8

Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx

WmcçDbn,rnbhWk RtrsWhmWahkhsx

Hmsqnctbshnm
ffd dmuhqnmldms‘k bqhrhr g‘r hlonrdc ‘m tqfdmbx nm qduhrhmf sgd qnkd ne
M‘stqd hm sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr- Mdv ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn sgd qdk‘shnmr adsvddm
M‘stqd ‘mc rnbhdsx g‘ud dldqfdc) hlonrhmf sgd mddc sn hmsdqm‘khyd dbn,
knfhb‘k ‘mc btkstq‘k bnmchshnmr enq ‘m dpths‘akd) chudqrd) ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd
cdudknoldms- Dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx g‘r hlohmfdc nm sgd rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf
ldbg‘mhrlr ne ahnknfhb‘k ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr) vghbg ‘qd qdronmrhakd
enq fkna‘k dbnknfhb‘k a‘k‘mbd ‘mc qdfdmdq‘shnm ne m‘stq‘k qdrntqbdr- Hs
cdrsqnxr sgd dbnknfhb‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k bnmchshnmr enq rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm
’M‘qdcn 1//5(- L‘qjds ldbg‘mhrlr cn mns ‘rrhfm itrs u‘ktd dhsgdq sn sgd

? qrs udqrhnm ne sghr bg‘osdq v‘r oqdrdmsdc ‘s sgd Rdbnmc Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Bnmedqdmbd Hlokhb‘shnmr
‘mc ?ookhb‘shnmr ne Ahndbnmnlhbr) Dtqnod‘m ?rrnbh‘shnm enq Ahndbnmnlhb Rstchdr- Cq‘f‘m
Dtqnod‘m Entmc‘shnm) O‘kl‘ cd L‘kknqb‘) L‘qbg 00“02) 0883- ? qduhrdc udqrhnm v‘r oqdrdmsdc
hm sgd Bnmedqdmbd Fdsshmf Cnvm sn D‘qsg9 Oq‘bshb‘k ?ookhb‘shnmr ne Dbnknfhb‘k Dbnmnlhbr)
Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Rnbhdsx enq Dbnknfhb‘k Dbnmnlhbr) R‘m InrÉ) Bnrs‘ Phb‘) 13“17 Nbsnadq) 0883 ‘mc
otakhrgdc hm Kdfi) D- ’0885(- Eqnl dbnknfhb‘k dbnmnlhbr sn oqnctbshud dbnknfx9 odqrodbshudr nm
rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms eqnl sgd Rntsg)– hm Bnrs‘my‘) P-) Rdftq‘) N- ‘mc L‘qsémdy,?khdq) I-)
Fdsshmf Cnvm sn DWqsg9 OqWbshbWi ?ooihbWshnmr ne DbninfhbWi Dbnmnlhbr) Hmsdqm‘shnm‘k Rnbhdsx enq
Dbnknfhb‘k Dbnmnlhbr) Hrk‘mc Oqdrr) V‘rghmfsnm) CB) oo- 66“78- ffhr hr ‘ mdv udqrhnm a‘rdc nm
sgnrd oqduhntr o‘odqr-

© ffd ?tsgnq’r() tmcdq dwbktrhud khbdmrd sn Roqhmfdq M‘stqd Rvhsydqk‘mc ?F 1/10 110
D- Kdfi) OnihshbWi Dbninfx) gssor9..cnh-nqf.0/-0//6.867,2,/2/,52214,6]8
111 D- Kdee

knmf,sdql rxmdqfhrshb oqnctbshuhsx ne rnbhn,dmuhqnmldms‘k oqnbdrrdr sg‘s

rtoonqs rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms) mnq sn rnbh‘k dpthsx ‘mc btkstq‘k chudq,
rhsx- Dbnmnlhbr b‘mmns ad rtartldc hm ahnknfhb‘k k‘vr mnq hmbnqonq‘sd
sgd rodbh bhsx ne rnbh‘k qhfgsr) hmsdqdrsr) ‘mc hmrshstshnmr sg‘s cd md sgd
bnmchshnmr enq sgd o‘qshbho‘snqx ‘mc cdlnbq‘shb l‘m‘fdldms ne m‘stq‘k
qdrntqbdr- ffd dldqfdms o‘q‘chfl ne ahndbnmnlhbr g‘r oqnonrdc ‘ sgdq,
lncxm‘lhb ‘ooqn‘bg sn ‘m‘kxyd sgd tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne sgd dbnmnlhb
oqnbdrr fqntmchmf hs nm sgd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox- Xds) sghr bqhshb‘k ‘ooqn‘bg
hr ‘ khlhsdc nmd) rhmbd hs chrqdf‘qcr sgd etmc‘ldms‘k oqnbdrr nm vghbg khed
cdodmcr9 mdfdmsqnox- ffd mdfdmsqnohb onsdmsh‘k sg‘s lnahkhydr sgd dbn,
knfhb‘k nqf‘mhy‘shnm ne khed nm sgd ok‘mds hr sgd a‘rhr enq ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud
oqnctbshud o‘q‘chfl) athks nm sgd hmsdfq‘shnm ne dbnknfhb‘k) sdbgmnknfh,
b‘k) ‘mc btkstq‘k oqnbdrrdr sg‘s bnmsqhatsd sn rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm ne
rnbh‘kkx cd mdc vd‘ksg- ffhr dbn,sdbgmnknfhb‘k o‘q‘chfl enq oqnctbshnm
dmg‘mbdr sgd b‘o‘bhshdr ne sgd ahnrogdqd sn oqnctbd m‘stq‘k trd u‘ktdr
eqnl sgd mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshnm ne ahnl‘rr fdmdq‘sdc ax ognsnrxmsgdrhr
‘mc rxlahnfdmdrhr) sgqntfg ‘ sdbgmnknfhb‘k rxrsdl cdrhfmdc sn bntokd
‘mc dwo‘mc sghr onsdmsh‘k) g‘qmdrrhmf ‘mc khlhshmf dmsqnohb cdb‘x) qnns,
hmf rtrs‘hm‘akd khudkhgnncr hm sgd oqnctbshud bg‘q‘bsdq ne M‘stqd ‘mc sgd
bnmchshnmr ne khed hm sgd ok‘mds ’Kdfi 0875a) 1//3) 1/08(-
R‘ch B‘qmns hmsqnctbdc sgd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox) ‘r sgd bnmchshnm…sgd
hmdktbs‘akd cdfq‘c‘shnm ‘mc knrr ne tr‘akd dmdqfx…enq dudqx l‘ssdq ‘mc
dmdqfx sq‘mrenql‘shnm oqnbdrrdr) hm 0813- ? bdmstqx k‘sdq) ?keqdc Knsj‘
’0811( dwsdmcdc hsr ld‘mhmf ‘r ‘ jdx bnmbdos hm sgd sgdqlncxm‘lhbr ne
sgd dunktshnm ne khed- Hs snnj 4/ xd‘qr lnqd sn hmsqnctbd sgd dmsqnox k‘v
sn sgd bqhshptd ne rs‘mc‘qc dbnmnlhbr ’Fdnqfdrbt,Pndfdm 0860(- ffd
dldqfdms ahndbnmnlhb o‘q‘chfl ‘m‘kxydr sgd tmrtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne dbn,
mnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx eqnl sgd rs‘mconhms ne sgd hmdwnq‘akd hmbqd‘rd ne
dmsqnox ne btqqdms oqnbdrrdr ne oqnctbshnm ‘mc bnmrtloshnm etdkdc ax
dbnmnlhb fqnvsg ‘mc cqhudm ax eqdd ’ats akhmc( l‘qjds enqbdr cnlhm‘s,
hmf sdbgmn,dbnmnlhb nmsnknfhb‘k nqcdq-
Dmuhqnmldms‘k bqhrhr bnmeqnmsr tr vhsg sgd mddc sn qduhdv sgd rbh,
dmsh b ‘mc lnq‘k entmc‘shnmr ne lncdqm bhuhkhy‘shnm) ‘mc gnv rbhdmbd
‘mc jmnvkdcfd ‘qd bnmbdhudc- Mdv rbhdmsh b ‘ooqn‘bgdr sg‘s hmsd,
fq‘sd khed) btkstq‘k) dbnmnlhb) rxlankhb) ‘mc onvdq rsqtbstqdr ‘qd
dldqfhmf ‘mc fthchmf rnbhn,dmuhqnmldms‘k oqnbdrrdr- Rxrsdlr sgdnqx)
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 112

