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Chapter 7 Sex and Marriage
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What is the term for a relationship between spouses who are recognized by society as having a
continuing right to sexual access to each other?
a. family
b. marriage
c. incest
d. sex
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 154
BLM: REM
2. According to Annette Weiner, which statement best characterizes adolescent sexual activity
among Trobriand Islanders?
a. It is purely a biological response to hormonal fluctuation.
b. It is conducted in secret to avoid public disapproval.
c. It is a warning sign of Western-inspired social breakdown.
d. It is a process of learning how to create adult relationships with non-relatives.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 150
BLM: REM
3. How does North American adolescent sexuality resemble the Trobriand pattern?
a. Children of seven or eight begin playing “doctor” when unsupervised.
b. By the time youth are in their mid-teens, weekend dates are considered acceptable.
c. Neither boys nor girls have an advantage as they engage in their love affairs;
rather, there is equality between them.
d. Teen sexual interests and practices are subject to social pressure and comment
from the community at large.
BLM: HO
4. There has been very little anthropological research on human sexuality. What is NOT one of the
reasons for this?
a. The topic has been thoroughly and appropriately explored by both psychologists
and sociologists.
b. Anthropologists are often ill at ease discussing human sexuality.
c. People in most societies regard their sexual activity as a very private topic.
d. Women are often reluctant to discuss their sexuality with male anthropologists.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 150–151
BLM: HO
Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education 7-1

5. Which statement best describes an important shortcoming of attempts to define human sexuality,
according to Jeffrey weeks?
a. The definitions require acknowledging that human sexuality is also a cultural
construct.
b. The definitions require some experience of deviant sexual behaviour.
c. The definitions are most successful when the biological nature of sexuality is
explored.
d. The definitions are not as important as defining and promoting celibacy and
chastity.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 151
BLM: REM
6. Which statement regarding homosexual behaviour in Papua New Guinea is true?

a. Same-sex contact is socially acceptable among men but not among women.
b. Any homosexual behavior is taboo and is severely punished.
c. Homosexual contact occurs among young men after their initiation rites.
d. It is believed that premarital homosexual activity makes men week and sterile.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 151–152
BLM: REM
7. Gilbert Herdt initially interpreted Sambia male initiation rituals as homosexual. Why did he
revise his interpretation?
a. Same-sex behaviour lasted only until the male married a woman and produced
children.
b. The male–male activity he considered homosexual was merely play-acting.
c. The Sambia recognize homosexuality as both a lifestyle and a lifetime partnership.
d. His Sambia interpreters did not understand his questions.
BLM: REM
8. Which statement regarding “two-spirited” people in Aboriginal North America is true?

a. They represent the original gender.
b. They may play important spiritual roles in their community.
c. Their existence is often legitimized by dreams or visions
d. They did not exist until the Europeans arrived.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 152
BLM: REM

9. What did Chinese sisterhood movements in 19th-century Guangdon province involve?

a. intense friendships among women without sexual relations
b. the development of friendships among women that ended when members married
men
c. intense friendships among women that continue today on the mainland but not in
Taiwan
d. the development of support networks for women
BLM: REM
10. With regard to control over sexual relations, what have anthropologists frequently observed?
a. Human sexual activity is increasingly random.
b. Fathers in most societies have given up trying to restrict adolescent sexual activity,
but mothers have not.
c. The virginity of young girls is no longer an adult concern in most societies.
d. Where adolescent sexual experimentation is accepted, young people usually marry
soon after reaching biological maturity.
BLM: REM
11. What have most anthropological studies of same-sex relationships concluded?

a. They are universally regarded with disapproval.
b. In most of the cultures studied, male homosexuality was socially acceptable.
c. They are a very recent development, occurring only since the rise of cities.
d. Lesbians are treated with more tolerance and acceptance than are gay men.
BLM: REM
12. What is a recent major trend in human sexuality that social scientists have noticed?
a. increased general acceptance of sex outside marriage
b. increased sexual relationships outside of marriage
c. an overall increase in human sexual activity
d. a decline in premarital sexual relations
BLM: REM
13. Marriage resolves the problem of how to bring sexual activity under control. Which sort of
control does it use?
a. biological
b. male
c. cultural
d. psychological
BLM: REM

14. All societies have rules of sexual access, but there is a great deal of variation. About what
percentage of societies prohibit all sexual relationships outside of marriage?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 30 percent
d. 50 percent
BLM: REM
15. How does your text define marriage?

a. a relationship between spouses who are recognized by society as having a
continuing right to sexual access to each other
b. a legal union between a man and a woman
c. a union in which a man and a woman promise to love, honour, and respect each
other throughout their lifetimes and support their children
d. a physical and spiritual union between at least two people
BLM: REM
16. The Nayar of southwest India were members of a warrior caste? Who held their landed estates?
a. untouchables
b. unmarried males from a single patrilineage
c. priestly patrilineages
d. matrilineal corporations
BLM: HO
17. Which statement regarding the composition of a household among the Nayar is true?
a. A household was composed of a man, his wife or wives, and their children.
b. A household was composed of kin related through a line of females.
c. A household was composed of several couples joined by conjugal bonds.
d. A woman’s children did not live with her but rather with her husband.
BLM: HO
18. Which term best describes the kin category of Nayar households?
a. patrilateral
b. affinal
c. consanguineal
d. nuclear
BLM: REM

