 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

CNC 

0
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬ ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬ 
W،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      
 ‫א‬   ‫אא‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  



،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫אא‬
،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 

،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
،‫אא‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬???‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬? CNC
C 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ،‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


1
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬

‫א‬       ‫ א‬
 ١   
 ٤  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨  ‫א‬
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٩  
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬

 ٢٥ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٩ 
‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬       ‫ א‬
 ٦٨ ‫אא‬‫א‬

 ٦٩  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٣   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٤  
 ٧٥   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٩  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٨٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٨١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٥   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٦   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٧  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٨  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ٩٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٧  E‫א‬F
‫א‬
 ١٠٠  E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ١٠٢  EE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٥  ‫אא‬‫א‬

 ١٠٦  

 ١٠٧  ‫א‬‫א‬

  
 

3
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   
‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


 ٥٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦ 
‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤ ‫א‬
 ٤ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ٤ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
  

4
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
K ‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 
 




5
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ L١
K
‫א‬‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
‫א‬ L٤
 K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬‫ א‬
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
 K ‫א‬ L٧
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٩
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L١٠
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
  

7
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ،
‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬

        
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 

8
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Propeerties Of M
Material's ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
Physicaal 
 Ellectrical ‫ א‬
‫ א‬
 Mechaanical 
Thermaal‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Chemical
C ‫ א‬
WPhysicall Propertiees 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
Densityy ‫ א‬
‫א‬ 
Melting Point 
Specific Heat ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
WDensityy‫ א‬
 W
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  L٣ 
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬LL‫א‬ZZ‫א‬

٤٥٠
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٧٨٨٠٠ ‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
W Melting
M Point ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
WSpecific
S H ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
Heat
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

9
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
WElectriccal Propertties 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬WResistivity
R ‫א‬ ‫ א‬
  ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WConduuctivity
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
WDielectrric Strength

W
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WPlasstity‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WStrrain
‫ א‬K٢
 W

‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬WSttress
‫ א‬K٣
  

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WElassticity‫ א‬K٤
 

K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WHardnness
‫ א‬K٥
 

‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WDuctiliity‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
WMalleabilit
M ty
‫ א‬K٧
K
‫א‬
 

10
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬WFaatigue‫ א‬K٨
 

 K

‫א‬‫א‬WC
Creep‫ א‬K٩
 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ K١
   K٢
  K٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F
 
WChemicll Propertiees 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 
WOxidatioon‫ א‬K١
E‫א‬FF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
WCorrossion‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

 W
‫א‬،‫אא‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬FW ‫א‬ 
 E

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FFW
E‫א‬
mal Propertties ‫א‬
:Therm ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

11
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
WThermaal Conducctiviy‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
 WTheermal expansion‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
  

12
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫אא‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ 
 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

13
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  W
 

 ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
  ‫אא‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ 

K
‫א‬

 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

   ‫א‬   WW‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬
K‫ א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫ א‬

‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ 
   

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬
‫א‬W
 

K‫א‬  ‫ א‬

W‫א‬
 

K‫א‬
  W‫א‬ 
‫אא‬‫א‬
 

K
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ 

‫א‬
 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      

    W ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
 K
‫א‬

14
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 KE١F
F ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E١F‫א‬

15
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢FF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ F
‫א‬

 

16
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
  K‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬
‫א‬ L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫אא‬  L٤
K
‫א‬ L٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬ L٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 L٧
K
‫א‬
K‫א‬ L٨
 K ‫א‬ L٩
‫א‬
  

17
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫אא‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٣F‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬
 











 
 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
   L  5.665 A  L = 5D
O
    L  11 .3 A  L = 10D
O
   W
W
A
O =  
‫א‬ Lo = ‫א‬
L = 
‫א‬‫אא‬ D =  ‫א‬


18
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤ F
F 
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
  ‫א‬   
 E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٦٧٨(Roberrt Hook)
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 
 
 (Atomss) ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ 

 
 
    ‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Planes)   (Slidingg)   

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬
  
 K
 KE٤F‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬L

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٤F
F ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬L

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬

  

19
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
E٤F ‫א‬

20
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D 2
 2 E‫א‬FCC  
  Ao  ‫א‬ K١
4 4

