UNITS & DIMENSION PHYSICAL QUANTITY. ‘The quantites which can be measured Jaws of physics are called phy sypes of physical quantities : Peiaer eae) Fundamental Derived ‘Supplementry by an instrument and by mi quantitl of which we can describe the 11 Fundamental Aithough the number of physical quantities that we measure Is very large, we need only a limited number of units for expressing all the physical quantities since they are interrelated with one another So, certain physical quantities have been chosen arbitrarily and their units are used for expressing all the physical quantities, such quantities are known as Fundamental, Absolute or Base Quantities (such as length, time and mass in mechanics) (V) All other quantites may be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities, (W) They are independent of each other and cannot be obtained from one another. An international body named General Conference on Weights and Measures chose seven physical quantities as fundamental : (1) length (2)mass (3) time (5) thermodynamic temperature (7) luminous intensity, Note: These are also called as absolute or base quantities. In mechanics, we treat length, mass and time as the three basic or fundamental quantities. Emotions are not physical quantities.Example happiness (sukh) ,solitude(akelapan),sarrowness (dukh) (4) electric current, (6) amount of substance 1.2. Derived : Physical quantities which can be expressed as combination of base quantities are called as derived quantities. For example : Speed, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, pressure, energy etc. distance _ length * time = time Ex Speed = 1.3. Supplementary : Beside the seven fundamental physical quantities two supplementary quantities are also defined, they are : (1) Plane angle (2) Solid angle. Note : The supplementary quantities have only units but no dimensions. 2, MAGNITUDE: Magnitude of physical quantity = (numerical value) x (unit) Magnitude of a physical quantity is always constant. It is independent of the type of unit. 4 =o Pe wumerical value or nu, = n,u, = constant 2. Length of a metal rod bar Is unchanged whether It is measured as 2 metre or 200 cm. Observe the change In the Numerical value (from 2 to 200) as unit Is changed from metre to cm, B:irs BOMENSION velocity time acceleration = Siaplacement/ time time displacement (tne)! 5 gecorgtt. — Ve Ceaned ne meter per second! square) $1 PREFIXES The magnitudes of physical quantities vary order magnit a wide range. The CGPM recommended standard prerores SIE itude too large or too smalll to be expressed mere compactly for certain power of 10. fares of10 | Prefix Symbol | Power of 10 Prefix Symbol C0 on e 1m ech 4 10 peta ia 107 conti £ 08 we t " a oe : 10 Gc 10 micro . jem mega MW 10" sabe. 2 10% kilo k A pio, 5 ee 10 deca oa cir Loe. 2 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR USING SYMBOLS FOR SI UNITS, SOME OTHER UNITS, SOME OTHER UNITS, AND SI PREFIXES (a) Symbols for units of physical quantities are printed/ written in Roman (upright 1¥P2)- and not in talics For example : 1 N is correct but 1 Nis incorrect (b) (i) Unitis never written with capital intial letter even if ts named after 2 scientist For example : SI unit of force is newton (correct) Newton (Incorrect) (i) Fora unit named after a scientist, the symbol is a capital letter But for other units, the symbol is NOT a capital letter: For example: c force + newton (N) energy > joule (3) electric current. > ~—_ ampere (A) temperature > kelvin (k) frequency > hertz (Hz) For example: length > meter (m) mass = logram (ka) luminous intensity > candela (cd) time + second (5) Note: The single exception is L, for the unit litre, (e) Symbols for units do not contain any fa) full stop all the end of recommended letter and Syren unaitered in the plural, using only singular form of the unit. For example: Quanity Conect | _meonect em Demme | 20" | ae me, 5.1. Characteristics of base units or ‘standards: (A) Welldefined _(B) Accessibility (C)Invariability ——_(D) Convenience in use Branch 1: Near Bank of Baroda lane, Tagore nagar, Raipur (C.G.) Branch 2: ATM Chowk, Avanti Vihar, Raipur, Mob.:8005585252angular displacement angular velocity Angular acceleration Moment of Inertia Frequency stress Strain Youngs modulus. sulk modulus of rigidity) Surface tension Force constant (spring) Coefficient of viscosity Gravitation constant Gravitational potential Temperature Heat Specific heat Latent heat Coefficient of thermal conductivity Universal gas constant ‘Mechanical equivalent of heat Charge fascal or Pa Nam. radian or rad rad/sec rad/sec? kom hertz or Hz Nine et: mr? a wr ka/ms(poise in C.G.S.) ML"T* Mout? = Mout? Kelvin or K MeLeToe: Joule or Calorie MUT? Joule z ane weuT304 Joule co Joule meeck Mout? MUT?0- Joule molK Coulomb or © ‘Ampere or A2 {13 6 DIMENSION IMPLY TE] = naIM3 U2 THY wll) vere n, and n, are the numerical values In two system of units respective ), we can Here rt the numerical value of a physical quantity from one system er enke Wto te Ries stentt the value of gravitation constant ls G system of units. The dimensional formula of G Is ("+ L272], Using equation number (I), |.@., 67 x 10° Nm?/kg? In SI units. Convert It into CGS ingly) 157) = mag! TH) =a 7 Here, 1, = 6.67 * 10" Ma 1kg, M,=i9=10%K9 L=tm, tetem=107m, T= 7,748 Substituting in the above equation, we get | ° cs || a 40°kg) [107m] Lis, or =, = 6.67 x 10% ‘Thus, value of G in CGS system of units is 6.67 x 10°* dyne cm#/9*. To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical equation : Every physical equation should be dimensionally balanced. Thisis called We ‘principle of Homogeneity’ Every nyesions of each term on both sides of an equation must be the same: this basis we can judge whether a given equation is correct or not, But @ ‘dimensionally correct equation may or may NOt be physically correct. x5 show that the expression of the time period T of a simple pendulum of length given by T= 83 an, E is dimensionally correct. - anf 9 Dimensionally m= fee ‘sin the above equation, the dimensions of both sides are same: The given formula is dimensionally correct. ciple of Homogeneity of Dimensions. This principle states that the dimensions of all the terms in 2 physical expression should be same. For 4 example, in the physical expression s = ut + pat! the dimensions of s, ut and pee all are same. Note : The physical quantities separated by the symbols +, =r >< etc,, have the same dimensions. © x6 The velocity vofa particle depends upon the time t according tothe equation veatbt+ oy Sol. Write the dimensions of a, b, cand d. From principle of homogeneity {al = V1. or {a} = (71 Ans. {ot} = [v)UNITS & DIMENSION 8.4 Ex.7 Sol. 85 wi _ (ur : i etm or [b) = (LT) | Similarly, {4} = (t] = (7) Ans. | Further, aut 10} or [c] = [v] [d +t] ! or fe} = (LT) [7] or (l= tu) Ans. To establish the relation among various physical quantiti If we know the factors on which a given physical quantity may depend, we can find a formula relatin, the quantity with those factors, Let us take an example. The frequency (f) of a stretched string depends upon the tension F (dimensions of force) length (of the string and the mass per unit length of string. Derive the formula for frequency ‘Suppose, that the frequency f depends on the tension raised to the power a, length raised to thy power b and mass per unit length ralsed to the power c. Then. F< (FPA orf AFI PL Here, k is a dimensionless constant. Thus, U1 = CF (2? (ale or (MOLT!) = [MET] [L}? [MIF for [MPLOT-!] = [Meee Lere-e T2 For dimensional balance, the dimension on both sides should be same. Thus, atc=0 nl) at+b-c=0 we lill) and -2as-1 (Iv) Solving these three equations, we get and b= - Substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get 1 KEP or fF 4 Experimentally, the value of kis found to be > ae Hence, ae Limitations of Dimensional Analysis The method of dimensions has the following limitations : (i) By this method the value of dimensionless constant can not be calculated. (ii) By this method the equation containing trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic terms coool be analysed. (iil) Ifa physical quantity depends on more than Branch 