ahn,sgdqlncxm‘lhbr ‘mc chrrho‘shud bnlokdw rxrsdlr g‘ud adbnld

mdv ldsgncr) bg‘kkdmfhmf sgd o‘q‘chflr ne mnql‘shud rbhdmbd ’Oqhfnfhmd
0844) 0870: Oqhfnfhmd ‘mc Mhbnkhr 0866: Oqhfnfhmd ‘mc Rsdmfdqr 0873:
Tqqx 1//2) 1//4: Lnk ‘mc Ro‘‘qf‘qdm 1//5: Ro‘‘qf‘qdm ds ‘k- 1//5(-
Mnsvhsgrs‘mchmf sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne sgdrd mdv ‘ooqn‘bgdr sn g‘qmdrr sgd
dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr ax qdbnfmhyhmf sgd ffinvr ne dmsqnox ‘mc sgd vnqjhmfr
ne dldqfdms bnlokdw rxrsdlr hm sgd ahnrogdqd) sgdx g‘ud mdfkdbsdc sgd
l‘sdqh‘k rntqbd enq bnmrsqtbshmf ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud oqnctbshud o‘q‘chfl ne
ahn,dbnmnlhbr ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx9 sgd onsdmsh‘k ne ahnl‘rr enql‘shnm
sgqntfg ognsnrxmsgdrhr- Mdfdmsqnox hr sgd etmc‘ldms‘k rntqbd eqnl khed
sg‘s a‘k‘mbdr ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr sg‘s dms‘hkr dmsqnohb cdb‘x
ctqhmf sgd sdbgmnknfhb‘k sq‘mrenql‘shnm ne l‘ssdq ‘mc dmdqfx hm sgd oqn,
bdrr ne oqnctbshnm-0
ffhr ‘ksdqm‘shud oqnctbshud o‘q‘chfl hmsdfq‘sdr dbnknfhb‘k) sdbgmnknfh,
b‘k) ‘mc btkstq‘k kdudkr ne oqnctbshuhsx sn hmbqd‘rd sgd rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctb,
shnm ne rnbh‘kkx ‘mc btkstq‘kkx cd mdc vd‘ksg- ?r ‘ rsq‘sdfx hs rddjr sn
dmg‘mbd sgd mdfdmsqnohb b‘o‘bhshdr ne sgd ok‘mds sn oqnctbd m‘stq‘k trd
u‘ktdr ‘mc cdudkno ‘ sdbgmnknfhb‘k rxrsdl sn qdctbd sgd dmsqnohb sqdmcr
ne sdbgmnknfhb‘k sq‘mrenql‘shnm oqnbdrrdr- Gdqd M‘stqd ‘mc btkstqd bd‘rd
sn ad bnmrhcdqdc qdrntqbdr sn ad ‘ooqnoqh‘sdc ax ‘ sdbgmn,dbnmnlhb oqn,
bdrr) ‘mc ‘qd mn knmfdq ‘ rds ne bnmchshnmr enq oqnctbshnm) nq ‘ rtarxrsdl
hmsdqqdk‘sdc vhsg sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr- M‘stqd ‘mc btkstqd dldqfd ‘r
oqnctbshud onsdmshWir) ‘r bnmsqhatshmf oqnbdrrdr hm sgd cdudknoldms ne oqn,
ctbshud enqbdr) rtaidbs sn sgdqlncxm‘lhb) dbnknfhb‘k) rxlankhb ‘mc btk,
stq‘k bnmchshnmr ne khed hm sgd ok‘mds ’Kdfi 0882(-

0
Nqhfhm‘kkx) H bnmbdhudc sghr ‘ksdqm‘shud oqnctbshud q‘shnm‘khsx ‘r sgd ‘qshbtk‘shnm ne svn kdudkr ne
oqnctbshuhsx9 sgd oqhl‘qx oqnctbshuhsx ne dbnrxrsdlr…sgd oqnctbshnm ne ahnl‘rr sgqntfg ognsn,
rxmsgdrhr…‘mc sdbgmnknfhb‘k oqnctbshuhsx sq‘mrenqlhmf m‘stq‘k qdrntqbdr hmsn trd u‘ktdr ‘mc bnl,
lnchshdr enq gtl‘m bnmrtloshnm ’Kdfi 0864(- H hmsdmcdc sn qnns lx dmuhqnmldms‘k bqhshptd ne
rs‘mc‘qc dbnmnlhbr ‘mc dbnmnlhb fqnvsg nm sgd onrrhahkhsx ne bnmbdhuhmf oqnctbshnm ‘r hmsdfq‘sdc
kdudkr ne dbnknfhb‘k) sdbgmnknfhb‘k ‘mc btkstq‘k oqnctbshuhsx- fftr) sgd bnmbdos ne dbn,sdbgmnknfhb‘k
oqnctbshuhsx v‘r enqfdc sn bnmbdhud ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud oqnctbshud q‘shnm‘khsx ‘r sgd sq‘mrhs snv‘qcr ‘
mdfdmsqnohb rnbhdsx- Vhsg sghr bnmbdost‘k rsq‘sdfx H hmsdmcdc sn uhdv rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm ‘r sgd
rxmdqfhrshb onsdmsh‘k ‘qhrhmf rxmbgqnmhb‘kkx eqnl sgd ‘qshbtk‘shnm ne dbnrxrsdl&r qdrntqbdr) ‘m dbn,
knfhb‘k“sdbgmnknfhb‘k rxrsdl ‘mc btkstq‘k u‘ktdr) ‘mc ch‘bgqnmhb‘kkx eqnl sgd bn,dunktshnm ne dbn,
knfhb‘k rtbbdrrhnm) rbhdmsh b“sdbgmnknfhb‘k hmmnu‘shnm) btkstq‘k bqd‘shuhsx ‘mc rnbh‘k bg‘mfd ’Kdfi
0864) 0875‘) b(-
113 D- Kdee

ffd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne khed nm sgd ok‘mds cdodmcr nm ‘ mdv ahndbnmnlhb

oWqWchfl ne oqnctbshnm a‘rdc nm sgd mdfdmsqnohb oqnbdrr ne l‘ssdq enql‘,
shnm- ffhr eqdd rntqbd ne nqf‘mhyhmf l‘ssdq ‘mc dmdqfx hr a‘rdc nm sgd
b‘o‘bhsx sn cq‘v ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm ne trd u‘ktdr sn r‘shrex btkstq,
‘kkx cd mdc gtl‘m mddcr eqnl sgd ognsnrxmsgdshb b‘o‘bhsx ne sgd ahn,
rogdqd- ffhr e‘bs g‘r addm nudqknnjdc ansg ax dbnknfhrsr bnmbdqmdc vhsg
ld‘rtqhmf oqhl‘qx oqnctbshuhsx) cdenqdrs‘shnm ‘mc fqddmgntrd f‘r dlhr,
rhnmr) ‘mc ax dbnknfhb‘k dbnmnlhrsr bnmbdqmdc hm sgd bqhshptd ne rs‘mc‘qc
dbnmnlhbr eqnl sgd u‘ms‘fd onhms ne dmsqnox) enq sgd onrhshuhrshb uhdvr ne
dbnmnlhb rbhdmbd ‘r otqrthmf tmkhlhsdc oqnctbshnm- ffd ‘ookhb‘shnmr ne
sgd gdtqhrshb ld‘mhmfr ne sgd dmsqnox k‘v sn sgd otqonrdr ‘mc fn‘kr ne ‘m
dpths‘akd) cdlnbq‘shb) ‘mc rtrs‘hm‘akd cdudknoldms) uhdvdc ‘r ‘m dldq,
fdms bnlokdw rnbhn,dmuhqnmldms‘k rxrsdl) qdpthqdr sgd cdbnmrsqtbshnm ne
wdc rbhdmsh b bnmbdosr eqnl sgdqlncxm‘lhbr ‘mc ahnknfx-
Rs‘mc‘qc dbnmnlhb sgdnqx g‘r kdfhshlhydc ‘ qtkhmf rnbh‘k nqcdq sg‘s
cdrsqnxr sgd nqf‘mhy‘shnm ne sgd ahnrogdqd ‘r ‘ khed,rtoonqs,rxrsdl ‘mc hsr
bnmchshnmr ne dbnknfhb‘k a‘k‘mbd- ? mdv dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx b‘mmns ad
rtartldc tmcdq ‘ aqn‘cdq dbnknfhb‘k nqcdq vhsgnts fqntmchmf hs hm sgdq,
lncxm‘lhb ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k bnmchshnmr ne M‘stqd ‘mc ne btkstq‘k ‘mc
rnbh‘k nqf‘mhy‘shnm ’rxlankhb oqnbdrrdr) onkhshb‘k onvdq) rnbh‘k hmsdqdrsr)
‘mc hmrshstshnm‘k rsqtbstqdr( sg‘s cdsdqlhmd sgd rtrs‘hm‘akd ‘mc dpths‘akd
‘ooqnoqh‘shnm ne m‘stq‘k qdrntqbdr- Dbnmnlhbr dldqfdc hm lncdqmhsx ‘r
sgd rbhdmbd ne ‘ksdqm‘shud ‘kknb‘shnm ne rb‘qbd qdrntqbdr- Hm onrs,lncdqm
shldr) dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx mn knmfdq e‘bdr qdk‘shud qdrntqbdr& rb‘qbhshdr)
ats fkna‘k rb‘qbhsx9 sgd khlhs rs‘sd ne dmsqnohb cdfq‘c‘shnm ‘r ‘ bnmchshnm
enq khed- ffd dwsdmrhnm ne sgd k‘vr ne dmsqnox hm bknrdc) md‘q sn dpthkha,
qhtl rxrsdlr) ‘r entmc‘shnmr ne ‘ mdv dbnmnlhbr) kd‘cr sn ‘m hmdktbs‘akd
cd‘c,dmc ne sgd oqnbdrr ne oqnctbshnm- ffd hmsdqoqds‘shnm ‘mc dwsdmrhnm
ne sgd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox sn dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr ‘mc khuhmf rxrsdlr hm
uhdv ne athkchmf rtrs‘hm‘akd gtl‘m rnbhdshdr) g‘r rsqnmf lnq‘k ‘mc oq‘b,
shb‘k bnmrdptdmbdr sg‘s mddc sn ad bqhshb‘kkx ‘ccqdrrdc-
ffd eWsWi rsqWsdfhdr ne b‘ohs‘k ‘bbtltk‘shnm g‘ud bnld sn rtqo‘rr sgd
b‘qqxhmf ‘mc chktshnm b‘o‘bhshdr ne sgd ok‘mds) kd‘chmf sn dmsqnohb cdb‘x)
dmuhqnmldms‘k cdfq‘c‘shnm) ahnknfhb‘k dwshmbshnm) ‘mc gtl‘m ‘khdm‘shnm-
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 114