  L  Lf  Lo   ‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫ א‬K٢

F  ‫אא‬
  y  ‫א‬ K٣
Ao ‫א‬
‫א‬
 

F maxx ‫א‬
   UTS   ‫א‬ K٤
Ao ‫א‬‫א‬

 LO  5 D ‫א‬
   LO  10 D ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٥

 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
    L 100% 100
LO ‫א‬‫א‬
  


 ‫א‬
 E   E‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬ K٧


‫א‬
 ‫א‬C E‫אא‬‫א‬H
‫א‬F
1
( F  F max) * L
 T  2  ٢ ‫א‬ K٨
AO * LO
 ‫א‬C ‫א‬
 
 

    


 

 
 

   

21
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
W‫א‬
 

‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫אא‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  L١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
K‫א‬‫א‬L٧
‫א‬
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬L٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٩

22
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  L١

 K ‫א‬
 
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   L٢


   K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L٣
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
    
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٦
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
K ‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬L٩

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  L١٠
 ‫א‬  ‫אא‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

23
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

  W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W ‫א‬
  J
‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬   J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
  J٢
 K‫אא‬
  J٣
 K‫א‬
0.55%±

‫א‬
‫א‬  J٤
 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  J

 
W‫א‬ J
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬ J
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 WW‫א‬ J
  J١
 K‫א‬
 KE   J٢
F
  

24
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ J١
(mm
m)‫א‬‫א‬KN
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20m
mm 
 K
 

F‫א‬

١٠٠ ١١٥ ١٢٥ ١٢٠ ١١٠ ٨٥ ٧٥ ٧٥ ٣٧٧K٥
 E K N

‫א‬
٣٢  ٢٩  ٢٤
٢ ١٨٨ ١٢  ٤ ١K٤ ٠K١٢ ٠KK٠٦
E mm
m F

 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬L٣  ‫א‬L٢  ‫א‬

 L١
 ‫א‬L٦  ‫א‬L٥ 
‫א‬
‫א‬L٤
 
 W‫א‬

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

25
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 
d 2 3.14 (20 ) 2
  AO    31 4mm 2  ‫א‬‫א‬
4 4
 

F 75  100
00
  y    239 N / mm 2  
‫א‬ K١
AO 314

F maax 125  1000

  UUTS    33 8 N / mm 2  ‫א‬ K٢
AO 314

  L O  5 d  5  20
2  1000 mm 2
 ‫א‬ K٣

L 32
2
   . 1000 %   100 %  32 %  ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
LO 100
0


 E  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬ K٥
37 . 5  1000 0 . 06
    1990444 N / mm 2
m
3314 100

1 1
max).L
(F  F m (75  1000  125  1000)  48
T  2 2  101.86 N .mm / mm 2  ‫א‬ K٦
AO * LO 314  100

  

26
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


 L = 0.9dd،L = 3d ،L = 10dd  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K

‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫אא‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  J٣
 
 
 W‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬E١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ E٤
 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬



27
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 WW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ 
  0.225Mm ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K
‫א‬‫אא‬

‫א‬ 
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
E Kg / Cm 2 / Sc F E mm / D F
‫א‬
 EF
‫א‬ 
 ١٢٠ J٦٦٠  ٤ J١K٥ ١K٢٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 225  57 mm
 
 ١٢٠ J٦٦٠  ٤ J١K٥ ٢K٥
  57 mm
 ١٢٠ J٦٦٠  ٤K٥ J١K٥ ١K٢٥  
‫א‬
‫א‬
١K٢٢٥
 ١٢٠ J٦٦٠  ٣ J١K٥  
‫א‬
 ٠K٥ 
٠K٦٢٥ 
 
  W‫א‬

 

