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Full download Corrections 2nd Edition Stohr Test Bank all chapter 2024 pdf
Full download Corrections 2nd Edition Stohr Test Bank all chapter 2024 pdf
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Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
Section VII:
Parole and Prisoner Reentry
Multiple Choice (36)
1) Parole in the United States refers to the practice of: (a)
a. Releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence
b. Releasing convicted criminals from prison after the completion of their full sentence
c. Allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community
d. All of the above
2) Parole is different than probation insofar as it: (a)
a. Is an administrative function
b. Is a judicial function
c. Is dependent entirely on the good time an offender earns
d. Involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence
3) The philosophical foundation of parole has historical roots in the: (b)
a. Eastern State Penitentiary
b. Norfolk Island Penal Colony
c. Elmira Reformatory
d. Walnut Street Jail
4) Maconochie’s approach to prison administration relied on all of the following principles except:
(d)
a. Cruel and vindictive punishment debases the criminal and the larger society
b. The purpose of punishment should be reformation of the convict
c. Criminal sentences should not be viewed in terms of time served, but rather as tasks to
be performed
d. Definite prison terms allow convicts to know the length of their sentence and are thus
the only just way to tailor a punishment such that it maintains the primacy of human
dignity
5) When was the first parole system instituted in the United States? (c)
a. 1830s
b. 1850s
c. 1870s
d. 1890s
6) Which of the following is not one of the stages of the Irish System? (a)
a. All inmates start off in the general population and acclimate to the conditions of prison.
b. Convicts can earn marks through labor and good behavior.
c. Movement into an open prerelease prison
d. A ticket of leave
7) In what year was the United States Board of Parole created? (c)
1
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
a. 1870
b. 1900
c. 1930
d. 1960
8) A ticket of leave is: (d)
a. Granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison
b. A system that allows convicts to labor in the community while serving their sentence
c. A system that allows convicts to live in the community while serving their sentence
d. All of the above
9) The mark system was based on: (b)
a. A convict’s ability to convince a magistrate of his/her innocence.
b. The speedy and efficient performance of tasks
c. A set of punishments convicts received for violating institutional rules
d. All of the above
10) In 2008, there were 828,169 state and federal parolees in the United States, ________ of whom
were male. (b)
a. 95%
b. 88%
c. 73%
d. 56%
11) Since the 1980s, discretionary parole releases have ____________________, while mandatory
parole releases have ______________________. (c)
a. Increased; Declined
b. Remained steady; Declined
c. Declined; Increased
d. Increased; Remained steady
12) What is a good con? (a)
a. Incarcerated individuals who adhere to the convict code and are accepted by other
inmates
b. Convicts who serve their time and do not resist the authority of correctional officers
c. An administrative classification that designates convicts that are deserving of good time
credit
d. Convicts who have been incarcerated for the majority of their adult life
13) Which offenders did Langan and Levin (2002) find had the highest rate of recidivism? (c)
a. Murderers
b. Sex offenders
c. Property offenders
d. None of the above
14) 1 in _____ parolees will leave with no parole supervision. (b)
a. 10
b. 5
c. 3
2
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
d. 2
15) Glaze and Palla (2005) indicate a success rate of 60% for probationers in 2004, the same figure
for successful completion of parole was only ______. (d)
a. 10%
b. 27%
c. 33%
d. 46%
16) The down side of unconditional release in parole is: (d)
a. Inmates have less incentive to enter rehabilitation programs
b. Inmates have less incentive to abide by prison rules
c. Inmates are released without supervision or reporting requirements
d. All of the above
17) Which of the following statements best captures the ideology behind the Control and Restore
phase believed to be necessary for successful prisoner reentry? (b)
a. Pre-release programming, such as that provided by the Control and Restore phase,
immediately precedes release from prison and focuses on preparing offenders through
institution-based programming
b. Community-based transition programs allow offenders to enact the skills they learned
while participating in institution-based programs in a real-world environment
c. No services are provided during this phase, as offenders need to learn how to cope with