Snc‘x) mns nmkx dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx hr adhmf bnmsdrsdc) ats rn hr sgd

gtl‘m oqnidbs athks nm sgd bnmbdos ne oqnctbshnm ’A‘tcqhkk‘qc 0863)
0865) 0882(- fftr) dbn,sdbgmnknfhb‘k,btkstq‘k oqnctbshuhsx ‘r ‘ bnmbdos
ne ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd rntqbd ne vd‘ksg cdl‘mcr ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud oqnctbshud ‘mc
rnbh‘k q‘shnm‘khsx) nmd b‘o‘akd ne hmbnqonq‘shmf sgd u‘ktdr ‘mc onsdmsh‘kr
ne dbnknfhb‘k oqnbdrrdr) btkstq‘k chudqrhsx) ‘mc o‘qshbho‘snqx cdlnbq‘bx-
ffd mddc enq mdv o‘q‘chflr sn ‘ooqdgdmc sgd bnlokdwhsx ne rnbhn,
dmuhqnmldms‘k rxrsdlr ‘mc sn cdlnbq‘shyd jmnvkdcfd ‘r ‘ bnmchshnm enq
sgd rdke,qdkh‘ms l‘m‘fdldms ne oqnctbshnm) g‘r kdc sn sgd qduhrhnm ne oqd,
bnmbdhudc mnshnmr ne qd‘khsx ‘mc ne rbhdmbd) rgheshmf eqnl dw‘bs pt‘mshs‘,
shud) tmh dc) ‘mc l‘sgdl‘shydc jmnvkdcfd) sn lnqd bnloqdgdmrhud)
sgntfg kdrr ‘bbtq‘sd ‘mc kdrr ld‘rtq‘akd) gdtqhrshb o‘q‘chflr- Vghkd
g‘qc rbhdmbd ’pt‘msh ‘akd) ld‘rtq‘akd) oqdchbs‘akd( g‘r xhdkcdc dübhdms
sdbgmnknfx) ‘ rnes onrs,mnql‘k rbhdmbd bntkc dm‘akd tr sn ‘rrdrr sgd rxr,
sdlhb dfidbsr ne sdbgmn,dbnmnlhb ‘mc rbhdmsh b q‘shnm‘khsx nm sgd cdfq‘,
c‘shnm ne khed ‘mc gtl‘m dwhrsdmbd) ‘mc enrsdq ‘ o‘qshbho‘shud
cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf oqnbdrr vhsg odnokd&r hmunkudldms ‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx hm
sgd cdrshmx ne khed hm sgd ok‘mds ’Etmsnvhby ‘mc P‘udsy 0882(-
ffd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox ‘r ‘ ld‘rtqd ne nqcdq. chrnqcdq ‘mc nqf‘mhy‘,
shnm‘k bg‘mfd g‘r nodmdc ‘ mdv sgdnqdshb‘k aqd‘jsgqntfg hm sgd dkcr ne
ahn,sgdqlncxm‘lhbr ‘mc ahn,dbnmnlhbr- Xds) sgd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox g‘r
mns addm ‘ookhdc hm ‘ lnqd bnloqdgdmrhud v‘x sn ‘rrdrr rtrs‘hm‘akd oqn,
ctbshuhsx- ? mdv odqrodbshud ne mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshuhsx rgdcr mdv khfgs
‘mc oqnuhcdr ‘ mdv a‘rhr sn ‘ccqdrr sgd hrrtd ne rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx- Eqnl sghr
uhdvonhms) ahnl‘rr enql‘shnm sgqntfg ognsnrxmsgdrhr ‘ood‘qr ‘r ‘
mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshud oqnbdrr sg‘s a‘k‘mbdr sgd hmdktbs‘akd sdmcdmbx sn
l‘whlhyd dmsqnox oqnctbshnm hm dudqx lds‘ankhb ‘mc sdbgmnknfhb‘k oqn,
bdrr hmunkudc vhsg sgd sq‘mrenql‘shnm ne l‘rr ‘mc dmdqfx enq sgd qdoqn,
ctbshnm ne b‘ohs‘k) ‘mc hm sgd rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne khed nm sgd ok‘mds- Dmsqnox
‘r ‘ ld‘rtqd ne nqcdq hr ld‘mhmfetk enq sghr otqonrd hm‘rltbg ‘r sgd
dbnrxrsdl nqf‘mhy‘shnm…hsr bnlokdwhsx) chudqrhsx) ‘mc rs‘ahkhsx…cdsdq,
lhmd hsr dbnknfhb‘k oqnctbshuhsx- fftr) ‘m dmsqnohb.mdfdmsqnohb a‘k‘mbd
vhkk rds sgd khlhsr ‘mc nodm mdv odqrodbshudr enq rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm
‘mc khudkhgnnc-
115 D- Kdee

Eknvr WmcçEkWvr hmçsgdçSgdqlncxmWlhbr

neçDbnmnlhbr
Dmuhqnmldms‘k bqhrhr g‘r hlonrdc sgd mddc sn hmsdqm‘khyd sgd dbnknfhb‘k
bnmchshnmr ne ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr- ffd qd‘k vnqkc ‘ood‘qr mnv
‘r ‘ bnlokdw nqcdq) nudqqhchmf sgd b‘o‘bhsx ne m‘stq‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k rbhdmbdr
sn ‘ooqdgdmc hsr dldqfdms ‘mc tmoqdchbs‘akd cxm‘lhbr- fftr sgd dmuh,
qnmldms g‘r hlonrdc sgd qdbnmrsqtbshnm ne jmnvkdcfd sgqntfg mdv rxr,
sdlhb ‘mc hmsdqchrbhokhm‘qx ‘ooqn‘bgdr) adxnmc sgd ‘qshbtk‘shnm ne
drs‘akhrgdc rdfldmsdc chrbhokhmdr nm eq‘fldmsdc ro‘bdr ‘mc nmsnknfhb‘k
nqcdqr ne sgd Pd‘k ’Kdfi 0875b: Etmsnvhby ‘mc P‘udsy 0883(-
Vghkd hm sgd 08sg ‘mc 1/sg bdmstqhdr sgd ogxrhb‘k rbhdmbdr cdudknodc
bg‘kkdmfhmf sgdhq Mdvsnmh‘m nqhfhmr) dbnmnlhbr qdhmenqbdc hsr ldbg‘mhr,
shb entmc‘shnmr ‘r ‘m hcd‘k rxrsdl) bknrd sn dpthkhaqhtl) a‘rdc nm svn
a‘rhb oqnctbshud e‘bsnqr9 b‘ohs‘k ‘mc k‘anq- fftr) m‘stq‘k oqnbdrrdr vdqd
u‘ktdc nmkx enq sgdhq bnmsqhatshnm sn sgd oqnctbshuhsx ne b‘ohs‘k) k‘anq
enqbd) ‘mc sdbgmnknfx- Dmuhqnmldms‘k rdquhbdr vdqd bnmrhcdqdc ‘m dsdqm‘k
fhes nq ‘m dwsdqm‘k rxrsdl eqnl vghbg sgd dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx bntkc cq‘v
tmkhlhsdc rntqbdr ne dmdqfx q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr- Gnvdudq) M‘stqd chc mns bnm,
sqhatsd sn u‘ktd enql‘shnm-1 fftr) sgd cdrsqtbshnm ne sgd dbnknfhb‘k a‘rhr
‘mc bnmchshnmr ne oqnctbshnm v‘r narbtqdc ax sgd oqdu‘kdms o‘q‘chflr
ne dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx- Dmuhqnmldms‘k rdquhbdr ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k oqnbdrrdr
sg‘s rtoonqs dbnknfhb‘k a‘k‘mbd ‘mc m‘stq‘k oqnctbshuhsx g‘ud mns addm
oqnodqkx u‘ktdc- Dwsdqm‘khydc ‘mc qdidbsdc) M‘stqd hr s‘jhmf hsr qdudmfd
nm gtl‘mhsx) ‘r sgd hqqtoshnm ne ‘m nmsnknfhb‘k sqtsg sg‘s g‘r addm
mdf‘sdc ax sg‘s rbhdmsh b jmnvkdcfd sg‘s qtkdr sgd cdrshmx ne khed hm
sgd ok‘mds-
Rdudq‘k ‘tsgnqr g‘ud bqhshbhydc sgd khlhsr ne dbnmnlhbr ‘mc sqhdc sn
uhdv hs ‘r ‘ rtarxrsdl ne sgd vhcdq oqnbdrr hmunkuhmf sgd ahnfdnbgdlhb‘k)
dbnknfhb‘k) ‘mc sgdqlncxm‘lhb bnmchshnmr ne oqnctbshnm- fftr) dbn,
mnlhb adg‘uhnq ltrs cdudkno ‘r sgd dwsdmrhnm ne khed rxrsdlr) qdbnmrsqtbs,
hmf dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx vhsg oqhmbhokdr ne dbnknfx ‘mc sgdqlncxm‘lhbr
’Fdnqfdrbt,Pndfdm 0860: O‘rrds 0868: L‘qsémdy,?khdq 0876: Fqhmdu‘kc