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

28
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 25 mm 
 20 mm 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
١٤٤٠٠٠ ١٢٦٠٠٠ ٩٠٠٠٠ ٥٤٠٠٠٠ ١٨٠٠٠٠ ٠   ( K N ) 
‫א‬
1
٨K٣٠  ٦K٦٠ ٤K٠٠ ٢K٠٥ ٠K٦٦٦ ٠ ( mm) ‫א‬
1 00
٢٧٠٠٠٠ ٢٦٠٠٠٠ ٢٥٢٠٠٠ ٢٣٤٠٠٠ ٢١٥٠٠٠ ١٨٠٠٠٠   ( K N ) 
‫א‬
1
 ‫א‬ ٤٧K٠٠ ٤٠K٠٠ ٢٩K٧٠ ٢٣K٤٠  ١٥K٤٠ ( mm) ‫א‬
1 00

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬
K L١
‫א‬

 K
‫אא‬‫א‬L٢

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
‫א‬ 
٤٥٨K٣٧
٤ ٤٠١ ٢٨٦K٤٧ ١٧١K٨٨٨ ٥٧K٢٢٩ ٠  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
٣٢K٢  ٢٦K٤ ١٦ ٨K٠ ٢K٦٤٤ ٠
 10 - 5 x
٨٥٩K٤ ٨٢٧K٦ ٨٠٢K١٤ ٧٤٤K٨٨ ٦٨٤K٣٣٧ ٥٧٢٢K٩٦  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ١٨٨ ١٦٠ ١١٨K٨٨ ٩٣K٦٦ ٦١K٦
 10 - 5 x
 
 
  

29
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
d Max  859 .4 N / mm 2  ‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 
   

   


‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
  d  LLd 100%......  283 100%  0.238%
LO 105  
‫א‬
 
 
 
 

  

30
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 
‫א‬W
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬


‫א‬


 
 K ‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬

‫א‬
،
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 KE٥F‫א‬
‫ א‬،‫א‬

 

 











 E٥ F‫א‬ 

31
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬ W‫א‬

 K 
‫א‬ ‫א‬

   Notched
N   L
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،

 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  

 ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬
 ‫א‬
 H 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  
  
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  H 
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫ א‬ 
 
 W

 
U = W  H  H 
 W

Em F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZH 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ZU
 ‫אא‬
Em F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZH''  ‫א‬ Z W
‫א‬
 

K ،‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 K
  K‫אא‬

 KE٦F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬



32
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦F
‫א‬

‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫אא‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K



°٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬




‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫אא‬

33
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫אא‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
١٠٥٥ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  

 KE٧F
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
‫א‬

E١F

V


 
E٢F

 U

 
E٣F


 



 E٧F‫א‬
  

34
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 
 
 E٨F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬
 KE٨F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠K٦±  ٥ ٥  
‫א‬
٠K١±  ١ ٠  
‫א‬
٠K١١±  ١ ٠  ‫א‬
٠K٠٩±  ٥  ٣،٢ 
 ‫א‬}
٠K٠٥±  ٢ ١ 
٠K٠٧±  ١ E٢F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
٠K٤±  ٢٧٧K٥
 ‫א‬

‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬
°٢±  °٩٩٠

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬

35
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   L١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٤
K‫אא‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬L٦
K‫א‬ ‫א‬L٧
 K

‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٩

36
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  L١
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K  L٢
K‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬ L٣
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٦
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٧
‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬

‫א‬ L٩
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  L١٠
 ‫א‬  ‫אא‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

37
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 W
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
  
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬  E١
٠K٥
‫א‬ 
‫؛‬E٨F


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬

K‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ 


 KC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬

 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

   J


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 K°٢٨
٢  J١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬،L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J
 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ J

38
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   

  K‫א‬

      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
  KE
‫א‬F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؛‬
‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬

‫א‬
  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬ L١
K‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬L٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  
K‫א‬


  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٤
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

K‫אא‬KKKKKK‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٦
‫אא‬
W
 K٢L٠K٣٤٤ CHB ‫א‬   ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬
 KK٢L٠K٣٦٦CHB ‫א‬   ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬
  

39
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ،، 
‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬   



 KE٩F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٠ ١٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
   ‫א‬

‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
 KE٢LF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬Brinnell
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 Vickkers  E ١٣٦ F ‫א‬ 


‫א‬

‫א‬ Rocckwell
‫א‬ ‫א‬EE١٢٠ F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١
‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬  E٢
‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

