Ranunculales Medicinal Plants:

Biodiversity, Chemodiversity and

Pharmacotherapy Da-Cheng Hao
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/ranunculales-medicinal-plants-biodiversity-chemodive
rsity-and-pharmacotherapy-da-cheng-hao/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Synthesis of Medicinal Agents from Plants 1st Edition

Ashish Tewari

https://ebookmass.com/product/synthesis-of-medicinal-agents-from-
plants-1st-edition-ashish-tewari/

Medicinal Plants for Holistic Health and Well-Being 1st

Edition Namrita Lall

https://ebookmass.com/product/medicinal-plants-for-holistic-
health-and-well-being-1st-edition-namrita-lall/

Chinese Medicinal Plants, Herbal Drugs and Substitutes:

An Identification

https://ebookmass.com/product/chinese-medicinal-plants-herbal-
drugs-and-substitutes-an-identification/

Medicinal Plants in Asia and Pacific for Parasitic

Infections Christophe Wiart

https://ebookmass.com/product/medicinal-plants-in-asia-and-
pacific-for-parasitic-infections-christophe-wiart/
Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants : Processing, Health
Benefits and Safety Mohammad B. Hossain

https://ebookmass.com/product/herbs-spices-and-medicinal-plants-
processing-health-benefits-and-safety-mohammad-b-hossain/

Medicinal Plants in Asia and Pacific for Parasitic

Infections: Botany, Ethnopharmacology, Molecular Basis,
and Future Prospects Christophe Wiart

https://ebookmass.com/product/medicinal-plants-in-asia-and-
pacific-for-parasitic-infections-botany-ethnopharmacology-
molecular-basis-and-future-prospects-christophe-wiart/

Medicinal plants of South Asia : novel sources for drug

discovery Hanif

https://ebookmass.com/product/medicinal-plants-of-south-asia-
novel-sources-for-drug-discovery-hanif/

The Ecological and Societal Consequences of

Biodiversity Loss 1st Edition Forest Isbell

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-ecological-and-societal-
consequences-of-biodiversity-loss-1st-edition-forest-isbell-2/

The Ecological and Societal Consequences of

Biodiversity Loss 1st Edition Forest Isbell

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-ecological-and-societal-
consequences-of-biodiversity-loss-1st-edition-forest-isbell/
RANUNCULALES
MEDICINAL
PLANTS
Page left intentionally blank
RANUNCULALES
MEDICINAL
PLANTS
Biodiversity, Chemodiversity
and Pharmacotherapy
Da-Cheng Hao


Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, e­ lectronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further infor-
mation about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such
as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such infor-
mation or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties
for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-814232-5

For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at

https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: John Fedor

Acquisition Editor: Glyn Jones
Editorial Project Manager: Naomi Robertson
Production Project Manager: Punithavathy Govindaradjane
Designer: Mark Rogers
Typeset by Thomson Digital
 Contents

About the Author vii 3.3 The Chemical Composition of Berberidaceae

Preface ix Plants 78
3.4 The Chemical Composition of
Menispermaceae 86
1. Genomics and Evolution 3.5 The Chemical Composition of Lardizabalaceae
and Circaeasteraceae Plants 95
of Medicinal Plants 3.6 The Chemical Composition of Papaveraceae
1.1 Introduction 1 and Eupteleaceae Plants 97
1.2 Evolution of Genome, Gene, and Genotype 2 3.7 Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity 99
1.3 Mechanisms of Species Evolution and 3.8 Discussion and Conclusion 110
Diversification 17 References 112
1.4 Phenotype Evolution and Ecology 19
1.5 Pharmacophylogeny vs. 4. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacophylogenomics 21 Diversity of Ranunculaceae Medicinal
1.6 Conclusion and Prospects 28 Compounds
References 28
4.1 Introduction 126
2. Mining Chemodiversity 4.2 Absorption of Ranunculaceae
From Biodiversity: Pharmacophylogeny Compounds 127
of Ranunculaceae Medicinal 4.3 Distribution 133
4.4 Metabolism 134
Plants
4.5 Toxicity 160
2.1 Introduction 36 4.6 Pharmacokinetics and
2.2 Systematics of Ranunculaceae 36 Pharmacodynamics 162
2.3 The Chemical Composition of Ranunculoideae 4.7 Conclusion and Prospect 165
Plants 36 References 165
2.4 The Chemical Composition of Thalictroideae,
Coptidoideae, Hydrastidoideae, and 5. Drug Metabolism and Disposition
Glaucidioideae 45 Diversity of Ranunculales
2.5 Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity 47 Phytometabolites
2.6 Discussion 56
2.7 Conclusion 64 5.1 Introduction 176
References 64 5.2 Absorption 183
5.3 Distribution 186
3. Mining Chemodiversity From 5.4 Metabolism 188
Biodiversity: Pharmacophylogeny of 5.5 Excretion and Elimination 204
Ranunculales Medicinal Plants (Except 5.6 Toxicity and Safety 206
Ranunculaceae) 5.7 Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics 207
3.1 Introduction 74 5.8 Conclusions and Prospect 212
3.2 Systematics and Evolution of Ranunculales 74 References 214

v
vi Contents

6. Anticancer Chemodiversity of 8. Biodiversity, Chemodiversity,

Ranunculaceae Medicinal Plants and Pharmacotherapy of Anemone
Medicinal Plants
6.1 Introduction 224
6.2 Cell Death Pathways 229 8.1 Introduction 298
6.3 MicroRNAs, DNA Damage, and Epigenetic 8.2 Ethnopharmacology 298
Regulation 239 8.3 Phytochemical Components 307
6.4 Oxidative Process and Metabolism 241 8.4 Bioactivities 329
6.5 Antiangiogenic and Antimetastatic 8.5 Taxonomy and Pharmacophylogeny 347
Effects 243 8.6 Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and
6.6 Immunomodulatory Activity 247 Metabolomics 349
6.7 Antiinflammatory Activity 247 8.7 Conclusion and Prospects 351
6.8 Structure-Activity Relationship 248 References 351
6.9 Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and
Metabolomics 249 9. Biodiversity, Chemodiversity, and
6.10 Conclusion and Future Perspective 250
Pharmacotherapy of Ranunculus
References 251
Medicinal Plants
7. Biodiversity, Chemodiversity, and 9.1 Introduction 357
Pharmacotherapy of Thalictrum 9.2 Chemical Constituents 358
Medicinal Plants 9.3 Bioactivity 373
9.4 Phylogenetic Relationship 377
7.1 Introduction 261 9.5 Conclusion 381
7.2 Chemical Constituents 269 References 383
7.3 Bioactivity 277
7.4 Phylogeny 286 Index 387
7.5 Discussion and Conclusion 288
References 294