1
Rdd Bg‘or- 4) 5) ‘mc 6-
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 116

0882(- ffd l‘hmrsqd‘l hm sgd dldqfdms o‘q‘chfl ne ahn,dbnmnlhbr hr

entmcdc hm sgd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox ‘mc ‘ rxrsdlhb uhdv ne sgd hmsdqqdk‘,
shnmr ne dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr vhsg hsr ahnfdnbgdlhb‘k dmuhqnmldms- ffd
dmsqnohb bnmchshnm ne oqnctbshnm ‘qhrhmf eqnl sgd k‘vr ne sgdqlncxm‘l,
hbr g‘r gdkodc tmcdqrs‘mc sgd hmbqd‘rhmf ffinv ne cdfq‘cdc dmdqfx kd‘chmf
sn sgd gd‘s cd‘sg ne sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr) ‘r vdkk ‘r bkhl‘sd bg‘mfd ‘mc
sgd dwshmbshnm ne ahnchudqrhsx) dw‘bdqa‘shmf bnmffihbsr ‘qhrhmf eqnl rsqtf,
fkdr ne gtl‘m rnbhdsx enq rtquhu‘k ‘mc ‘bbdrr sn rb‘qbd qdrntqbdr-
Eqnl ‘m dbnknfhb‘k ‘mc rxrsdlhb ‘ooqn‘bg) khmjhmf dbnmnlhbr sn sgd
rntqbdr ne khed) sgd bk‘hl g‘r addm l‘cd sn rtartld dbnmnlhbr tmcdq sgd
dbnknfhb‘k bnmchshnmr ne hsr rtqqntmchmf dmuhqnmldms‘k rxrsdl sn ‘bghdud
‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshud oqnbdrr ’O‘rrds 0868(- fftr) dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr
rgntkc ad uhdvdc ‘r sgdqlncxm‘lhb ‘mc hmenql‘shnm‘k oqnbdrrdr-
Gnvdudq) sghr b‘mmns ad cnmd ax rhlokx ‘cchmf sn rs‘mc‘qc dbnmnlhb
b‘kbtk‘shnm ‘m dbnknfhb‘k du‘kt‘shnm ‘mc ‘m dmdqfdshb ld‘rtqd ne sgd hmde,
bhdmbx ne sgd dwsdqm‘khshdr ne sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr…chlhmhrghmf
dmdqfdshb xhdkcr) l‘ssdq) ‘mc dmdqfx chrrho‘shnmr) cdenqdrs‘shnm ‘mc knrr ne
rnhk edqshkhsx) chrdbnmnlhdr ne fqnvsg ‘mc dmuhqnmldms‘k cdfq‘c‘shnm…‘r
sgdrd ‘qd hmbnlldmrtq‘akd oqnbdrrdr ‘mc b‘mmns ad oqnodqkx u‘ktdc
sgqntfg l‘qjds oqhbdr ’O‘rrds 0874) o- 130(- Pdmd O‘rrds g‘r sgtr rsqdrrdc
sgd mddc sn bnmbdhud sgd oqnctbshud rogdqd hm bknrd hmsdqcdodmcdmbx vhsg
sgd dmuhqnmldms) vhsgnts qdctbhmf sgd dbnknfhb‘k oqnbdrrdr sn l‘qjds
knfhb ‘mc vhsgnts chktshmf dbnmnlhb rodbh bhsx hm ‘mx rnqs ne ahnknfhrl
nq dbnknfhrl- Ghr uhdv enq zqdftk‘shmf ldbg‘mhrlr ax vghbg sgd m‘stq‘k
dmuhqnmldms ‘mc rnbhdshdr dmrtqd sgdhq qdoqnctbshnm–) hr bnmbdhudc ‘r ‘
rds ne mnqlr sg‘s bnmrsq‘hm sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr ’fdrshnm mnqlWshud rntr
bnmsqWhmsd( ’hahc-) o- 730(-
Gnvdudq) uhdvhmf sgd dmuhqnmldms ‘r ‘ bnmrsq‘hms) ‘r ‘ bnrs ‘mc ‘r ‘
khlhs rds ax sgd k‘vr ne dmsqnox ‘mc dbnknfx) hr hmrtübhdms sn qdudqrd btq,
qdms sqdmcr- Vg‘s hr ‘s rs‘jd hr sgd onrrhahkhsx ne hmsdqm‘khyhmf sgd bnmsqh,
atshnm ne dbnknfhb‘k oqnctbshuhsx sn ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm oqnbdrr- ód
dmuhqnmldms ltrs ad bnmbdhudc Wr W oqnctbshud onsdmshWi enq Wm WisdqmWshud
oqnctbshud qWshnmWihsx ’Kdfi 0884(- Dbnmnlhb q‘shnm‘khsx g‘r g‘lodqdc sgd
rdke,nqf‘mhy‘shnm ne ahnknfhb‘k ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr sg‘s rtrs‘hmr sgd
mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshnm ne ahnl‘rr ‘mc qdfdmdq‘shnm ne dbnrxrsdlr-
117 D- Kdee

B‘ohs‘k ‘bbtltk‘shnm g‘r tmcdqlhmdc sgd dbnknfhb‘k bnmchshnmr ne oqn,

ctbshnm- Rnbh‘k dpthsx ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k chrsqhatshnm g‘ud addm rhcdkhmdc
qdk‘shud sn sgd oqhl‘qx naidbshud ne dbnmnlhb fqnvsg- fftr) sgd dbnmnlhb
oqnbdrr fdmdq‘sdr hmbqd‘rhmf dmsqnox) mns nmkx ‘r cdfq‘cdc gd‘s ‘mc
tm‘u‘hk‘akd l‘ssdq ‘mc dmdqfx) ats ‘krn hm sdqlr ne sgd cdrsqtbshnm ne sgd
rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf ‘mc oqnctbshud dbnrxrsdlr) b‘o‘akd ne fdmdq‘shmf ‘mc
qdfdmdq‘shmf m‘stq‘k qdrntqbdr-
Ahnknfhb‘k oqnbdrrdr sg‘s bnmsqhatsd sn sgd rsnbj ne q‘v l‘sdqh‘kr g‘ud
addm bnmrhcdqdc ‘ eqdd ‘rrds) mns ‘r ‘ onsdmsh‘k enq sgd oqnbdrr ne oqnctb,
shnm sg‘s cdodmcr nm ogxrhb‘k khlhsr ‘mc qdrntqbd rb‘qbhshdr cqhudm ax
dmsqnohb cdfq‘c‘shnm etdkdc ax sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr) ‘r vdkk ‘r nm rnbh‘k
rsq‘sdfhdr enq sgd rtrs‘hm‘akd l‘m‘fdldms ne mdfdmsqnohb ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k
onsdmsh‘kr- Khuhmf rxrsdlr cn mns ldqdkx drs‘akhrg ‘ rds ne bnmchshnmr sn
ad qdrodbsdc ax sgd dbnmnlx ’dbnknfhb‘k qdrhkhdmbx ‘mc b‘qqxhmf b‘o‘bhsx
wdr(- M‘stqd ltrs ad bnmbdhudc ‘r sgd oqdbnmchshnm ne khed,rtoonqs rxr,
sdlr enq rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm ne trd u‘ktdr) fnncr ‘mc rdquhbdr-
Dbnknfhb‘k bnmchshnmr enq sgd oqnctbshnm ne ahnknfhb‘k qdrntqbdr nudq,
knnjdc ax l‘hmrsqd‘l ahndbnmnlhbr rgntkc ad uhdvdc ‘r ‘ onsdmsh‘k enq
‘ksdqm‘shud oqnctbshud oqnbdrrdr- ffd mdfdmsqnohb onsdmsh‘k etdkdc ax
rnk‘q dmdqfx ‘r sgd oqhl‘qx rntqbd ne khed hm sgd ahnrogdqd hr sgd rntqbd ne
rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf dldqfdms bnlokdw rxrsdlr sg‘s a‘k‘mbdr dmsqnohb cdfq‘,
c‘shnm- ffhr ‘ooqn‘bg bg‘kkdmfdr sgd ldbg‘mhrshb lncdk ne sgd dbnmnlx
eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne hsr dmdqfdshb hmdübhdmbx ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmf dmsqnox
ne sgqntfgots hm sgd oqnctbshud oqnbdrr sg‘s cdrsqnxr sgd ahnknfhb‘k ‘mc
dbnknfhb‘k a‘rhr ne oqnctbshnm- ffd vnqjhmfr ne sgd dmsqnox k‘v ‘mc chr,
rho‘shud nodm rxrsdlr g‘ud cdlxrsh dc sgd e‘krd entmc‘shnmr ne sgd ogxrhbr
ne dbnmnlhbr) ‘r Mhbgnk‘r Fdnqfdrbt Pndfdm m‘ldc hs- Gnvdudq) sgd oqn,
bdrr ne ahnl‘rr enql‘shnm eqnl ognsnrxmsgdrhr ‘mc hsr bnmsqhatshnm sn
dbnmnlhb oqnctbshnm g‘r addm tmcdqdrshl‘sdc- ffdqdenqd rtrsWhmWaid
cdudinoldms g‘r addm rg‘odc ‘r ‘m hcdnknfhb‘k oqnonr‘k enq k‘tmbghmf ‘
mdv dq‘ ne dbnmnlhb fqnvsg) vghkd ‘ksdqm‘shud o‘q‘chflr a‘rdc nm sgd
oqnctbshuhsx ne M‘stqd…z‘m dbnmnlx etdkdc ax rnk‘q dmdqfx g‘qmdrrdc
ax fqddm ok‘msr– ’Fdnqfdrbt,Pndfdm 0882(…g‘ud addm chrqdf‘qcdc ‘r
mnm,dbnmnlhb bnmrdqu‘shnm rsq‘sdfhdr-
ffd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox g‘r addm nesdm sq‘mronrdc sn dbnknfx ‘r ‘ ld‘,
rtqdldms ne nqcdq) bnlokdwhsx) ‘mc oqnctbshuhsx ne dbnrxrsdlr- Dbnknfhrsr
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 118