K
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫אא‬‫א‬  E٣

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬

40
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


‫א‬
E٩F‫א‬
  

41
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
  ‫ א‬‫א‬ L١

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٢

W ‫א‬‫א‬
d/D = 0.5 – 0.2 5

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ١
١

 ‫אא‬‫א‬
٢ ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
P/D2= const
c  
 ‫א‬= P/D2= D ‫א‬ = P W

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
  

 D (mm)‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 B 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
N/m
mm  HB
H
 ١  ٢KK٥  ٥  ١٠ 
٢٩٩٤  ١٨٤٠ ٧٣٣٥٥ ٢٩٩٤٢٠ ‫ א‬١٦٧ 
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ٣٣٠
E٣٠٠F E١٨٧٧K٥F E٧٥٠
٧ F E٣٠٠٠F  ٤٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٩٨٨  ٦١١٣ ٢٤٥٠ ٢٩٩٨٠٠ ‫א‬٢٢ E،
E F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٠
E١٠٠F  E٦٢٢K٥F E٢٥٠
٢ F E١٠٠٠F  ٣١٥  ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٤٩٩  ٣٠٦٦K٥ ١٢٢٠ ٤٩٠٠ ‫א‬١١ ،، ،

٥
E٥F  E٤١K٥F E١٢٥
١ F E٥٠٠
٥ F  ١٥٨  
٤٩٩ ١٥٣٣K٢  ٦٣١
٦ ٢٤٥٠ ،E
 ‫א‬F
‫א‬
 ٢٢K٥ ٧٨ ‫א‬٦
E٢K٥F E١٥K٦٦٢٥F E٦٢K٥
٦ F E٢٥٠
٢ F  
‫א‬
١٢K٢٥  ١٧٦٦K٦ ٣٠٦K٥ ١٢٢٥
١KK٢٥ ٣٩ ‫א‬٣ ،

E١K٢٢٥F E٧K٨١١٢٥F E٣١١K٢٥F E١٢٥
١ F

42
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬
 WE١F
F 
٢K٥ 
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬   
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،٥ 
‫א‬‫א‬

  W٢K٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬WW
P / D2 = C = 30
P = 30 × ( 2,5 )2  
P = 187,55 kN

W٥  ‫א‬

‫א‬W 
P = 30 × ( 5 )2   
P = 750 kkN  

 WE٢F
 

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢K٥ ‫א‬ ١K٢٥
‫א‬
 ‫؟‬
 

 W١١K٢٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬WW
2
P / D = C = 10  
 
P = 10 × ( 1,25 )2  
 
  P = 15,6255 kN  

 W٢K٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬W
P = 10 × ( 2,5 )2  
 
 
P = 62,5 kN
N  
 

 ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 

43
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
F/D2
D/mm
 30 10 5 2.5 1..25
10 3000 1000 500
0 250 1 25
5 750 250 125
5 62.5 311.25
2.5 187.5 62.5 31.25 15.6
625 7.88125
1 30 10 5 2.5 1..25
  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


E°٢٨١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  L٥
‫א‬
‫א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


١٥١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
W‫א‬
٢K٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ J
٣،
‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٤ 
‫א‬ J

K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬٦،
‫א‬

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L٧
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٨
 K
‫א‬


44
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 H.B
B.
‫א‬‫א‬
W‫אא‬
 HB
B 450
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
   F 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬
E

،‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K
‫א‬
W‫א‬
HB
H
 F ‫א‬
 

 A ‫א‬‫א‬ 

d 
 D  ‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬


F
 H  0 . 102 
 HB
A

‫א‬
‫א‬ 02  P
0.10
 HB
H 
. D[ D  D 2  d 2 ]
P
 B.H .N  .D  h  
 p =  
‫א‬
D =  
 d =  ‫א‬
 h =   ‫א‬

45
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

P
B.H . N 
  D 
  [D  D 2  d 2 ]
2

 W


  

1 KP = 9.81 N 

  

   1N 0.102
2 KP 

 

 


 = KP 

  = N 


 
  

46
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
W‫א‬
‫א‬
HB
H ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،
L١٥–١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
–١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠٠ 

‫א‬

‫؛‬HB
B 
 L١٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W
١٠
‫א‬‫א‬
،٣٥٠ 350 HB B
 KL١٥١٠
‫א‬٣٠٠٠٠ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،١٢٠   1220 HB 5 / 250 / 30

٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠
 KL٣٠  ٥
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ،١٧٠      170 HB
B 2.5/62.5
5
L١٥١٠‫א‬٦٢K٥ 
 ‫א‬٢K٥
 K

 
W
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬      V 850
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ١٠  ٥  ٢K٥  ١ ‫א‬

 ٠K٠٠٤٥٥±  ٠K٠٠٤±  ٠K٠٠٣٥±  ٠K٠٠٣٠٠± ‫א‬

 
 

47
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬         L٢
 K
‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    L٣
  
  K١٠٠
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ 

  W‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K  L١



‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  L٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  
  F  
‫א‬
  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ L٣
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫אא‬‫א‬  L٤
‫א‬
   ‫א‬   
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬    ‫؛‬‫א‬ 
    E  ٥  ١٠ F 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬ 
  
W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
P
 
Sm
min ≥ 10 × π × HB  
 

48
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L١
 K
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

L٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬L٣
K‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 K‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٨
K
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬L٩
‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L١٠
‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L١١

K‫א‬
‫א‬

49
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫אא‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬

W
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
  1360‫א‬
 
‫؛‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬

 WW‫א‬
 
  
 ‫א‬
 =  

‫א‬
 

P
  
  H. V. = 
A
 
 W
  ‫א‬=p 
  ‫א‬=A 
 
W ‫ א‬
‫א‬
 
1kg , 2kg , 3kg , 5kg , 10 kg , 20 kg , 30 kg , 40 kkg , 50kg

50
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 


‫א‬
‫א‬
   
2
d   
A = 
2 Sin 1366 W
  2
  ‫א‬‫א‬
=d  
136
2F Sin 2
  H.V
V = 2
d


P
   V = 1.854
H.V 4
d2
 
 
136
1
1.854 = 2 Sin  W
‫א‬
2
   
 W‫א‬
1.854× P
H
H.V.N =   


d2
 
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

 W
    
d2
   
d1 +
d2 
d= 2  
d1

51
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HV ‫א‬


١٥١٠ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K١٥١٠ 
  K‫א‬
 
 W
٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬٦٤٠
٦ 

‫א‬6640HV30
K١٥١٠ ‫א‬
 
٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬١٨٨٠‫א‬180H
HV50/30
٣ ‫א‬ 
 K٣٠
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


E
‫א‬‫אא‬F‫א‬

‫א‬ L١
 K
‫א‬ 
‫א‬

‫א‬
 L٢

 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ٪٪١±‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 K٪٢± ‫א‬
‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 K   L١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
L٢
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 E
‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٣

52
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
 ‫א‬
   L٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  K

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬
‫א‬

 ١K٥   L
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
 
     ‫א‬‫א‬   L
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬
 K٠K١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،


‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠F
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E١٠F‫א‬

53
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE
‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E°٢٨١١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L١
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬L٣

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
L٠K٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 K 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬١٥١٠٠ L
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣٠  L
K‫א‬
٣٠ L

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ٢K٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ L٥
K‫ א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬L٦
 
 K‫ א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬L٧
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬٪٥ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ،‫א‬
    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K

‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ٢٥ 

‫א‬
 K٢٥

54
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫אא‬‫א‬
 
W‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
   
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
   K
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬   
‫א‬
 W
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
N
Normal teester ‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K‫אא‬‫א‬
Superficial 
‫א‬‫א‬ L٢

١٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬ E  F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
‫؛‬  ‫א‬
 ٣ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ 
‫א‬        

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
K°١٢٠‫א‬

L ١٠٠L ٦٦٠‫אא‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١٥٠
 
 
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬  lb or N 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
  A 
‫א‬‫א‬  60 N   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Brale  
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

100 lb  B 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ١K٥٧٨
١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  


‫א‬ 150 N   C 
١٠٠٠ 

  
W
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E١
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬E٢
 K ‫א‬E٣