 About the Author
Da-Cheng Hao, Associate Professor/Prin-
ciple Investigator, School of Environment
and Chemical Engineering/Biotechnology
Institute, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian
116028, China. e-mail: hao@djtu.edu.cn.
Dr. Hao earned his bachelor’s degree in
medicine, master’s degree in science, and PhD
degree in biotechnology from Xi’an Jiaotong
University, National University of Singapore
and Chinese Academy of Sciences respectively.
He had postdoctoral training in the Institute of
Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chi-
nese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS),
under the supervision of Prof. Pei Gen Xiao and
Prof. Shi Lin Chen. He was a visiting scholar
of John Innes Centre, UK, for 1 year (2012–13),
supported by the Ministry of Education, China.
Studies of Dr. Hao are supported by
Liaoning Natural Science Fund (2015020663),
vii
Liaoning postgraduate education and teach-
ing reform project (2016), the Scientific
Research Foundation for ROCS, Ministry of
Education, China (2014), and more. Dr. Hao is
the editorial member of the Journal Chinese
Herbal Medicines at https://www.journals.
elsevier.com/chinese-herbal-medicines/ and
Biotechnology Bulletin at http://biotech.
caas.cn/.
Dr. Hao has published more than 70 SCI
papers and two books, Medicinal Plants: Chem-
istry, Biology and Omics (Elsevier/Woodhead)
and An Introduction of Plant Pharmacophylog-
eny (Chemical Industry Press, China). He is
the peer reviewer of scores of SCI journals,
Elsevier book proposals, and research grant
proposals of Poland National Science Centre
(NCN) and French National research Agency
(ANR).
Page left intentionally blank
 Preface
The history of medicinal plants is as long
as the origin of human beings. For a few
millennia, medicinal plants have contrib-
uted countless medicinal active ingredients,
which are widely used in traditional Chi-
nese medicine (TCM) and worldwide eth-
nomedicine. The current increasing interests
in plant-based medicinal resources promote
the upsurge in research and development,
and many useful compounds are found from
plants of different evolutionary levels, such as
steroidal saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and
glycosides. The expanded studies of chemo-
taxonomy, molecular phylogeny, and phar-
macological activity of medicinal plants are
gaining deeper insights. Pharmaphylogeny
(pharmacophylogeny) is about the study of
medicinal plant genetic relationships (chemi-
cal composition), efficacy (pharmacological
activity and traditional efficacy), and their
correlations, and is a basic tool for research
and development of Chinese medicine and
phytomedicine resources. In the framework
of pharmacophylogenetics, the plant taxa
and species genetic relationships are used as
the clue in this book, and the phytochemis-
try, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology, and
phylogenetic relationships of representative
medicinal tribes and genera, as well as their
relevance to therapeutic efficacy, are dis-
coursed systematically.
There are many disciplines related to phar-
macophylogeny. In the process of writing, a
lot of recent research literature is referenced.
In combination with the author’s own experi-
mental data, this book attempts to reflect the
latest progress in related fields and enrich the
ix
connotation of pharmacophylogeny research.
The author pays attention to novel concepts
and new technology, conforms to the global
trend of research and development, and
puts forward the concept of pharmacophy-
logenomics. The author advocates the com-
prehensive study of molecular phylogenetic
inferences and chemotaxonomic results,
­
taking into account the treatment outcome,
in order to understand the medicinal plant
genetic relationship. Full attention is paid not
only to the domestic medicinal species but also
to relevant foreign species. The ­ genomics/
metabolomics data should be fully used in
the inference. The contradiction between the
chemotaxonomy and the results of molecu-
lar phylogeny is discussed in a proper way.
Due to the limitation of space, the book is
only an introduction and a compendium. It is
intended to be a spur and enlighten thinking
and promote the cognition of related research-
ers on pharmacophylogeny; the develop-
ment of discipline itself and its application
in medical practice are hopefully promoted.
In the future, we must study more species of
medicinal groups under the guidance of phar-
macophylogeny in order to promote the sus-
tainable utilization of TCM resources and find
new compounds with potential therapeutic
value. The continuous integration of systems
biology and various omics concepts and tech-
niques has opened up a broad space for the
development of pharmacophylogeny.
Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants
and contains the families Ranunculaceae
(buttercup family), B­ erberidaceae, Menisper-
maceae, Lardizabalaceae, C ­ircaeasteraceae,
x Preface
Papaveraceae, and Eupteleaceae. Ranuncula-
les belongs to the basal eudicots. It is the most
basal clade in this group and is sister to the
remaining eudicots. Medicinal plants of this
order, for example, poppies and barberries
(Fig. 1), and buttercups, provide myriad phar-
maceutically active components, which have
been commonly used in TCM and worldwide
ethnomedicine since the beginning of civili-
zation. Increasing interest in Ranunculales
plant-based medicinal resources have led to
additional discoveries of many novel com-
pounds, such as alkaloids, saponins, terpe-
noids, glycosides, and phenylpropanoids, in
various species, and to extensive investiga-
tions on their chemodiversity, biodiversity,
and pharmacotherapy. Based on my studies
of plant pharmacophylogeny and my first
Elsevier book Medicinal Plants: Chemistry,
Biology and Omics, this book presents com-
prehensive commentary on the phytochemis-
try, chemotaxonomy, molecular biology, and
phylogeny of selected Ranunculales families
and genera and their relevance to drug effi-
cacy. Exhaustive literature searches are used
to characterize the global trend in the flexible
technologies being applied and fruitful data
therefrom. The interrelationship between
Chinese ­species and between Chinese ­species
FIGURE 1 Mahonia fortunei of Berberidaceae, taken in
Xi’an Botanical Garden, China.