19. The textbook uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be
highly variable. For example, which of the following was true about the Nayar?
a. Men were never required to acknowledge paternity for children.
b. Women went through three transactions that defined sexual eligibility, rights of
sexual access, and legitimacy of children.
c. Women would marry several times during their lifetime, but only if there were no
children by the previous marriage.
d. Women were expected to remain faithful to their husbands.
BLM: HO
20. Which of the following statements about women among the Nayar is correct?
a. After her first period, a Nayar girl left home to live in her mother’s brother’s
household.
b. Nayar women were involved in frequent disputes with their lovers over sexual
access.
c. The man to whom a Nayar woman had been joined shortly before her first
menstrual cycle became the legal father of all her children.
d. During her lifetime, a Nayar woman would have formal sexual relations with
several men.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 155
BLM: REM
21. The Nayar marriage system slowly came to an end in the late 19th century. Which of the
following would NOT be considered an explanation for its disappearance?
a. The warrior caste was dissolved by the British.
b. Nayar women demanded economic and political independence from their brothers.
c. Nayar inheritance laws were changed by the British.
d. Nayar marriage patterns were viewed as immoral by British colonists and were
outlawed.
BLM: REM
22. Which of the following is indicated by cross-cultural research on children’s legitimacy?

a. In Canada, a child’s legitimacy depends only upon the financial status of its
mother.
b. Among the Pueblo Native Americans, fatherhood is irrelevant to a child’s
legitimacy.
c. Among the Nayar of India, a child’s legitimacy was established by its mother’s
brothers.
d. In Germany, the child of a single mother is considered legally illegitimate.
BLM: REM

23. Which term applies to the relationship between a man and a woman who are married?
a. consanguineal
b. cohabiting
c. conjugal
d. endogamous
BLM: REM
24. Which term applies to relatives who are related genetically (by blood)?
a. affinal
b. consanguineal
c. endogamous
d. nuclear
BLM: REM
25. Which kin term applies to a group of people related by marriage?

a. nepotic
b. consanguineal
c. cogitative
d. affinal
BLM: REM
26. Relationships between which relatives are usually NOT forbidden by incest taboos?
a. mothers and sons
b. brothers and sisters
c. first cousins
d. fathers and daughters
BLM: REM
27. By World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, how many women around the world have
undergone some form of female circumcision?
a. 20 million
b. 60 million
c. 130 million
d. 200 million
BLM: REM

28. Which term is used by anthropologists to refer to the cutting, removal, or altering of part or all of
a female’s external genitalia?
a. vaginal mutilation
b. clitoridectomy
c. female circumcision
d. subincision
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 156–157
BLM: REM
29. What does Pharaonic circumcision involve?

a. removal of only the clitoral prepuce, or hood
b. removal of just the tip of the clitoris
c. removal of the entire clitoris and the labia minora
d. removal of all external genitalia, with suturing/stitching of the opening
BLM: REM
30. In which of the following areas have clitoridectomies NOT been practised?
a. the Christian nations of Africa
b. the Muslim nations of Africa
c. the South Pacific Islands
d. the United States
BLM: REM
31. In Canada, which of the following statements about violations of the incest taboo is true?
a. They affect less than one percent of the Canadian population.
b. They are most likely to be committed by uncles of incest victims.
c. They are more likely to involve female than male victims.
d. They are reported most of the time.
BLM: REM
32. “Familiarity breeds contempt.” Which theoretical approach to the incest taboo does that
statement reflect?
a. genetic
b. instinct
c. psychoanalytical
d. social
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 155–157
BLM: HO

33. Detailed census records made in Roman Egypt indicate that brother–sister marriages among
members of the non-royal farming class were common. What does this tell us about the incest
taboo?
a. that humans are no different from chimpanzees
b. that incest is committed mainly among the lower classes in developing countries
c. that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding, it sometimes is actually
encouraged
d. that it supports Freud’s findings about the universality of the Oedipus complex
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 158
BLM: HO
34. Concepts of incest seem to be related to a society’s definitions of endogamy and exogamy.
Taking this into consideration, which type of relationships may be promoted by incest taboos?
a. alliances between groups
b. inbreeding
c. arranged marriages
d. parallel cousin marriage
BLM: HO
35. It has been theorized that there is a biological basis for humans to avoid inbreeding. Which of the
following challenges such theories?
a. Chimpanzees frequently mate with siblings as well as with their own offspring.
b. Brother–sister marriage was preferred by members of the ruling class in Roman
Egypt.
c. There are no heterosexual relationships between children raised together on the
same Israeli kibbutz.
d. Many societies do not have specific rules prohibiting parent–child or brother–sister
incest.
BLM: HO
36. What does endogamy refer to?

a. marriage between same-sex couples
b. marriage within a particular group of individuals
c. marriage between unrelated individuals
d. marriage between people of similar educational and economic backgrounds
BLM: REM

37. What does the rule “clan exogamy, village endogamy” refer to?
a. Individuals from different clans but the same village may marry.
b. Individuals from the same clan but different villages may marry.
c. Cousins are prohibited from marrying if they are from the same village.
d. All individuals must marry outside their village.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 159
BLM: HO
38. Which statement regarding first-cousin marriage is true?

a. It is prohibited by the Canadian government.
b. The European Catholic Church accepts it.
c. It is the leading cause of many birth defects where it is practised.
d. It is a preferred form of marriage in many societies.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 159
BLM: REM
39. What is a specific example of how the law in Canada treats marriages between family members?
a. There are no specific laws banning brother–sister marriage.
b. Marriage between uncles and nieces or aunts and nephews is legal.
c. Marriage between first cousins is perfectly legal.
d. Some provinces ban first-cousin marriage, others do not.
BLM: REM
40. What explanation did Claude Levi-Strauss offer for the universality of the incest taboo?
a. Humans are instinctively and genetically against inbreeding.
b. Humans have learned exogamy to establish alliances with strangers and thereby to
share and develop culture.
c. Humans have learned over millions of years to repress their sexual desire for a
parent of the opposite sex.
d. Humans do not like having sexual relations with people they know well.
BLM: REM
41. According to Yehudi Cohen, when does the need for extended incest taboos cease?
a. when people understand the genetic dangers of inbreeding
b. when people become civilized
c. when governments and other institutions have control of trade
d. when urbanization occurs
BLM: REM

42. What is the only legal form of marriage in Canada today?

a. polygamy
b. monogamy
c. polygyny
d. polyandry
BLM: REM
43. Which of the following is true of Canada today?