the realities of life on the outside without the structure that they have come to expect
d. Although there is no monitoring of offenders, controlling and restoring offenders
requires them to follow self-imposed guidelines
18) Which of the following statements best captures the ideology behind the Sustain and Support
phase believed to be necessary for successful prisoner reentry? (c)
a. Sustaining and supporting returning ex-offenders requires continued monitoring by the
criminal justice system
b. Ex-offenders are responsible for the sustainability of a crime-free lifestyle, even when
this implies that they have to seek out their own aftercare
c. Long-term community-based support is necessary to connect ex-offenders who are no
longer under supervision to the services they need
d. Short-term community-based interventions are the most viable for ex-offenders
because many of them have already received a significant amount of programming
while incarcerated
19) According to Stohr, which of the phases of prisoner reentry may be the most difficult for
inmates? (c)
a. Phase I: Protect and Prepare
b. Phase II: Control and Restore
c. Phase III: Sustain and Support
d. Both b and c
20) Among prisoners, which racial/ethnic group is least likely to have completed high school or a
GED? (b)
3
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
a. White inmates
b. Hispanic inmates
c. Black inmates
d. Asian inmates
21) Economists find that incarceration has the most substantial impact on the ________________ of
formerly incarcerated persons. (c)
a. Wages
b. Wage growth
c. Employment opportunities
d. None of the above
22) The finding that the parole success rate for Utah is 19% whereas the rate for Massachusetts is
83% suggests that: (d)
a. Massachusetts has been far more successful at fostering successful parolees
b. Parolees in Utah are more resistant to rehabilitation programming than their
counterparts in other states
c. The two states have dramatically different reentry programs that can account for the
different parole success rates
d. The two states have drastically different standards that define parole success
23) Halfway houses are: (d)
a. Transitional places of residence for correctional clients
b. An intermediate sanction for individuals who require more supervision than traditional
probation
c. Used for the treatment of individuals who have multiple problems and risk factors
d. All of the above
e. Both a and b
24) House arrest is typically used as: (c)
a. The primary sanction for both violent and nonviolent offenders
b. An alternative to drug treatment
c. The initial phase of intensive probation or parole
d. Pretrial detention for the majority of offenders awaiting trial
25) According to Petersilia (2004), with the best methods currently available with adequate
budgeting we could reduce recidivism by ________.
a. 10%
b. 50%
c. 30%
d. 45%
26) Fixed determinate sentences allow for inmates to be released after the completion of their
sentence without supervision or reporting requirements. This is known as: (a)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
4
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
27) A panel of people presumably qualified to make judgments about the suitability of a prisoner to
be released from prison after having served some specified time of his or her sentence is known
as (a)n: (d)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
28) Parole granted to an offender after a board chooses to do so is known as: (b)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
29) The process of reintegrating offenders back into their communities regardless of whether or not
they were integrated into it in a prosocial way before they entered prison is known as: (d)
a. Parole
b. Probation
c. Programming
d. Reentry
30) Automatic parole for almost all inmates in states that have a determinate system of sentencing
is known as: (c)
a. Unconditional release
b. Discretionary parole
c. Mandatory parole
d. Parole board
31) Estimates suggest that ______ of parolees are rearrested for a new offense within 2 years of
their release. (d)
a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 60%
32) Research suggests that ______ of individuals released from prison fail in entering the job market
within the first year. (d)
a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 60%
33) What was the dominate model used across the United States for most of the 20th century? (a)
a. Indeterminate
b. Determinate
c. “Get tough on crime”
d. Restitutive
34) How many states still have full discretionary parole inmates? (b)
5
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
a. 5
b. 15
c. 23
d. 27
35) What percentage of the 713,000 prisoners released in 2006 did not receive any post-release
supervision? (c)
a. 80%
b. 40%
c. 20%
d. All received supervision
