diaphragm 7) Pharynx 8) Trachea 9) Lungs
Q. Give reasons
a. Why do the walls of trachea not collapse when there is
less air in it?
C-shaped Rings of cartilage are present in the throat so that
the trachea does not collapse on respiration.
b. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much
faster than in terrestrial organisms?
The amount of O2 present in water is very less as compared
to the amount of O2 present in the air therefore aquatic
organisms have to breath faster than terrestrial organisms to
absorb the required amount of oxygen from the water.
Q. Write the sequence of events that involve response of a
person when a dust particle is inhaled through the nose by
him.
Answer:
The sequence of air passage during inhalation is as follows:
Nostrils→pharynx→larynx→trachea→bronchi→Bronchio
les→alveoli
Fine hair & mucus are present in the nasal passage so that any
dust particles, pathogens etc. can be trapped & only clean
air will enter the lungs. This is one of the defence mechanisms
of our body.
Q. List three characteristics of lungs which make it an
efficient respiratory surface?
Answer:
(i) Alveoli are richly supplied with network of blood vessels
which provide maximum surface area for exchange of gases
b/w blood capillaries & the air inside the alveoli.
(ii) The thin walls of alveoli allow diffusion of gases quickly.
(iii) The Alveoli are moist with mucus lining so that gases
can dissolve before diffusing.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Q. List two types of the transport system in human beings
and write the functions of any one of these.
Answer:
1. Lymphatic system
2. Blood circulatory system
Functions of lymphatic system/ Lymph
1. It filter out & phagocytize foreign agents.
2. Lymph carries digested & absorbed fat from the intestine
& drains excess interstitial fluid from extracellular space
back into the blood.
Functions Of Blood Circulatory System:
1. It circulates oxygen & removes carbon dioxide.
2. It provides cells with Nutrients & Protects body against
disease and infection.
3. It forms blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
4. Maintain fluid balance & constant body temperature
('thermoregulation')
Q. What is the other name of tissue fluid ? Write its two
functions.
Answer:
Interstitial fluid or Lymph is the other name of tissue fluid.
Tissue fluid is a fluid that leaks out from capillaries in
tissues.
Write functions of lymph
Q. How is lymph an important fluid involved in
transportation? If lymphatic vessels get blocked, how
would it affect the human body? Elaborate.
Answer:
Lymph carries digested & absorbed fat from the intestine &
drains excess interstitial fluid from extracellular space back
into the blood.
Blockage of lymphatic system will lead to water retention &
poor fat absorption in the body.
Q. What is lymph? How is lymph different from blood
plasma in composition?
Answer:
Lymph is a colourless fluid that circulates throughout the
lymphatic system.
The blood flows in the body in all directions but the lymph
flows only in one direction.
Lymph has more lymphocytes than blood plasma.
Blood has RBCs, WBC's, platelets & fluid plasma. Whereas
lymph has WBC's & watery fluid.
Q. List four functions of the human heart.
Answer:
1. Receiving Deoxygenated blood from Body tissues &
supplying Oxygenated blood.
2. Pumps blood to various organs & tissues.
3. It maintain & regulate Blood pressure level by providing
an adequate supply of blood in our body.
Q. Dfference b/w single circulation & double circulation?
Single circulation Double circulation
Blood flow through the heart Blood flow through the heart
only once in 1 complete twice in 1 complete cycle
cycle
Less efficient More efficient
Occur in fishes Occur in amphibians,
reptiles, birds & mammals.
Q. Give reasons
a. Why is double circulation necessary in the human body?
b. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated &
deoxygenated blood in mammals & birds? Or Why is the
separation of the right side & the left side of the heart
useful? How does it help birds and mammals?
c. "Blood circulation in fishes is different from the blood
circulation in human beings." Justify the statement.
d. Why circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs
from that in terrestrial vertebrates?
Answers:
(a & b) Because it does not allow the mixing of oxygenated
& deoxygenated blood. This separation ensures highly
efficient supply of O2 for their energy needs to maintain
constant body temperature.
c. In Fishes, Single Circulation occur due to presence of two-
chambered heart & the blood passes through heart only
once in one complete cycle. whereas Double Circulation is
seen in human beings due to the presence of four-
chambered heart & blood passes through heart twice in
one complete cycle.
d. Because the Terrestrial vertebrates take oxygen from air,
through their lungs & the Aquatic invertebrates take oxygen
dissolved in water through their gills.
Q. Which animals can tolerate some mixing of the
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood streams? On what
factor does the body temperature of these animals depend?
Answer:
Animals like amphibians or reptiles having 3-chambered
hearts can tolerate Some mixing of oxygenated &
deoxygenated blood.
Such animals don't need a lot of energy. Their body
temperature depends on the environment temperature. They
change their body temperature when the climate changes.
Q. Give reasons:
a. Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
Ventricles have to pump blood out of heart at a higher
pressure to ensure it reaches all parts of the body.
b. Why do arteries have thick and elastic walls whereas
veins have valves?
The blood emerges from heart under high pressure & flows
through arteries. Hence, to bear this pressure the arteries
have thick & elastic walls.
Veins have valves to ensure that the blood flows in one
direction only.
c. What will happen if we are injured & start bleeding?
When we are injured & start bleeding, blood clotting occur to
stop the bleeding quickly.
Q. Describe "blood circulation" in human beings Or
Explain the process of transport of oxygenated &
deoxygenated blood in a human body.
Answer:
When blood flow through the heart twice in 1complete cycle is
called Double circulation
Double circulation has two components:
1. Pulmonary circulation and
2. Systemic circulation.
1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION:
Heart – Lungs – Heart
The Pulmonary circulation carries Deoxygenated blood from
heart to lungs & returns Oxygenated blood to the heart.
• The Superior & Inferior Vena Cava brings D.Blood from
all Body Parts To Right Atrium.
• The Right Atrium contract & blood flow into right
ventricle through Tricuspid Valve.
• The Right Ventricles contract & the Pulmonary Artery
carries the D.Blood to lungs for oxygenation.
2. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:
Heart- Body- Heart
The Systemic circulation carries Oxygenated blood from
Heart to Body Organs & returns D.Blood to heart
• The Pulmonary Vein brings O.Blood from Lungs To Left
Atrium.
• The Left Atrium contract & blood flows into left ventricle
through Mitral Valve.
• The Left Ventricles contract & Aorta carries the O.Blood
away from Heart to all body parts & get Deoxygenated.
 Q.Write one function each of the following components of
the transport system in human beings.
(a) Blood platelet (b)Blood vessels.
(c) Lymph (d)Heart
Answer:
a. Blood Platelets :
Helps in blood clotting during injury.
All functions done above

