EXPERIMENT:1

Task 1

Aim: To identify the computer hardware parts (Identification of the peripherals of a computer,
components in a CPU and its functions)

Computer is an electronic device which takes the input information from the input device and
generates the output information and it will be displayed on the output.It enables arithmetic
computations, data processing, information management (storage) and knowledge reasoning in an
efficient manner.

Basically the computer system has three major components. These are
• System Unit
o Central Processing Unit (Processor)
o Memory Unit. (Main memory and Auxiliary storage).
• Input Unit.
• Output Unit.
Procedure:
1. Cabinet
a. It is used to install all hardware devices like(mother board, SMPS, HDD,CD ROM, FDD)
b. It has Start, Restart Button, Led’s, Audio and USB Connecters are available at front side.

2. Monitor
a. Monitor of a computer is like a television screen.
b. It displays text characters and graphics in colors or in shades of grey.
c. The monitor is also called as screen or display or CRT (cathode ray tube). In the monitor the screen
will be displayed in pixels format.
i. 800 by 600 pixels ii. 1024 by 768 pixels .
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3. Key Board
a. Key board is like a type writer, which contains keys to feed the data or information into the
computer
b. Keyboards are available in two modules. These are
i. standard key board with 83-88 keys
ii. enhanced key board with 104 keys or above

IBM/PC keyboards

 Original PC Keyboard - 84 keys

 AT Keyboard - 84 keys
 AT Enhanced Keyboard - 101 keys
 US Traditional Keyboard - 101 keys
 Enhanced European Keyboard - 102 keys
 Windows Keyboard - 104 keys
 Windows-based Laptop Keyboard - 86 keys

Apple keyboards

 Apple Keyboard with Numeric Keypad - 109 keys

 Apple Wireless Keyboard - 78 keys
 Apple MacBook Air laptop - 78 keys

4. Mouse
a. Every mouse has one primary button (left button) and one secondary button (right button).
b. The primary button is used to carry out most tasks, where as secondary button is used in special
cases you can select commands and options
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5. Printer
a. A device that prints images (numbers, alphabets, graphs, etc…) on paper is known as Printer.
b. We have different types of printers to take printouts. These are as follows:
i. Dot matrix printer
ii. Inkjetprinter
iii.Laserprinter

6. Speakers
a. Speakers make your system much more delightful to use entertain you while you are working on
computer

7. Scanner
a. Scanner used to scan images and text

8. CPU
a. The central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The processor is fitted
on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various components, which support the functioning
of a PC.
b. It is brain of the computer
c. It is square shape

9. Socket 478
a. It use 478 – PIN MICROPGA package it is used installing CPU
b. It is square type design.
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10. System board/Motherboard

a. This is the major part of the PC hardware
b. It manages all transactions of data between CPU peripherals.
c. which holds the Processor, Random Access Memory and other parts, and has slots for expansion
cards
d. It is rectangle shape.

11. Ram Slots and Rams

a. Ram slots are used to install the rams
b. It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips.
c. There two type ram slots
d. SD Ram;----------􀃆Two Gaps
e. DDR Ram--------􀃆One Gap
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12. North Bridge

a. It is also called as controller
b. It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic signals
c. It is near by socket 478
d. It placed middle of the mother board

13. South Bridge

a. It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices
b. It is communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip.
c. It near by CMOS battery

14. CMOS Battery

a. Computer is using a coin shape battery
b. It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time
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15. Primary & Secondary(IDE-1 & IDE-2)

a. It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2.
b. It used to connecting Hard Disk Dive, CD ROM, DVD ROM.

16. Input & Out put ports

a. IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner,
speakers etc...

17. AGP Slot & AGP Card

a. AGP Slot is used install the AGP card.
b. AGP back view same as VGA port(15-female pins) and used to connecting the monitors
c. This slot is above PCI slots and its color is Black or Brown
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18. CI Slots &PCI(Expansion) Cards

a. PCI slots are used to install the PCI cards such as
i. LAN (Ethernet) Card---􀃆Back view Ethernet port

ii. Sound Card-􀃆 Back view Audio pin connectors)

iii. TV Tuner(Internal) Card -􀃆 Dish Pin connecter

b. PCI Slots are white or yellow color

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c. PCI Card has Single gap only

19. BIOS Chip

a. BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware wok together
b. BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or mother board

20. ATX Power connecter

a. ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug( This is from SMPS)
b. ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available.
c. It is white color and it has ATX name is available on Mother Board

21. Floppy connecter

a. Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive.
b. This is beside of ATX power connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.

22. Bus Cables or Data cables

a. A Bus is a collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one device to another device
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cables are two types
b. IDE cable : it used to connect HDD, CD ROM, DVD ROM
c. FDD cable: it used to connect FDD (braking or manufacture defecting)

23. Hard Disk Drive

a. The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer
b. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive
c. Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive

24. CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer

a. CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only
Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information from Compact Disks (CD).
b. CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact Disks.
c. Identification is the panel name is CD Writer

25. Floppy Disk Drive

a. The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks.
b. Floppy disks also called as a diskette.
c. Identification is smaller than CD writer.

26. SMPS
a. SMPS is used to supply the power to Mother Board HDD,CD ROM, FDD
b. In SMPS holds a transformer,voltage control and fan
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c. Identification is the rectangular box shape and panel name is switching mode power supply.

1. Yellow +12V

2. Red +5V

3. Orange +3.3V

4. Blue -12V

5. white -5V

6. Purple +5VSB

7. Gray Power good

8. Green Power switch On

9. Black Ground

Task 2

Aim: Assembling and disassembling the PC back to working condition.

Safety Precautions:
1. Beware of electrostatic discharge (ESO)
2. Build computer on a hard surface, away from concepts.
3. Wear shoes and the short sleeved cotton wear.
4. Use Phillips, head screw driver.
5. Keep the components away from moisture.
6. Avoid using pressure while installing.
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Motherboard

Steps for Assembling

 Fix the SMPS on the cabinet of PC using the screws provided.

 Fix the motherboard on the cabinet of PC using the screws provided.
 Connect the power cables from SMPS to motherboard.
 Insert the preprocessor into the slot provided such that the corner with no pin coincide with
corner without pinhole on motherboard.
 Apply the appropriate adhesive on the processor for fixing the processor fan.
 Fix the processor fan on the processor and use clips on it to keep it firm.
 Connect the power cable to the processor fan
 Insert the RAM card into the slots provided on the motherboard.
 Set the jumpers setting on the hard disc drive.
 Fix the hard disc drive in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
 Fix the FDD in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
 Fix the CD-ROM in the space provided in the PC cabinet using screws provided.
 Connect the FDD,HDD, CD-ROM drive to motherboard using flat ribbon.
 Connect power supply to the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive using the cables from the SMPS.
 Connect wires of speakers and lights of cabinet to the motherboard.
 Connect the network interface and other cards to motherboard by inserting in right slots and fix
them in cabinet using the screws provided.
 Place the cabinet in right position.
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 Fix the doors of the cabinet.
 Connect the data cable of monitor to the CPU.
 Connect the keyboard cable to the CPU.
 Connect the mouse cable to the CPU.
 Connect other devices to CPU.
 Connect the LAN cable to NIC in CPU.
 Connect the power supply to CPU.
 Connect the power supply to Monitor.
 Switch on the computer after giving the power supply.
Getting the Cabinet ready:-
1. Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
2. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed.
Preparing to fit the Components:
1. Network adapter drive. 6. RAM
2. Floppy disk drive. 7. CPU
3. Ribbon cables. 8. Heat sink / cooler / fan.
4. Hard disk. 9. Mother board.
5. CD-ROM Drive. 10. Screws.