and non-Chinese species is inferred by the
molecular phylogeny based on nuclear and
chloroplast DNA sequences. The conflict
between chemotaxonomy and molecular
phylogeny is revealed and discussed within
the context of drug discovery and devel-
opment. It is indispensable to study more
Ranunculales species for both the sustain-
able conservation/utilization of medicinal
resources and mining novel chemical entities
with potential clinical efficacy. Systems biol-
ogy and high-resolution omics technologies
(genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics,
proteomics, metabolomics, etc.) will acceler-
ate the pharmaceutical research involving
bioactive compounds of Ranunculales.
FEATURES OF THIS BOOK
1. Offers the current perception of biodiver-
sity and chemodiversity of Ranunculales
medicinal plants.
2. Explains how the conceptual framework
of plant pharmacophylogeny benefits the
sustainable exploitation of Ranunculales
pharmaceutical resources.
3. Describes how Ranunculales medicinal
plants work from the chemical level
upward.
4. Discusses how polypharmacology of
Ranunculales compounds inspire new
chemical entity design and development
for improved treatment outcome.
The book is written as a reference for
graduate and senior undergraduate students,
researchers, and professionals in medici-
nal plant, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy,
molecular biology, biotechnology, and agri-
culture and pharmacy within the academic
and industrial sectors. Students and research-
ers in pharmacology, medicinal chemistry,
plant systematics, food and nutrition, clinical
medicine, evolution and ecology, as well as
professionals in pharmaceutical industries,
 Preface
might also be interested in the plants dis-
cussed in this book.
This book is supported by Academic
Publication Fund of Dalian Jiaotong Uni-
versity. Friends and colleagues in many
parts of the world lent support to this book.

xi
We would like to thank all those who have
published the findings that we cite in the
chapters. Special thanks go to the project
editor, Dr. Glyn Jones, from Elsevier and
his group for their interest, support, and
encouragement.
Page left intentionally blank
 C H A P T E R

1
Genomics and Evolution
of Medicinal Plants
O U T L I N E

1.1 Introduction 1 1.4 Phenotype Evolution

and Ecology 19
1.2 Evolution of Genome, Gene, and
Genotype 2 1.5 Pharmacophylogeny vs.
1.2.1 Genome Sequencing 2 Pharmacophylogenomics 21
1.2.2 Chloroplast Genome Evolution 4 1.5.1 Concept 21
1.2.3 Mitochondria (mt) Genome 1.5.2 Molecular Phylogeny and
Evolution 7 Therapeutic Utility 22
1.2.4 Nuclear Genome Evolution 8 1.5.3 Chinese Medicinal Plants 24
1.2.5 Transcriptome 12 1.5.4 Aconitum 26
1.2.6 Evolution and Population
1.6 Conclusion and Prospects 28
Genetics/Genomics 14
References 28
1.3 Mechanisms of Species Evolution
and Diversification 17

1.1 INTRODUCTION

There are more than 300,000 species of extant seed plants around the globe (Jiao
et al., 2011a,b). About 60% of plants have medicinal use in post-Neolithic human history. Now-
adays, people collect plants for medicinal use from not only wild environments but also arti-
ficial cultivation, which is an indispensable part of human civilization. There are over 10,000
medicinal plant species in China, accounting for c. 87% of the Chinese materia medica (CMM)
(Chen et al., 2010). Medicinal plants are also essential raw materials of many chemical drugs,
for example, the blockbuster drugs for antimalarial and anticancer therapies. Currently more
than one-third of clinical drugs are from botanical extracts and/or their derivatives. Unfor-
tunately, most medicinal plants have not been domesticated, and currently there is no toolkit
Ranunculales Medicinal Plants. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814232-5.00001-0
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1
2 1. Genomics and Evolution of Medicinal Plants

FIGURE 1.1 Taxus cuspidata var. nana. Source: Taken in Dalian Jiaotong University, China.

to improve their medicinal attributes for better clinical efficacy. Immoderate harvesting has
led to a supply crisis of phytomedicine, exemplifying in taxane-producing Taxus plants (Hao
et al., 2012a) (Fig. 1.1). On the other hand, successful domestication and improvement are not
realistic without deeper insights into the evolutionary pattern of medicinal plant genomes.
Artificial selection can be regarded as an accelerated and targeted natural selection. Studies of
medicinal plant genome evolution are crucial to not only the ubiquitous mechanisms of plant
evolution and phylogeny but also plant-based drug discovery and development, as well as
the sustainable utilization of plant pharmaceutical resources. This chapter presents a prelimi-
nary examination of the recent developments in medicinal plant genome evolution research
and summarizes the benefits, gaps, and prospects of the current research topics.

1.2 EVOLUTION OF GENOME, GENE, AND GENOTYPE

1.2.1 Genome Sequencing

The genomic studies of medicinal plants lag behind those of model plants and important
crop plants. The genome sequences encompass essential information of plant origin, evolu-
tion, development, physiology, inheritable traits, epigenomic regulation, etc. These elements
are the premise and foundation of deciphering genome diversity and chemodiversity (espe-
cially various secondary metabolites with potential bioactivities) at the molecular level. The
high-throughput sequencing of medicinal plants could not only shed light on the biosynthetic
pathways of medicinal compounds, especially secondary metabolites (Boutanaev et al., 2015),
and their regulation mechanisms but also play a major role in the molecular breeding of high-
yield medicinal cultivars and molecular farming of transgenic medicinal strains.
A few principles should be considered when selecting medicinal plants for whole genome
sequencing projects. First, the source plants of well-known and expensive CMMs or impor-
tant chemical drugs that are in heavy demand have priority, for example, Panax ginseng
(Chen et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015) and Artemisia annua (Moses et al., 2015) (Fig. 1.2); second,
the representative plants whose pharmaceutical components are relatively unambiguous
and that have typical secondary metabolism pathways, for example, Salvia medicinal plants
(Hao et al., 2015a,b); third, the characteristic plants that are in the large medicinal genus/
family, such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese liquorice; Fabaceae) (Hao et al., 2012b, 2015c)


 1.2 Evolution of Genome, Gene, and Genotype 3

FIGURE 1.2 Artemisia annua of Asteraceae. Source: Taken in Tashilunpo Monastery, Tibet, China.