a. Fewer than half a million couples live in common-law relationships.
b. Common-law relationships are declining rapidly as more people embrace
marriage.
c. Common-law families have grown more than any other type of family.
d. Common-law marriages are most common in British Columbia.
BLM: REM
44. What is one of the advantages of woman–woman marriage among the Nandi of western Kenya?
a. The status of a woman who has no sons and becomes a female husband is
heightened to almost equal that of men.
b. If the woman who becomes the wife of a female husband has a child, that child is
considered legitimate.
c. It improves both women’s likelihood of finding a male husband quickly.
d. The partners in a woman–woman marriage double their access to land.
BLM: REM
45. Which of the following is usually true of a Nandi woman who agrees to marry a female
husband?
a. She is at the end of her child-bearing years and wishes to start a new life.
b. She has been unable to make a good marriage, often because she has illegitimate
children.
c. She is satisfied with her present social status and wants to share her prestige.
d. She is at the end of her child-bearing life and her sons have all married.
BLM: REM

46. Which of the following is true in Canada?

a. Same-sex couples enjoy tax benefits but not pension benefits as common law
couples.
b. Same-sex couples do NOT enjoy the same tax and pension benefits as common
law couples.
c. Same-sex couples do enjoy the same tax and pension benefits as common law
couples.
d. Same-sex couples enjoy pension benefits but not tax benefits as common law
couples.
BLM: REM
47. In which of the following are forms of same-sex marriages or partnerships are now recognized?
a. China
b. parts of the United States
c. Iran
d. Afghanistan
BLM: REM
48. What is the preferred form of marriage around the world?

a. polygyny
b. monogamy
c. polyandry
d. polygamy
BLM: REM
49. Which of the following best explains why monogamy is the most common form of marriage
around the world?
a. Most men cannot afford polygyny, even if they are permitted to have more than
one wife.
b. Monogamy is the only form of marriage that most people consider morally
acceptable.
c. Both forms of polygamy are plagued by jealousy among co-spouses.
d. Monogamy encourages long-lasting, affectionate relationships between spouses.
BLM: REM

50. What of the following statements about polygyny is true?

a. It is defined as marriage to more than one man.
b. It is an example of group marriage.
c. It is permitted in most of the world’s cultures.
d. It is less common than polyandry.
BLM: REM
51. An older Nuer wife might take another woman as a “wife.” Why would she do so?
a. because she wants to have more time for herself and reduce her obligations to her
husband
b. because the young woman would bring her own livestock holdings into the family
c. because she plans to divorce her husband and marry someone else
d. because she wants more female companionship
BLM: REM
52. Which of the following is common in many polygynous societies?

a. Junior wives try to dominate senior wives.
b. Wives must live outside the main household.
c. Wives and their children maintain separate household compounds.
d. Women are entirely economically dependent on their husbands’ brothers’ labour.
BLM: REM
53. In which circumstances will the majority of men and women be in polygynous marriages (in
those societies that allow polygyny)?
a. when men are heavily involved in productive work for little wealth
b. when women are dependent on men for support
c. when the mean age for females at marriage is well below that of males
d. when women are more valued as childbearers than as labourers
BLM: HO
54. Among First Nations groups such as the Blackfoot, which of the following best describes the
form that marriages took after the introduction of horses and the expansion of the fur trade?
a. polygynous
b. polyandrous
c. monogamous
d. highly unstable
BLM: REM

55. What is the term for marriage to more than one husband?
a. monogamy
b. polygyny
c. polyandry
d. sororate
BLM: REM
56. In Tibet a young man lives with his older brother, who is married. The younger brother begins to
think about setting up his own tent and taking his share of the yaks and pastures. One night his
brother’s wife gives him her necklace. In Tibetan culture this is an invitation for him to become
her second husband. If he accepts, he will remain with his brother and share the same tent. What
is his sister-in-law offering him?
a. a polyandrous marriage
b. a polygynous marriage
c. a chance take the place of her first husband
d. an adulterous relationship
BLM: HO
57. Which of the following is characteristic of polyandry as practiced by the Tibetans?

a. There is frequently a shortage of men.
b. Polyandry helps to prevent the constant subdividing of farmlands among sons.
c. Polyandry increases the number of descendants a man will have.
d. Polyandry prevents the ratio of men to women from getting out of balance.
BLM: REM
58. In some societies, if a husband dies and leaves a wife and children, his widow is expected to
practise the custom called the levirate. What does this custom expect of her?
a. to never marry again
b. to leave the group and return to her original home
c. to marry one of the dead man’s brothers
d. to marry a widower whose wife has died
BLM: REM
59. A woman marries and goes to live with her husband in his village. When the woman dies ten
years later, her husband marries his deceased wife’s sister. What is the term for this custom?
a. the sororate
b. the levirate
c. polygyny
d. polyandry
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 164 BLM: REM

60. When is sororal polygyny said to have occurred?

a. when a man marries his sister
b. when sisters become co-wives to brothers
c. when a woman marries her deceased sister’s husband
d. when the co-wives of a man are sisters
BLM: REM
61. Which of the following statements about the purpose of the levirate and the sororate is true?
a. They are symbolic forms of brother–sister marriage intended to keep family
property from being dispersed upon inheritance.
b. They give non-kin a valid kinship status..
c. They allow children of a widow or widower to gain a fictive kinship identity
status.
d. They function to maintain the existing kinship relationships between the family of
the bride and the family of the groom.
BLM: REM
62. Which of the following best describes serial monogamy?

a. an individual living with more than one partner at the same time
b. a man being married to more than one woman in the same household
c. a person marrying or living with a series of partners, but not at the same time
d. a form of trial marriage between two or more consenting adults
BLM: REM
63. Where does serial monogamy tend to occur?

a. in a society where divorce is forbidden
b. in a society where single women have well-paying jobs but little time for the
responsibilities of traditional marriage
c. in a society where a single mother with dependent children is unable to rely on her
parents for economic support
d. in a society where women are very wealthy
BLM: HO