Fitting the Mother board.

1. Line up the patch on the motherboard ( ps/l, USB, etc ) with the appropriate holes in the
block panel I/O shield of the case.
2. Check the points where you and to install
3. Install them and make the mother board sit on them and fix screws if required.
Mother board parts:
1. ACR slot. 8. Floppy.
2. PCI Slot. 9. System memory.
3. AGP Slot. 10. Chipset south bridge.
4. ATX Connectors. 11. Panel connector.
5. CPU Fan. 12. Power supply.
6. Chipset North Bridge. 13. IDE connectors.
7. CPU socket.
ATX Connectors:
1. PS, Mouse. 5. Serial COM1.
2. Key board. 6. Serial COM 2.
3. USB. 7. Joystick.
4. Parallel ( Prints ) 8. Sound.
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Fitting the processor:

1. Raise the small lever at the side of the socket.
2. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit in the processor.
3.You should not force the CPU. When inserting it. All pins should slide smoothly into the socket.
4.Lock the lever back down.
5.Install the heat sink over it (Different type for each processor). Heat sink / CPU fan.
Fitting the RAM:
1. The RAM must be suitable for motherboard.
2. There are currently 3 types of RAM available.
a) SD RAM.
b) DDR SD RAM.
c) RD RAM.
3. The mother board’s chipset determines which type of RAM may be used.
Installing the PCI Cards:
1. Most of the cards are inbuilt these days.
2. NIL, Sound Cards etc. are fitted into PCI slots.
Fitting the hard disk and Floppy disk:
1. Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots.
2. Leave some space above HDD to prevent heat building.
3. Check the jumper configuration.
4. Fix the screws.
Installing the CD-ROM Drives:
1. CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk.
2. 1ST check that the jumper configuration is correct.
3. Fix the screw.

Connecting the ribbon Cables:-

1. Attach the long end of the cable to the IDEU connector on the motherboard first.
2. The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD Power.
Powering the driver and motherboard:
Connecting the cables for the case front pane
1. SD, SPK or SPEAK: The loud speakers o/p. it has 4 pins.
2. RS, RE, RS or RESET: Connect the two pin Reset cable here.
3. PWR, PW, PWSW, PS or power SW: Power switch, the pc’s on (switch, the plug is two
pin ).
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4. PWLED, PWRLED or Power LED: The light emitting diode on the front panel of the
case illuminates when the computer is switched on. It’s a 2-pin cable.
5. HD, HDD, and LED: These two pins connect to the cable for the hard disk activity LED.
Final Check:-
1. Mother board jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
2. Drive jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
3. Are the processor, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in there sockets?
4. Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit really?
5. Have you frightened all the screws in plug- in cards or fitted the clips?
6. Are the drive secure?
7. Have u connected the power cables to all driver?
Powering up for the first time:
1. Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
2. Plug your monitor, mouse and keyboard.
3. Plug in power card and switch the power supply.
4. If everything is connected as it should be
 All system, fans should start spinning.
 U should hear a single beep and after about 5-10 sec.
 Amber light on monitor should go green.
 You will see computer start to boot with a memory check.
 Now check front LED’S to see if u plugged them in correctly.
 Check all other buttons.
 Power afford change any wrong settings.

Steps for Dissembling

 Switch of the power supply
 Disconnect the power supply cable from monitor.
 Disconnect the power supply cable from CPU.
 Disconnect the LAN cable to NIC in CPU.
 Disconnect the other devices in CPU such as printers.
 Disconnect the mouse cable from CPU.
 Disconnect the keyboard cable from CPU.
 Disconnect data cable of monitor from CPU.
 Remove the doors of cabinet.
 Place the cabinet such that motherboard faces the ceiling.
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 Disconnect the NIC and other cards from mother board by removing from slots and
unscrewing from cabinet.
 Disconnect the wires of speakers from mother board.
 Remove power supply cables from HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive etc.
 Disconnect the HDD, FDD, CD-ROM drive from mother board by removing flat ribbon
cable.
 Remove CR-ROM from cabinet.
 Remove the FDD from cabinet by unscrewing it.
 Remove the HDD from cabinet by unscrewing it.
 Removing RAM cards from slots on mother board.
 Disconnect the power cables from processor fan.
 Remove the processor fan by unlocking clips on it.
 Disconnect the power cables from SMPS on power cabinet.
 Remove mother board from cabinet by unscrewing it.
 Remove the SMPS from cabinet of PC by unscrewing it.
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Opening an Existing Document

 Click the Microsoft Office Button and Click Open, or
 Press CTRL+O (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “O”) on the keyboard, or
 If you have recently used the document you can click the Microsoft Office Button and
click the name of the document in the Recent Documents section of the window Insert
picture of recent docs
Saving a Document
 Press CTRL+S (Depress the CTRL key while pressing the “S”) on the keyboard, or
 Click the File icon on the Quick Access Toolbar

Renaming Documents:
 Click the Office Button and find the file you want to rename.
 Right-click the document name with the mouse and select Rename from the shortcut
menu.
 Type the new name for the file and press the ENTER key.

3. Editing a Document
Typing and inserting Text To enter text just start typing! The text will appear where the blinking
cursor is located. Move the cursor by using the arrow buttons on the keyboard or positioning the
mouse and clicking the left button. The keyboard shortcuts listed below are also helpful when
moving through the text of a document:

Move Action Keystroke

Beginning of the line HOME
End of the line END
Top of the document CTRL+HOME
End of the document CTRL+END

Selecting Text To change any attributes of text it must be highlighted first. Select the text by
dragging the mouse over the desired text while keeping the left mouse button depressed, or hold
down the SHIFT key on the keyboard while using the arrow buttons to highlight the text. The
following table contains shortcuts for selecting a portion of the text:

Selection Technique
Whole word double-click within the word
Whole paragraph triple-click within the paragraph
Several words or lines drag the mouse over the words, or hold down SHIFT while using the
arrow keys
Entire document choose Editing | Select | Select All from the Ribbon, or press CTRL+A
Inserting Additional Text Text can be inserted in a document at any point using any of the
following methods:
 Type Text: Put your cursor where you want to add the text and begin typing
 Copy and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy and right click and click Copy,
put your cursor where you want the text in the document and right click and click Paste.
 Cut and Paste Text: Highlight the text you wish to copy, right click, and click Cut, put
your cursor where you want the text in the document, right click, and click Paste.
 Drag Text: Highlight the text you wish to move, click on it and drag it to the place where
you want the text in the document.
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Rearranging Blocks of Text To rearrange text within a document, you can utilize the Clipboard
Group on the Home Tab of the Ribbon. Insert picture of clipboard group labeled
 Move text: Cut and Paste or Drag as shown above
 Copy Text: Copy and Paste as above or use the Clipboard group on the Ribbon
 Paste Text: Ctrl + V (hold down the CTRL and the “V” key at the same time) or use the
Clipboard group to Paste, Paste Special, or Paste as Hyperlink

Deleting Blocks of Text Use the BACKSPACE and DELETE keys on the keyboard to delete
text. Backspace will delete text to the left of the cursor and Delete will erase text to the right. To
delete a large selection of text, highlight it using any of the methods outlined above and press the
DELETE key.

Search and Replace Text To find a particular word or phrase in a document:

 Click Find on the Editing Group on the Ribbon
 To find and replace a word or phrase in the document, click Replace on the Editing
Group of the Ribbon.