  E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬

56
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬WW
 


‫א‬
Kg
‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬

 HRN
N 66-92 15 

  15N

 HRN
N 39-84 30 

  30N

 HRN
N 17-75  45  

 45N

 HRN
N 50-94 15 

 15T

 HR
RN 0-84 30 

 30T

 HR
RN 0-75 45 

 45T

 

 W
‫א‬E
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ،
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ F

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬        
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬



  

57
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬  L١
،  
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   
 
 ‫א‬
  ‫؛‬   
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
   
 ‫א‬  ‫אא‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
   
‫א‬  ‫؛‬
‫א‬   
    
 K
‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬
   

‫א‬‫אא‬ 

L٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KHRNHRT
H 
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

 

 

58
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٨١١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 K



‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L٣
‫א‬‫א‬
  KKE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 L٤
K
‫א‬٨٤ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٦
K‫א‬
‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


    
EF‫ א‬
  
 ١٠٠ =C
٠K٠٠٢
    
EF‫א‬
    ١٠٠ =T&N
N
٠K٠٠١
 
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
K‫א‬٦٥
  ‫א‬665HR30W

  K
٣٠ 


59
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
  ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫אא‬    ،  ‫א‬ 

K‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١F
F ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬
 

   

E١١F‫ א‬  

60
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
     ،‫א‬ 
   


‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬
 KE١٢F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

 
 E١٢F‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،   
  ،
  ‫אא‬    ،

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

61
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J١
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J١
‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬


،
‫א‬


  
 ،  
    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
   
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫ א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬   J٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫אא‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬


 
 
 

  

62
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ % 
‫א‬
DEW‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،    J١
WE
E  0.15
5C

    

 ‫א‬،١   
 J٢
W655 0.5C
C
 
   



‫א‬‫א‬
  
 J٣
SS44 
 IC
  

‫א‬
 ،‫א‬

 
  

63
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬
  
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ % 
‫א‬
DEW
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 MAS ‫א‬Kw65  J٤
  ،‫א‬‫א‬  0.55CC 
 1.0Si
  
 1.0M
Mn 


‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

،E٢F 0.5C
C   J٥
 1.4Cr
CMC
C 
‫א‬ 
 0.7Mo
  0.3V
V 


   J٦
،‫א‬ 1C
 1Mnn 
Veressta ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1Cr ‫אא‬

 
 1.2W
W
   EFF

 
  

64
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ %
‫א‬
DEW‫א‬
 J٧
‫אא‬‫א‬
0.5C
C  
 Duraax   1.0S
Si ‫א‬

W22 
  1.2C
Cr
2.0W
W EF
 
 

 
WW،
  J٨
‫אא‬‫א‬  2C 
Boraa 12Cr

‫א‬‫א‬W
،  0.8W
W ‫א‬
  

 0.9C
C
4Crr   J٩
 ، 
Mo3225 2.6M
Mo High 
‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬  2.5V
V Speed Steel
  3.0WW

 
 

65
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ %
‫א‬
DEW‫א‬
‫א‬
0.75C
Rapp. ،،‫א‬ 4Crr  J١٠

Spezz. 
‫א‬‫א‬ 18WW  ‫א‬
1VV
 
‫א‬

 
‫א‬
 Remaanit 0.4C
C  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬ 
15400 14C
Cr  
 


 J١٢
  0.1C
C  
Remaanit
18C
Cr
 18800  ‫א‬‫א‬  EF
 8Nii
 ‫א‬
‫א‬

  

66
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬


 

67
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬L٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  L٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  L٤
‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬ ‫א‬ L٥
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟؟‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬E
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E

،‫א‬ 
   
‫א‬  
  
  ‫א‬   L٦

  P==187.5N ‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬     ،0.87mm
m 
 ‫؟‬2.5 mm ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   L٧

‫א‬  ‫א‬       
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
50 k N=  
‫א‬   45
4 k N =   ‫א‬
48 mm=  ‫א‬‫א‬   75 k N =  ‫א‬‫א‬
8 mm= ‫א‬‫א‬   155,9 mm =   
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ L٩
W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ K٢  K
‫א‬
 K١

 K‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 

68
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 



W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


 
 