64. Which of the following is common behaviour in India for parents wishing to arrange a marriage
for their children?
a. segregating their children in private schools
b. encouraging their children toward online dating
c. taking their children to psychic matchmakers
d. isolating their children within the home
BLM: REM
65. Whose daughter does a man marry in a matrilateral cross-cousin marriage?

a. his father’s brother
b. his father’s sister
c. his mother’s brother
d. his mother’s sister
BLM: HO
66. In ancient Greece and in traditional China, what was a man doing when he married his father’s
brother’s daughter?
a. keeping property within the single male line of descent
b. practising matrilateral parallel-cousin marriage
c. practising patrilateral cross-cousin marriage
d. repaying a social debt to his father
BLM: REM
67. In which of the following situations would you expect to find the custom of bride price?
a. A bride and groom set up their own household in a distant city.
b. A bride and groom go to live with the bride’s family.
c. A bride and groom go to live with the groom’s family.
d. A bride and groom go to live with the bride’s mother’s brother.
BLM: HO
68. A bride who becomes a member of her husband’s household will contribute her labour and her
children to her husband’s group. What custom commonly accompanies this type of arrangement?
a. The bride’s family pays money to the groom’s people.
b. The groom’s family pays money to the bride’s people.
c. The groom works for a certain period of time for the bride’s village.
d. The bride’s family expects to marry their other daughters to sons in the groom’s
family.
BLM: REM

69. What is the term for the period of time a groom is expected to work for his bride’s family?
a. bride price
b. bride service
c. groom labour
d. bridal exchange
BLM: REM
70. When the husband does most of the productive work, the bride’s people may give a dowry that
protects the woman against desertion and is a statement of her economic status. In which sort of
economy is such a practice typically found?
a. food foraging
b. pastoralism
c. intensive agriculture
d. horticulture
BLM: REM
71. Which of the following is the most universally valid reason for divorce?
a. sterility or impotence in either partner
b. the sexual infidelity of men
c. men being a being a poor provider
d. a reason that is culturally defined as a valid reason
BLM: HO
72. Medical anthropologist Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala conducted research on AIDS/HIV in southern

Africa among traditional healers. How does the number of traditional healers there compare with
the number of practitioners of modern medicine?
a. There are twice as many traditional healers.
b. There are five times as many traditional healers.
c. There are 10 times as many traditional healers.
d. There are 100 times as many traditional healers.
BLM: REM

73. Why have traditional healers in Africa become part of the health delivery system, despite
negative Western attitudes toward African traditional healing?
a. They were seeking training to become doctors themselves.
b. Modern AIDS drugs have been derived from many plant compounds used by these
healers.
c. They have the backing of local political authorities.
d. They were already there and had existing trust relationships; they could relieve
some symptoms and were willing to alter some of their procedures to minimize
spreading infection.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 153–154
BLM: HO
74. What effect have traditional healers had in helping AIDS sufferers in southern Africa?
a. They do more harm than good and facilitate the spread of AIDS.
b. They provide personalized, culturally appropriate and holistic health care.
c. Their impact is roughly neutral; the harm they can cause is outweighed by the
good they do.
d. They do not have a success with the physical symptoms but provide psychological
support.
BLM: REM
75. Who are children raised on a kibbutz in Israel most likely to marry?
a. people they meet outside of the kibbutz after they leave in their late teens to serve
in the armed forces
b. people that they shared the kibbutz experience with, but did not share the same
residence
c. people from the same residence that they have grown up with
d. people from the same work group within the kibbutz
BLM: REM
76. What is the rate of increase of common-law families in Quebec?

a. They are increasing twice as fast as married-couple families.
b. They are increasing five times faster than married-couple families.
c. They are increasing 10 percent faster than married-couple families.
d. They are increasing three times faster than married-couple families.
BLM: REM

77. Canada’s legislature changed family law when it passed Bill C-38, on June 28, 2005. What did
this bill legalize in all parts of Canada?
a. some forms of polygyny
b. first cousin marriage
c. same-sex marriage
d. the conversion of common-law marriage to a legal marriage after seven years
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 160
BLM: REM
78. The older males in Bountiful, B.C., have the greatest number of wives. In light of this, what is
also likely to be true?
a. They also have the oldest wives.
b. Their sons will have difficulty obtaining multiple wives.
c. They will have the oldest children.
d. More females will be born than males.
BLM: HO
79. Which of the following are circumstances widely associated with polygyny?
a. impotence and infertility
b. economic, religious, and social circumstances
c. greed, lawlessness, and abuse
d. low birth rates and high infant mortality
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 162
BLM: HO
80. Parents might feel compelled to discipline or even kill a female child if they believe she has a
boyfriend and may have premarital sex. Under what circumstances might one’s culture dictate
that this is reasonable thing to do?
a. in cultural circumstances of extreme poverty
b. in the cultural context of extreme overpopulation
c. in a typical immigrant culture
d. in a culture where the honour of the parent and family would be compromised by
her behaviour
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 166–167
BLM: HO

81. With regard to so-called honour killings that occur within an immigrant population, who are they
usually directed at, according to a study by Clementine Van Eck?
a. a female family member who has dishonoured the family with her behaviour
b. any family member who has dishonoured the family
c. any brother of a male who has violated a female family member
d. a female family member who has dishonoured the family and the man who has
violated her
BLM: REM
82. Your textbook discusses various theories for cultural incest taboos. What effect do these taboos
have on people’s incestuous behaviour?
a. Cultural prohibitions on incestuous marriages do not really regulate the incestuous
behaviour of individual humans.
b. Cultural prohibitions on incestuous marriages have dramatically minimized the
actual instances of incest.
c. Cultural prohibitions on incestuous marriages have actually increased the instances
of family incest.
d. Cultural prohibitions on incestuous marriages are not at all reflected in legal
prohibitions of incest.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 157–159
BLM: HO
83. The genetic explanation that accounts for the incest taboo must be considered in light of modern
genetic research. Which statement is most consistent with a modern understanding of genetics?
a. While people in the past speculated that close breeding was harmful at an
individual level, we can now prove it beyond a shadow of a doubt.
b. While close breeding is mostly harmful at an individual level it also has benefits
that show over time.
c. Close breeding can actually increase desired characteristics.
d. Modern genetic research has proven inbreeding to be absolutely neutral, with no
positive or negative effects.
BLM: HO

