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QUANTUM PHYSICS OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
AND DEVICES
Quantum Physics of Semiconductor Materials
and Devices
D. Jena
Cornell University
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Debdeep Jena 2022
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021952780
ISBN 978–0–19–885684–9 (hbk)
ISBN 978–0–19–885685–6 (pbk)
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198856849.001.0001
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
”I am one of those who think like Nobel, that humanity will draw more good
than evil from new discoveries.”–Marie Curie
”No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created
it. We must learn to view the world anew.”–Albert Einstein
Table 1 Suggested usage of the book for instructors, students, and readers.
Electronics Photonics 1-Semester Course 1-Semester Course 1-Quarter Course 2-Semester Course 2-Quarter Course
track track (42x50 minutes) (26x75 minutes) (18x80 minutes) (2x26x75 minutes) (2x18x80 minutes)
No. of Lectures No. of Lectures No. of Lectures Semester 1 Semester 2 Quarter 1 Quarter 2
Chapter Module I: Fundamentals
1 And off we go! • • Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading
2 Secrets of the Classical Electron • • 1 0.75 0.5 1 1
3 Quantum Mechanics in a Nutshell • • 3 2 1.5 3 2
4 Damned Lies, and Statistics • • 1 1 0.5 1 1
5 Electrons in the Quantum World • • 4 3 1.5 3 1.5
6 Red or Blue Pill: Befriending the Matrix • • 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5
7 Perturbations to the Electron’s Freedom • • 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5
Module II: Bands, Doping, and Heterostructures
8 Electrons in a Crystal get their Bands, Gaps and Masses • • 4 2 2 4 3
9 Bloch Theorem, Bandstructure, and Quantum Currents • • 2 1.5 1 2 2
10 Crystal Clear: Bandstructure of the Empty Lattice • • 1 0.75 0.5 1 0.5
11 Tight-Binding Bandstructure • • 1 0.75 0.5 1 1
12 k.p Bandstructure • • Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Skip 1 0.25
13 1,2,3, ∞: Pseudopotentials and Exact Bandstructure • • Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading 2 0.75
14 Doping and Heterostructures: The Effective Mass Method • • 2 1.5 1 2 1
15 Carrier Statistics and Energy Band Diagrams • • 3 1.5 1.5 2 2
16 Controlling Electron Traffic in the k-Space • • 4 3 1.5 3 1 1 2
Module III: Quantum Electronics with Semiconductors
17 Game of Modes: Quantized R, L, and C • Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Skip 2 1
18 Junction Magic: Schottky, pn and Bipolar Transistors • 1 0.75 Assigned Reading 2 1.5
19 Zeroes and Ones: The Ballistic Transistor • 1 0.75 Assigned Reading 3 1.5
20 Fermi’s Golden Rule • • 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5
21 No Turning Back: The Boltzmann Transport Equation • 2 1.5 1 3 2
22 Taking the Heat: Phonons and Electron-Phonon Interactions • • 1 0.75 0.5 2 1
23 Scattering, Mobility and Velocity Saturation • 1 0.75 0.5 2 1.5
24 Through the Barrier: Tunneling and Avalanches • 1 1 Assigned Reading 2 1
25 Running Circles: Quantum Magnetotransport • 1 0.5 Skip 1 1
Module IV: Quantum Photonics with Semiconductors
26 Let there be Light: Maxwell Equations • 1 0.5 0.5 2 1
27 Light-Matter Interaction • 2 1 1 3 2
28 Heavenly Light: Solar Cells and Photodetectors • 1 0.5 0.5 2 1
29 Reach for the stars: Semiconductor Lasers and LEDs • 1 0.75 0.5 2 1
30 Every End is a New Beginning Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading Assigned Reading
Total meetings 42 28 18 28 28 18 18
xi
For Instructors
Thank you for considering this book for your teaching. A typical
semester-long course that uses this book will cover Module I and Mod-
ule II as the basics of semiconductor physics. The remaining part of the
course can take two tracks based on the interests of the instructor and
the students: one that focuses on electron transport and electronics,
and the other that focuses on light-matter interaction and photonics.
For courses choosing to discuss electron transport and electronics,
the sequence [Module I] → [Module II] → [Module III] is suggested.
For courses that choose light-matter interactions and photonics, the
sequence [Module I] → [Module II] → [Chapter 20 (on Fermi’s golden
rule) and Chapter 22 (on Phonons) from Module III] → [Module IV] is
suggested.