36) In Garland et al.’s (2010) study, which obstacle showed an increase after 3 months? (d)
a. Employment
b. Money
c. Medical
d. None of the above
True/False (26)
1) True or False? Individuals released via mandatory parole systems are more successful than those
released via discretionary parole. (F)
2) True or False? Incarceration affects minority males more than other groups. (T)
3) True or False? The Irish system begins with a period of solitary confinement. (T)
4) True or False? Some of the individuals living in halfway houses have never been to prison. (T)
5) True or False? The majority of correctional clients currently under house arrest are fitted with
electronic monitoring devices. (T)
6) True or False? The mark system as it was originally conceived boasted recidivism rates below
3%. (T)
7) True or False? Parole success in all states is defined as a completed crime-free/technical
violation-free period of parole. (F)
8) True or False? The success rates of parolees are significantly higher than the success rates of
probationers, who typically graduate to more serious forms of crime. (F)
9) True or False? Parole today is a humanistic method of dealing with “reformed” individuals. (F)
10) True or False? Halfway houses are more likely to be run by faith-based or nonprofit
organizations than formal correctional personnel. (T)
11) True or False? Typical correctional clients are qualified for no more than low-skill manufacturing
jobs. (T)
12) True or False? A Bureau of Justice Statistics report (Mumola, 2000) showed that 48% of
imprisoned parents were never married, and 28% of those who were ever married were
divorced or separated. (T)
13) True or False? The largest percentage by race on parole is Hispanic. (F)
14) True or False? House arrest is similar in function and ideology to halfway houses. (F)
6
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
15) True or False? Offenders released or placed on EM programs are generally positive about their
experience. (T)
16) True or False? Halfway houses may also serve as an intermediate sanction for offenders not sent
to prison, but needing greater supervision than straight probation or parole. (T)
17) True or False? Statistics do show that the shorter the time spent in prison, the lesser the chance
of success on parole. (F)
18) True or False? The term parole comes from a French word that means “to honor.” (T)
19) True or False? Electronic monitoring requires use of a satellite to monitor the movements of
offenders. (F)
20) True or False? The philosophical foundation of parole is attributed to Alexander Maconochie. (T)
21) True or False? In 2007 it was estimated that 1 million offenders were on parole supervision in
American Communities. (F)
22) True or False? Challenges to finding stable housing for inmates include little money, landlords
refusing to rent and legal restrictions. (T)
23) True or False? Half of released prisoners are returned to prison for technical violations rather
than new crimes. (F)
24) True or False? Prelease programs have been shown to reduce recidivism over 17%. (T)
25) True or False? Half of offenders in Garland et al.’s (2010) study had less than $30 when returned
to society. (T)
26) True or False? In recent years the government has turned a blind eye toward the problems
facing reentry. (F)
Essay (8)
1) What is the relationship between prisoner reentry and pre-release programming and
recidivism? (p. 274,-279)
2) Trace the evolution of parole in the United States. How has support for parole changed over
time? What impact has public sentiment had on the practice of parole? (p. 271-273)
3) According to Joan Petersilia’s “what works” research, describe some of the attributes in
successful reentry programs. (p.282-283)
7
Stohr/Walsh, Corrections: A Text/Reader (Second Edition) Instructor Resources
4) Discuss and explain the benefits and drawbacks of community-based correctional programs
according to Marion (2002)? (p. 279-280)
5) Discuss and explain the three programmatic phases believed necessary for successful reentry?
(p. 278)
6) Discuss and explain the issues and problems with how parole success is determined? (p. 279)
7) Discuss and explain electronic monitoring. What factors have influenced its evolution? How has
it transformed over time? (p. 280-282)
8) Discuss the impact of imprisonment and reentry on communities. (p. 277-278)
Readings (12)
1) What are some of the barriers to reentry noted by Makarios et al. (2010)? (p. 286-287)
2) What were Makarios et al.’s (2010) findings about education and employment in regards to
recidivism? (p. 290-294)
3) What were Markarios et al.’s (2010) two major conclusions regarding their analysis by gender?
(p. 295)
4) What did Petersilia (2003) have to say about parole rehabilitative programing? (p. 295)
5) What did Seiter and Kadela (2003) reference is changing in prisons? What is staying the same?