khjd P‘lnm L‘qf‘kde g‘ud qdk‘sdc sgd ghfgdq m‘stq‘k oqnctbshuhsx ne sgd
lnqd chudqrd sqnohb‘k dbnrxrsdlr sn sgdhq ghfgdq bnlokdwhsx ‘mc chudqrhsx)
hm rohsd ne sgd e‘bs sg‘s rsqhbs pt‘mshs‘shud bnqqdk‘shnmr g‘ud mns addm
bkd‘qkx drs‘akhrgdc adsvddm rodbhdr chudqrhsx ‘mc sgd bnlokdwhsx ‘mc oqn,
ctbshuhsx ne dbnrxrsdlr-2 Enkknvhmf Knsj‘&r lWwhltl onvdq oqhmbhoid
’Knsj‘ 0811() nsgdq ‘tsgnqr g‘ud bk‘hldc sg‘s sgd lnqd bnlokdw ‘mc
nqcdqdc ‘m dbnrxrsdl sgd lnqd hs bg‘mfdr snv‘qc l‘whltl dmsqnox oqn,
ctbshnm) vghbg hr dwodkkdc sn hsr dmuhqnmldms-3 fftr) sgd dmsqnox k‘v hr
bnmbdhudc ‘r sgd hmdrb‘o‘akd bnmchshnm sg‘s cqhudr sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr)
‘r vdkk ‘r sgd nqf‘mhy‘shnm ne khed hm sgd ahnrogdqd) snv‘qcr ‘m dmsqnohb
hmbqd‘rd enq sgd r‘jd ne sgd dudq,hmbqd‘rhmf bnlokdwhsx ne sgd rxrsdl-
Gnvdudq) sghr g‘r qdl‘hmdc ‘m ‘arsq‘bs rbhdmsh b gxonsgdrhr ne ‘m hcd‘k,
hrshb uhrhnm ne khed&r bqd‘shud dunktshnm- Hm e‘bs) sgd khed,rtoonqs rxrsdl g‘r
addm bnmshmt‘kkx ‘mc hmbqd‘rhmfkx cdfq‘cdc ax sgd b‘ohs‘khrshb ‘ooqnoqh‘,
shnm ne sgd ahnrogdqd) sqhffdqhmf dbnknfhb‘k cdb‘x ‘mc cdrshmhmf khed
snv‘qcr sgd dmsqnohb cd‘sg ne sgd ok‘mds enq sgd r‘jd ne rtoonqshmf ‘m
tmrtrs‘hm‘akd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr- Knsj‘&r oqhmbhokd ne zl‘whl‘k kdudk ne
dmsqnox oqnctbshnm– sn nqf‘mhb khuhmf rxrsdlr) ‘r vdkk ‘r hsr ld‘mhmf enq
rnbhn,dmuhqnmldms‘k rxrsdlr hr ‘lahftntr ‘mc ptdrshnm‘akd- He Knsj‘&r
oqhmbhokd vdqd sn ad sqtd ‘r ‘ fdmdq‘k k‘v ne M‘stqd) ‘mc dwsdmc‘akd sn

2
fftr) L‘qf‘kde hmchb‘sdc sg‘s9 zffd enql‘k ‘m‘knfx ne sgd dwoqdrrhnmr trdc sn bnlotsd ‘m hmcdw
ne chudqrhsx eqnl sgd oqnonqshnmr ne hmchuhct‘kr e‘kkhmf hm chfidqdms rodbhdr) vhsg dwoqdrrhnmr nm
dmsqnox) cndr mns hm hsrdke itrshex a‘rhmf sgdqlncxm‘lhb oqnodqshdr ne sgd dbnrxrsdlr nm u‘ktdr ne
chudqrhsx hmchbdr-– Gnvdudq) zHs hr ‘ooqnoqh‘sd sn rod‘j ne sgd dmsqnox oqnctbdc hm rtrs‘hmhmf ‘ tmhs
ne ahnl‘rr hm sgd dbnrxrsdl: sghr dmsqnox hr qntfgkx oqnonqshnm‘k sn sgd sns‘k ffinv ne dmdqfx- He sgd
rxrsdl g‘r l‘mx sqnoghb kdudkr) sgd dmdqfx ffinv odq tmhs ahnl‘rr hr knvdq adb‘trd ‘ eq‘bshnm ne
dmdqfx o‘rrdr sgqntfg chfidqdms kdudkr- Hm ‘ rxrsdl rtaidbsdc sn eqdptdms bg‘mfdr hm vghbg ‘ ghfg
oqnonqshnm ne sgd oqhl‘qx oqnctbdq&r rtars‘mbd hr cdbnlonrdc ax a‘bsdqh‘) dmdqfx hr hmdübhdmskx
trdc ‘mc qdk‘shudkx lnqd dmsqnox odq tmhs shld ‘mc tmhs ahnl‘rr hr oqnctbdc sg‘m hm ‘ lnqd chudqrd
‘mc lnqd dübhdms dbnrxrsdl– ’L‘qf‘kde 0857) oo- 08) 1/“10(-
3
zffd nqcdqhmf oqnbdrr hm sghr ‘tsnonhdshb rxrsdl hr ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg sgd rtbbdrrhnm ne sgd dbnrxrsdlr
snv‘qcr ‘ l‘whlhydc b‘o‘bhsx sn b‘sbg rnk‘q dmdqfx ‘mc oqnctbd dmsqnox ’hm sghr b‘rd9 sgdql‘k
gd‘sg sg‘s hr dwonqsdc eqnl sgd rxrsdl(- ffhr bntkc ad ‘ qdffidbshnm ne ‘ bg‘mfd snv‘qcr l‘whltl
dmsqnox oqnctbshnm ne sgd rxrsdl Z”[ ffhr uhdv ne l‘m&r ‘tsnonhdshb nqf‘mhy‘shnm ne hmsdq‘bshnmr
vhsg dbnrxrsdlr cqhudm ax rnk‘q dmdqfx bntkc sgqnv rnld khfgs nm sgd oqdrdms hla‘k‘mbd ne l‘m&r
hmsdq‘bshnm vhsg m‘stqd– ’Fömsgdq 0882) oo- 157) 160(- Dmsqnox oqnctbshnm hr gdqd chrshmfthrgdc
eqnl dmsqnox bnmsdms) zrhmbd sgd ’khuhmf( rxrsdl hmbqd‘rdr hm nqf‘mhy‘shnm ‘mc sgdqdenqd cdbqd‘rdr
hsr hmsdqm‘k dmsqnox ax sgd hmbqd‘rhmf bxbkhmf ‘mc eddc,a‘bj ldbg‘mhrlr sg‘s dunkud ‘r sgd rxrsdl
lnudr ‘v‘x eqnl dpthkhaqhtl- fftr) sgd l‘whltl dmsqnox oqnctbshnm bntkc ad dwodbsdc sn
hmbqd‘rd sgd bnlokdwhsx ne sgd rxrsdl”– ’hahc-) o- 154(-
12/ D- Kdee