and Lycium chinense (Chinese boxthorn; Solanaceae) (Yao et al., 2011); fourth, the medicinal
plants that are potential model plants and have considerable biological data; and last, the
medicinal plants whose genetic backgrounds are known, with reasonably small diploid
genomes and relatively straightforward genome structures, are preferred.
As there is a lack of comprehensive molecular genetic studies for most medicinal plants,
it is vital to have some preliminary genome evaluations before the whole genome sequenc-
ing. First, DNA barcoding techniques (Hao et al., 2012c) could be used to authenticate the
candidate species; second, karyotypes should be determined by observing metaphase
chromosomes; and last, flow cytometry and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (Hao
et al., 2011b, 2015b) could be chosen to determine the ploidy level and genome size. For
example, flow cytometry was used to determine the genome size of four Panax species (Pan
et al., 2014), with Oryza sativa as the internal standard. Panax notoginseng (San Qi in traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM)) has the largest genome (2454.38 Mb), followed by P. pseudogin-
seng (2432.72 Mb), P. vietnamensis (2018.02 Mb), and P. stipuleanatus (1947.06 Mb), but their
genomes are smaller than the Pa. ginseng genome (∼3.2 Gb). A more reliable approach for
species without the reference genome is the genome survey via the whole genome shotgun
sequencing ­(Polashock et al., 2014). Such nondeep sequencing (30 × coverage), followed by
the bioinformatics analysis, is highly valuable in assessing the genome size, heterozygos-
ity, repeat sequence, guanine/cytosine (GC) content, etc., facilitating the decision-making of
the whole genome sequencing approaches. In addition, RAD-Seq (restriction-site associated
DNA sequencing; Fig. 1.3) (Rubin et al., 2012) could be chosen to construct a RAD library and
perform the low-coverage genome sequencing of reduced representation, which is an effec-
tive approach for assessing the heterozygosity of the candidate genome.
The whole genome sequencing platform is chosen based on the budgetary resources and
the preliminary evaluation of candidate genomes (Chen et al., 2010). GS FLX or Illumina HiSeq
2500 platforms might be suitable for the small simple genome. However, the majority of the
plant genomes belong to the complex genome, which refers to the diploid/polyploidy genome,
with >50% repeat sequences and >0.5% heterozygosity. Two or more sequencing platforms
could be combined for shotgun and paired-end sequencing, while large insert libraries, for
example, BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) (Hao et al., 2015b), yeast artificial chromosome
(Noskov et al., 2011), and Fosmid (Hao et al., 2011b), can be constructed for sequencing, then


4 1. Genomics and Evolution of Medicinal Plants

FIGURE 1.3 Technology roadmap of RAD-Seq and its utility in population evolution and genetic map. InDel,
Insertion and deletion; PCA, principal component analysis; PE, paired end; QC, quality control; QTL, quantitative
trait loci; SV, splice variant.

the s­ ophisticated bioinformatics softwares (Cai et al., 2015; Chalhoub et al., 2014; Denoeud
et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014; Qin et al., 2014) can be used for sequence quality control and
assembly. For instance, GS FLX and shotgun sequencing can be used for the initial genome
assembly to generate 454 contigs, then the paired-end sequencing data from the Illumina
HiSeq or SOLiD platform can be used to determine the order and orientation of 454 contigs,
thus generating scaffolds. Next, Illumina HiSeq or SOLiD data are used to fill the gaps between
some contigs. These steps streamline the genome sequencing pipeline as a whole.
The genetic map and physical map are fundamental tools for the assembly of the complex
plant genome and functional genomics research. The genetic linkage map of Bupleurum chinense
(Bei Chai Hu in TCM) was constructed using 28 ISSR (intersimple sequence repeat) and 44 SSR
(microsatellite) markers (Zhan et al., 2010); 29 ISSRs and 170 SRAPs (sequence-related ampli-
fied polymorphisms) were mapped to 25 linkage groups of Siraitia grosvenorii (Luo Han Guo in
TCM) (Liu et al., 2011). These preliminary results are useful in metabolic gene mapping, map-
based cloning, and marker-assisted selection of medicinal traits. The high-throughput physical
map could be anchored via the BAC-pool sequencing (Cviková et al., 2015), which, along with
its integration with high-density genetic maps, could benefit from next generation sequencing
(NGS) and high-throughput array platforms (Ariyadasa and Stein, 2012). The development of
dense genetic maps of medicinal plants is still challenging, as the parental lines and their prog-
enies with the unambiguous genetic link are not available for most medicinal plants.

1.2.2 Chloroplast Genome Evolution

Chloroplast (cp) is responsible for photosynthesis, and its genome sequences have versatile
utility in evolution, adaptation, and robust growth of most medicinal plants. The substitution


 1.2 Evolution of Genome, Gene, and Genotype 5
rate of the cp nucleotide sequence is three to four times faster than that of the mitochondria
(mt) sequence (Zhao et al., 2015), implicating more uses of the former in inferring both inter-
specific and intraspecific evolutionary relationships (Ma et al., 2014; Malé et al., 2012; Qian
et al., 2013; Su et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2015).
Pa. ginseng is a “crown” TCM plant and frequently used in health-promoting food and
clinical therapy. NGS technology provides insight into the evolution and polymorphism of
Pa. ginseng cp genome (Zhao et al., 2015). The cp genome length of Chinese Pa. ginseng culti-
vars Damaya (DMY), Ermaya (EMY), and Gaolishen (GLS) was 156,354 bp, while the genome
length was 156,355 bp in wild ginseng (YSS), which is smaller than Omani lime (C. auran-
tiifolia; 159,893 bp) (Su et al., 2014) and 12 Gossypium cp genomes (159,959–160,433 bp) (Xu
et al., 2012) but bigger than Rhazya stricta cp genome (154,841 bp) (Park et al., 2014). Gene
content, GC content, and gene order in DMY are quite similar to other strains, and nucleo-
tide sequence diversity of inverted repeat region (IR) is lower than that of large single-copy
region (LSC) and small single-copy region (SSC). The high-resolution reads were mapped to
the genome sequences to investigate the differences of the minor allele, which showed that
the cp genome is heterogeneous during domestication; 208 minor allele sites with minor allele
frequencies of ≥0.05 were identified. The polymorphism site numbers per kb cp genome of
DMY, EMY, GLS, and YSS were 0.74, 0.59, 0.97, and 1.23, respectively. All minor allele sites
were in LSC and IR regions, and the four strains showed the same variation types (substi-
tution base or indel) at all identified polymorphism sites. The minor allele sites of the cp
genome underwent purifying selection to adapt to the changing environment during domes-
tication. The study of medicinal plant cp genomes with particular focus on minor allele sites
would be valuable in probing the dynamics of the cp genomes and authenticating different
strains and cultivars.
The genus Citrus contains many economically important fruits that are grown worldwide
for their high nutritional and medicinal value. Due to frequent hybridizations among species
and cultivars, the exact number of natural species and the evolutionary relationships within
this genus are blurred. It is essential to compare the Citrus cp genomes and to develop suit-
able genetic markers for both basic research and practical use. A reference-assisted approach
was adopted to assemble the complete cp genome of Omani lime (Su et al., 2014), whose orga-
nization and gene content are similar to most rosid lineages characterized to date. Compared
with the sweet orange (Ci. sinensis), three intergenic regions and 94 simple sequence repeats
(SSRs) were identified as potentially informative markers for resolving interspecific relation-
ships, which can be harnessed to better understand the origin of domesticated Citrus and
foster the germplasm conservation. A comparison among 72 species belonging to 10 families
of representative rosid lineages also provides new insights into their cp genome evolution.
The monocot family Orchidaceae, evolutionarily more ancient than asterids and rosids,
is one of the largest angiosperm families, including many medicinal, horticultural, and
ornamental species. Orchid phytometabolites display antinociceptive (Morales-Sánchez
et al., 2014), antiangiogenic (Basavarajappa et al., 2014), and antimycobacterial (Ponnuchamy
et al., 2014) activities, etc. In South Asia, orchid bulb is used for the treatment of asthma,
bronchitis, throat infections, and dermatological infections and also used as a blood purifier
(Nagananda and Satishchandra, 2013). Sequencing the complete cp genomes of the medicinal
plant Dendrobium officinale (Tie Pi Shi Hu in TCM) and the ornamental orchid Cypripedium
macranthos reveals their gene content and order, as well as potential RNA-editing sites (Luo
et al., 2014). The cp genomes of these two species and five known photosynthetic orchids are