84. The controversy around female circumcision in other countries has motivated Westerners to
intervene and work to have the practice banned. Which of the following options demonstrates an
ethnocentric bias in how Westerners treat genital mutilation surgery at home?
a. The procedure has been done in North American hospitals with no objection.
b. Male circumcision is still routinely practised upon parental request in North
America.
c. The benefits or harm of female circumcision must first be evaluated by Western
medicine.
d. Female circumcision was common in North America in the mid nineteenth
century.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Challenging REF: 156–157
BLM: HO
85. What is the difference between sex and gender?

a. Sex describes recreational sexuality, while gender describes presentation of self.
b. Sex describes reproduction, while gender describes presentation of self.
c. Sex refers to one’s biological reproductive makeup, while gender refers to a social
construct.
d. Sex refers to an action, while gender refers to your genital makeup.
BLM: HO
86. What determines a person’s sexual identity?

a. whether that person is male or female
b. the identity that person takes to indicate whether he or she is single or married
c. whether that person is more masculine or feminine
d. the identity that person takes based on his or her sexual preference
BLM: REM
TRUE/FALSE
1. Trobriand children as young as seven or eight begin playing erotic games with each other.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 150
2. Anthropologists contend that diversification of sexual practices, subcultures, and identities is

characteristic of human history.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 151
3. All human societies place a high value on chastity.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 151

