9-70

Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration

9-101C As the number of compression and expansion stages are increased and regeneration is employed,
the ideal Brayton cycle will approach the Ericsson cycle.

9-102C (a) decrease, (b) decrease, and (c) decrease.

9-103C (a) increase, (b) decrease, and (c) decrease.

9-104C (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) decrease, and (d) increase.

9-105C (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) increase, and (d) decrease.

9-106C Because the steady-flow work is proportional to the specific volume of the gas. Intercooling
decreases the average specific volume of the gas during compression, and thus the compressor work.
Reheating increases the average specific volume of the gas, and thus the turbine work output.

9-107C (c) The Carnot (or Ericsson) cycle efficiency.

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 9-71

9-108 An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases
of with and without a regenerator.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) The work inputs to each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each
stage of the turbine since this is an ideal cycle. Then,
h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg
T1 = 300 K 
→
Pr1 = 1.386 T

P2 5 7
Pr 2 = Pr = (3)(1.386) = 4.158 
→ h2 = h4 = 411.26 kJ/kg 1200 K qin
P1 1 9 6 8
h5 = h7 = 1277.79 kJ/kg
T5 = 1200 K 
→
Pr5 = 238 4 2 10
P 1
Pr6 = 6 Pr5 =  (238) = 79.33  → h6 = h8 = 946.36 kJ/kg 300 K 3 1
P5  3 s
wC,in = 2(h2 − h1 ) = 2(411.26 − 300.19 ) = 222.14 kJ/kg
wT,out = 2(h5 − h6 ) = 2(1277.79 − 946.36) = 662.86 kJ/kg

wC,in 222.14 kJ/kg

Thus, rbw = = = 33.5%
wT,out 662.86 kJ/kg

q in = (h5 − h4 ) + (h7 − h6 ) = (1277.79 − 411.26 ) + (1277.79 − 946.36 ) = 1197.96 kJ/kg

wnet = wT,out − wC,in = 662.86 − 222.14 = 440.72 kJ/kg
wnet 440.72 kJ/kg
η th = = = 36.8%
q in 1197.96 kJ/kg
(b) When a regenerator is used, rbw remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes
q regen = ε (h8 − h4 ) = (0.75)(946.36 − 411.26 ) = 401.33 kJ/kg
q in = q in,old − q regen = 1197.96 − 401.33 = 796.63 kJ/kg
wnet 440.72 kJ/kg
η th = = = 55.3%
q in 796.63 kJ/kg

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 9-72

9-109 A gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is considered. The
back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases of with and
without a regenerator.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) The work inputs to each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each
stage of the turbine. Then,
T1 = 300 K 
→ h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg
Pr1 = 1.386 T

P2 5 7
Pr 2 = Pr = (3)(1.386) = 4.158 
→ h2 s = h4 s = 411.26 kJ/kg qin
P1 1 6 8
9 6s 8
h −h
η C = 2 s 1 → h2 = h4 = h1 + (h2 s − h1 ) / η C 4 2
h2 − h1
= 300.19 + (411.26 − 300.19 ) / (0.80 ) 4 2s 10

= 439.03 kJ/kg 3 1
s
T5 = 1200 K 
→ h5 = h7 = 1277.79 kJ/kg
Pr5 = 238
P6 1
Pr6 = Pr5 =  (238) = 79.33 → h6 = h8 = 946.36 kJ/kg
P5 3
h −h
η T = 5 6 → h6 = h8 = h5 − η T (h5 − h6 s )
h5 − h6 s
= 1277.79 − (0.85)(1277.79 − 946.36 )
= 996.07 kJ/kg
wC,in = 2(h2 − h1 ) = 2(439.03 − 300.19 ) = 277.68 kJ/kg
wT,out = 2(h5 − h6 ) = 2(1277.79 − 996.07 ) = 563.44 kJ/kg

wC,in 277.68 kJ/kg

Thus, rbw = = = 49.3%
wT,out 563.44 kJ/kg

q in = (h5 − h4 ) + (h7 − h6 ) = (1277.79 − 439.03) + (1277.79 − 996.07 ) = 1120.48 kJ/kg

wnet = wT,out − wC,in = 563.44 − 277.68 = 285.76 kJ/kg
wnet 285.76 kJ/kg
η th = = = 25.5%
q in 1120.48 kJ/kg
(b) When a regenerator is used, rbw remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes
q regen = ε (h8 − h4 ) = (0.75)(996.07 − 439.03) = 417.78 kJ/kg
q in = q in,old − q regen = 1120.48 − 417.78 = 702.70 kJ/kg
wnet 285.76 kJ/kg
η th = = = 40.7%
q in 702.70 kJ/kg

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 9-73

9-110 A regenerative gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The minimum mass flow rate of air needed to develop a specified net power output is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis The mass flow rate will be a minimum when the cycle is ideal. That is, the turbine and the
compressors are isentropic, the regenerator has an effectiveness of 100%, and the compression ratios across
each compression or expansion stage are identical. In our case it is rp = 9 = 3. Then the work inputs to
each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine.
T1 = 300 K  → h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg, Pr1 = 1.386
P2
Pr 2 = Pr = (3)(1.386) = 4.158 
→ h2 = h4 = 411.26 kJ/kg T
P1 1
5 7
T5 = 1200 K 
→ h5 = h7 = 1277.79 kJ/kg, Pr5 = 238 1200 K

P6 1 6 8
Pr6 = Pr =  (238) = 79.33  → h6 = h8 = 946.36 kJ/kg
P5 5  3 
wC,in = 2(h2 − h1 ) = 2(411.26 − 300.19 ) = 222.14 kJ/kg 4 2

wT,out = 2(h5 − h6 ) = 2(1277.79 − 946.36) = 662.86 kJ/kg 300 K 3 1

s
wnet = wT, out − wC,in = 662.86 − 222.14 = 440.72 kJ/kg
W& net 110,000 kJ/s
m& = = = 249.6 kg/s
wnet 440.72 kJ/kg

9-111 A regenerative gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The minimum mass flow rate of air needed to develop a specified net power output is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Argon is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Properties The properties of argon at room temperature are cp = 0.5203 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.667 (Table A-
2a).
Analysis The mass flow rate will be a minimum when the cycle is ideal. That is, the turbine and the
compressors are isentropic, the regenerator has an effectiveness of 100%, and the compression ratios across
each compression or expansion stage are identical. In our case it is rp = 9 = 3. Then the work inputs to
each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine.
(k −1) / k
P 
T2 = T1  2  = (300 K )(3)0.667/1.667 = 465.6 K
 P1  T
(k −1) / k 0.667/1.667
P  1
T6 = T5  6 
 = (1200 K )  = 773.2 K 1200 K 5 7
 P5  3
6 8
wC,in = 2(h2 − h1 ) = 2c p (T2 − T1 ) = 2(0.5203 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(465.6 − 300 )K
= 172.3 kJ/kg
4 2
wT,out = 2(h5 − h6 ) = 2c p (T5 − T6 ) = 2(0.5203 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1200 − 773.2)K
= 444.1 kJ/kg 300 K 3 1
s
wnet = wT,out − wC,in = 444.1 − 172.3 = 271.8 kJ/kg

W& net 110,000 kJ/s

m& = = = 404.7 kg/s
wnet 271.8 kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.