Though not absolutely essential, using curated software illustra-
tions, and incorporating them into assignments considerably amplifies
the effectiveness of learning of the contents of this subject. I have used
Mathematica for illustrations in class. Almost all the quantitative fig-
ures and plots that appear in the book are calculated and plotted in
Mathematica and touched up for the book. The book publisher and I
have planned to provide a Mathematica file, a set of slides for class-
room illustration, and selected solutions of chapter-end Exercises in
the near future to instructors who wish to use this book. Students tak-
ing my class from the contents of this book have used their favorite
software tools not limited to Mathematica (e.g., Matlab, Python, C, or
others) for some assignment problems.
The book has much more material that can be covered in depth in
one semester or one quarter. The tracks suggested earlier are guide-
lines. In addition, Table 1 indicates a few possible course schedules
to cover the materials in this book. Depending on the needs of the
course and the schedule (semester vs. quarter), the number of sug-
gested classes per chapter are listed in this Table.
Again, I am very grateful that you are considering this book. I sin-
cerely request feedback and suggestions as you use this text. They will
improve and sharpen the pedagogical impact of this book.
For Students
”Truth is like a vast tree, which yields more and more fruit, the more you
nurture it.”–Mahatma Gandhi
Ever since I was an undergraduate student, I have been fascinated
by quantum physics. My fascination has only grown with time! As a
student I could not imagine that I will be so fortunate to work on this
topic for a career. And I certainly did not imagine I will write a book
on the topic! A colleague asked me why I was writing this book, when
nobody reads books anymore. The best answer to that question is this:
I have written it to give you a book that I wish I had as a student:
not just the facts, but the exciting back stories, and secrets that I have
xii Preface
An effective way for self study is to pair reading the book with view-
ing freely available online videos on this subject. It is important to stick
to a schedule, preferably a semester long one as indicated in Table 1.
Watching and taking notes for 2-3 lectures/week, coupled with a few
hours of critical reading of the corresponding chapters in this book
with a pencil and notebook, and, importantly, solving a few Exercises
at the end of the chapter will lead to the most effective learning.
Acknowledgements
Only at the end of the long period of writing this book did I come
to accept what I had heard, but never believed: that a writer never
completes a book. He or she merely abandons it. It is time for me to
hand over this book to the publishers. My cup of acknowledgements
and gratitude is spilling over - I need a bucket! I am terrified that
inevitably there are names I have missed in the following list. To them,
I say: please do not be shy and let me know, and it will be fixed.
The Table at the end of this section lists the people who have gener-
ously provided their time to read parts of the book, or have provided
figures that are included in the text. The readers of this book, and
I, will remain forever in gratitude for your selfless service. That you
have taken time out of your schedules to do this (in the midst of a
global pandemic), says this loud and clear: that you love this subject,
and want others to do so too. That you are from all around the world
also shows that this love knows no boundaries.
The Table at the end of this section does not list the scores of stu-
dents who have used older versions of the book in class, caught errors,
provided feedback and constructive criticism, worked through Exer-
cises, and jumped with joy when they got the bandstructure of silicon
to work in class - you deserve the subtle tip of the hat. After fixing
the errors you brought to my notice, and those brought to my notice
by a very careful copy editor from Oxford University Press, the laws
of probability dictate that in a book of this size, several will remain.
These are entirely my own, and I will strive to fix them in the future.
I cannot thank my editor Adlung Sonke from Oxford University
Press enough. Throughout the prolonged process of writing, he pro-
vided valuable suggestions and encouragement in just the right quanta.
I must have tested his incredible patience by missing my self-imposed
deadlines! He gracefully saw the massive project through.
I have learned a large part of the materials that appear in this book
from my research group members, colleagues, and collaborators. I
have had the fortune to work with them over the last two decades,
and express my sincere gratitude to them. I thank the financial and
intellectual support from funding agencies and program managers for
research that made it into several sections of this book. My home
departments and the engineering dean’s office at Cornell University
have provided support in so many ways - such as picking up the tab for
the printing and distribution of the early versions of this manuscript
for the entire class. You do not have to do that anymore!
xiv Acknowledgements
I Fundamentals 1
1 And off We Go! 3
1.1 Beyond belief 3
1.2 A brief history of semiconductors 4
1.3 Future 6
1.4 These boots are made for walking 7
1.5 Chapter summary section 8
Further reading 8
Exercises 9
Exercises 50