Q. What happens if conducting tubes of circulatory system

develops a leak? State in brief how this could be avoided?
OR Q. "When we are injured and start bleeding, it
requires the loss of blood from the system to be
minimized." What will happen if the blood loss is not
stopped? Is there anything the system would do on its own
to prevent the loss? OR What happens when the system of
blood vessels develop a leak?
Answer:
The blood clots if conducting tubes of a circulatory system
develops a leak. The platelets will increase, which will
minimise the leakage. Due to this, the inactive thrombin will
become the active one in the presence of thromboplasm. The
platelets make the clot by forming a mesh-like structure over
the leak in which blood cells get entangled, ultimately
plugging the leak.
If the blood loss is not stopped then too much blood volume
will be lost & may lead to death.

Q. Name the site of exchange of material between the blood

& surrounding cells.
Answer: Capillaries
Q. Draw a schematic representation of transport and
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during
Q. What is haemoglobin? State the consequences of
transportation of Blood in human body & label on it:
deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies??
1) Lung capillaries
Answer:
2) Pulmonary artery to lungs
Haemoglobin (Hb) is Iron-containing Protein & Respiratory
3) Aorta to body
Pigment found in RBC of vertebrate that transports oxygen to
4) Pulmonary veins from lungs
the tissues.
Deficiency of Hb in human body will result in Anaemia.
Q. Write the correct sequence of steps followed during
Decrease in Haemoglobin will result in decrease in the
journey of oxygen rich blood from lungs to various organs
oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. The person may suffer
of human body. Answer: Explain Systemic circulation only
from breathlessness & fatigue, symptoms of anaemia.
Q. Name the type of blood (oxygenated/ deoxygenated)
Q. List three kinds of blood vessels & write their
transported by each of the following mentioning the path
functions??
from one organ (which place) to another (which place).
Answer:
(i) Vena cava (ii) Pulmonary artery
1. ARTERIES: carry blood away from your heart.
Answer:
2. VEINS: carry blood back toward your heart.
(i) Vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from Body organs
3. CAPILLARIES: the smallest blood vessels, connect
to Right Atrium.
arteries and veins.
(ii) Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from Right
Ventricles to Lungs.
Q. Write difference between Arteries & Veins?
Answer:
Q. Diagram of Heart
Artery Veins
Artery carry blood away Veins carry blood towards
from Heart. the heart
Carry Oxygenated blood Carry Deoxygenated blood
except Pulmonary artery. except Pulmonary Vein
Have thick walls & Valves Have thin walls & Valves
are absent are present

Q. List in tabular form three differences between blood

and lymph?
Answer:
 Blood Lymph Nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid are thrown out of
It consists of Plasma, RBC, It consists of Plasma & body in the form of Urine.
WBC & Platelets. WBC.
reddish colored fluid. colorless fluid. Q. What is the purpose of making urine in the human
Bidirectional flow Unidirectional flow body? Name the organs that stores and releases the urine.
Name the organ that connects the kidneys with the urinary
EXCRETORY SYSTEM bladder.
Answer:
Q.Draw a diagram of human excretory system and label on To filter out nitrogenous waste products like urea & uric
it? acid from the blood in humans.
1) Ureters 2) Left kidney 3) Right kidney Organ for storage: Urinary Bladder
4) Urinary bladder 5) Renal artery 6) Aorta Organ for release: Urethra
7) Urethra Ureter is the organ that connects the kidneys with the urinary
Answer: bladder.

