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Chapter 01_Introduction
Chapter 01_Introduction
Type of Flows
Type of Channels
Channel geometry
Correction factors
Due to presence of
free surface in OCF,
the analysis of OCF is
much more difficult
than that of pipe flow
Artificial channels
Canal River
Definition of OCF 4 Open Channel Flow
Canal
Tunnel
Drop Culvert
Examples of OCF 6 Open Channel Flow
Trapezoidal Section
y u Q
0 for fixed x
t t t
Example: Flood flow in a river, Tidal flow
Uniform Flow: Flow in the open channel is said to be uniform when depth,
mean velocity or discharge do not change along the length of a channel
y u Q
0 for fixed t
x x x
Example: Flow in a flume with constant Q
For uniform flow: S0 = Sw = Sf parallel to each other
Steady - Uniform Flow:
y u Q y u Q
0
t t t x x x
Example: Flow in a flume with constant Q
Unsteady-Uniform Flow: which means the water surface fluctuates from
time to time but parallel to channel bottom which is impossible
GVF
y
0
x
RVF
y
0
x
Chapter 1 – Example
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m and side slope of
2:1. Compute the discharge and determine the state of flow if the
depth of flow is 1.5 m and mean velocity is 2.3 m/s.
Solution:
Given: b = 6 m, s = 2, h = 1.5 m, V = 2.3 m/s
A = (b+sh)h = (6+2*1.5) * 1.5 = 13.5 m2
P = b + 2h√(1+s2) = 6 + 2*1.5*√(1+22) = 12.71 m
T = b + 2sh = 6 + 2*2*1.5 = 12 m
Rh = A/P = 13.5/12.71 = 1.06 m
D = A/T = 13.5/12 = 1.13 m
Q = AV = 13.5*2.3 = 31.05 m3/s
Re = VRh/ν = 2.3*1.06/10-6 = 2.44*106
Fr = V/√(gD) = 2.3/√(9.81*1.13) = 0.69 < 1
So, the flow is subcritical turbulent
State of OCF 33 Open Channel Flow
U mean
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
n
1
R S or 1.267 .2 2 / 3. 8 10 5
n
1/ 2
So, n = 0.0112
(vi) Unit discharge, q:
q = y x Umean = 2 x 1.267 = 2.534 m3/s/m
Pressure distribution in a
channel with large slope
Pressure distribution in a channel with small slope
Conservation of Mass:
Q Av
Conservation of Momentum
F Q(v2 v1 )
Conservation of Energy
v2
H z y
2g
dA
2
v
A
Average transfer
Qv
Conservation of Energy
v dA v dA
2 2
A A
Qv v 2 A
Correction Factor 45 Open Channel Flow
v dA dA
3 3
v
A A 3
Qv 2
v A
Correction Factor 46 Open Channel Flow
Properties of and
Equal to unity for uniform flow (otherwise greater than 1)
is more sensitive to velocity variations than
and used generally for complex cross-sectional
shapes (eg, compound sections, natural channels etc)
Solution:
q 20.21
U 3.37m / s
h 6.0
h
u dz u z
3
3
0
3 3
Uh Uh
1.0 03 4.513
[ 2.953 3.313 3.623 3.953 4.123 ] 1.25
3.37 6
3
2
Correction Factor 49 Open Channel Flow
Solution:
h
u dz u z
2
2
0
2 2
U h U h
1.0 02 4.512
[ 2.952 3.312 3.622 3.952 4.122 ] 1.11
3.37 6
2
2