4. Undo Changes To undo changes:

 Click the Undo Button on the Quick Access Toolbar

5. Formatting Text

To change the font typeface:

 Click the arrow next to the font name and choose a font.
 Remember that you can preview how the new font will look by highlighting the text, and
hovering over the new font typeface.

To change the font size:

 Click the arrow next to the font size and choose the appropriate size, or
 Click the increase or decrease font size buttons.

Font Styles and Effects

They include: Bold, Italic, and Underline. To add these to text:
 Select the text and click the Font Styles included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
 Select the text and right click to display the font tools
Change Text Color
 Select the text and click the Colors button included on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
 Highlight the text, right click, and choose the colors tool.
 Select the color by clicking the down arrow next to the font color button.
Highlight Text
 Select the text
 Click the Highlight Button on the Font Group of the Ribbon, or
 Select the text and right click and select the highlight tool
 To change the color of the highlighter click on down arrow next to the highlight button.
Copy Formatting If you have already formatted text the way you want it and would like another
portion of the document to have the same formatting, you can copy the formatting. To copy the
formatting, do the following:
 Select the text with the formatting you want to copy.
 Copy the format of the text selected by clicking the Format Painter button on the
Clipboard Group of the Home Tab
 Apply the copied format by selecting the text and clicking on it.
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Clear Formatting
 Select the text you wish to clear the formatting
 Click the Styles dialogue box on the Styles Group on the Home Tab
 Click Clear All
 Formatting Paragraphs

6. Formatting Paragraphs
Change Paragraph Alignment
 Click the Home Tab
 Choose the appropriate button for alignment on the Paragraph Group.
 Align Left: the text is aligned with your left margin
 Center: The text is centered within your margins
 Align Right: Aligns text with the right margin
 Justify: Aligns text to both the left and right margins.

Change Spacing Between Paragraphs and Lines

 Select the paragraph or paragraphs you wish to change.
 On the Home Tab, Click the Paragraph Dialog Box
 Click the Indents and Spacing Tab
 In the Spacing section, adjust your spacing accordingly
Indent Paragraphs
 First Line: Controls the left boundary for the first line of a paragraph
 Hanging: Controls the left boundary of every line in a paragraph except the first one
 Left: Controls the left boundary for every line in a paragraph
 Right: Controls the right boundary for every line in a paragraph
To indent paragraphs, you can do the following:
 Click the Indent buttons to control the indent.
 Click the Indent button repeated times to increase the size of the indent.
 Click the dialog box of the Paragraph Group
 Click the Indents and Spacing Tab
 Select your indents

Add Borders and Shading

 Select the area of text where you want the border or shading.
 Click the Borders Button on the Paragraph Group on the Home Tab
 Choose the Border and Shading
 Choose the appropriate options
Apply Styles
 Select the text you wish to format.
 Click the dialog box next to the Styles Group on the Home Tab.
 Click the style you wish to apply.
Create Links
 Click the Hyperlink Button on the Links Group of the Insert Tab.
 Type in the text in the “Text to Display” box and the web address in the “Address” box.

8. Adding Tables
 Tables are used to display data in a table format.
 Create a Table To create a table:
 Place the cursor on the page where you want the new table
 Click the Insert Tab of the Ribbon
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 Click the Tables Button on the Tables Group. You can create a table one of four ways:
 Highlight the number of row and columns
 Click Insert Table and enter the number of rows and columns
 Click the Draw Table, create your table by clicking and entering the rows and columns
 Enter Data in a Table Place the cursor in the cell where you wish to enter the
information. Begin typing
 Modify the Table Structure and Format a Table To modify the structure of a table:
 Click the table and notice that you have two new tabs on the Ribbon: Design and Layout.
These pertain to the table design and layout
 On the Design Tab, you can choose:
 Table Style Options
 Table Styles
 Draw Borders
 To format a table, click the table and then click the Layout Tab on the Ribbon. This
Layout tab allows you to:
 View Gridlines and Properties (from the Table Group)
 Insert Rows and Columns (from the Rows & Columns Group)
 Delete the Table, Rows and/or Columns (from the Rows & Columns Group)
 Merge or Split Cells (from the Merge Group)
 Increase and Decrease cell size (Cell Size Group)
 Align text within the cells and change text directions (Alignment Group)

Graphics
 Word 2007 allows you to insert special characters, symbols, pictures, illustrations, and
watermarks.
Watermarks A watermark is a translucent image that appears behind the primary text in a
document. To insert a watermark:
 Click the Page Layout Tab in the Ribbon
 Click the Watermark Button in the Page Background Group
 Click the Watermark you want for the document or click Custom Watermark and
create your own watermark
 To remove a watermark, follow the steps above, but click Remove Watermark
Clipart : It is used to insert the appropriate pictures wher it is required to make the document
most effectively.
Page Border and Color :To apply a page border or color:
 Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
 On the Page Background Group, click the Page Colors or Page Borders drop down
menus
Create a Page Break To insert a page break:
 Click the Page Layout Tab on the Ribbon
 On the Page Setup Group, click the Breaks Drop Down Menu
 Click Page Break
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Reviewing: Reviewing consists of: Spelling & Grammar, Research, Translate, Track Changes,
Ballons, Final Showing Markup, Accept, reject, Compare, Protect Documents and more.
Spelling and grammar is used to check th spellings and grammart mistakes in the document.
To do this:
 Click on Review and then click on Spelling and Grammar and insert the correct spelling
and then click on change.
Symbols and Special Characters Special characters are punctuation, spacing, or typographical
characters that are not generally available on the standard keyboard. To insert symbols and special
characters:
 Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
 Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
 Click the Symbol button on the Symbols Group
 Choose the appropriate symbol.

Equations Word 2007 also allows you to insert mathematical equations. To access the
mathematical equations tool:
 Place your cursor in the document where you want the symbol
 Click the Insert Tab on the Ribbon
 Click the Equation Button on the Symbols Group
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 Choose the appropriate equation and structure or click Insert New Equation

Task-2
MICROSOFT EXCEL

Aim : To Write about Micro Soft Excel.

STARTED
Microsoft Excel is one of the most popular spreadsheet applications that helps you manage data,
create charts, and graphs. Microsoft Excel can be used to balance a checkbook, create an expense
report, build formulas, and edit them.
CREAT ING A NEW DOCUMENT
To begin Microsoft Excel, Go to Start > All Programs > Applications > Microsoft Office >
Microsoft Excel When opened a new spreadsheet will pop up on the screen, if this does not
happen click on the Office Icon > New. From here a dialog box with various different templates
will appear on the screen that you can choose from. Once a template is chosen, click
Create.Navigate to Microsoft Excel on a PC .Opening a new workbook
SAVING YOUR DOCUMENT
After you have initially saved your blank document under a new name, you can begin your
project.
To save, just click on the floppy disk, or for a shortcut press CTRL + S.
TOOLBARS
THREE COMMONLY USED TABS

The Home Tab: This is one of the most common tabs used in Excel. You are able to format the
text in your document, cut, copy, and paste information.Change the alignment of your data, insert,
delete, and format cells. The Home Tab also allows you to change the number of your data (i.e.
currency, time, date).
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The Insert Tab: This tab is mainly used for inserting visuals and graphics into your document.
There are various different things that can be inserted from this tab such as pictures, clip art,
charts, links, headers and footers, and word art.

The Page Layout Tab: Here you are able to add margins, themes to your document, change the
orientation, page breaks, and titles. The scale fit of your document is also included as a feature
within this tab, if needed.AT T I

Organizing Data:
Cells are an important part of any project being used in Microsoft Excel. Cells hold all of
the data that is being used to create the spreadsheet or workbook.