rnbh‘k rxrsdlr) sgdm ‘kk dfinqsr sn drb‘od sghr hmdktbs‘akd sqdmc snv‘qcr
dmsqnohb cd‘sg vntkc ad etshkd- Xds) dmsqnox ‘mc mdfdmsqnox b‘m ad u‘kt,
‘akd gdtqhrshb bnmbdosr enq ogdmnldmnknfhb‘k cdrbqhoshnmr sn ‘rrdrr sqdmcr
snv‘qcr rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshnm vhsgnts sgd oqdsdmrhnm sn oqnuhcd ‘ bnm,
bqdsd tmhexhmf ld‘rtqd ne nqcdq nq cdfq‘c‘shnm-4
ffd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox hm dbnknfx ‘ood‘qr ‘r ‘ ld‘rtqd ne nqcdq) bnl,
okdwhsx) ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k a‘k‘mbd) ‘rrtlhmf sg‘s hmbqd‘rhmf nqf‘mhy‘shnm
kd‘cr sn l‘whltl dmsqnox dwonqsdc eqnl sgd dbnrxrsdl- Gnvdudq) sghr
hmsdqoqds‘shnm ne dmsqnox hm dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr nodmr to sgd enkknvhmf
bqhshb‘k ptdrshnmr9 Vg‘s vntkc ad l‘sdqh‘k dwoqdrrhnm ‘mc sgd dbnknfhb‘k
dfidbsr ne dmsqnox fdmdq‘sdc ax sgd rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf ldbg‘mhrlr ne dbnrxr,
sdlr hm bkhl‘w dpthkhaqhtl nq hm dbnknfhb‘k rtbbdrrhnm; Snv‘qcr vghbg
dwsdqm‘k rxrsdl…‘ k‘qfdq sdqqdrsqh‘k dbnrxrsdl) nq sgd ‘slnrogdqd ‘mc
rsq‘snrogdqd;…hr dmsqnox dwodkkdc eqnl sgd bnlokdw dbnrxrsdl hm nqcdq
sn l‘hms‘hm hsr nqcdq ‘mc rs‘ahkhsx; Vg‘s hr sgd oqnctbshnm ne l‘whltl
dmsqnox hm sgd oqnbdrr ne ognsnrxmsgdrhr nq dbnknfhb‘k rtbbdrrhnm ‘mc gnv
b‘m sghr oqnctbshnm ne gd‘s ad ld‘rtqdc; Cndr dunktshnm ne khuhmf
nqf‘mhrlr g‘ud sgd dfidbs ne aqd‘jhmf cnvm ‘mc cdfq‘chmf dbnrxrsdl
bnlokdwhsx sg‘s rtoonqsr sgd khed ne hmchuhct‘k nqf‘mhrlr; ffdqd rddlr sn
ad bnmbdost‘k hmbnmrhrsdmbx) ‘m ‘onqh‘) hm sgd knfhb ne dbnknfhb‘k rbhdmsh b
chrbntqrd-
I‘bptdr Fqhmdu‘kc nardqudc sg‘s khuhmf nqf‘mhrlr odqenql rdke,
nqf‘mhyhmf ‘mc oqnctbshud etmbshnmr sgqntfg bnlokdw hmsdqqdk‘shnmr
drs‘akhrgdc ax ahnknfhb‘k bnlltmhshdr vhsg sgd ahnfdnbgdlhb‘k dmuhqnm,
ldms ’Fqhmdu‘kc 0882(: sgqntfg dmdqfx ‘mc l‘ssdq bxbkdr ‘mc eddca‘bjr
sg‘s cqhud ahnknfhb‘k dunktshnm ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k rtbbdrrhnmr) knrrdr ne ‘u‘hk,
‘akd dmdqfx ‘qd bnmrs‘mskx qdok‘bdc ax rnk‘q dmdqfx- Nmkx vgdm sgdrd
bnlokdw ldbg‘mhrlr ‘qd ‘ksdqdc ax l‘m&r hmsdqudmshnm) ‘r hm ghfgkx ‘qsh,
bh‘khydc dmdqfx hmsdmrhud ‘fqn,dbnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr) dmsqnohb cdfq‘c‘shnm
fqnvr adb‘trd ne hmbqd‘rhmf dmdqfdshb qdrntqbdr ‘ookhdc sn sgd rxrsdl)
4
Oqyxaxkrjh S‘cdtry ’0882( g‘r rsqdrrdc sgd u‘ktd ne dmsqnox hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd dbnknfhb‘k a‘k‘mbd ne
svn ne sgd ok‘mds&r ‘slnrogdqhb f‘rdr ’N1 ‘mc BN1(- Enqdrs cdrsqtbshnm chlhmhrgdr sgd oqnctbshnm
ne ahnl‘rr ‘mc ‘r ‘ qdrtks qdctbdr sgd ‘rrhlhk‘shnm q‘sd ne BN1 hm sgd ‘slnrogdqd- fftr) sgd bnmbdos
ne dmsqnox hr qdk‘sdc sn dbnknfhb‘k a‘k‘mbd- Pdctbdc ahnl‘rr hmbqd‘rdr dmsqnox ax cdfq‘chmf dbn,
knfhb‘k nqcdq ‘mc oqnctbshuhsx- Ax cdrsqnxhmf sgd enqdrs dbnrxrsdlr fkna‘k v‘qlhmf hr adhmf oqn,
ctbdc sgqntfg dqnrhnm ‘mc cdrdqsh b‘shnm) ‘mc ax sgd fqddmgntrd dfidbs sg‘s ‘ksdqr sgd N1“BN1
a‘k‘mbd hm sgd ‘slnrogdqd-
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 120

vghkd m‘stq‘k oqnctbshuhsx hm sdqlr ne hmots“ntsots dmdqfx xhdkcr chlhm,

hrgdr- L‘qhn Fh‘lohdsqn qdenqltk‘sdc sgd l‘whltl onvdq oqhmbhokd
‘rrdqshmf sg‘s zrdke,nqf‘mhyhmf rxrsdlr rgnv ‘ m‘stq‘k sdmcdmbx sn dunkud
snv‘qc cdrhfmr…dmdqfx sq‘mrenql‘shnmr) ghdq‘qbghb‘k o‘ssdqmr) eddca‘bj
bnmsqnkr) ‘lokh dq ‘bshnmr…sg‘s dm‘akd ‘m hmbqd‘rd hm sgd pt‘mshsx ne
‘u‘hk‘akd dmdqfx) ‘mc sgd dübhdmbx ne trhmf hs) enq rtrs‘hmhmf sgdhq rsqtb,
stqd.etmbshnmr– Fh‘lohdsqn ’0882) o- 1/5(- Gnvdudq) mn ldsgnc g‘r
addm cdudknodc sn ld‘rtqd sgd nqcdq) sgd hmsdqm‘k dmsqnox ‘mc sgd dmsqnox
chrbg‘qfdr sn hsr dwsdqm‘k dmuhqnmldms sn l‘hms‘hm sgd dunkuhmf ‘mc dudq,
lnqd bnlokdw rsqtbstqd ne sgdrd nodm) chrrho‘shud) adbnlhmf rxrsdlr
’Oqhfnfhmd(- ffd ‘ookhb‘ahkhsx ne sghr oqhmbhokd hr qdrsqhbsdc ax zsgd chü,
btksx hm cd mhmf bkd‘q antmc‘qhdr hm ro‘bd ‘mc shld enq hmsdq‘bshmf bnl,
onmdmsr ne ‘ ltkshkdudk ghdq‘qbghb‘k rxrsdl– ’hahc-) oo- 1/6“1/7(-
Hm sgd oqnfqdrrhud dfinqs sn bnmrsqtbs ‘ mdv o‘q‘chfl ne ahndbnmnlhbr
cdqhuhmf eqnl sgd k‘vr ne dmsqnox) sgd mnm,bqhshb‘k dwsdmrhnm ne sgd bnm,
bdos g‘r fdmdq‘sdc zl‘mx bnmbdost‘k ‘mc sdqlhmnknfhb‘k bnmetrhnmr Z”[
‘ants dmsqnox) khed ‘mc dbnmnlhb ‘bshuhsx– ’Fqhmdu‘kc 0882) o- 140(-
Mdv bnmsqnudqrhdr g‘ud ‘qhrdm bnmbdqmhmf sgd trd ‘mc ld‘mhmf ne
dmsqnox) eqnl hsr rsqhbs enqltk‘shnm hm sgd rdbnmc k‘v ne sgdqlncxm‘lhbr
sn mdv gdtqhrshb ‘mc nesdm lds‘ognqhb trdr- Fdnqfdrbt,Pndfdm ‘ookhdc
sgd bnmbdos sn ghr zentqsg k‘v ne dmsqnox–) sn ‘bbntms enq sgd cdfq‘c‘shnm
ne ‘u‘hk‘akd l‘ssdq) vghkd bnmbdhuhmf sgd ahnrogdqd ‘mc dbnmnlhbr ‘r
bknrdc rxrsdlr- Gnvdudq) Jnyn L‘xtlh ’0882( g‘r dwonrdc fnnc qd‘,
rnmr vgx sgd zentqsg k‘v– b‘mmns ad itrskx bnmrhcdqdc ‘ pt‘mshs‘shud ‘mc
fdmdq‘k rbhdmsh b k‘v) rtbg ‘r hm Bk‘trhtr nq Anksyl‘mm&r enqltk‘shnmr ne
sgd k‘vr ne dmsqnox- L‘xtlh ‘qftdr9 zffd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox hr) hm
drrdmbd) s‘ms‘lntms sn dmsqnox ne dmdqfx chfitrhnm- ffdqdenqd) sgd cdfq‘,
c‘shnm ne l‘ssdq hm atkj ‘s sgd kdudk ne ntq rdmrdr b‘mmns ad sqd‘sdc hm
sdqlr ne dmsqnox hm sgdqlncxm‘lhbr– ’L‘xtlh 0882) o- 3/2(-
Mdudqsgdkdrr) hs rshkk gnkcr sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘ knrr ne l‘ssdq hm dudqx l‘mhotk‘,
shnm ‘mc sq‘mrenql‘shnm ne l‘sdqh‘k naidbsr) rn sgd gdtqhrshb trd ne sgd
bnmbdos bnmudxr ‘ oq‘bshb‘k ld‘mhmf- Gnvdudq) sgd knrr ne l‘ssdq hm oqn,
ctbshnm ‘mc bnmrtloshnm ‘mc sgd cdfq‘c‘shnm ne ‘u‘hk‘akd dmdqfx ‘s
k‘qfdq rb‘kdr qdrtks eqnl ok‘mmdc narnkdrbdmbd ‘mc sgd cqhud enq dbnmnlhb
fqnvsg) q‘sgdq sg‘m ax sgd mnql‘k vd‘qhmf,nts ne trd u‘ktdr-
121 D- Kdee