(p. 298)
6) Discuss the “Traditional approach” to reentry referenced by Seiter and Kedela (2003). (p. 299-
300)
7) What are some of the changes in reentry that started in the early 1980s? (p. 300-301)
8) Describe two of the six types of programs looked at in Seiter and Kedala’s (2003) study. (p. 306-
310)
9) Identify and explain three of the questions Garland et al. (2010) used in their prisoner reentry
study. (p. 316)
10) What were the psychosocial adjustment issues described in Garland et al.’s (2010) study? (p.
317-318)
11) List and describe 3 of the obstacles that released offenders face. (p. 317-320)
12) What are two of the five themes put forth by released offenders that could improve the reentry
process? (p. 320-322)
8
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queriendote mas que a mi, assi
deues pensar que me quieres
teniendo me aborrescida. Mira,
Sireno, que'l tiempo lo ha hecho
mejor contigo, de lo que al
principio de nuestros amores
sospechaste, y quedando mi
honra a saluo, la qual te deue
todo lo del mundo, no auria cosa
en él, que por ti no hiziesse.
Suplicote quanto puedo, que no te
metas entre zelos y sospechas,
que ya sabes quan pocos
escapan de sus manos con la
uida, la qual te dé Dios con el
contento que yo te desseo.
¿Carta es esta, dixo Sireno
sospirando, para pensar que
pudiera entrar oluido en el
coraçon donde tales palabras
salieron? ¿Y palabras son estas
para passallas por la memoria, al
tiempo que quien las dixo, no la
tiene de mí? ¡Ay, triste, con
quanto contentamiento acabé de
leer esta carta, quando mi señora
me la embió, y quantas vezes en
aquella hora misma la bolui a leer.
Mas págola ahora con las
setenas: y no se suffria menos,
sino venir de vn extremo a otro:
que mal contado le seria a la
fortuna, dexar de hazer comigo, lo
que con todos haze. A este
tiempo por vna cuesta abaxo, que
del aldea venia al verde prado, vio
Sireno venir vn pastor su passo a
passo, parandose a cada trecho,
vnas vezes mirando el cielo, otras
el verde prado y hermosa ribera,
que desde lo alto descubria: cosa
que mas le augmentaua su
tristeza, viendo el lugar que fue
principio de su desuentura: Sireno
le conoscio, y dixo buelto el rostro
hazia la parte de donde venia:
¿Ay, desuenturado pastor, aunque
no tanto como yo, en qué han
parado las competencias que
comigo trayas por los amores de
Diana? y los disfauores que
aquella cruel te hazia,
poniendolos a mi cuenta? Mas si
tú entendieras que tal havia de
ser la summa, quánto mayor
merced hallaras que la fortuna te
hazia, en sustentarte en un
infelice estado, que a mí en
derribarme dél, a tiempo que
menos lo temia? A este tiempo el
desamado Syluano tomó vna
çampoña, y tañendo vn rato,
cantaua con gran tristezza estos
versos:
Cancion.
Acabado[1222] Syluano la
amorosa cancion de Diana, dixo a
Sireno (que como fuera de si
estaua oyendo los uersos que
despues de su partida la pastora
auia cantado): quando esta
cancion cantaua la hermosa
Diana, en mis lagrimas pudieran
ver si yo sentia las que ella por tu
causa derramaua: pues que no
queriendo yo della entender que
la auia entendido, dissimulando lo
mejor que pude (que no fue poco
podello hazer) llegueme adonde
estaua. Sireno entonces le atajó
diziendo: Ten punto, Syluano;
¿que vn coraçon, que tales cosas
sentia pudo mudar fe? O
constancia, o firmeza, y quantas
pocas uezes hazeis assiento
sobre coraçon de hembra, que
quanto mas subiecta está á
quereros, tanto mas
propuesta[1223] para oluidaros. Y
bien creya yo que en todas las
mugeres auia esta falta, mas en
mi señora Diana, jamas pensé
que naturaleza auia dexado cosa
buena por hazer. Prosiguiendo
pues Syluano por su historia
adelante, le dixo: Como yo me
llegase más adonde Diana
estaua, vi que ponia los ojos en la
clara fuente, adonde prosiguiendo
su acostumbrado officio, començó
a dezir. Ay ojos y quanto más
presto se os acabaran las
lagrimas que la ocasion de
derramabas; ay mi Sireno, plega
a Dios que antes que el desabrido
inuierno desnude el verde prado
de frescas y olorosas flores, y el
ualle ameno de la menuda yerua,
y los arboles sombrios de su
uerde hoja, uean estos ojos tu
presencia tan desseada de mi
anima, como de la tuya deuo ser
aborrecida. A este punto alçó el
diuino rostro, y me uido: trabajó
por disimular el triste llanto, mas
no lo pudo hazer, de manera que
las lagrimas no atajassen el
passo a su disimulacion.