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"I'm not so sure," he interrupted. "And Lloyd will need one point of
information that only I can give him. I'll tell it to you, just in case." He
held up his hand to stop any further disclaimers from Grace, and said,
"Tell him that the Plan is in the hospital, the main hospital. I put it
there for safekeeping a long, long time ago. It would become
radioactive, of course, but the Plan was useless until all radiation
outside the Hive was gone, anyhow. Besides, radiation preserves
things; I'm proof of that. Tell him it's in the safe in the administrator's
office. The combination's the same as Lloyd's Voteplate number. I
saw to that when it was issued."
"Mr. Bodger—!" Grace said, nearly in tears. "I don't understand any of
this! What Plan!? What radiation outside the Hive!? It doesn't make
sense—"
"Lloyd will understand."
"But even if he does," she said, "he doesn't have his Voteplate
anymore...."
"Doesn't?" Bodger said, frowning, then his face cleared. "Even so, he
must know the number by heart, I should think. Anyway, it's in the
files in my office.... But I don't quite understand—Why doesn't he
have it? He had it when I passed out, didn't he?"
"Yes, but in order to command the Goons, he took Stanton's, and left
his own in Stanton's pocket, probably to avoid having to answer
questions about possession of two plates if he was searched or
something...."
"Stanton's got the plate?!" Bodger said, sitting up. "If he knew its
significance—!" He shook his head, trying to disabuse himself of a
nagging worry. "He can't, of course. But it's awkward, him having it.
Lloyd will have to get it back, or he can't key the dial of the safe with
it."
He swung his legs off the bed, suddenly, and stood up. Grace
grabbed his arm when he swayed a bit, but then he steadied himself
and shrugged her off. "I'm all right," he said. "I just don't like Stanton's
having that plate."
"Does it matter so much?" Grace asked. "Even if Lloyd forgot the
number, or the files were lost and he couldn't get a new plate made
up—Surely the safe can be broken into?"
Bodger nodded. "Of course it can. But Stanton, with Lloyd's plate,
wouldn't need to take so much time. And he could destroy The Plan
in a very few minutes." He went toward the door to the corridor. "I'll
feel much better when I've checked on him, Grace."
Grace hesitated, then ran after him. "Lloyd wants me to stay with you.
You're still not over your seizure, you know."
"Worrying about Stanton's not going to make me any calmer," Bodger
said, stubbornly. "If you insist, come along."
He entered the living room and crossed to the door. Beside the door
was a small metal box inset into the wall. Bodger opened the lid of
this and touched a button. From a speaker in the box, a voice said,
hollow and efficient, "Orders."
"A Goon escort for Secondary Speakster Bodger and Miss Grace
Horton, at Unit B, Hundred-Level."
"Destination."
"Unit—" Bodger looked at Grace.
"M-13," she reminded him. "On ninety-three."
"Unit M-13, Ninety-Three Level."
"Orders."
"All orders conveyed."
Frank, hovering at that moment in puzzlement outside Unit A,
wherein he had expected to find Andra and the others beginning a
revolt, saw—through the Ultrablack-negating picture on the prop-
Goon's cathode screen—the rectangle of light appear when Bodger
opened the front door of his own unit across the street while he and
Grace awaited their escort. Bodger's and Stanton's Units were not
subject to Ultrablack, of course, interiorly. It had been the unforeseen
darkness in Stanton's windows that had left Frank in immobile
puzzlement on the walk before the Unit.
Seeing Bodger and Grace in the doorway, he turned the wheels of his
ponderous vehicle and rolled their way, hoping for information as to
Andra's whereabouts. He had just come within a few feet of the
twosome, and was about to climb out the back panel when Bodger
spoke, hearing the sound of the arriving prop-Goon and thinking it
was his requested escort.
"What are you waiting for? We're in a hurry."
Bodger spoke blindly, unable to penetrate the black pall beyond his
doorway. Frank hesitated, then decided not to reveal himself as yet.
As tonelessly as possible, he spoke to Bodger in the required
formula. "Orders."
"You have your orders," Bodger snapped, too keyed up to note any
deviation in the accustomed path of the—he assumed—robotic voice.
"Take us to Miss Horton's Unit at once."
Frank, believing Stanton was still there, had a chill of apprehension.
This man, the Secondary Speakster, might not be on the side of
revolt; after all, why should he be? For all he knew, Andra was dead,
and Bodger was now on his way back to release the President. The
whole business of socking him might have been a blind, to win her
confidence, and worm the names of the movement's members from
her.
"Do you hear me?" Bodger said, although Frank's worried pause had
been barely a moment's duration. "Take us at once. All orders
conveyed."
Frank manipulated the arm of the hollow robot up into the doorway,
and Bodger, seeing it, took hold. Grace took Bodger's other hand,
and then Frank, needing time to think the thing out, turned the bulk of
his machine about slowly and began to roll toward the lift. He thought
of getting Bodger and the Horton girl out in the toils of Ultrablack and
then suddenly deserting them, but hesitated to try it; they might, after
all, be what he'd begun to believe they were: sympathetic with the
movement. Their reasons for the return to the girl's Unit might be
even Anti-Hive in nature. Frank did not know what to do, so he simply
kept moving, got aboard the lift, and thumbed the ninety-three button
after Bodger and Grace Horton were safely within the gates.
The lift dropped smoothly seven levels, then halted, and the gate
swung automatically open. And there, his eyes hidden behind a
peculiar faceplate, stood Fredric Stanton, hand in hand with Robert
Lennick.
"Bodger!" Stanton exploded, seeing him through the filter of his
facepiece. Bodger, hearing the voice in the darkness, drew back into
a corner of the lift, staring wide-eyed, futilely, for the other man, trying
to hide the slim body of Grace Horton behind him, fearing a repeat of
Stanton's attack with the Snapper Beam.
"Where is he!?" she gasped, terrified by that disembodied, menacing
voice in the blackness. Stanton, secure in his invisibility, stepped into
the lift, ignoring the metal body of the supposed Goon, and slapped
Bodger viciously across the face. While Bodger choked at the
unexpected blow, and brought his hand up to his injured mouth,
Frank realized there was no longer a doubt where the sympathies of
the Secondary Speakster lay, and with one swing of the jointed metal
arm of the prop-Goon, he knocked Stanton unconscious with a blow
to the base of the skull.
"What happened?" Grace shrilled, clinging to Bodger.
Lennick, deprived of his guide, groped forward in panic, calling, "Mr.
Stanton—!" Frank spun the controls, and the metal arm swung up
and clasped Lennick viciously about the throat, lifting his kicking body
clear off the floor.
"Bodger—!" Frank called out, enjoying the icy terror that flickered in
Lennick's congested face at the sound of his voice. "Stanton's out
cold at your feet. He has some sort of facepiece he can see with. Put
it on!"
Bodger, utterly bewildered as to the sudden turn of events,
nevertheless did as directed, and straightened up adjusting the filter
over his eyes. When he saw the grisly tableau of Lennick and the
prop-Goon, he stepped back, agape with shock. Frank answered his
query before Bodger's reeling mind could formulate it coherently.
"This is a movie prop. I'm Frank Shawn, a member of Andra's
movement, Bodger. And this wriggling worm in my hands is the guy
who tried to undo all of us!"
"Frank ... please...." Lennick gurgled, his eyes distending while his
hands tore vainly at the heavy metal hands that were tightening about
his windpipe.
"Let him go," Bodger said impatiently. "He can't get far in Ultrablack,
anyhow! We've got to get to Lloyd, my son. He's down at the Brain,
now. With Stanton in our power, we can free the Hive forever in an
hour's time!"
Frank looked at the face of his erstwhile friend, Robert Lennick, and
suddenly had no more stomach for murder. He let go, and as Lennick
dropped to the floor of the lift and started to double over, gulping air,
Frank sent the left arm of the prop-Goon up in an arc that swatted
him backwards onto the street outside the gate. Lennick scrambled
blindly to his feet, screaming, "Frank! Don't leave me, Frank!" He
dashed forward, misjudged his angle, and crashed head-on into a
building wall. Frank thumbed the lift-button for Sub-Level One, and let
the closing gate blot Lennick from his sight. The lift began to drop,
swiftly.
Lennick, after lying painfully on the ground until his addled senses
returned, got up on hands and knees, groggily shaking his head.
Then, in the darkness, he heard rolling wheels, coming nearer.
"Help!" he cried. "This way! Help!"
The rumbling veered in his direction at once, and then a Goon's
unseen arms were lifting him to his feet. "The President—!" Lennick
cried. "He's in danger!"
A moment's hesitance, and the Goon flatly replied, "The President is
in no danger. He has been taken to the Brain at his own request,
under competent escort."
Lennick, suddenly divining what must be the case, said, "His plate!
Someone must have his plate, then, because—"
"You are bleeding," the Goon said dispassionately.
Bob's fingers came up to his face and he winced at the smarting pain
their exploration produced at the point where he had struck the
building wall. "It's nothing," he said, impatiently. "We've got to—"
"We will take you for hospitalization at once," said the voice of the
Goon in the blackness.
"Hospitalization?" Bob said, irritably. "Don't you guys understand?
The President—" And then it sank in. "No!" he shrieked. "You can't!
I'm on your side!"
Other sets of heavy wheels rolled nearer, and inflexible metal fingers
closed over his arms. The Goons began to roll ponderously off, with
Bob firmly in their grasp. He was still shrieking when the mouth of the
incinerator chute enveloped him.
Lloyd and Andra were awaiting the lift at Sub-Level one, guided in the
blackness by the Goon who had led them to the control chamber,
when Bodger and the others arrived. Stanton, only semi-conscious,
was being held upright in the arms of the prop-Goon, lest a real Goon
pick him up for "treatment" because of his bruises, one on the back of
his head where Frank had connected, the other glowing a steadily
darker purple on his jaw where Bodger's knockout punch had landed
earlier. Lloyd, sensing the tenancy of the lift even in the blackness,
drew back apprehensively, and then his father's voice was speaking
to him in assurance.
"Whatever orders you've given your guide, son, take them back.
We've got you-know-who, and we're taking him to the Brain with us."
Andra's fingers closed joyously over Lloyd's own at the words, but he
pulled his fingers free and slipped Stanton's Voteplate into his guide's
chest-slot.
"Last order countermanded," he said to the Goon. "We have no
further need of you. All orders conveyed." The Goon removed the
plate, handed it to him, and wheeled off into the darkness. "Dad!" he
spoke, then. "I found out so much, from the Brain! The Plan—for
reactivating the ten cities—The Brain said you knew where it was."
"Grace will tell you, son," said Bodger. "Meantime—" he pressed
Lloyd's own Voteplate into his hand "—take this, you'll need it. And
give me Stanton's. I'm taking him down to the Brain. I may have to
break his arm for him, but he's going to call off the Goons before I'm
through."
"Mr. Bodger—" Frank said, taking out Stanton's preempted Snapper
and holding it forward into the darkness. "This may come in handy for
persuasion. There's no need your overtaxing yourself."
Bodger reached out and took it from him. "Thank you, Shawn. Rest
assured I'll be only too glad to use it on him if he balks." Bodger
motioned to Frank, still in the prop-Goon. "See if you can shake him
awake, or something. I don't know how he can get down the ladder
except on foot, much as I'd like to drop him into the chamber, if I
thought it wouldn't break his rotten neck."
Frank did so, gladly, while Grace, fumbling for and finding Lloyd in the
darkness, clung to him in joy and relief. He found himself liking it, and
slipped his arms around her to enjoy it the better.
"Frank—" Andra said, slowly, hurt. "We found out, from the Brain, that
Bob—Bob's in Stanton's pay."
"We found out, too, Andy," Frank said from inside the pseudorobot.
"The hard way. We left him in Ultrablack on ninety-three. The louse
had freed Stanton, and—"
"He's coming to," Bodger said.
In the agitated shaking of the metal hands that supported him by the
upper arms, Stanton blinked wildly at Ultrablack, and choked out, "Let
me go! I demand that you release me!"
"You're no longer in a position to demand anything," Bodger said
softly. "I have your skinny carcass covered with a Snapper. You may
as well relax."
"Bodger.... What are you going to do?" Stanton said, no longer
fighting the grip of the prop-Goon's hands.
"Take you to the Brain. Make you countermand all your orders
regarding the Goons."
"And if I don't?" Stanton said, warily. "What will you do if I refuse?"
"Kill you," Bodger said, and his tone rang true. "I don't want to do it
that way, of course—not for reasons of pity; heaven knows you need
killing, Fred—but because it's faster this way. With you dead, we'd
simply elect a new President, and then he could countermand your
orders. That could take days, though, days of the Ultrablack you had
Madge Benedict instigate in this emergency. It would be too tedious
convincing the Kinsmen to Vote in the dark on a proposition they
couldn't see."
"I—" Stanton said blankly, "I thought you'd force Madge to turn on
Light-of-Day."
"We would, but Lloyd mistakenly ordered her held incommunicado,"
Bodger said tiredly. "He didn't know that was another of your pet
phrases synonymous with death."
"Good Lord!" Lloyd moaned in the darkness. "I didn't dream—"
"Madge brought it on herself, working hand in glove with Stanton,
son," Bodger said. "You did not know. The point is, only Stanton or his
personal Secretary could have called off the emergency. So now we
have to get tough with him."
"Bodger...." Stanton straightened up, his face grim in defeat. "I have
to know: If I do as you ask, countermand the Goons, call off the
Ultrablack—What will happen to me, afterwards?"
"I can't say, Fred," Bodger replied flatly. "We'll have it put to a general
Vote."
"I see," said the President, knowing full well what the result of such a
Vote would be, with the Hive enraged against his exposed treachery.
"Is it your best offer?"
"My only," said Bodger. "Let's go, Fred."
He prodded Stanton's back with the Snapper, and the President
began to move forward, holding his head high, toward the staircase
leading to the control-chamber entrance. Frank opened the panel at
the rear of the prop-Goon, and called for Andra to join him inside it,
then he took Lloyd and Grace by the arms, via the controls, and
guided them through the black blindness after Bodger and his
prisoner.
At the head of the staircase—really no more than a tier-cut segment