CHANGING AN ENTRY WITHIN A CELL

You may change an entry within a cell two different ways:
Click the cell one time and begin typing. The new information will replace any information that
was previously entered. Double click the cell and a cursor will appear inside. This allows you to
edit
certain pieces of information within the cells instead of replacing all of the data.

FORMATTING CELLS
There are various different options that can be changed to format the spreadsheets cells
differently. When changing the format within cells you must select the cells that you wish to
format.

To get to the Format Cells dialog box select the cells you wish to change then go to Home Tab >
Format > Format Cells. A box will appear on the screen with six different tab
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FORMATTING ROWS AND COLUMNS

To format a row or column go to Home Tab > Row Height (or Column Height), then choose
which height you are going to use. The cell or cells that are going to be formatted need to be
selected before doing this. When changing the row or column visibility (hidden, un‐hidden) or
autofit, you will go to the Home Tab and click Format. The drop down menu will show these
options Formatting Rows and Columns Height.

ADDING ROWS AND COLUMNS

To insert the row you have to go to Home Tab > Insert > Insert Sheet Rows .The row will
automatically be placed on the spreadsheet and any data that was selected in the original row will
be moved down below the new row.

Inserting Rows : To Home Tab > Insert > Insert Sheet Column the column will Automatically
be place on the spreadsheet and any data to the right of the new Column will be moved more to
the right.
Inserting Columns

CREATING FUNCTIONS

When creating a function in Excel you must first have the data that you wish to perform the
function with selected.
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Select the cell that you wish for the calculation to be entered in Once you have done this you will
need to select the Formulas Tab located at The top of the screen, A list of Most Recently Used,
Financial, Logical, Text, Date and Time, Some Formulas

1. ABS(number) to find absolute value.

Number is the real number of which you want the absolute value.
2. SUM(number1,number2, ...) to find total value.
Number1, number2, ... are 1 to 255 arguments for which you want the total value or sum.
3. Max(number1,number2, ...) to find the Maximum Value.
Number1, number2, ... are 1 to 255 arguments for which you want find the Maximum value.
4. Min(number1,number2, ...) to find the Minimum Value.
Number1, number2, ... are 1 to 255 arguments for which you want find the Minimum value.
5. SQRT(number)to find square root value for given number.
Number is the number for which you want the square root.
6. IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false) this is a logical Formula.
7. AVERAGE(number1,number2,...)to find the average.
8. Number1, number2, ... are 1 to 255 numeric arguments for which you want the average.
9. COUNT(value1,value2,...)to count total numbers.
Value1, value2, ... are 1 to 255 arguments that can contain or refer to a variety of different
types of data, but only numbers are counted.
10. Upper(Text) is the text you want converted to uppercase. Text can be a reference or text
string.
11. Lower(Text) is the text you want converted to lowercase. Text can be a reference or text
string.

Usage of FORMULA FOR AUTOMATIC CALCULATIONS

AIM: Create a result sheet containing Candidate's Register No., Name, and Marks for six subjects.
Calculate the total and result. The result must be calculated as below and failed candidates should
be turned to red.
Result is Distinction if Total > = 70 %
First Class if Total > = 60 % and < 70 %
Second Class if Total >= 50 % and < 60 %
 40

Pass if Total >= 35 % and < 50 %

Fail otherwise
To create a result sheet containing Candidate's Register No., Name, and Marks for six subjects.
Calculate the total and result. The result must be calculated as below and failed candidates should
be turned to red.
Procedure
1. Start Programs Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Excel 2007.
2. Microsoft Excel window is now open.
3. In the Home tab, set the appropriate font style and size.

4. In the spreadsheet type the table headings Regno, Name, Subject 1 to 6, Total, Avg,
and result. Then give the appropriate values of respective columns i.e. Regno, Name, Subject 1
to elect all the rows as you desired to create a records, then click "Border" tool on the home tab
and select all borders option.
5 . Now select the Subject column 1 to 6 values of first row .For an above example that is columns
c2 to H2
6 . Open the formulae menu and click "Auto sum". Now the total appear s on the total column (i2).
 41

7 . Again select the Subject column 1 to 6 values of first row .For an above example that
is columns c2 to H2. Open the formulae menu and click "Auto sum". It shows the list of functions
then click "Average". Now the average appears on the Avg column (j2)

8. Select the value of "total" in the first row data, point the mouse cursor on the bottom right
corner of the cell, The ' + ' Symbol appears then double click on it now other rows total
values appears.

\
Otherwise Left click the '+' symbol, drag the mouse for remaining selected rows.
9. Select the value of "Avg" in the first row data, point the mouse cursor on the bottom right
corner of the cell, The ' + ' Symbol appears then double click on it now other rows
Avg values appears.

Otherwise Left click the '+' symbol, drag the mouse for remaining selected rows

10. Now select the first row cell of "Result" column, and then type the following formulae to the
formulae bar for calculating the result of a student
11. After that, press enter. Now the result will be displayed in the first data of result column.
12. Select the value of "Result" in the first row data, point the mouse cursor on the bottom right
corner of the cell, The ' + ' Symbol appears then double click on it now other rows Result
values appears
 42

Otherwise Left click the '+' symbol, drag the mouse for remaining selected rows
13. Select all the cell values of the result column
14. Select “Conditional Formatting" tool in the home tab. It shows the sub menu and selects
"Highlighted cells rules" then click "Text that contain" option , the dialogue box appear give the
value of "Fail". Set the color "Light red fill with dark red text"

WORKING WITH GRAPHS AND CHARTS

Charts are an important part to being able to create a visual for spreadsheet data. In order to create
a chart within Excel the data that is going to be used for it needs to be entered already into the
spreadsheet document . To move the chart to a page of its own, select the border of the chart and
Right Click.

CHART DESIGN

There are various different features that you can change to make your chart more appearing.

CHART OPTIONS

Titles: To add titles to a chart of graphic you have to click on the Insert Tab. Once you have done
this, click on the Text Box Icon. This will insert a text box that you can type the title and place
anywhere you wish on the chart.

Change Chart Type: You can change your chart easily by selecting this icon and navigating to a
more desirable chart. This feature is very convenient for someone who chose the wrong chart and
doesn’t wish to reselect all their data and go through the process a second time.

Format Chart Area: This allows for changes to be made to the chards border, style, fill,
shadows, and more. To get this option you will need to right click on the charts border and
navigate to the Format Chart Area option. Once this is clicked a dialog box will appear.

Procedures to create a pie chart for a sample data and give legends:

1. Open MS Office -- MS Excel – File – New

2. Select few column and few rows at the center of the beginning- right Click- Format cells -
click select the alignment tab- tick Merge cells option- ok-Type the Heading.
3. Enter the column Heading and row heading. Enter the data in each Column.
4. Select the complete row and column data including the header.

