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1) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the developmental benefits of
proximity between infants and caregivers?
a. Proximity protectively restricts the infant's movements and keeps the child safe.
b. Proximity contributes to the development of a strong emotional bond between the child
and the caregiver.
c. Proximity permits social interactions between the child and the caregiver.
d. Proximity imprints the caregiver's identity and makes the infant wary of strangers.

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 154
Skill: Comprehension

2) According to Freud's perspective on development, if an infant's weaning is not

properly managed, the result could be
a. an inability to form close emotional bonds.
b. fixation at the oral stage of development.
c. a difficult temperament.
d. obsessive attention to the details of relationships.

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 154
Skill: Comprehension

3) Erikson went beyond Freud's view of infancy because Erikson

a. discussed the importance of culture.
b. recognized that fathers are important too.
c. talked about nursing and weaning.
d. claimed that it is important to respond to all of an infants' needs.

Answer: d
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 154–155
Skill: Comprehension

4) Attachment relationships are of particular value for infants because such relationships
assure infants
a. have a safe base from which to explore.
b. mature.
c. achieve high intelligence.
d. grow.

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Comprehension

5) When a sense of attachment is developed, you feel

a. a sense of security.
b. comfort when the person you are attached to is present.
c. comfort knowing that a safe base exists for you.
d. all of the above.

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Knowledge

6) An infant's emotional ties to a parent, from which the child derives security, is known
as
a. an affectional bond.
b. attachment.
c. synchrony.
d. social referencing.

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Knowledge

7) The research conducted with Romanian orphans adopted by Canadian families lends
support to the concept of
a. reactive attachment disorder.
b. social referencing.
c. stranger anxiety.
d. psychoanalytic theory.

Answer: a
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 156
Skill: Application

8) The reciprocal pattern of signalling and responding through which infants indicate
their needs and adults respond is called ________ by developmentalists.
a. “attaching”
b. “synchrony”
c. “rhythm”
d. “bonding”

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Comprehension

9) A mutual interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and child is

known as
a. attachment.
b. synchrony.
c. an affectional bond.
d. proximity promoting behaviour.
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Knowledge

10) Which of the following is the best example of the synchrony of behaviours that
underlies the development of an attachment relationship?
a. When Jeremy and Amanda refused to be satisfied with separate toys, they were each
given 30 minutes in time out.
b. Dr. Hall rocked, read stories, and sang to her infant son until they were both drowsy.
c. Six-month-old Jarod and his mother have a conversation in which she imitates his
babbling and he seems to imitate what she is saying.
d. Kenny and Carrie shared toys and tasks to build a sand fort in the sandbox.

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 157
Skill: Analysis

11) Once a child has developed a clear attachment, several other related behaviours begin
to appear. Which of the following is a good example of these attachment-related
behaviours?
a. social referencing
b. difference in eating and sleeping patterns
c. difference in temperament
d. a lack of separation anxiety

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Comprehension

12) Parents should expect their child to begin to protest being left with an unfamiliar
babysitter when the child is approximately
a. 6 months old.
b. 1 year old.
c. 2 months old.
d. 9 months old.

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Comprehension

13) It is apparent that 2-year-old Hoshi has strong attachments to both his mother and his
father. You might expect that if Hoshi falls off the swing and cuts his knee, he will turn to
a. his mother.
b. neither parent, because fear and pain will overwhelm his proximity-seeking behaviour.
c. his father.
d. either parent.

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 158–159
Skill: Comprehension

14) When infants use facial expressions to help them understand what to do in new
situations, they are engaging in what researchers call
a. social referencing.
b. deferred imitation.
c. schematic learning.
d. cross-modal transfer.

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Knowledge
15) Francois sees a stranger enter the room and he immediately looks at his mother's face.
His mother reacts to the stranger by smiling. Francois is using
a. internal models of experience.
b. social referencing.
c. synchrony.
d. proximity-seeking behaviour.

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Application

16) Peter and his father were at the doctor's office. Because Peter's father looked
comfortable and happy when the doctor entered the examining room, the baby accepted
the doctor's greeting with little fuss. Peter was at least ________ months old and was
demonstrating ________.
a. 12; schematic learning
b. 9; deferred imitation
c. 10; social referencing
d. 18; discriminatory perception

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Comprehension

17) Juan is 16 months old and meeting his uncle for the first time. His uncle reaches for
him, but Juan clings to his mother and refuses to let go. Juan is most likely experiencing
a. separation anxiety.
b. stranger anxiety.
c. social referencing.
d. avoidant attachment.