of the lead-concrete Sub-Level Two, over which the correspondingly
undercut left wall of the twenty-five-foot-thick level could slide—Frank
had to come to a halt, his prop-Goon not being equipped with
extendable cogs to fit the treads and risers, as the real Goons' wheels
were. "I'm going down there with him," Lloyd said, starting down into
blackness.
"No," his father's voice came from the level below. "I'll handle this
myself, Lloyd. I can see my way and you can't."
Lloyd stood undecided on the brink of the staircase, then Grace found
his arm in the dark and drew him back. "I want to talk to you about
your father, Lloyd," she said, when he was again at her side. "He said
some strange things, up in the Unit...."
Descending the ladder below his prisoner, the Snapper aimed upward
always at the base of Stanton's spine, Bodger reached the cable-net
flooring, and gestured the President to the chair before the control
panel. "Here," he said, returning the other's Voteplate. "You'll need
this. But I don't have to tell you the penalty for one attempt at trickery
on your part."
Stanton took the card silently, and slid it into a slot on the control
panel. A metal square slid back, exposing a hand-microphone. He
took it in his hand, and spoke into it.
"Primal Speakster in control," he said.
All about the two men, the lights of the Brain flickered then a speaker
in the cavity which had held the microphone said, in the cold, flat
tones of the Brain, "Orders."
Stanton glanced up at Bodger, and smiled. And suddenly Bodger was
afraid. There was no hint of fear in the other man's eyes, now, only
confidence and terrible menace.
"There is a false robot, two men and two women with it, on Sub-Level
One," said Stanton, while Bodger goggled in surprise. "Destroy
them!"
"Orders," said the Brain.
"Stanton!" Bodger raged, snapping out of his stunned paralysis. He
depressed the stud of the Snapper clear into the hilt of the weapon,
trying to prevent the activating words from being spoken by the
President. There was a fractional hum of power, and then a searing
fork of hot blue light leaped from a conic protrusion on the Brain's
inner surface and turned the weapon to molten metal in his fingers.
Bodger fell to the flooring, crying out in pain, his raw, blistered hand
nearly driving him unconscious.
"You should have known," Stanton addressed the mewling figure on
the ground near his chair, "that a sonic beam cannot be fired inside
the Brain; it would shatter some of the delicate balances necessary
for its functioning. The Brain has to safeguard itself."
"Stanton—!" Bodger groaned, gritting his teeth against the agony of
his seared hand. "Don't!... Please...."
"Danger," said the dispassionate voice of the Brain.
Stanton spun to face the concavity of the speaker. "What—?" he