5. Go to Insert- Chart- Pie -Select the Chart Type - Next- Select Column –

next – under Title give the Heading at Chart title – under Legends choose

the Placement – under Data labels chose value- next- select the place
 43

chart -- Finish

Procedure to create a simple bar chart to high light the sales of a company for 3 different periods

PROCEDURE:

1. Open MS Office -- MS Excel – File – New

2. Select few column and few rows at the center of the beginning- right Click- Format cells -
click select the alignment tab- tick Merge cells option- ok-Type the Heading.
3. Enter the column Heading and row heading. Enter the data in each Column.
4. Select the complete row and column data including the header.
5. Go to Insert- Chart-Bars-Select the Chart Type - Custom type- Select the type- Next- Select
Column - next – under Title give the Heading at Chart title – under Axes chose the Primary
axis – under Legends chose the Placement – under Data labels chose value- next- select the
place chart -Finish.
 44

Lab Exercise 1

Aim: The ABC Company shows the sales of different products for 5 years. Create
column chart, 3d-column and Bar chart for the following data
YEAR PRODUCT-1 PRODUCT-2 PRODUCT-3 PRODUCT-4
2003 1000 800 900 1000
2004 800 80 500 900
2005 1200 190 400 800
2006 400 200 300 1000
2007 1800 400 400 1200

Step1: Go to start button, selectAll ProgramsselectMicrosoft Office 2007

select Microsoft Office Excel 2007select sheet 1
Step2: Merge cells A1, A2, A3 TO E1,E2,E3 and select merge cell and press Ctrl+E for
center and then change the font style to Times New Roman and change the font
size to 20.
Step3: Put heading as ABC COMPANY on merge column
Step4: Put column headings as YEAR, PRODUCT1, PRODUCT2, PRODUCT3 and
PRODUCT4 on A4, B4, C4, D4 and E4 respectively.
Step5: Enter appropriate data for fields YEAR, PRODUCT1, PRODUCT2, PRODUCT3
and PRODUCT4
Step6: select the total inserted columns and choose the charts option from insert menu and
select the chart type column and choose the 3-D bar from the bar option.
Output:
 45

Task-3
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

Aim : To Write about Micro Soft Power Point.

Microsoft PowerPoint is one of the most popular presentation programs supported by both
Mac and PC platforms. Microsoft PowerPoint can be used to create interactive
presentations for classroom, business, or personal use.
Creating a new Presentation Many of the steps you are about to read are for both PC and
Mac computers. Some of the steps have very similar descriptions. For your benefit, this
tutorial has combined the information but will offer different screen shots for each system
when necessary.

To launch Microsoft PowerPoint, go to Start > Programs > Microsoft Office > Microsoft
PowerPoint 2007 .A blank presentation will open.There are several options for saving your
document on a PC. First, you can click on the Office Button and select Save from the
drop-down menu. Second, you can click on the Office Button and select Save As. This will
allow you to save your document in several formats including the older version (.ppt),
which allows your presentation to open in any version of Microsoft PowerPoint. Finally,
you can save by click the small blue disk icon to the right of the Office Button.. Click
PowerPoint 97-2003 Presentation for the correct file extension.

Microsoft PowerPoint uses several toolbars to allow you to modify your document. When
you first open PowerPoint, usually the toolbars discussed below will open.

COMMONLY USED TOOLBARS ON PC

The Home bar: This toolbar has features that allow you to edit Slides, Fonts, Paragraph,
Drawing and Editing. This is the only toolbar that you can edit these options from.

The Insert bar: This toolbar has features that allow you to add Tables, Illustrations,
Links, Text, and Media Clips.

The Design barThis toolbar has features that allow you to edit how your presentation will
look. It includes features such as Page Setup, Themes, and Background.

The Animations bar: This toolbar has features that allow you to add custom animations to
your presentation. You can select from Preview, Animations, and Transitions. By
 46

selecting Custom Animation in the Animations box, you can apply effects to individual
elements in your presentation.

Slide Show bar: This toolbar has features that allow you to select how your presentation
will be displayed. From here, you can Start your Slide Show, Set Up your Slide Show,
and Adjust Monitor Settings..

The Review bar: This toolbar has features that allow you to Proofread, Comment Slides,
and Protect (Lock) your Presentation.

The View bar: This toolbar has features that allow you to set the View of your
Presentation, Show/Hide Features, Zoom, Switch from Color to Grayscale, Adjust
Windows, and Add Macros.

CLIP ART When trying to enhance your word document you may want to include Clip Art
and/or Word Art. Microsoft PowerPoint comes with a Clip Gallery that contains a large
variety of images including pictures, borders, and backgrounds. To find a desired image,
you can either click on topics or type in the search box to find exactly what you are looking
for.

.
WordArt is inserted similar to Clip Art. To insert WordArt: Go to the Insert Tab >
WordArt Select the desired style and click OK. Type the desired text and click OK.
PICTURES : To insert a picture select the Insert Tab > Picture. Locate the image that
you want to put into your document and click Insert.

INSERTING SLIDES FROM A PREVIOUSLY CREATED FILE To insert a slide from another
presentation go to the Home tab > New Slide > Reuse Slides, select the slide that you wish
to insert into your presentation.

CREATING A TABLE : To create a table within your document, go to the Insert Tab >
Table. Choose the desired table size by dragging your mouse over the squares, and click.
The table will be inserted at the cursor's location within your document. To navigate within
your table, use the arrow keys.

FLOWCHARTS: Flowcharts are used to create diagrams in Microsoft PowerPoint. To draw

a Flowchart go to the Home Tab and click the Down Arrow to access Flowchart.

TO DRAW CONNECTING LINES BETWEEN THE SHAPES: Click and hold on the Lines
button on the Drawing toolbar until the side menu appears. Continue holding down the
 47

mouse and select the desired line style. Click and drag your line from the first shape to the
connecting shape

UNDO AND REDO In order to undo an action, go to the top of the window on the left and
click on the Arrow Pointing to the Left (Undo). To redo an action, go to click on the
arrow Pointing to the Right. It is important to note that not all actions are undoable, thus
it is important to save before you make any major changes in your document so you can
revert back to your saved document.

QUITTING : Before you quit, it's a good idea to save your document one final time. Then,
go to Office Button > Quit Powerpoint. This is better than just closing the window, as it
insures your document quits correctly.

Lab Exercise 1

Aim: Make a PowerPoint presentation on DIET

Procedure:

Step 1: Go to start button, selectAll ProgramsselectMicrosoft Office

2007select Microsoft Office Power Point Presentation 2007

Step 2: Right click on the slide and select Layout as Title only Slide. Click on the ‘Click to
add title’ area of the slide layout. And type the title as ‘DIET’.

Step 3: Right click on the slide and select new slide and select Layout as Title and content.
Click on the ‘Click to add title’ area of the slide layout. And type the title as ‘Introduction
to DIET’

Step 4: Right click on the slide and select new slide and select Layout as Title and content.
Click on the ‘Click to add title’ area of the slide layout. And type the title as ‘DIET
Departments ’

Step 5: Right click on the slide and select new slide and select Layout as Title and content.
Click on the ‘Click to add title’ area of the slide layout. And type the title as ‘DIET
Laboratorys’.

Step 6: Select the Animation menu and select the any one of the Animation Effect.

Step 7: Press F5 for Slideshow.