1: Near Bank of Branch 2: ATM Chowk,pars a omensO ° BASIC MATHEMATICS. wensURATION FORMULAS ¢ resus; d= dlameter (toume S.A = surface area {narele perameter:2nre xd, Area 2 nite Pa (py sphere cortace area = 47° = xa, Volume = fe - ; a (@) Spherical Shell (Hollow sphere) (ore area = 4xt* = xd Volume of material used = (4x")(dr), dr = thickness (a) Cylinder Lateral area = 2xth eh qotalarea = 2x + 2a = 2nr(h +r) {e) Cone Lateral area = a0 (ant = height ach swataren xr (WEAR +1) Vi (Ellipse bt Circumference = 2m area = xab a= semi major axis a semi minor axis, : <— b—— . a= side; h = height; b= base @ = angle between sides a and b (hy Trapezoid area = a+b) A > 2 and b parallel sides r= height () Rectangular container 4 lateral area = 20+bn+hé) v=cbh — sie bh stathematics isthe language of physics. 1 becomes esi to descibe, understand and apply the piyniest prinples, irane has @ good knowledge of mathematics, 10. LOGARITHMS: (ex 2.7183. ttemiyyahan xs to50y = (ill) If 10*= y, then x = 1o9,.¥ -UNITS & DIMENSION opp 4 tano = ag "3 cote = “= 08 0 = x-coordinate of P= - 4 sin = y-coordinate of P = ¥2 12. Values of sin 0, cos 6 and tan for some standard angles. T yee | 0 180 Degree | 30 37 45 53 60 90 120 | 136 Radians| 0] 2/6 [372/180] x/4 [s3x/180] x/3 | x/2 | 20/3 | 3x4 | sno jolie [as | wal 4s [wee] + |irjaved| ° cost [t[ | as [v2 [as [ie [ o | 2 [wal + tane | 0| v3 | 34 1 43 | 3 « 4 | + ° ‘ A useful rule for remembering when the basic trigonometric functions are positive and negative is the CAST rule. If you are not very enthusiastic about CAST. You can remember it as ASTC (After school to college or add sugar to coffee or all student taking coffee). I" Quadrant 4 f* Quadrant ‘The CAST rule RULES FOR FINDING TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF ANGLES GREATER THAN 90°. Step 1-+ Identify the quadrant in which angle lies. Step 2+ (a) If angle = (nx +6) _ where nis an integer. Then (b) If angle = [(an+n3+0] where n is in interger. Then trigonometric function of [en+n3+0] = complimentry trignometric function of ® ‘sign will be decided by CAST Rule. Branch 1; Near Bank of Baroda Branch 2: ATM Chowk, Avanti{g DIMENSION > w Objective Problems (MAIN/NEET) SECTION ALUNITS of the following Is not the name of @ SECTION : B DIMENSIONS 14, What are the dimensions of lenth in force * which prysical quantity ? displacementytime ()silogtam (8) impulse (ay-2 (Bo (c) eneray (D) density (2 (0) none of these Light year is the unit of 15. The angular frequency Is measured in rads", Its (A) speed (B) mass dimension in length are : (€) distance (o)time (A-2 (B12 (CO (02 (inich of the following system of units is NoT| 16. [M LT 4] are the dimensions of tived on the unit of mass, length and time alone | (A) power (8) momentum (ayers (B)SI_—(C)CGS_(D) MKS (6) force (b) couple In the S.1. system the unit of energy is~ 47. The dimensional formula for angular momentum (ayero (B) calorie Is (C) joule (D) electron volt (A) MT? (B) MUT# (C) MLT* (D) MT? Unit of pressure in S.1. system is 18. The dimensions of universal gravitational constant (a) atmosphere (B) dynes persquarecem| O° rs (C) pascal (0) bar (A) Me eT? (B) MELT In St unit the angular acceleration has unit of- Oly ae (Oy al {ayrimkg' (B)ms* —_(C) rads? (0) Neo! 49, The SI unit of Stefan's constant is + |The SI unit of the universal gravitational constant (A) Ws" nn K* (8) sm? Kk" icis (Cy) st m2 kt (D) Wm? K* (a)Nm kg? (8) Nm'kg? 20. A pair of physical quantities having the same {c) Nm? kg" (D) Nmkg* dimensional formula is + Surface tension has unit of- (A) angular momentum and torque (A) Joule.m? (8) oule.m? (8) torque and energy (C)3oule.m (0) Joule.m? (C) force and power |. The M.K.S. units of coefficient of viscosity is- (D) power and angular momentum (a) kg ms* (B)kgms? 21, Dimensions of pressure are the same as that of (C)kg m?s* (O)kg més? (A) force per unit volume (0, The SI unit of the universal gas constant Ris : a il er uniteiBiae (A) erg K* mol Kcyioce : (energy (B) watt Kt mol (C) newton K-* mol* 22, Which one of the following has the dimensions of MLAT?? (0) joule K mol 