6 1. Genomics and Evolution of Medicinal Plants

similar in structure as well as gene order and content, but the organization of the IR/SSC
junction and ndh gene is distinct. IRs flanking the SSC region underwent expansion or con-
traction in different Orchidaceae species. Fifteen highly divergent protein-coding genes were
identified and are useful in phylogenetic inference of orchids. Cp phylogenomic analysis can
be used to resolve the interspecific relationship that cannot be inferred by a few cp markers.
Bamboo leaves are used as a component in TCM for the antiinflammatory function (Koide
et al., 2011). Medicinal bamboo cupping therapy is applied to reduce fibromyalgia symptoms
(Cao et al., 2011). Bamboo extracts exhibit antioxidant effects (Jiao et al., 2011a,b) and are used
to treat chronic fever and infectious diseases (Wang et al., 2012). The whole cp genome data
sets of 22 temperate bamboos considerably increased resolution along the backbone of tribe
Arundinarieae (temperate woody bamboo) and afforded solid support for most relationships
regardless of the very short internodes and long branches in the tree (Ma et al., 2014). An
additional cp phylogenomic study, involving the full cp genome sequences of eight Olyreae
(herbaceous bamboo) and 10 Arundinarieae species, strengthened the soundness of the above
study and recovered monophyletic relationship between Bambuseae (tropical woody bamboo)
and Olyreae (Wysocki et al., 2015).
The monocot genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) has about 140 species of bulbous perennial plants
that embraces taxa of both horticultural and medicinal importance. The bulbs of plants belong-
ing to the Fritillaria cirrhosa group have been used as antitussive and expectorant herbs in TCM
for thousands of years (Wu et al., 2015). The anticancer activity and cardiovascular effects of
­Fritillaria phytometabolites are well documented (Hao et al., 2015c). Fritillaria species have
attracted attention also because of their remarkably large genome sizes, with all values recorded
to date above 30 Gb (Day et al., 2014). A phylogenetic reconstruction, including the most cur-
rently recognized species diversity of the genus, was performed (Day et al., 2014). Three regions
of the cp genome were sequenced in 92 species (c. 66% of the genus) and in representatives of
nine other genera of Liliaceae. Eleven low-copy nuclear genes were screened in selected species,
but they had limited utility in phylogenetic reconstruction. Phylogenetic analysis of a com-
bined plastid data set supported the monophyly of the majority of presently identified subgen-
era. However, the subgenus Fritillaria, which is by far the largest subgenera and includes the
most important species used in TCM, is found to be polyphyletic. Clade, containing the source
plants of Chuan Bei Mu, Hubei Bei Mu, and Anhui Bei Mu, might be treated as a separate
subgenus (Hao et al., 2013a). The Japanese endemic subgenus Japonica, which contains the spe-
cies with the largest recorded genome size for any diploid plant, is sister to the largely Middle
Eastern and Central Asian subgenus Rhinopetalum, which is significantly incongruent with the
nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) tree. Convergent or parallel evolution of phenotypic
traits may be a common cause of incongruence between morphology-based classifications and
the results of molecular phylogeny. While relationships between most major Fritillaria lineages
can be resolved, these results also highlight the need for data from more independently evolv-
ing loci, which is pretty perplexing given the huge nuclear genomes found in these plants.
Medicinal plant diversity, comprised of genetic diversity, medicinal species diversity,
ecological system diversity, etc. (Hao et al., 2014a), results from the intricate interactions
between medicinal plant and environment, and thus is profoundly influenced by the eco-
logical complex and the relevant versatile ecological processes. The effects of the evolution-
ary processes have to be taken into full consideration when explaining the link between
climatic/ecological factors and medicinal plant diversity, especially where there is strong,
uneven differentiation of species. A distinguished example is the “sky islands” of Southwest


 1.2 Evolution of Genome, Gene, and Genotype 7
China (He and Jiang, 2014), where the extraordinarily rich resources of medicinal plants
rose and thrived during the Quaternary Period. To date, many medicinal tribes and gen-
era, for example, Pedicularis (Eaton and Ree, 2013) (Fig. 1.4), Clematis (Hao et al., 2013b),
Aconitum (Hao et al., 2013c, 2015d,e), and Delphinium (Jabbour and Renner, 2012), are still
in the process of rapid radiation and dynamic differentiation. The cp genome sequence can
be regarded as the super-barcode of the organelle scale and thus can be used to probe the
intraspecific variations (Whittall et al., 2010) and phylogeographic patterns of the same spe-
cies in the disparate geographic locations (e.g., geoherb or Daodi medicinal materials) (Zhao
et al., 2012). The application of the cp genome sequence at the population level may provide
clues for the timing and degree of the intraspecific differentiation. Distilling the interpopu-
lation relationship from the cp data set can be considered a more detailed phylogenetic
reconstruction.

1.2.3 Mitochondria (mt) Genome Evolution

Some fundamental evolution concepts, such as lateral gene transfer, are bolstered by the
inquiry of the origin of mt, while plants are especially useful inelucidating the mechanisms of
cytonuclear coevolution. Although the gene order of the mt genome might evolve relatively
faster in land plants, the substitution rate of its nucleotide sequence is merely 1/100 that of its
animal sequence (Hao et al., 2014a). Therefore, the mt genome sequence is less useful than the
cp one in inferring the phylogenetic relationship of medicinal species (Henriquez et al., 2014).
Notwithstanding, analyzing genome sequences contributes knowledge about the evolution
of the mt genome. Moreover, the terpene synthase has been found in mt (Hsu et al., 2012),
highlighting its utility in secondary metabolism.
R. stricta (Apocynaceae) is native to arid regions in South Asia and the Middle East and is used
extensively in folk medicine. Analyses of the complete cp and mt genomes and a nuclear (nr)
transcriptome of Rhazya shed light on intercompartmental transfers between genomes and the
patterns of evolution among eight asterid mt genomes (Park et al., 2014). The Rhazya genome is

FIGURE 1.4 Pedicularis longiflora of Scrophulariaceae. Source: Taken in Dingri County, Tibet, China.


Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Säugethiere vom
Celebes- und Philippinen-Archipel
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will
have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
using this eBook.

Title: Säugethiere vom Celebes- und Philippinen-Archipel

Author: Adolf Bernhard Meyer

Release date: September 11, 2023 [eBook #71616]

Language: German

Original publication: Berlin: Verlag von R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1896

Credits: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg (This file
was produced from images generously made available by
Biodiversity Heritage Library.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SÄUGETHIERE VOM

CELEBES- UND PHILIPPINEN-ARCHIPEL ***
[Inhalt]

[I]

[Inhalt]
 Abhandlungen und Berichte des
Königlichen Zoologischen und
Anthropologisch-Ethnographischen
Museums zu Dresden 1896/97

Nr. 6

Säugethiere
vom
Celebes- und Philippinen-
Archipel

I
 von
A. B. Meyer

Mit 9 colorirten und 6 Lichtdruck-Tafeln

Verlag von R. Friedländer & Sohn in Berlin

1896
[III]

[Inhalt]

Dem Andenken
Alexander Schadenberg’s
gewidmet [V]

[Inhalt]
 Inhaltsverzeichniss
Seite

Widmung III
Tafelerklärung VII
1. M a c a c u s m a u r u s F. Cuv. mit Taf. I, II Fig. 1–2 und III Fig. 1–2 1
2. und 3. M a c a c u s c y n o m o l g u s L. und p h i l i p p i n e n s i s Js.
Geoffr. 4
4. und 5. C y n o p i t h e c u s n i g e r (Desm.) und n i g r e s c e n s
(Temm.) mit Taf. II Fig. 3–4 und III Fig. 3–4 5
6. Ta r s i u s f u s c u s Fisch.-Waldh. 8
7. Ta r s i u s s a n g i r e n s i s n. sp. 9
8. Ta r s i u s p h i l i p p e n s i s A. B. Meyer mit Taf. IV 9
9. Ta r s i u s s p e c t r u m (Pall.) 9
10. P a r a d o x u r u s m u s s c h e n b r o e k i Schl. mit Taf. V und VI 10
11. B u b a l u s m i n d o r e n s i s Heude mit Taf. VII und VIII 12
12. B a b i r u s a a l f u r u s Less. mit Taf. IX 15
Vorkommen und damit in Verbindung stehende Fragen 15
Zahnformel 22
Bewehrung der Sau 23
13. S c i u r u s t o n k e a n u s n. sp. mit Taf. X Fig. 1 25
14. S c i u r u s l e u c o m u s M. Schl. mit Taf. X Fig. 2 25
15. S c i u r u s r o s e n b e r g i Jent. mit Taf. X Fig. 3 26
16. S c i u r u s t i n g a h i n. sp. mit Taf. X Fig. 4 27
17. S c i u r u s s t e e r i Gthr. 27
18. S c i u r u s m i n d a n e n s i s Steere mit Taf. XI Fig. 1 28
19. S c i u r u s s a m a r e n s i s Steere mit Taf. XI Fig. 2 29
20. P h l œ o m y s c u m i n g i Wtrh. mit Taf. XII und XIII Fig. 1–2 29
21. C r a t e r o m y s s c h a d e n b e r g i (A. B. Meyer) mit Taf. XIII Fig.
3–6 und XIV 32
22. P h a l a n g e r c e l e b e n s i s Gr. mit Taf. XV Fig. 1 33
23. P h a l a n g e r s a n g i r e n s i s n. sp. mit Taf. XV Fig. 2–3 34
24. P h a l a n g e r u r s i n u s (Temm.) 34
 Index 35

[VII]

[Inhalt]
 Tafelerklärung

Tafel I M a c a c u s m a u r u s F. Cuv. von Celebes. 1 fem. Seite 2 und 3

juv., 2 mas juv., 3 und 4 fem. juv., 5 mas ad. Circa ⅙
nat. Grösse.
Tafel II 1–2 S c h ä d e l von M a c a c u s m a u r u s F. Cuv. Seite 3
von Celebes, mas ad., norma facialis und lateralis.
¾ nat. Grösse.
3–4 S c h ä d e l von C y n o p i t h e c u s n i g e r Seite 5
(Desm.) von Nord Celebes, mas ad., norma facialis
und lateralis. ¾ nat. Grösse.
Tafel III 1–2 S c h ä d e l von M a c a c u s m a u r u s F. Cuv. Seite 3
von Celebes, mas ad., norma verticalis und basalis.
¾ nat. Grösse.
3–4 S c h ä d e l von C y n o p i t h e c u s n i g e r Seite 5
(Desm.) von Nord Celebes, mas ad., norma
verticalis und basalis. ¾ nat. Grösse.
Tafel IV Ta r s i u s p h i l i p p e n s i s A. B. Meyer von den Seite 9
Philippinen. Nat. Grösse.
Tafel V P a r a d o x u r u s m u s s c h e n b r o e k i Schl. von Seite 10
Nord Celebes, mas ad., fem. juv. ⅕–⅙ nat. Grösse.
Tafel VI 1 S k e l e t von P a r a d o x u r u s Seite 11
m u s s c h e n b r o e k i Schl. von Nord Celebes, mas
ad. ⅓ nat. Grösse.
2 Linke V o l a desselben Exemplares. Nat. Grösse. Seite 11

Nagel-
a–e oder Endballen
Metacarpophalangealballen
α–δ
Radialballen
r
Ulnarballen
u
Pisiformballen
P
1.–5.
I–VFinger
 3 Linke P l a n t a desselben Exemplares. Nat. Seite 11
Grösse.