 48

Output:

Slide-1

Slide-2
 72

SHORT CUT KEYS IN MS-OFFICE 2007

Ctrl+N open new file
Ctrl+O open existing files
Ctrl+S save the document
Ctrl+P Print the document
Ctrl+X Cut
Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+V Paste
F7 Spell check
Ctrl+Shift+C Format Printer
Ctrl+Z Undo
Ctrl+Y Redo
Ctrl+K Auto Format
Ctrl+* Show / Hide
Ctrl+Shift+S Format Style
Ctrl+Shift+P Font Size
Ctrl+Shift+F Format Font
Ctrl+B Bold
Ctrl+I Italic
Ctrl+U Underline
Ctrl+L Align Left
Ctrl+R Align Right
Ctrl+E Align Center
Ctrl+J Align Justify
Ctrl+Shift+< Decrease Indent
Ctrl+Shift+> Increase Indent
Ctrl+F Find
Ctrl+H Replace
Ctrl+F2 Print Preview
F12 Save As
Ctrl+= Subscript
Ctrl+Shift++ Superscript
Ctrl+Return Page Break
Ctrl+K Insert Hyperlink
Alt+= Equation
Alt+Ctrl+F Insert Footnote
Alt+Shift+I Mark Citation
Alt+Click Research
Shift+F7 Thesaurus
Ctrl+Shift+E Track Changes
Alt+F8 View Macros
Ctrl+Shift+% Percent Style in Excel
Alt+= Sum (Excel)
Shift+F3 Insert Function (Excel)
Ctrl+F3 Name manager (Excel)
Ctrl+' Show Formula (Excel)
Ctrl+Shift+L Filter (Excel)
Ctrl+Alt+F5 Refresh All
Shift+Alt+Right Arrow Group (Excel)
Shift+Alt+Left Arrow Ungroup (Excel)
Shift+F2 New Comment
 76

EXPERIMENT-5

Task 1

Aim : To Discuss about Internet & world wide web

The internet is the world’s largest network made up of thousands of networks. Internet is the
combination of interconnection and networks and is also called ‘Net’. We are having the following
networks.

Internet : The Internet is a network of computers spanning the globe. This communication structure
is a system connecting more than fifty million people in countries around the world. A global Web of
computers, the Internet allows individuals to communicate with each other. Often called the World
Wide Web, the Internet provides a quick and easy exchange of information and is recognized as the
central tool in this Information Age.

Internet Browser : An Internet browser is a software program that enables you to access and navigate
the Internet by viewing Web pages on your computer. The label Internet Browser describes a software
program that provides users with a graphical interface that allows them to connect to the Internet and
"surf the Web." Simply speaking, a browser is a software program that enables you to view Web
pages on your computer.

Ex: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera, Mozilla Fire fox,

Google Chrome and Etc,

Web Site
A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own Internet address is called a Web
site. A Web site can be a collection of related Web pages. Each Web site contains a home page and
may also contain additional pages. Each Web site is owned and updated by an individual, company, or
organization. Because the Web is a dynamically moving and changing entity, many Web sites change
on a daily or even hourly basis.

Web Page : A Web page can be explained as one area of the World Wide Web. Comparable to a
page in a book, the basic unit of every Web site or document on the Web is a page. A Web page can be
an article, an ordering page, or a single paragraph, and it is usually a combination of text and graphics.

Home Page : The term home page has a couple of meanings. It is the Web page that your browser
uses when it starts, and also the Web page that appears every time you open your browser. Clicking
the home page icon on your browser screen will take you to the specific page you have set as your
browser's home page.
 77

Title Bar: Let's take it from the top. The name of the Web site or title of the page you are viewing is
found on the top left hand corner of your screen. Traditionally, this horizontal blue bar runs across the
entire width of your screen. This blue bar that contains the name of the Web site is called the Title Bar.
The Title Bar will serve as a trusty anchor, always letting your know where you are by sharing the title
of the Web site you are visiting. This bar does not take you anywhere, but it always lets you know
where you are.

Menu Bar : Underneath the Title Bar are other bars that can be used for moving around the Internet.
If you are looking for quick and easy ways to navigate, the bars located at the top of your screen under
the Title Bar will be helpful. One of the most useful bars is the Menu Bar. You will quickly appreciate
each of the options found on the Menu Bar.

The Menu Bar is the horizontal band that contains commands and options that can be chosen. In
Internet Explorer, these selections are File, Edit, View, Favorites, Tools, and Help.

Clicking on each of the items in the standard Menu Bar at the top of your page will drop down a menu
that is a useful way to access the many features of the Internet Explorer program. The last menu item
is the Help item. You will be surprised and relieved how often you will be able to click Help and find
the answers you need.

The Menu Bar is a very useful tool when trying to make your way around a Web site. Because the
Menu Bar offers so many helpful functions, the quicker you master File, Edit, View, Favorites, Tools,
and Help, the better. It does not take long to learn the purpose of each of these menu items that help
you move around the Internet.

Address Bar

The Address Bar is an excellent tool that can be used for navigating the Web. If you know the address
of a page you want to visit, type the URL in the Address Bar. Then press Enter on the keyboard or
click on the word Go on the right side of the Address Bar.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

That unusual word at the top of the page is what is known as the locator box or address box of a Web
page. Each Web page has a unique address called a Uniform Resource Locator or URL. The URL
(pronounced U-R-L) is the specific address of a Web page.

Some common extensions are:

.com (commercial)
.edu (educational institution)
.gov (government)
.mil (military)
.net (network)
.org (organization)

Tool Bar

Back/Forward

The first icon on the Tool Bar is the Back Icon. You will be surprised how often you will want to
return to a Web page or Web site you enjoyed earlier.
 78

How about another direction change? Ready to return to the Web page you were viewing before you
backtracked with the Back arrow? Yes, there is a tool for that. The Forward icon can return you to
square one by revisiting each page successively.
Let's review. How would you find a page that you have just visited? To return to the last page you
viewed, simply click the Back arrow icon on the toolbar.
If you want to view one of the last nine pages you visited in this session, just click that small black
down arrow located to the side of the Back or Forward icon. You will see a list of the sites you have
visited previously. Then just click the page you want from the list.

Stop and Refresh Icons

It will not take you long to appreciate two other icons found on the Tool Bar. The Stop icon is located
to the right of the Back and Forward arrows. Clicking the Stop icon will stop the page you have
selected from downloading.

This icon is especially useful. Click the Stop icon if a page is taking too long to download.

Home Page Icon

In reference to this icon, home page is the Web page that your browser uses when it starts, the Web
page that appears every time you open your browser. Clicking the home page icon found on the Tool
Bar will take you to the specific page you have set as your browser's home page.
There are Different types of networks which are used worldwide these days, both in houses and
commercially, mainly

LAN - Local Area Networks

LAN connects networking devices with in short spam of area, i.e. small offices, home, internet cafes
etc.
WAN - Wide Area Networks
As “word” Wide implies, WAN, wide area network cover large distance for communication between
computers. The Internet itself is the biggest example of Wide area network.

WLAN - Wireless - Local Area Network

A LAN, local area networks based on wireless network technology mostly referred as Wi-Fi. Unlike
LAN, in WLAN no wires are used, but radio signals are the medium for communication.

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

MAN falls in middle of LAN and WAN, It covers large span of physical area than LAN but smaller
than WAN, such as a city.

CAN - Campus Area Network

Networking spanning with multiple LANs but smaller than a Metropolitan area network, MAN. This
kind of network mostly used in relatively large universities or local business offices and buildings.

SAN - Storage Area Network

SAM technology is used for data storage; Storage area network connects servers to data storage
devices by using Fiber channel technology.

SAN - System Area Network

SAN, system area networks are also known as cluster area network and it connects high performance
computers with high speed connections in cluster configuration.
 79

The Internet Language

A common assumption people make is that the Internet is some big computer somewhere. It’s not
anything like that at all. The Internet is actually just a language like English or Chinese. If your
computer understands this language, your computer can be part of the Internet. The language is called
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and all your computer needs to speak this
language with other computers is a modem, which sends out the radio waves to the rest of the world.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,

Which is a set of networking protocols that allows two or more computers to communicate.

IP stands for Internet Protocol :The method by which information is sent between any two computers
on the Internet.

Http stands for Hypertext Transfer (or Transport) Protocol :The data transfer protocol used on the
World Wide Web.

FTP stands for File transfer protocol : A standard for the exchange of program and data files across a
network.

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language :A standardized system for tagging text files to
achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages

URL Uniform (or universal) resource locator : The address of a World Wide Web page.