1, Aphysical quantity is measured and the result fs tone eee ee expressed as nu where is the unit used and nis (C) viscosity (0) stress ep resstarical value. Ifthe result is expressed In | 23, For os) , the dimension of a is various units then (a) me eT? (B) MeL (A) nx size of u (B)n are given by canara, MeL (B) MET2, ML2T? Omen UT: MeLeT? ug.mve Van der Weal equation for 1 mole of a real gas (en (p+ S}u-b-RT ere Pi the pressure, Vis the volume, T fs the vxoite temperature, Ris the molar gas constant abi, b are Van dar Waal constants. The atnensions of a are the same as those of apy (B) PVE (Pv (DPV 16: Inabove question 15, the dimensions of D are the same as those of p(B) (CPV (D) ART 7-Inabove question 15, the dimensions of nRT are the same as those of (A) energy (B) force (O)pressure (D) specific heat 18. In above question 15, the dimensional formula for abis (ayMLT? (B) MT? (C)MUT# (D) MET? 19, Which pair of following quantities has dimensions diferent from each other (A) Impulse and linear momentum (8) Plank's constant and angular momentum (C) Moment of inertia and moment of force (0) Young's modulus and pressure 20. If force (F) is given by F = Pt? + at, where tI time. The unit of P is same as that of (A) velocity (B) displacement (©) acceleration (D) momentum The product of energy and time is called action. Te dimensional formula fr action is same as that (A) power (©) force x velocity 2 (B) angular energy (D) impulse x distance Branch 1: Near Bi 19 22. When a wave traverses a medium, the displacement of a particle located at x at time t Is given by y =a sin (bt ~ cx) where a, b and c are constants of the wave. The dimensions of b are the same as those of (A) wave velocity _(B) amplitude (©) wavelength (D) wave frequency 23, In the above question dimensions of © are the same as those of 3 (A) wave velocity (B) wavelength (C)wave amplitude (D) wave frequency 24. What is the physical quantity whose dimensions areMLT?? (A) kineticeneray (8) pressure (€) momentum () power If force, acceleration and time are taken 2s fundamental quantities, then the dimensions of length will be : (a Fr (FAT (© FAT (oy? The dimensions ML"*T can correspond to (A) moment of a force or torque (8) surface tension (C) pressure (0) co-efficient of viscosity (useful relation are ¢=7 where symbols have usual meaning) 27. Which ofthe following can be a set of fundamental ‘quantities (a) length, velocity, time (8) momentum, mass, velocity (©) force, mass, velocity (0) momentum, time, frequency If area (A) velocity (v) and density (p) are base tints, then the dimensional formula of force can be represented 2s (A) Ave (B) Avép._(C) Ave? (D) AXP Ina certain system of units, 1 unit of time is S sec, 1 unit of mass is.20 kg and unit of length is tom. In this system, one unit of power will correspond to (A) 16 watts (B) 1/16 watts (©) 25 watts (D) none of these 30, Ina book, the answer for a particular question is 25. 26. 29. expressed as al h. here m represents mass, a represents accelerations, | represents ength, The unit of b should be (a) m/s (B) m/s? (C) meter (D) /sec jank of Baroda lane, Branch 2: ATM Chowk, Avanti Vihar,3” 35 36. 7. 38 F time) ; Find the dimension of « and UNITS & DIMENSION snipe) (here V = velocity, F = force, t= willbe er en twur) pi) hes wrncns A oper ps tn ow (wer « Gia ry sre units of length, velocity and force ar} 10 Se aeae pa doubled. Which of the following is the correc a CE ies r Change in the other units ? a tren) and G genete energy, mass, angular uns and G denote eneray, stacey, | (A) unt atime 1s do "Eom garaereanrenecmen | a antot me See J nen E*, has te dimensions of «unt of mamentum is doubled ‘ ee (0) unit of energy is doubled 1 AA) Mouth) (@) ancien (C) mess, (0) Ifthe units of force and that of length are doubled, |p, 1 A Grrensons ML" may correspond to oe eee } {a) work dane bya force (a) 14 mes (6) 1/2 mes (oleae nae ae Cae (Chpresnre (ots of M, tare doubled then the un of {Oenergy per une volume anc energy wi become ooeraty of water waves may dpend onthe | (a)2times (@)4 times k; ey oe arany of voreggfees | (cy 0 ties