Nagel-
a–e oder Endballen
Metatarsophalangealballen
α–δ
Tibialballen
t
Fibularballen
f
1.–5.
I–VZehe

Tafel VII B u b a l u s m i n d o r e n s i s Heude von Mindoro, Seite 14

mas ad. (stehend), fem. ad. (liegend) und fem. juv.
Circa 1⁄12 nat. Grösse.
Tafel VIII 1 S k e l e t von B u b a l u s m i n d o r e n s i s Heude Seite 14
von Mindoro, fem. ad. Circa ⅛ nat. Grösse.
2 S c h ä d e l derselben Art, fem. juv. ⅓ nat. Grösse. Seite 14
Tafel IX 1 Zwei aneinander gebundene, abnorm kreisförmig Seite 18[VIII]
gewachsene untere S c h w e i n e h a u e r von
Nordost Neu Guinea, Brustschmuck der
Eingebornen. Der obere Zahn ist ein linker, der
untere ein rechter. Nat. Grösse.
2 Abnorm. kreisförmig gewachsener Hauer im Seite 20
Unterkiefer von B a b i r u s a a l f u r u s Less., mas
ad. Nat. Grösse.
3 Vorderer Schädeltheil von B a b i r u s a a l f u r u s Seite 24
Less. von Nord Celebes, fem. ad. Nat. Grösse.
Tafel X 1 S c i u r u s t o n k e a n u s n. sp. von Nordost Seite 25
Celebes. Circa ¾ nat. Grösse.
2 S c i u r u s l e u c o m u s M. Schl. von Nord Seite 25
Celebes. Unter ⅓ nat. Grösse.
3 S c i u r u s r o s e n b e r g i Jent. von den Sangi Seite 26
Inseln. Circa ⅓ nat. Grösse.
4 S c i u r u s t i n g a h i n. sp. von Tagulandang. Seite 27
Circa ⅗ nat. Grösse.
Tafel XI 1 S c i u r u s m i n d a n e n s i s Steere von Seite 28
Mindanao. Circa ⅔ nat. Grösse.
 2 S c i u r u s s a m a r e n s i s Steere von Samar. Seite 29
Circa ⅔ nat. Grösse.
Tafel XII P h l œ o m y s c u m i n g i Wtrh. Circa ¼ nat. Seite 29
Grösse.

mas ad.
1 von Nord Luzon
2
fem. ad.
,, ,, ,,
3
mas ad.
,, ,, ,,
mas ad.
4 von Marinduque
5
fem. ad.
,, ,,
6
mas ad.
,, ,,
7
mas juv.
,, ,,

Tafel XIII 1 S k e l e t von P h l œ o m y s c u m i n g i Wtrh. Seite 32

fem. ad. von Nord Luzon. ⅔ nat. Grösse.
2 P e n i s k n o c h e n derselben Art. Nat. Grösse. Seite 32
3 S c h ä d e l von C r a t e r o m y s Seite 33
s c h a d e n b e r g i (A. B. Meyer) von Nord Luzon,
mas ad., norma lateralis. Nat. Grösse.
4 Derselbe, norma verticalis. Nat. Grösse. Seite 33
5 Derselbe, norma basalis. Nat. Grösse. Seite 33
6 U n t e r k i e f e r von demselben, von oben. Nat. Seite 33
Grösse.
Tafel XIV C r a t e r o m y s s c h a d e n b e r g i (A. B. Meyer) Seite 32
von Nord Luzon. ⅓–¼ nat. Grösse. Fig. 2 und 3 mar.
ad.
Tafel XV 1 P h a l a n g e r c e l e b e n s i s G r . von Nord Seite 33
Celebes. Circa ⅓ nat. Grösse.
2–3 P h a l a n g e r s a n g i r e n s i s n. sp. von den Seite 34.
Sangi Inseln. Circa ⅓ nat. Grösse.
[1]
[Inhalt]
 1. Macacus maurus F. Cuv.

Tafel I, II Fig. 1–2 und III Fig. 1–2

M a x W e b e r hat vor Kurzem (Zool. Ergebn. I, 103 1890) den

interessanten Nachweis geführt, dass Macacus maurus F. Cuv. und
Macacus ocreatus Ogilb. ausschliesslich auf Celebes 1 zu Haus und
wahrscheinlich identisch sind. Er hat damit das Dunkel, in dem diese
beiden Formen bisher standen, erhellt, und wenn er das Resultat
seiner scharfsinnigen Darlegung auch nur eine „supposition“ nennt
(p. 108), so glaube ich doch, dass es sich so verhält, wie er
vermuthet. Wenn W e b e r M. maurus aber lediglich auf Süd Celebes
und die Insel Buton beschränkt sein lässt 2, so ergeben zwei
Exemplare, die das Museum kürzlich von Tonkean, auf der
nördlichen Halbinsel, gegenüber dem Banggai Archipel 3, erhielt,
dass die Art eine viel weitere Verbreitung hat. Bis dahin war sie
allerdings nur aus dem Süden und von Buton bekannt geworden,
und zwar nach W e b e r (p. 103) von Maros, Tanralili, Bantimurung,
Parepare, Bonthain 4 und Katjang auf der Südwest Halbinsel, von
Kandari auf der Südost Halbinsel, sowie von Buton, ferner nach
S c h l e g e l (Cat. VII, 118 1876) und J e n t i n k (XI, 32 1892) von
Makassar, womit jedenfalls die w e i t e r e Umgebung der Stadt
gemeint ist, und von wo mir auch die Herren S a r a s i n schrieben,
dass sie M. maurus reichlich bekämen. Ich selbst beobachtete
diesen Affen am 16. Sept. 1871 in Mandalli, ungefähr in der Mitte
zwischen Makassar und Parepare; die holländischen Beamten, mit
denen ich zusammen war, wollten jedoch durchaus nicht zugeben,
dass ich einen schösse. Im October erhielt ich welche in Makassar
und reflectirte über die Unterschiede von Cynopithecus niger (Desm.)
bezüglich Färbung und Physiognomie; am 29. Oct. erlegte ich am
Wasserfalle von Bantimurung, östlich von Maros, ein grosses
Weibchen, das Milch hatte, und dessen Unbehaartheit mir auffiel.
Das auch geschossene Junge war im Dickichte nicht auffindbar. Der
Affe kam hier in Schaaren vor. Ich notirte auch, dass die
Gesässchwielen dunkel seien, gegenüber den rothen von C. niger in
der Minahassa, was mit W e b e r s Angabe (p. 104) nicht
übereinstimmt, der sie als „rosy“ angiebt.