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Application

18) Madeline cries and protests when she is separated from her father. This is an example
of
a. separation anxiety.
b. stranger anxiety.
c. social referencing.
d. secure attachment.

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 159
Skill: Application

19) Mary Ainsworth's attachment assessment procedure, the Strange Situation, consisted
of
a. adults wearing masks with a variety of common emotional expressions in order to
assess infants' social referencing skills.
b. assessing children's reactions while gradually introducing them into daycare settings
through progressively longer visits.
c. a series of episodes involving various combinations of an infant, the infant's mother,
and a stranger together in a room.
d. evaluations of infants reared solely by one parent.

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Knowledge

20) Pederson and Moran from the University of Western Ontario changed Ainsworth's
Strange Situation research in one important way. They
a. observed mother–infant interactions in their homes.
b. added fathers to the experiment.
c. only studied infants with secure attachments.
d. brought the child's toys from home into the laboratory.

Answer: a
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Knowledge

21) Arthur is an independent and curious child who is always exploring. He readily
separates from his mother when he is left at the nursery school, and he is happy to see her
when she returns. Arthur most likely would be classified as having a(n) ________
attachment.
a. insecure/ambivalent
b. secure
c. insecure/disorganized
d. insecure/avoidant

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Analysis

22) Harrison is a 1-year-old child who is pleasant and cooperative with most adults.
When his mother is at home, he does not seek or approach her as he plays. If she leaves
him to go to work, he does not greet her or seek her presence when she returns. Harrison
most likely would be classified as having a(n) ________ attachment.
a. ambivalent
b. disorganized
c. avoidant
d. secure

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Analysis

23) If you were to visit the Fedor home in the middle of the day, you would find 1-year-
old Vlad playing close to his mother. Your presence would upset him, and his mother
would have difficulty comforting him. If she left the room briefly, he would be extremely
upset, but he would seem to both seek and avoid her when she returned. Vlad most likely
would be classified as having a(n) ________ form of attachment.
a. avoidant
b. disorganized
c. secure
d. ambivalent

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Analysis

24) As an employee of the Happy Times Day Care Centre, you have many opportunities
to observe children interacting with their parents. You notice that when the mother of 1-
year-old Todd comes to pick him up, he seems apprehensive as he greets her. His
behaviour seems contradictory because he will move toward her, but he will not make
eye contact with her. Todd most likely would be classified as having a(n) _________
form of attachment.
a. secure
b. disorganized/disoriented
c. avoidant
d. ambivalent

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Analysis

25) Paress went with her mother to her grandparents' home. She readily separated from
her mother and played with her toys. When a friend she did not know came by to visit,
she sought out and used her mother as a safe base for the rest of the day while she
continued play. Paress would most likely be classified as having a(n) ________ form of
attachment.
a. secure
b. avoidant
c. ambivalent
d. disorganized/disoriented

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Analysis

26) Studies of parent–child interactions suggest that the crucial ingredients for a secure
attachment are
a. caregivers who are emotionally available and contingently responsive to a child's cues.
b. an intact family structure (two adults) and sufficient financial resources.
c. an infant who is physically and neurologically healthy and caregivers who are loving
and caring.
d. parents who are firm and consistent in their discipline and give the child undivided
attention.

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Comprehension

27) Which of the following does NOT affect the development of a secure attachment with
an infant?
a. the parents' emotional availability
b. sensitivity to a child's cues and responding appropriately
c. consistency
d. parental age

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Knowledge

28) Which of the following is the best example of contingent responsiveness?

a. Nine-month-old Isabella avoids her mother's eyes and seems drowsy, so her mother
ceases their game of peek-a-boo and allows Isabella to go to sleep.
b. The Svenson family's plan for caring for their infant hinges on care being provided by
a member of the family so that the child is never left with strangers.
c. Four-year-old Andrew asks to have his training wheels removed, and his father
complies.
d. Ralph and Rhonda believe that responding too quickly will spoil their child.

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Analysis

29) Mercedes enjoys interacting with her baby. She tends to smile back at the baby when
she smiles, talk to the baby when she vocalizes, and pick up the baby when she cries.
This is an example of
a. a secure attachment.
b. contingent responsiveness.
c. ambivalent attachment.
d. social referencing.