Oe TISEE e's gave ote meted ot Se Sirens soe stan Urween se] °F, 5 weg pt (D) (126) (0) None 52 San 44, Anormal human eye can see an object making an a angle of 1.8° at the eye. What Is the approximate: an height of object which can be seen by an eye = ki? gt p* where k is a dimensionless placed at a distance of 1 m from the eye. stant 1f the unit of force is 1 kilonewton, the length is 1 xm andtume is 100 second, what wil be the unit of q mass: aa 10% aS TS (©) 10000 kp (0) 10069 area AA body moving through air ata high speed 'v" expenences a retarding force 'F given by F= KA Gv where fis the surface area ofthe body, IS the Gensty of air and Kis a numeral constant. Je value of xis = 4| ar (2 (3 (0)4 x| 2| The veloaity of a freely falling body changes as g he where is acce eration due to gravity and | 4 — 7 Find x andy: i the height. The values of p and q are = forest yo M43 OZ. 3 OF2 Ward > ». Which of the following is not the unit length: 1f the acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms" and | (A) micron eye the units of length and time are changed to Ce) ons yene kilometre and hour, respectively, the numerical | ,- (©) angstrom (0) radian value ofthe acceleration Is . Apartide's in a uni-directional potential eld where (3) 360000) (8) 72000 the potential energy (U) of a particle depends on (©) 36000 (0) 129600 the x-coordinate k= q eccavulnets oven Ue. Mi coeR ay of 'a’ & Branch 1: Near Bank of Baroda lane, Branch 2: ATM Chowk, Avanti Vihar,SOMENSION ed (7) of a spring mass system mass (m) & spring constant (k) & Force agen of tne spring (I) Be i Find the veiation among, (TD, Cm), (1) & (K) using censional method, con of state for a real gas at high emperature is given by Pater 8 P , y Pye Taveb) qnere n, PV &T are number of moles, pressure, wiSine & temperature respectively & Ris the varsal gas constant. Find the dimensions of ‘scant "a’ in the above equation. ne cistance moved by a particle in time t from entre of a ring under the influence of its gravity Se ee (GEE-Mains 2021) wi oe: ‘the following represents the correct 4 oie dimensions of the coefficient of viscosity ? oo (by n= 2528 [IIT-3E 2004] oe (Mery (8) [Mtr] « iT] © ie ea (© MeT] (©) (ML=T3] a k Out of the following pairs, which one does nat 4 Student measuring the diameter of a pencil of SISURE Cross-section with the help of a vernier 555 mes the following four readings 5.50 mm, 7:23 Mm, 5.45 mm, 5.65 mm. The average of these. ur readings is 5.5375 mm and the standardUNITS &DIMENSION |» 5. Abody of mass m = 3.513 kg Is moving along the x-axis with a speed of 5,00 ms", The magnitude of its momentum is recorded as [1IT-JEE 2008] Pressure depends on distance where a, fi are constants, z (A) 17.6 kg ms! (C) 17.56 kg ms & The dimensions of magnetic id nM, LT and © [JHE-20048'3/84) wilomb) Is given as [XYT=3EE 2008} A) Mo LT 8) Mi LT Peuieeee ween mut f a) [MTC (9) (wrt) 9. Which ofthe following set have different dimensions 7. The respective number of significant figures for the numbers 23,023, 0.0003 and 21x 10-are Tavedew20s0] (A) Pressure, Young's modulus, Stress uae Rca (B) Emr, Potential diference, Electric potential (€)5,5,2 t (C) Heat, Work done, Energy (oyacsc (b) Dipole moment, Electric flux, Electric field i A 2¢ 3 B 4 c 5 c 6 c % B 9 A 0D n D 12. c 13, D 14. c 16. c 7 Be A ome 1D) Me om, 8 | REED C 1 23. D 2 B a. oD 28. ABD 29. A w. A nM 6 148 aa, Me 1 3 B 4 Do 5. oD 6 c *. A ’ fone ae c 12. c 13, B 14, c 15. B 7 A 1% 0 19. c 20. D 24. D 22. D 3B A 25. D 26. C a7. c 28. B 29, A 30, c nu. D SOB gh CO Ct, GMM 0 mw OO a D 42 C 43. (a) 9.9498 (b) 10.954 (c) 5.0132 44.ncm a xed DA, LMUTS a8 T= a) aa. MLTR (em si. (M)= [2026-9]; = e404]; Me ICO] 82.v,= kf 3. 8B 54. (2) 9.95, (b) 0.99 ‘55. 0.14, 0.09 1c 2.0 3.8 4.0 5.0 6c 7.8 8A 9.C 10.B 1LA 12.C 13.4 14,0 15.0 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.B 20.0 21.8 22. A 23.0 - 24.6 25.B 26.A 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.C A 2 B a c 4 c 5 A 6. c 7, A (B) 17.565 kg ms" (0) 17.57 kg ms" Boltzmann's constant and 0 is temperature, 1) dimension of fi are or 2005s ; 3/60)