Wenn nun durch die Tonkean Exemplare das Vorkommen von M.

maurus im Nordosten, so weit vom Süden der Insel entfernt, sicher
gestellt ist, so wird damit ohne Weiteres w a h r s c h e i n l i c h , dass
er auch das ganze dazwischen liegende Gebiet bevölkert. Durch
zwei im Ethnographischen Museum befindliche Kopfbedeckungen
mit Affenfell, die eine von „Ost Celebes“, die andere vom Poso See 5,
kann ich jedoch e r w e i s e n , dass dem so ist; denn ein Vergleich
der Haare mit denen von C. niger und M. maurus ergiebt, dass sie
von M. maurus, und nicht von C. niger stammen. P. und F.
S a r a s i n sagen von den Wäldern von [2]Central Celebes (Z. Erdk.
Berlin XXX, 328 1895), dass Affen sich nicht blicken liessen, doch
fanden sie bei den Toradjas Mützen mit schwarzem langhaarigen
Affenfell überzogen (p. 339), jedenfalls solche, wie die eine der eben
aus dem Ethnographischen Museum vom Poso See erwähnten. In
Luhu hörte W e b e r (p. 103) Nichts von einem Affen, allein obige
Thatsachen lassen es mir nicht zweifelhaft erscheinen, dass M.
maurus ganz Celebes bis auf die langgestreckte nördliche Halbinsel
bevölkert. Hier kennt man (S c h l e g e l Cat. VII, 120 1870) von der
Nordspitze der Minahassa bis Tomini (in der Nordwestecke des
Golfes gleichen Namens) C. niger (resp. nigrescens), und wenn die
beiden Affen, wie es scheint, nicht in derselben Gegend zugleich
vorkommen, so bliebe nur die Strecke Tomini-Kajeli-Mandar unsicher
hinsichtlich der Art, die sie beherbergt, oder, da es nicht
unwahrscheinlich ist, dass sich Kajeli-Mandar in dieser Beziehung
Süd und Central Celebes anschliessen, nur die schmale Landzunge,
die den Körper von Celebes mit dem nördlichen Arme verbindet.
Dieses scheint aber für die Frage der geographischen Verbreitung
der zwei Arten im Grossen und Ganzen nicht wesentlich, so
erwünscht es auch ist, genaue Kenntniss davon zu haben. Von der
Tonkean nahen Insel Peling erhielt das Museum M. maurus nicht,
und da deren Fauna schon keinen echt celebischen Charakter mehr
hat (s. Abh. Mus. Dresden 1896/7 Nr. 2), so ist das Nichtvorkommen
daselbst auch nicht auffallend.

Auf Tafel I findet sich M. maurus in verschiedenen Haarkleidern (c. ⅙

n. Gr.) dargestellt, und zwar nach Exemplaren des Dresdner
Museums und nach W e b e r schen aus der Sammlung des
Amsterdamer Zoologischen Gartens, von denen mir zwei von Dr.
K e r b e r t gütigst geliehen wurden. Man dürfte, da bis jetzt nur
jüngere Menagerie-Exemplare abgebildet worden sind, die
Wiedergabe charakteristischer Individuen von sicheren Fundorten
nicht für überflüssig erachten, besonders auch in Anbetracht der
Verwirrung, die bis zur W e b e r schen Darstellung über M. maurus
und ocreatus herrschte; ein adultes, wie das Dresdner von Tonkean,
ist überhaupt noch nicht abgebildet worden.

F i g u r 1 . J u n g e s W e i b c h e n von Bantimurung (2076). 3.

Molar noch unentwickelt. So gut wie einfarbig, mit nur schwachen
Spuren einer helleren Zeichnung hinten. Es entspricht ungefähr der
C u v i e r schen Abbildung (Hist. nat. III 1823 Avril) eines M. maurus
„d’un pelage uniformément brun foncé“, nach der man diesen Affen
aber schwer identificiren kann 6, sowie der G r a y schen (P. Z. S.
1866 pl. XIX) von M. inornatus (= maurus) eines jüngeren
Individuums, „blackish brown, nearly uniform … the hinder part of the
thigh greyish white“ (p. 202), das wohl etwas mehr Zeichnung hinten
hatte. — Vom Vertex zum Anus 380 mm, Hinterhand 125,
Schädellänge 106.5, Jochbogenbreite 69.2.

F i g u r 2 . J u n g e s M ä n n c h e n von der Insel Buton, aus dem

genannten Amsterdamer Museum, von W e b e r (p. 103) lebend
heimgebracht. 3. Molar unentwickelt, Milchgebiss zum Theile noch
vorhanden. Etwas grösser als das Exemplar Figur 1.
Gesammtfärbung noch bräunlich, wenn auch grauer als bei Figur 1,
die helle Zeichnung hinten gut ausgeprägt, Unterarm und
Unterschenkel deutlich heller grau abgesetzt. — Vom Vertex zum
Anus 410 mm, Hinterhand 140, Schädellänge 115, Jochbogenbreite
68,1.

F i g u r 3 . J u n g e s W e i b c h e n von Kandari, aus dem

genannten Amsterdamer Museum, auch von W e b e r (p. 103)
lebend heimgebracht. 3. Molar noch unentwickelt. Ziemlich von
derselben Grösse, wie das junge Männchen Figur 2, aber bereits
schön glänzend schwarz mit weisslicher Zeichnung hinten (hier in
der Behaarung defect) und mit lebhafter grauem Unterarm und
Unterschenkel als das Männchen Figur 2. Es entspricht am Besten
der S c l a t e r schen Abbildung eines nicht adulten Exemplares von
M. ocreatus (P. Z. S. 1860 pl. LXXXII und S c l . & W o l f : Zool.
Sketches II 1867 pl. I), das die helle Zeichnung hinten noch nicht
ausgeprägt aufweist 7. — Vom Vertex zum Anus 420 mm, Hinterhand
140, Schädellänge 115, Jochbogenbreite 71.

F i g u r 4 . J u n g e s W e i b c h e n (nach einem Fell ohne Schädel

gezeichnet) von Tonkean (B 3167) in der ungefähren Grösse der
Exemplare Figur 2 und 3, mit ausgeprägter heller Zeichnung hinten
und von bräunlich schwarzer Färbung, nicht so tief glänzend schwarz
wie Figur 3, aber die E x t r e m i t ä t e n ebenfalls
b r ä u n l i c h s c h w a r z , nicht heller. [3]

F i g u r 5 . A d u l t e s M ä n n c h e n von Tonkean (2469), dessen

Schädel Tafel II Fig. 1–2 und III Fig. 1–2 in ¾ n. Gr. in der norma
facialis, lateralis, verticalis und basalis wiedergegeben ist. Stumpf
schwarz, leicht graubläulich angeflogen, mit sehr ausgeprägter heller
Zeichnung hinten, aber ebenfalls mit d u n k l e n E x t r e m i t ä t e n ,
und zwar: Unterarm und Unterschenkel aussen stumpf schwarz,