Leuantose a mi, diziendo:
Sientate aqui, Syluano, que asaz
vengado estás, y a costa mia.
Bien paga esta desdichada lo que
dizes que a su causa sientes si es
uerdad que es ella la causa. Es
possible, Diana, (le respondi) que
eso me quedaua por oyr? En fin,
no me engaño en dezir, que nasci
para cada dia discubrir nueuos
generos de tormentos, y tú para
hazerme más sinrazones, de las
que en tu pensamiento pueden
caber. Aora dudas ser tú la causa
de mi mal? Si tú no eres la causa
d'el, quién, sospechas que
mereciesse tan gran amor? O qué
coraçon auria en el mundo si no
fuesse el suyo, a quien mis
lagrimas no vuiessen ablandado?
E a esto añadi otras muchas
cosas, de que ya no tengo
memoria. Mas la cruel enemiga
de mi descanso, atajó mis
razones, diziendo: Mira, Syluano,
si otra vez tu lengua se atreue a
tratar de cosa tuya y a dexar de
hablarme en el mi Sireno, a tu
plazer te dexaré gozar de la clara
fuente donde estamos sentado. Y
tú no sabes que toda cosa que en
mi pastor no tratare, me es
aborrescible y enojosa? y que a la
persona que quiere bien, todo el
tiempo que gasta en oyr cosa
fuera de sus amores le parece
mal empleado? Yo entonces, de
miedo que mis palabras no
fuessen causa de perder el
descanso que su vista me
offrescia, puse silencio en ellas, y
estuue alli vn gran rato gozando
de ver aquella hermosura
sobrehumana, hasta que la noche
se dexó venir (con mayor
presteza de lo que yo quisiera) y
de alli nos fuymos los dos con
nuestros ganados al aldea. Sireno
sospirando, le dixo: grandes
cosas me has contado (Syluano)
y todas en daño mio; desdichado
de mí, quán presto vine a
esperimentar la poca constancia
que en las mugeres ay. Por lo que
los deuo me pesa. No quisiera yo,
pastor, que en algun tiempo se
oyere dezir, que en vn vaso,
donde tan gran hermosura y
discrecion juntó naturaleza,
hubiera tan mala mixtura, como
es la inconstancia que comigo ha
usado. Y lo que más me llega al
alma, es que el tiempo le a de dar
a entender lo mal que comigo lo
ha hecho: lo qual no puede ser
sino a costa de su descanso.
¿Cómo le ua de contentamiento
despues de casada? Syluano le
respondió: dizenme algunos que
le ua mal, y no me espanto,
porque como sabes, Delio su
esposo, aunque es rico de los
bienes de fortuna, no lo es de los
de naturaleza, que en esto de la
disposicion ya ves quan mal le va.
Pues de otras cosas de que los
pastores nos preciamos, como
son tañer, cantar, luchar, jugar al
cayado, baylar con las mozas el
Domingo, paresce que Delio no
ha nascido para más que mirallo.
Aora pastor (dixo Sireno) toma tu
rabel y yo tomaré mi çampoña,
que no ay mal que con la musica
no se passe, ni tristeza que con
ella no se acresciente. Y
templando los dos pastores sus
instrumentos con mucha gracia y
suauidad començaron a cantar lo
siguiente.
SYLVANO