Q. Name the part of the human excretory system where

nephrons are found. Write the structure and function of
nephron. 2M
Answer:
Nephron are found in kidney.
Each kidney is made up of millions of filtering units called
NEPHRONS. Nephron Is The Basic Functional Unit Of
Kidneys that consists of 2 parts:
1. Bowman's capsule
2. Renal Tubule.

Function of Nephron are:

It convert blood into urine by filtration, reabsorption,
secretion & excretion of harmful substances present in the
blood.
Q. What is the function of the following:
a) Renal artery Q. (a) Name the organs that form the excretory system in
b) Renal vein human beings.
c) kidney (b) List two factors on which reabsorption of water from
d) Ureters urine depends?
e) Urinary bladder (c) Describe in brief how urine is produced in human body.
Answer: Answer:
a) Renal Artery: (a) Organs that form the excretory system are:
The renal arteries are large blood vessels that brings the Pair of kidneys, Pair of ureters, Urinary bladder &
Impure blood containing wastes like urea into the kidney for Urethra.
filtration from Heart.
b) Renal Vein: b) Two factors on which reabsorption of water from urine
Renal vein carries the filtered, cleaned blood out of the kidney. depends are:
c) Kidney: 1. The amount of excess water present in the body.
• It convert blood into urine by filtration, reabsorption, 2. The amount of dissolved waste, that need to be excreted
secretion & excretion of harmful substances present in the out of the body.
blood.
• Maintain Acid-base balance. (c) Our body produces nitrogenous waste like Urea & Uric
• Produce Hormone Acid. These waste are filtered out from blood by the kidney.
d) Ureter: During filtration process, the blood enters the nephron
it carries urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder. through Afferent Arteriole.
e) Urinary Bladder: Each kidney is made up of millions of filtering units called
It stores urine brought by the 2 ureters. NEPHRONS. Nephron Is The Basic Functional Unit Of
Kidneys that consists of 2 parts:
Q. (a) Define the term excretion. Why should animals 3. Bowman's capsule
excrete waste matter? 3M 4. Renal Tubule.
(b) Name the main excretory organ of human beings and
state the form in which the excretory matter is thrown out Bowman's capsule is cup-shaped & consists of coiled
of the body. network of blood capillaries called Glomerulus.
Answer:
(a) Excretion is the biological process of removal of harmful Urine formation takes place in 3 steps:
metabolic wastes like CO2, urea, uric acid from the body. i] Glomerular filtrate/ Ultrafiltration
Animals should excrete waste matter because accumulation ii] Selective re-absorption
of metabolic waste increase toxicity & various health iii] Tubular secretion
problems in the body.
(b) A pair of Kidneys are the main excretory organ. (i) Glomerulus filtration/ Ultrafiltration:
Glomerulus helps in filtering out the blood then the filtrate Q. Where are the waste products stored in plants?
goes to the Renal tubule. Answer:
(ii) Selective re-absorption: Waste products are stored in vacuoles or as gums & resins in
Some substance in filtrate like Glucose, amino acids, salts, leaves which fall off.
excess water gets absorbed selectively in the blood capillaries
surrounding the renal tubule as it passes through it. Q. Name two excretory products other than O2 & CO2 in
(iii) Tubular secretion: plants??
Some toxic substances is secreted from blood capillaries into Answer: Resins & Gums.
renal tubule & the final product that leaves the kidney is
Urine.
Urine then moves through the collecting duct towards the
urinary bladder to get stored. When the urinary bladder gets
filled, the urine is expelled out of body through urethra.

Photosynthesis Respiration
Q. Label & name the following organs of excretory system The process of making Oxidation of food to form
which perform following functions : food in form of glucose by CO2, H2O, Energy
(i) form urine. using CO2, H2O,
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from kidney. Chlorophyll in presence of
(iii) store urine until it is passed out. sunlight.
(iv) Basic filtration unit in the kidney. It take place in presence of It take place throughout
Answer: sunlight. the day.
(i) Kidney (ii) Ureter CO2 & H2O are used & O2 O2 is used & CO2, H2O are
(iii) Urinary bladder (iv) Nephron is given off. given off.

Q. Write one specific function of each of the following

organs in relation to excretion in human beings:
(i) Urethra (ii) Glomerulus (iii)Tubular part of nephron
Answer:
(i) Urethra expel the urine out of the body.
(ii) Glomerulus helps in filtering out the blood then the
filtrate goes to the Renal tubule.
(iii) The tubular part of nephron allows selective reabsorption
of useful substances like glucose, amino acids, salts, and
water into the blood capillaries.

Q. Explain in brief two ways by which leaves of a plant

help in excretion. 2M
Answer:
Ways by which leaves of a plant help in excretion are:
(i) Excess water in plants is removed by the process of
Transpiration & Guttation.
(ii) CO2 & O2 are waste products of respiration &
photosynthesis, are excreted out with the help of stomata.
(iii) Waste products are stored in vacuoles or as gums &
resins in leaves which fall off.