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol : Is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail),
a data transmission format used to send and receive e-mail.

hyperlink (or link) is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow, or that is followed
automatically. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document

Task 2
Aim : To Discuss about Search Engines

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results
are generally presented in a list of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The
information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search
engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are
maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an
algorithm on a web crawler.

Basic Search Tips

It's easy to improve your search results. All you need to know are some basics. Some search engines
have menus to do this but for others you have to enter the right commands. The following basic
commands should be plenty of info for most people and should work in most of the major search
engines.

Be Specific
The more specific you are, the more info you'll find. Tell the search engine exactly what you're
looking for. For example, if you're looking for science experiments, enter School Science Fair Projects
instead of science projects. If you know it's a chemistry experiment, add the word chemistry to your
search.
 80

The + Symbol
Put the most important terms in your search first. To make sure the search finds pages with all the
words you're looking for, put the + symbol in front of each word. For example, if you're looking for
info on Britney and Justin (like if they're still together) then enter +Britney +Justin. Only pages that
have both words will be on the list.

The - Symbol
If you're looking for something specific but don't want tons of other info that's not related to your
topic, use the - symbol. For example, if you're looking for info on Tony Hawk but don't wanna read
about his games, enter Tony Hawk -Pro -Skater -game -Playstation.

Using Quotation Marks

When you put your search terms in quotation marks, it's called a "phrase search." The search engine
will give you pages that have the terms in the exact order of the words in quotations. For example, if
you're looking specifically for a biography on Sarah Michelle Gellar, enter "Sarah Michelle Gellar
Biography" and see what comes up.

Combining Symbols
Once you know how the above symbols work, try combining them to narrow down your search. A
better search, than using a bunch of subtractions, might be to do the following:
"Kylie Minoque" -Fever -"CD Review"

Booleans
Booleans (pronounced boo lee ans) can be used in most major search engines when they allow some
kind of advanced searching. The most popular boolean operators are AND, OR and NOT. Booleans
are a lot like the + and - symbols. AND means "include all of the words," OR means "include any of
the words" and NOT means "exclude." For example, if you're looking for info on music and dancing
enter music AND dancing. Your search will bring back sites that only include both those words.

Task 3
Aim : To Discuss about Cyber hygiene

computer users can take to improve their cyber security and better protect themselves online.

As Internet crime is evolving every day so must your business’s security measures, in order to keep
you and your company safe. For every piece of information transmitted or stored online, there is a
significant risk of falling victim to this type of crime. Internet perpetrators are becoming increasingly
sophisticated and capable of attacking your computers, smart phones, internal storage devices and
databases with ease.

Currently, the most common cyber threats are hacking, fraud, phishing, attacks via social networking,
website spoofing, and spreading malware. Before we discuss these cyber threats let’s first define some
common terms.

Malware: Short for “malicious software” and is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer
system without the user’s knowledge. Can be hidden in zip files or transmitted during instant message
(IM) chat sessions.

Phishing: The criminally fraudulent process of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as
usernames, passwords and credit card detail by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic
communication.
 81

Trojan horse: Malware that appears to perform a desirable function (like a game) for the user to run or
install but instead facilitates unauthorized access of the user’s computer system. Once a Trojan horse
has been installed on a target computer system, a hacker may have access to the computer remotely
and perform various operations.

Website Spoofing: The act of creating a website, as a hoax, with the intention of misleading readers
that the website has been created by a different person or organization.

Zombie: A computer that has been infected by a piece of malicious software such as a Trojan horse or
another type of malware. Zombies can be used to bring down corporate networks, websites, and send
mass amounts of spam to individual users.

Keystroke Logging: The action of tracking the keys struck on a keyboard, typically without the person
using the keyboard aware that their actions are being monitored.
 82

EXPERIMENT-6

Task 1

Aim: To Discuss about Hardware Troubleshooting

BIOS in most PCs has four main functions

POST (Power-On Self Test): The POST tests your computers processor,Memory, chipset, video
adaptor, Hard disks, Floppies, ke-yboard and other Important components.
Bootstrap Loader: A routine that finds the operating system and loads it in RAM.
BIOS- Basic Input Output System: This refers to the collection of drivers for The various hardware
components attached to the Computers.
CMOS setup:This is normally a menu driven program that allows you to configure the motherboard
and chipset settings, along with date and time, passwords, disk drives, and other basic system settings.

POST (Power-On Self-Test)

1. The power on self test is part of all Intel/AMD based personal computer bootup process.
When power is turned on, POST (Power-On Self-Test) is the diagnostic testing sequence that a
computer's basic input/output system (or “starting program”) runs to determine if the computer
keyboard, Random Access Memory, Disk drives, and other hardware are working correctly.
2. Now, MBR takes control of the booting process. Functions of MBR, when there is only one
OS are installed in the system are as given below:- The boot process starts by executing code in
the first sector of the disk, MBR. The MBR looks over the partition table to find the Active
Partition.
3. Control is passed to that partition's boot record (PBR) to continue booting.
The PBR locates the system-specific boot files (such as Win98's io.sys or WinXP’s ntoskrnl).
4. Then these boot files continue the process of loading and initializing the rest of the OS.

POST beep codes Beeps Meaning

1 short beep Normal POST – system is OK

2 short beeps POST error – error code shown on screen
No beep Power supply, system board problem, disconnected CPU, or disconnected
speaker,
Continuous beep Power supply, system board, or keyboard problem
Repeating short beeps Power supply or system board problem or keyboard
1 long, 1 short beep System board problem
1 long, 2 short beeps Display adapter problem (MDA, CGA)
1 long, 3 short beeps Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
3 long beeps 3270 keyboard card

Problem1: What Can I Do If I Forget My BIOS Password and I Can’t Access It?

1. Use the jumper. Most motherboard manufacturers provide you with a jumper on the
motherboard that can be used to reset the BIOS. Shorting out these pins will automatically reset
your BIOS.
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2. Remove the battery. Somewhere on your computer’s motherboard you will find a battery. It will
look like a large watch battery. Removing it for about 10 minutes may do the trick and reset
your BIOS.

Problem2: What Should I Do If My Computer won’t boot?

1. Make sure your power is working. As silly as this might sound, don’t forget to check that your
power cord is plugged in properly.
2. Check your wall socket and check the back of your PC.
3. Inspect your power cord to make sure you don’t have a defective cord.
4. If your computer has a “power on” light, make sure that it is on.
5. Try turning the power switch on and off on your computer a few times. This action just might do
the trick.
6. Make sure your monitor is on. Just because you see nothing on the screen doesn’t mean that your
computer is at fault. Check to make sure that your monitor is powered up and connected to your
computer.
7. Make sure your computer runs the power-on self test (POST). Look for any sort of output on
your screen and a single beep. If you get the single beep, skip the next step.
8. If not, then you may have some serious problems on your hands. Go to the next step.
9. Unplug everything that plugs into your computer on the outside with the exception of the power
cord. Try booting it up while listening for any beeps.
10. If you hear a single beep, then something you unplugged must be causing a problem.
11. If you hear no beep or multiple beeps, then the problem is inside the computer.
12. If you feel comfortable doing this, remove your computer’s side cover and remove the memory,
processor, video card, all PCI cards, and drive cables. Now go ahead and plug everything back in
and turn your computer back on.
13. Did you get the single beep? If you did get the single beep and your computer boots, you have
fixed your problem. If not, you have a serious problem on your hands. Bring your computer to a
qualified computer repair shop.
14. Make sure that your hard drive is working correctly. A dead hard drive will certainly stop your
computer in its tracks.