blurted, baffled. And then he heard the dim rumble, high above, as
the entire lead-concrete Sub-Level Two slid relentlessly closed.
Stanton jumped from the chair and looked up from the base of the
ladder, to see if his ears had told him the truth. All that was visible at
the head of the hundred-foot ladder was the bottom of the now-closed
metal lid, over which the entire next level had moved. He turned,
white-faced, to Bodger.
"What's happening?"
"Danger," repeated the Brain.
Stanton rushed to the side of the fallen man. "Bodger!" he shrieked,
lifting him by the shoulders and shaking him. "What's happening!?"
"I guess—" Bodger said, smiling tiredly despite the cruel burns, "—I
must've got mad, Fred. My innards, or don't you know about them?"
"I know all about your radiating innards!" Stanton exploded. "But they
couldn't trigger the Brain's protective level! It's impossible! You've
been here before—"
"I was never ... this aroused ... before, Fred," Bodger said weakly.
"And now, for the first time, I ... know the answer to something I never
knew before." He took a breath, gathered together all his strength,
and lifted his face near the other man's, still smiling. "You asked the
Brain about a third term, once—Don't argue, Fred, it's on record—and
yet there is no memory in its circuits of a reply. Tell me, Fred.... What
was its reply?" When Stanton did not respond, Bodger said, "I think I
can tell you. Chaos. Noise. A riot of sound and fury that knocked you
clear off your chair and broke the circuit before it destroyed you.
Because the Brain knew, of course. It's smart, Fred. It can predict
with better accuracy than a human mind. It foresaw, after correlating
all the facts at its disposal, what would be the result of your attempt at
being elected a third time. And it tried to ... tell you...." Bodger
faltered, went grey, and lay back upon the interwoven cables with his
eyes closed. His lips were still working, though, and he finished, "...
the result ... except that the ... Brain doesn't speak ... in words ... just
concepts ... and its concept encompassed ... its own...."
His head rolled to one side, limply.
"Danger," croaked the voice of the Brain.
"Its what? Its own what?!" Stanton yelled, grabbing Bodger's head by
the hair and banging it violently upon the flooring. Bodger, his eyes
rolling, coughed painfully, then sighed, as one who names a long-
awaited friend, "... death."
"Danger!" said the Brain. A wild tootling began in its depths as its
metal mind tried to spare it its terrible fate.
"What danger?" Stanton roared into the microphone, leaping to the
chair before the control panel. "Tell me! I'll find a way out!"
"Danger!" said the Brain. "Danger! Danger!"
There was a wild bluish light playing on the face of the panel, now,
and Stanton knew, suddenly, that it was not of the Brain itself. He
turned, some hideous psychic insight telling him what he could not as
yet realize by his senses, and looked at the body of Lloyd Bodger on
the floor.
Veins and arteries shone like a network of neon lights through the
flesh, a pulsing glow that rose in its intensity by the second. The
internal organs appeared through Bodger's smoldering clothing as on
the screen of a fluoroscope, each alight with self-engendered hellfire.
Bodger's eyes were glowing like hot tungsten through his transparent
lids, his teeth were bared in a smile brighter than sunrise. His every
bone, bit of cartilage, nerve ganglion and muscle fibre sparked like
coals beneath a blacksmith's bellows, and the hairs of his head were
a Medusa-wig of burning, writhing wire.
And then he reached his critical mass.
THE END
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6. Which statement regarding homosexual behaviour in Papua New Guinea is true?

8. Which statement regarding “two-spirited” people in Aboriginal North America is true?

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9. What did Chinese sisterhood movements in 19th-century Guangdon province involve?

11. What have most anthropological studies of same-sex relationships concluded?

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15. How does your text define marriage?

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22. Which of the following is indicated by cross-cultural research on children’s legitimacy?

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25. Which kin term applies to a group of people related by marriage?

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29. What does Pharaonic circumcision involve?

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36. What does endogamy refer to?

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38. Which statement regarding first-cousin marriage is true?

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42. What is the only legal form of marriage in Canada today?

43. Which of the following is true of Canada today?

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46. Which of the following is true in Canada?

48. What is the preferred form of marriage around the world?

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50. What of the following statements about polygyny is true?

52. Which of the following is common in many polygynous societies?

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57. Which of the following is characteristic of polyandry as practiced by the Tibetans?

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60. When is sororal polygyny said to have occurred?

62. Which of the following best describes serial monogamy?

63. Where does serial monogamy tend to occur?

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65. Whose daughter does a man marry in a matrilateral cross-cousin marriage?

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72. Medical anthropologist Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala conducted research on AIDS/HIV in southern

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76. What is the rate of increase of common-law families in Quebec?

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85. What is the difference between sex and gender?

86. What determines a person’s sexual identity?

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: 150

2. Anthropologists contend that diversification of sexual practices, subcultures, and identities is

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 151

3. All human societies place a high value on chastity.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Average REF: 151

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