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Application

30) Which of the following is consistently observed in attachment relationships that are
classified as insecure?
a. low levels of responsiveness to the child
b. low socioeconomic status
c. abuse
d. single-parent family structure

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Comprehension

31) A team of child psychologists have classified Ann as having a

disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. What situation is likely in Ann's
developmental history?
a. She may have a difficult temperament and parents who do not know how to respond to
her.
b. She may have been abused or have a parent who has a traumatic developmental
history.
c. She may have parents who have mental disorders, such as clinical depression.
d. She may have been born with low birth weight and have experienced health problems
for the first few years of life.

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160
Skill: Comprehension

32) Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause a change in the quality
of an infant's attachment relationship?
a. an upheaval in the family, such as the death of a parent
b. the child's maturation
c. the formation of an attachment relationship with a teacher
d. the addition of new siblings to the family

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 160–161
Skill: Analysis
33) According to research, which of the following is a characteristic of children or
adolescents who were securely attached as infants?
a. more positive and empathetic behaviour toward friends and siblings, but no effect on
academic performance
b. social and emotional skills that tend to facilitate early sexual activity
c. greater social skills coupled by lower self-esteem
d. better grades

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Comprehension

34) Research has shown that children who are securely attached tend to
a. be less sociable, and happy only with the mother–child relationship.
b. be more reluctant to explore.
c. be more empathetic and emotionally mature.
d. need to be in constant proximity to the parent figure.

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Comprehension

35) Which of the following conclusions is true with respect to adolescents with a secure
attachment?
a. They are more socially skilled, have more intimate friendships, and are more likely to
be rated as leaders.
b. They are more likely to become sexually active early and practice riskier sex.
c. They have less supportive friendships.
d. They have lower self-esteem.

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 163
Skill: Comprehension

36) Your friend Saeed, age 25, says that he often felt like the parent in his family when he
was a child. While he tries hard to please his family, he is very angry at his parents for
failing to be the parents he needed. Using the terminology psychologists have developed
to classify the security or insecurity of an adult's attachment to his parents, Saeed's
attachment most likely would be classified as
a. ambivalent
b. dismissing/detached
c. disorganized
d. insecure/dependent and imbalanced

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 161
Skill: Analysis

37) Foundation is to house as ________ is to personality.

a. temperament
b. attachment classification
c. emotion
d. self-concept

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Analysis

38) The term “temperament” refers to

a. one of three personality patterns that children typically display.
b. the typical pattern of response a child makes when she is angry or frustrated.
c. the degree to which a child will permit himself to be influenced by others.
d. inborn behavioural and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality.
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Knowledge

39) Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who
study temperament?
a. inhibition or shyness
b. activity level
c. intelligence
d. persistence

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Knowledge

40) Your neighbour Zalina says that her two children were very different from each other
right from birth. Her son was very fussy and had difficulty developing regular schedules,
while her daughter was calm, happy, and adaptable. Zalina is describing differences in
her children's
a. sociability patterns.
b. personalities.
c. temperaments.
d. attachments.

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Analysis

41) The set of enduring behavioural and emotional predispositions that a child uses to
approach their world is called
a. personality.
b. threshold of responsiveness.
c. adaptability measure.
d. temperament.

Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Knowledge

42) Temperament is to personality as _________ is to ____________.

a. a painting; a canvas
b. a canvas; a painting
c. a carriage; a horse
d. a horse; a carriage

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Comprehension

43) The infant temperament spectrum identified by Thomas and Chess includes all of the
following EXCEPT
a. easy temperament
b. ambivalent temperament
c. difficult temperament
d. slow-to-warm-up temperament

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 164
Skill: Knowledge
44) The five key aspects of temperament that encompass issues such as sociability,
activity levels, emotional reactivity, and self-regulation are called the ________ of
temperament.
a. domains
b. ranges
c. dimensions
d. measurements

Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Knowledge

45) Proof of strong genetic heredity patterns in temperament traits was gained by
studying
a. sibling groups.
b. gorillas.
c. identical twins.
d. chimpanzees.

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 165
Skill: Knowledge

46) Jerome Kagan’s research on temperament suggests that temperament results more
from
a. differing thresholds for arousal in the parts of the brain.
b. the influences of environment and heredity.
c. genetically transmitted traits.
d. trait and environment interaction.

Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Knowledge

47) A low activity 5-year-old choosing to do a puzzle rather than participate in a game of
Duck Duck Goose is an example of _________ in temperament.
a. inhibition
b. niche-picking
c. goodness of fit
d. reflective choice

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Application

48) The degree to which a child’s temperament is adaptable to his environment is called
a. survival of the fittest.
b. goodness of fit.
c. niche-picking.
d. temperament matching.

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Knowledge

49) Zitzi is a very intense, highly active, emotionally reactive 2 year old who has
difficulty making transitions. His mother Andu is very easy-going and loves being with
other people. Often their social outings end in disaster, with Andu having to leave the
situation to take Zitzi home. What principle of temperament does their relationship
illustrate?
a. frontal lobe asymmetry
b. niche-picking
c. goodness of fit
d. ambivalent insecure attachment
Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Comprehension

50) Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between parenting
and temperament?
a. Parenting has little to no influence over temperament because temperament traits are
inborn.
b. Parenting interactions and practices tend to strengthen or reinforce innate qualities.
c. The impact of parenting on temperament is culturally specific with certain cultures,
such as the Chinese culture, having significant impacts on traits like
inhibition/disinhibition.
d. Parental influence is greatest with easy-temperament children.

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 166
Skill: Knowledge

51) The characteristics or traits one exhibits as an infant will

a. change significantly depending on maturation and experience.
b. remain stable until puberty for approximately half the population.
c. change or modify with maturation except for those individuals at the most extreme end
of a given temperament continuum.
d. remain consistent over childhood and adolescence and likely into adulthood.

Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 166–167
Skill: Knowledge
52) At 2, Giovanna knows her name, knows that she is a girl and that she is a big sister.
Psychologists would say that Giovanna is in the ________ stage of self-concept
development.
a. cataloguing
b. subjective self
c. existential self
d. objective self

Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 168
Skill: Application

53) Goran is 11 months old. He loves to press a button on the side of his story book that
makes different animal sounds. Goran appears to know that he must press the button to
hear the sounds. Psychologists would say that Goran is in the ________ stage of self-
concept development.
a. self awareness
b. subjective self
c. objective self
d. cataloguing

Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 167–168
Skill: Application

54) Between 2 and 5 months of age, babies begin to identify changes in emotions
expressed by others by
a. watching faces.
b. listening to voice tones.
c. combined multisensory cues like facial expressions, voice tones, etc.
d. Babies in this age group cannot discern other people’s emotions.

Answer: a
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 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Footnotes have been moved to the end of the book.
Most of the inconsistent hyphenation has been retained as in the original, like
‘mind reading’ and ‘mind-reading’, ‘supersensitivity’ and ‘super-sensitivity’, etc.
Obvious punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
Original spelling and grammar have been preserved except for the following:
page 5: “the ordinary lauguage” changed to “the ordinary language”
page 23: “render she sight” changed to “render the sight”
page 29: “Stanhope, Macclesfield, Charlville” changed to “Stanhope,
Macclesfield, Charleville”
page 29: “Camillie Flammarion” changed to “Camille Flammarion”
page 29: “Dr. Jykell and Mr. Hyde” changed to “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”
page 30: “and discribed a funeral” changed to “and described a funeral”
page 31: “s capable of” changed to “is capable of”
page 42: “enter the first doo” changed to “enter the first door”
page 45: “She can also indentify” changed to “She can also identify”
page 54: “why it hould not” changed to “why it should not”
page 73: “from our own sensorums” changed to “from our own sensoriums”
page 75: “following by like feelings” changed to “followed by like feelings”
page 77: “the brig in a dorry” changed to “the brig in a dory”
page 77: “the dorry was again” changed to “the dory was again”
page 79: “The coffin, at anyrate” changed to “The coffin, at any rate”
page 81: “happened her” changed to “happened to her”
page 84: “I notice a solitary” changed to “I noticed a solitary”
page 118: “This gentlemen had” changed to “This gentleman had”
page 125: “understand it faults” changed to “understand its faults”
page 125: “election of Calvanism” changed to “election of Calvinism”
page 126: “Devachian is the intermediate” changed to “Devachan is the
intermediate”
Footnote A: “such as errotic mania” changed to “such as erotic mania”
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