Problem3: How Can I Recognize Id My Hard Drive Is Dying?

1. It is taking longer than usual for your device to get up and running.
2. The hard disc is silent for long periods after you try to open a file or folder.
3. Error messages appear much more frequently, particularly when you perform tasks such as
copying, pasting, and deleting files and folders.
4. Your files are missing or inaccessible.
5. The contents of files are jumbled or you get irregular output when printing files.

Problem4: What Should I Do If My Hard Drive Is Having Problems?

1. Run a BIOS checking utility. Most new computers come with a utility in the BIOS that can
scan for errors.
2. The term for this is Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (SMART). Most
modern hard drives come standard with this technology.
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3. Use scanning software provided by your manufacturer. Most companies provide software
that you can use on your drive to check it. Highly recommended is Western Digital’s Data
Lifeguard Diagnostics.

Problem5: What Should I Do If My Hard Drive is completely failed?

1. Use your “defibrillator” method. This might seem drastic, give it a try. First, unplug your
computer.
2. Then, remove your computer’s cover, yell “CLEAR!” and give the face of your hard drive a light
tap with a screw driver or small hammer. Sometimes, this will give you a few more minutes for
you and your hard drive to be together.

Problem6: How Can I Help Prevent Hard Drive Failure?

1. Proper ventilation: Keep your device’s vents open and clear from debris. Properly cooling your
device’s internal components is paramount.
2. Physical impact: Don’t drop your device or subject it to severe shock. This can cause damage to
the drive’s platters and reading heads.
3. Voltage: Use a surge protector or UPS. This will prevent any voltage spikes or drops from
damaging your computer. A small increase or drop in system voltage can wreak havoc in
electronics.
4. RAID: Purchase and install drive mirroring hardware. Basically, this is a card you install in your
PC. You attach your current drive to this card and add another drive of equal or greater capacity.
The card then creates a mirror image of the main drive on the fly. If your main drive dies, it
switches over to the backup. This type of setup is highly recommended if the PC is being used
for important tasks such as business uses.

Task-2

Aim: To Discuss about Software Troubleshooting

Unable to install a software program

1. Verify the diskettes or CD is readable by reading the files on the drive. For example, Microsoft
Windows users can explore the drive in Windows explorer. If the CD attempts to AutoPlay, you
may need to right-click the drive and click Explore to browse the drive. If you are having problems
with reading a CD.
2. If the CD reads fine with no errors, verify your computer meets the minimum requirements of the
software program. If your computer does not have enough disk drive space or does not meet the
requirements, the program will not install.
3. Make sure the program or utility you are installing is compatible with the version of operating
system you have on your computer. For example, many older utilities such as a virus protection
program may only work with a specific version of Microsoft Windows.
4. If you are getting stopped at the CD-KEY or Serial Number verification, verify you are entering
your correct number. If you lost your number or key or it does not work, you will need to contact
the developer of the program. Computer Hope will not provide any users with an alternate
identification number.
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Error during installation

1. Verify your computer meets the requirements of the program or utility. For example, if your
computer runs out of disk space during the installation, this would cause an error during the
installation.
2. If you are running Microsoft Windows 95 or higher try installing the program from Safe Mode.
3. Verify the CD is clean and contains no significant scratches. Information about how to clean a CD
and a CD-ROM can be found on our cleaning page.

Program or utility does not load or has an error when it attempts to load
1. Verify the program or utility documentation makes no mention of the error you are experiencing.
Many times the error and explanation to how to resolve the error are already documented.
2. Verify no patches or updates are available from the developer of the program or utility. In some
cases the software program may require an update before it can be successfully run on your
computer.
3. Make sure all other programs are closed when you run the program or utility. If the program
successfully runs after closing all other programs, it's possible that the program may have issues
with other programs.
4. Make sure the computer has been rebooted at least once after the program has been installed. In
some cases it may be required.
5. Verify your computer has the correct date. In some cases a program may rely on the date and if that
date is incorrectly set it may cause issues. Additional information about setting the date can be
found on document CH000554.
6. If following the above recommendations does not resolve your issues, reinstall the program or
utility.

Other
1. In some cases your software issue may be related to your operating system. If you have not already
run through your operating system's basic troubleshooting section,
2. If you are still running into errors or unable to resolve your issue, search our web page, check our
on-line help section, and check our Q&A section for additional help and recommendations.
3. If after checking these locations you are still unable to resolve your issue, feel free to contact our
support team.

My computer is running slow what steps can I do to fix it?

Cause : This issue can be caused by any of the below possibilities.
 Not enough hard disk space.  Computer is overheating.
 Left over programs and bad files.  Corrupt OS.
 Data Corruption.  Bad Hardware.
 Missing Windows updates or outdated
drivers.
Solution
Tip: This page only cover an overall slow computer and not a computer that has a slow boot up.
Below are steps for Microsoft Windows users that should help speed up the computer or determine why
the computer is running slow.

1. Reboot : If your computer has not been reboot recently make sure to reboot it before following any
of the below steps.
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2. Not enough hard disk drive space : Verify that there is at least 200-500MB of free hard disk drive
space. This available space allows the computer to have room for the swap file to increase in size as
well as room for temporary files.
3. Hard drive corrupted or fragmented : Run ScanDisk or something equivalent to verify there is
nothing physically wrong with the computer hard disk drive.Run Defrag to help ensure that data is
arranged in the best possible order.
4. Background programs : Remove or disable any TSRs and startup programs that automatically
start each time the computer boots.
5. Scan for malware : Today, spyware and other malware is a big cause of many computer problems
including a slow computer. Even if an anti-virus scanner is installed on the computer we
recommend running a malware scan on the computer. Use the free version of Malwarebytes to scan
your computer for malware.
6. Hardware conflicts : Verify that the Device Manager has no conflicts. If any exist resolve these
issues as they could be the cause of your problem.
7. Update Windows : Make sure you have all the latest Windows updates installed in the computer.
If you are on the Internet when your computer is slow also make sure all browser plugins are up-to-
date.
8. Update your drivers : Make sure you've got the latest drivers for your computer. Especially the
latest video drivers. Having out-of-date drivers can cause an assortment of issues.
9. Computer or processor is overheating : Make sure your computer and processor is not
overheating, excessive heat can cause a significant decrease in computer performance some
processors will even lower the speed of the processor automatically to help compensate for the heat
related issues.
10. Dust, dirt, and hair can also constrict a proper air flow on your computer, which can also cause a
computer to overheat. Make sure your computer case is clean and fans are not obstructed.
11. Memory upgrade : If you've had your computer for more than one year it's likely you're computer
is not meeting the memory requirements for today. Today, we suggest at a minimum the computer
have 1GB of memory.
12. Run registry cleaner : We normally do not recommend registry cleaners. However, if you have
followed all of the above steps and your computer is still slow try running a registry cleaner on the
computer.
13. Erase computer and start over : If none of the above solutions resolve your issues, it is
recommended that you either reinstall Windows or erase everything and then start over.
14. Old computer : If your computer is older than five years come to terms that it is likely the age of
the computer that is causing it to be slow. Computers progress at an alarming rate as new programs
and updates for programs come out their minimum requirements increase and will cause older
computers to slow down. If your computer is older than five years we suggest purchasing a new
computer or just realize it is going to run slow because it is old.
15. Hardware issues : Finally, if your computer continues to be slow after going over each of the
above recommendations it's possible that your computer is experiencing a more serious hardware
related issue such as a failing component in the computer. This could be a failing or bad hard drive,
CPU, RAM, motherboard, or other component.