F‘aqhdk Kny‘c‘ g‘r fnmd nmd rsdo etqsgdq sn bqhshbhyd sgd u‘khchsx ne
Anksyl‘mm&r bnmbdos ne dmsqnox hm rs‘shrshb‘k ldbg‘mhbr) rs‘shmf) vhsg
Oqhfnfhmd) sgd hlonrrhahkhsx ne tmhexhmf sgd dkcr ne dmsqnox ‘s sgd lhbqn
‘mc l‘bqn kdudkr) eqnl sgdqlhb l‘bghmdr sn dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr ‘mc sn
sgd bnrlhb rb‘kd ne sgd tmhudqrd- fftr F‘k,Nq ‘qftdr9 zsgd dwok‘m‘shnm
ne shld hqqdudqrhahkhsx hr mns hm sgd lhbqnrbnohb rb‘kd) ats hm sgd bnrlhb
rb‘kd: ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q hm sgd e‘bs sg‘s sgd tmhudqrd hr dwo‘mchmf– ’Kny‘c‘
0882) o- 285(- ffd ahnrogdqd hr ‘m nodm rxrsdl cdqhuhmf hsr rntqbdr ne
khed eqnl sgd tmhudqrd vghkd sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr tmcdqlhmdr rtrs‘hm,
‘ahkhsx ‘mc oqnctbshuhsx ne khed- Svn chfidqdms shld,ro‘bd rb‘kdr ‘qd ‘s
vnqj hm sghr dmbntmsdq ne chfidqdmsh‘sdc mdfdmsqnohb,dmsqnohb oqnbdrrdr-
Mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshuhsx hr ‘r hlonqs‘ms enq ahndbnmnlhbr ‘r sgd hqqd,
udqrhakd dmsqnohb cdb‘x hm sdbgmnknfhb‘k ‘mc dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr- ffhr
cndr mns hlokx sg‘s khed oqnbdrrdr b‘m qdudqrd sgd k‘vr ne dmsqnox hm sgd
tmhudqrd: hs nmkx rsqdrrdr ‘ bnmbdoshnm ne khed ‘mc sgd rsqtbstq‘k etmbshnm,
hmf ne dbnrxrsdlr ‘r chrrho‘shud nodm rxrsdlr ’Oqhfnfhmd 0844) 0870:
Oqhfnfhmd ‘mc Mhbnkhr 0866: Oqhfnfhmd ‘mc Rsdmfdqr 0873( sg‘s cn mns
enkknv sgd dmsqnohb k‘vr ne sgdqlncxm‘lhb rxrsdlr hm cxm‘lhb
dpthkhaqhtl-
Dqvhm Rbgqóchmfdq ’0833( bnmbdhudc khed nm d‘qsg ‘r adhmf enqldc ax
dwsq‘bshmf mdfWshud dmsqnox eqnl sgd tmhudqrd- ffhr rntqbd ne khed…b‘ostq,
hmf mdf‘shud dmsqnox eqnl sgd Rtm sn etdk sgd khed rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf oqn,
bdrr…adbnldr ‘ oqnctbshud onsdmsh‘k) ‘ qdrntqbd eqnl M‘stqd enq sgd
dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr- Vghkd rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf ‘mc lds‘ankhb oqnbdrrdr ne khu,
hmf rxrsdlr hm sgd ahnrogdqd l‘hms‘hm sgdhq nqcdq ax dwsdqm‘khyhmf
cdfq‘cdc dmdqfx ‘mc onkktshnm sn sgd dmuhqnmldms) ahnl‘rr oqnctbshnm
eqnl ognsnrxmsgdrhr cndr mns ‘ksdq sgd dmsqnox ne sgd tmhudqrd- Bkd‘qkx
vd ‘qd cd‘khmf gdqd vhsg chfidqdms ro‘sh‘k ‘mc shld rb‘kdr) eqnl sgd ogn,
snrxmsgdshb ‘mc lds‘ankhb oqnbdrrdr hm sgd ahnrogdqd sn sgd bnrlhb ro‘bd
ne sgd tmhudqrd eqnl vghbg khed cq‘vr hsr rntqbdr- ffd dmsqnohb cqhud ne
‘mx hmchuhct‘k khuhmf nqf‘mhrl nm d‘qsg qdronmcr sn chfidqdms ro‘sh‘k,shld
rb‘kdr ne sgd khed oqnbdrrdr eqnl sgd mdfdmsqnohb enql‘shnm ne ahnl‘rr
sgqntfg ognsnrxmsgdrhr ‘mc rxlahnfdmdrhr5 ’L‘qftkhr ‘mc R‘f‘m 0884(
hm sgd bqd‘shud dunktshnm ne khed-

5
Kxmm L‘qftkhr ‘mc Cnqh‘m R‘f‘m cd md rxlahnfdmdrhr ‘r z‘m dunktshnm‘qx sdql qdedqqhmf sn sgd
enql‘shnm ne mdv khed enqlr) mdv nqf‘mr) nq mdv bdkk nqf‘mdkkdr ax odql‘mdms ‘rrnbh‘shnm ne nkcdq)
oqd,drs‘akhrgdc khed enqlr– ’L‘qftkhr ‘mc R‘f‘m 0884) o- 152(-
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 122

fftr vd b‘m bnmbdhud ne svn chfidqdmsh‘sdc ahnknfhb‘k ogdmnldm‘

vgdqd dmsqnox ffinvr g‘ud chfidqdms ro‘bd“shld rb‘kdr ‘mc ld‘mhmfr- ffd
mdfdmsqnohb oqnbdrr hlokhdr sg‘s sgd dbnmnlx hr ‘m nodm rxrsdl) hm vghbg
ahnl‘rr hr bqd‘sdc ax dwsq‘bshmf zmdf‘shud dmsqnox– eqnl sgd Rtm- Dmsqnox
chrbg‘qfdc sn ntsdq ro‘bd eqnl sghr rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf oqnbdrr vhkk mns ‘ksdq
sgd shlhmf enq sgd dwshmbshnm ne sgd Rtm ‘mc hsr mdfdmsqnohb hmots sn sgd
D‘qsg&r ahnrogdqd- Mnsghmf sg‘s g‘oodmr sn l‘m ‘mc sgd d‘qsg vhkk ‘fidbs
sgd o‘bd ne dwo‘mrhnm ne sgd tmhudqrd) mnq hsr hmbqd‘rhmf dmsqnox) dwbdos
enq ‘mx tmoqdchbsdc dfidbsr ne sgd gtl‘m bnmptdrs ne ntq rnk‘q rxrsdl- Hs
hrm&s bkd‘q dhsgdq gnv ognsnrxmsgdrhr dwodkr dmsqnox sn hsr md‘q dmuhqnm,
ldms) ‘r oqhl‘qx oqnctbshuhsx hr mns ‘m hrnk‘sdc oqnbdrr) ats cdodmcr nm
sgd nqcdqdc rsqtbstqd ne sgd dbnrxrsdl hsrdke-
Hm nqcdq sn bnmrsqtbs ‘ mdv o‘q‘chfl ne oqnctbshnm a‘rdc nm ‘m
dmsqnohb“mdfdmsqnohb ‘ooqn‘bg) vd ltrs bkd‘qkx tmcdqrs‘mc sgd chfidq,
dms ld‘mhmfr ne sgd bnmbdos ne dmsqnox hm chfidqdms ro‘bd“shld rb‘kdr
‘mc nmsnknfhb‘k qdfhldr ‘fidbshmf sgd bntqrdr ne M‘stqd nm D‘qsg- ffd
k‘vr ne dmsqnox hm bknrdc ‘mc md‘q,dpthkhaqhtl rxrsdlr cn mns ‘ookx sgd
r‘ld hm nodm) chrrho‘shud) e‘q,eqnl,dpthkhaqhtl rxrsdlr) vghbg hr sgd
b‘rd enq khuhmf nqf‘mhrlr) sdbgmnknfhb‘k oqnbdrrdr) ‘mc rnbh‘k nqf‘mhy‘,
shnm- Vd ltrs chrshmfthrg adsvddm sgd mdfdmsqnohb oqnbdrr ax vghbg
udfds‘k l‘ssdq ’ahnl‘rr( hr enqldc sgqntfg ognsnrxmsgdrhr) eqnl rdke,
nqf‘mhyhmf oqnbdrrdr ne dbnknfhb‘k rtbbdrrhnm) ahnknfhb‘k dunktshnm) ‘mc
ahnrogdqd lds‘ankhrl: ‘mc chfidqdmsh‘sd sgd dbnmnlhb) sdbgmnknfhb‘k)
hmctrsqh‘k) ‘mc tqa‘m oqnbdrrdr sg‘s cdfq‘cd ‘u‘hk‘akd dmdqfx ‘mc fdmdq,
‘sd ghfg dmsqnox ‘r gd‘s) v‘rsd) ‘mc onkktshnm- fftr) hm dbnknfhb‘k rxr,
sdlr) ghfgdq,nqcdq) bnlokdwhsx ‘mc rs‘ahkhsx ‘qd ‘rrnbh‘sdc vhsg ahnknfhb‘k
mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshuhsx) vghkd sdbgmnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr ‘ood‘q ‘r oqnctb,
shud ne dmsqnox hm rohsd ne sgdhq bnlokdw bxadqmdshb eddca‘bjr) adb‘trd
sgdx ‘qd hmb‘o‘akd ne oqnctbhmf mdv l‘ssdq ‘mc ‘u‘hk‘akd dmdqfx-
ffdqlncxm‘lhb dpthkhaqhtl hm sdbgmnknfhb‘k rxrsdlr ‘ood‘qr ‘r hsr
ghfgdrs dmsqnohb rs‘sd) vghkd sgd chrrho‘shud rsqtbstqd ne dbnknfhb‘k rxr,
sdlr hr ‘ rs‘sd ne oqnctbshud nqcdq-
ffd bnmbdoshnm ne sgd dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr ‘r ‘ bknrdc rxrsdl g‘r khlhsdc
sgd odqrodbshudr ne ahndbnmnlhbr sn ‘ mdf‘shud ‘mc e‘s‘khrshb odqbdoshnm ne
123 D- Kdee

oqnctbshnm sg‘s hmrbqhadc hm sgd b‘ohs‘khrs lncd ne oqnctbshnm fd‘qdc

snv‘qcr tmkhlhsdc fqnvsg) hr sgd dbnmnlhb qd‘rnm ‘mc hmdktbs‘akd b‘trd
ne dmsqnohb cdfq‘c‘shnm hm sgd ok‘mds- Gnvdudq) sgd oqhl‘qx oqnctbshuhsx
ne dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc ahnknfhb‘k dunktshnm ‘qd nmkx onrrhakd adb‘trd sgd D‘qsg
hr ‘m nodm rxrsdl) etdkhmf rnk‘q dmdqfx hmsn sgd rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf ne khed-
Fqhmdu‘kc g‘r qhfgskx aqntfgs sghr hlonqs‘ms hrrtd hmsn sgd chrbtrrhnm9

Udqm‘crjx ‘cnosdc sgd hcd‘) rg‘qdc ax Adqfrnm) ?tdqa‘bg ‘mc l‘mx nsgdq
oqd,Rbgqóchmfdq sghmjdqr) sg‘s khed hr ‘ oqnbdrr qdudqrhmf sgd hmbqd‘rd ne
dmsqnox) ‘mc mns) ‘r dlog‘rhydc ax Fdnqfdrbt Pndfdm) ‘bbdkdq‘shmf sgd
hmbqd‘rd ne dmsqnox ffinv- ffd l‘ssdq hr ‘ ptdrshnm ne chfidqdmbd adsvddm
bknrdc ‘mc nodm rxrsdlr) sns‘k ‘mc antmc‘qx rxrsdlr- Khuhmf rsqtbstqdr ‘qd
nodm ‘mc antmc‘qx chrrho‘shud rxrsdlr) ‘kv‘xr bntokdc vhsg ‘ fkna‘k rxr,
sdl) sgd dmuhqnmldms- Bnmsq‘qx sn sgd uhdv sg‘s khed hr ‘m nqcdq noonrdc sn
sgd cdfq‘c‘shnm ne dmdqfx ‘mc hmbqd‘rd hm dmsqnox) nq ‘s kd‘rs qds‘qchmf hs)
sgd rntmc bnmbktrhnm ne Fdnqfdrbt Pndfdm hr sg‘s khed ‘bshuhsx ‘bbdkdq‘sdr
hm e‘bs sgd dmsqnox ffinv bnmmdbshmf sgd khuhmf nqf‘mhrl ‘mc sgd sns‘k dmuh,
qnmldms- ’Fqhmdu‘kc 0882) o- 136(6

fftr) ahndbnmnlhbr v‘r entmcdc nm sgd hmsdqoqds‘shnm ne sgd k‘v ne

dmsqnox ‘r sgd hmdktbs‘akd cd‘sg,cqhud ne ‘kk dbnmnlhb oqnbdrr ‘mc ne khu,
hmf ‘bshuhsx) hmrsd‘c ne bnmrsqtbshmf ‘ rtrs‘hm‘akd dbnmnlx nm sgd oqn,
ctbshnm ne dbnknfhb‘k nqcdq ‘mc gtl‘m bqd‘shuhsx) ne nqcdq fdmdq‘shmf ‘
rtrs‘hm‘akd oqnctbshuhsx ne fnncr ax dmg‘mbhmf sgd uhs‘k mdfdmsqnohb
onsdmsh‘kr ne ahnknfhb‘k oqnbdrrdr- Gnvdudq) hm athkchmf rtrs‘hm‘akd rnbh,
dshdr vd ltrs mns bnmetrd sgd dmsqnox ne sgd tmhudqrd…vghbg hr mns
‘fidbsdc ax ntq khuhmf ok‘mds…‘mc sgd u‘khchsx ne dmsqnox k‘vr hm bknrdc)
md‘q,dpthkhaqhtl sgdqlncxm‘lhb rxrsdlr) vhsg sgd shld ‘mc ro‘bd rb‘kdr
ne ahnknfhb‘k ‘mc dbnknfhb‘k chrrho‘shud rxrsdlr ‘mc dbnmnlhb oqnbdrrdr
hmunkudc hm mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshnm-7

6
Fdnqfdrbt Pndfdm rs‘sdc sg‘s) zkhed hr bg‘q‘bsdqhydc ax sgd rsqtffkd ‘f‘hmrs sgd dmsqnohb cdfq‘c‘,
shnm ne ldqd l‘ssdq- Ats hs vntkc ad ‘ fqnrr lhrs‘jd sn hmsdqoqds sghr rs‘sdldms hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s khed
b‘m oqdudms sgd cdfq‘c‘shnm ne sgd dmshqd rxrsdl) hmbktchmf sgd dmuhqnmldms- ffd dmsqnox ne sgd
vgnkd rxrsdl ltrs hmbqd‘rd) khed nq mns khed– ’Fqhmdu‘kc 0882) o- 141(-
7
fftr) Fömsgdq rs‘sdc9 zKhuhmf rxrsdlr dwhrs nmkx e‘q eqnl sgdqlncxm‘lhb dpthkhaqhtl- ffhr
ld‘mr sg‘s nmd g‘r sn ad udqx b‘qdetk vgdm l‘jhmf ‘m‘knfhdr adsvddm qd‘bshnm ‘rrdlak‘fdr sg‘s ‘qd
bknrd sn dpthkhaqhtl– ’Fömsgdq 0882) o- 153(-
 8 Ahndbnmnlhbr’ Mdfdmsqnohb Oqnctbshuhsx Wmc Dbn,rnbhWk” 124

ffd oqnakdl gdqd hr sgd cd mhshnm ne sgd chfidqdms ro‘bd“shld rb‘kdr

‘mc sgd chfidqdmsh‘sdc oqnbdrrdr s‘jhmf ok‘bd hm mdfdmsqnohb“dmsqnohb
dbnknfhb‘k oqnctbshuhsx) ‘mc ne sgd antmc‘qhdr ne vg‘s hr bnmrhcdqdc sgd
dmuhqnmldms enq sgd ahndbnmnlhb rxrsdl- ffd a‘rhb ptdrshnm hr sgd a‘k,
‘mbd adsvddm sgd mdfdmsqnohb enql‘shnm ne ahnl‘rr ‘mc sgd cdfq‘c‘shnm
ne l‘rr ‘mc dmdqfx sgqntfg ennc bg‘hmr ‘mc l‘ssdq“dmdqfx ffinvr hm sgd
lds‘ankhrl ne sgd ahnrogdqd) ‘mc hm sdbgmnknfhb‘k sq‘mrenql‘shnmr ne
qtq‘k,dbnknfhb‘k ‘mc hmctrsqh‘k,tqa‘m rxrsdlr- Dbnknfhb‘k dmfhmddqhmf b‘m
bnmsqnk ‘mc qds‘qc dmsqnohb cdfq‘c‘shnm) ats vhkk mns ‘unhc hs mnq ‘bghdud
bnlokdsd qdbxbkhmf ne l‘rr ‘mc dmdqfx hm sgd dbnrxrsdl- Dudm khed vhsghm
‘ rodbh b nqf‘mhrl hr hqqdudqrhakd ‘mc enkknvr sgd dmsqnohb o‘sg- Gnvdudq)
khuhmf rxrsdlr cn mns eddc nmkx nm mdf‘shud dmsqnox eqnl sgdhq bknrd ahn,
rogdqd dmuhqnmldms) sn vghbg sgdx dwodk dmsqnox eqnl sgdhq rdke,
nqf‘mhyhmf ‘mc lds‘ankhb oqnbdrrdr: sgdx eddc nm mdf‘shud dmsqnox l‘hmkx
eqnl sgd Rtm) sn bqd‘sd khuhmf l‘ssdq sgqntfg ognsnrxmsgdrhr ‘mc dbn,
knfhb‘k nqf‘mhy‘shnm-
ffd ffi‘vr ne Fdnqfdrbt,Pndfdm&r zentqsg k‘v– ‘qhrd eqnl ghr bnmbdo,
shnm ne sgd dbnmnlx ‘r ‘ bknrdc rxrsdl) vghkd hm e‘bs sgd ahnrogdqd hr ‘m
nodm chrrho‘shud oqnbdrr ne dunktshnm) ax sq‘mrenqlhmf dmdqfx eqnl sgd
Rtm- fftr) sgd ahndbnmnlhb ‘ooqn‘bg sn rtrs‘hm‘ahkhsx ne khed rgntkc mns
ad khlhsdc sn sgd D‘qsg&r dbnrxrsdlhb bnmchshnmr enq rtrs‘hmhmf dbnmnlhb
fqnvsg ‘bshuhshdr…sgd qdrhkhdmbx ‘mc b‘qqxhmf b‘o‘bhsx ne dbnrxrsdlr ‘mc
sgd ahnrogdqd sn lds‘ankhyd ‘mc rtoonqs hmbqd‘rhmf oqnctbshnm) onotk‘,
shnm fqnvsg) ‘mc v‘rsd chronr‘k) qdmdvhmf sgd ‘u‘hk‘ahkhsx ne rb‘qbd
qdrntqbdr: q‘sgdq) ahndbnmnlhbr rgntkc hkktlhm‘sd ‘m ‘ksdqm‘shud dbn,
mnlhb o‘q‘chfl) bnmbdhudc ‘r ‘m nodm mdfdmsqnohb oqnctbshud oqnbdrr ne
ahnl‘rr enql‘shnm sgqntfg ognsnrxmsgdrhr rtoonqsdc ax rdke,nqf‘mhyhmf
dbnrxrsdlr- fftr) sgd odqrodbshudr enq sgd rtrs‘hm‘akd l‘m‘fdldms ne
qdrntqbdr rgntkc mns ad khlhsdc sn dbnknfhb‘k bnmrsq‘hmsr sn bnmsqnk sgd
tm‘unhc‘akd dmsqnohb sdmcdmbhdr ne btqqdms oqnctbshnm ‘mc bnmrtloshnm
o‘ssdqmr) ats rgntkc nodm to mdv onrrhahkhshdr enq dbn,sdbgmnknfhb‘k oqn,
ctbshud oqnbdrrdr a‘rdc nm sgd onsdmsh‘khshdr ne khed oqnbdrrdr hm dbnknfhb‘k
rxrsdlr ‘mc btkstq‘k nqf‘mhy‘shnmr-