 
  

69
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 

 

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

70
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 L١
 K
‫א‬   L٢
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 L٥
 K
‫א‬
 L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٧
K
‫א‬‫א‬
 L٨
K
K‫א‬،
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٩
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 L١٠
K‫א‬

71
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
‫א‬‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  L١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 K
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
K‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L٦
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٧
K‫א‬
 K
K  ‫א‬L٨
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
L٩

72
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 L١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
  K  L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 

‫א‬ L٥
 ‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬  L٨
‫א‬

  

73
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Amorphou
A us
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Crystallline‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 Space lattice ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J١

Close ppacking ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
Chemical bond ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬


،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫אא‬  ‫אא‬‫ א‬،Allootropic 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬
 K ‫א‬ 
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ( B.C.C ) ‫א‬
 L١
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 KE١‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( Fe α) 
‫א‬
( F.C.C ) ‫א‬L٢
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE١ ‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FFe  

EH . C . BFE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬   
     ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬FK‫אא‬‫א‬
 KE١ 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
E١F‫א‬

76
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Metaals & Allooys ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬K

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ 
 KAlloy 

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫אא‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬
 K

‫א‬
 ‫ א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬
 W
‫א‬
 K1450 K٢ KK‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
 K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
 K٦ K
  K٥
 
 
 
 
 

  

  
 
 

 W
‫א‬     W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
‫ א‬L١    KPig Iron 
‫א‬ L١
 K‫א‬ L٢    KCastt Iron 
‫א‬‫ א‬L٢
 K
‫א‬
‫ א‬L٣   KWroughht Iron ‫א‬‫ א‬L٣

77
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
0.255 – 0.008‫א‬‫؛‬
‫א‬W
‫א‬
‫ א‬ J
0.6 - 0.25% ‫א‬
W
‫א‬   J

0.6 % ‫א‬W‫א‬  J
0 – 1.4%

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  
P Iron ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WPig
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



‫א‬
‫א‬ C Iron 
WCast ‫ א‬
‫א‬
 K

‫א‬



٪٤٣‫א‬

 ‫ א‬
W Wrouught Iron‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K١
 Graay Cast Iroon 
  Whitte Cast Iroon 
 K٢
 Malleable Cast Iroon 
 K٣
 Nodular
N C Iron EE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cast  K٤


78
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
٪٢‫א‬٪٠K٠٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬
W Steel 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬
 KE 

‫א‬ 
   
  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  WAllooy Steel  ‫ א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬

‫א‬
 Siilicon Steeel 
‫א‬ K١
 H
High Speeed Steel ‫א‬
‫א‬ K٢
  Heaat Resistannt Steel ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
Stainless Steel 
‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
  

79
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Non Ferrrous Allooy

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
  Coopper‫א‬ num 
Alumin ‫א‬W

‫א‬

‫א‬
 WAluminnum ‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬ J٢ K‫א‬
  J١
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
 J٤ ‫א‬
 J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K٦٦٠٠ ‫א‬  J٥

 
 
 

    
 

‫א‬‫א‬W Coppper ‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬ K٢  K K١
 K‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K١٠٨٨٣ ‫א‬
 K٥
 
 
 

  
  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٦٠F‫א‬EE٢F
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ،
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


  K‫אא‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L١
 K ‫ אא‬‫א‬ L٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬ L٣
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫אא‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L١

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٠K٨٨٦
 EF  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E

‫א‬F 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ 
    
‫א‬
 ٧٢٧    ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬L٢

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬
٪٠K٨٦٦٠K٠٢٢
 

 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٧٢٧

٧  
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬
  K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
W‫א‬‫א‬L٣

‫אא‬‫א‬ 
 
  ٪٠K٨٦  

K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬
 ٧٢٢٧  
  
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
  
 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬    
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KKE‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬L١

‫א‬( Fea) ‫א‬
‫ א‬ 

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K0.02% ‫א‬
‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 W‫א‬L٢
 Fe 3 c E
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ אא‬
F
 K 6.7 % 
 ‫א‬


 
 
 
 
 
 
 

83
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬L٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 
 

 W‫א‬L٤

‫א‬ ‫ א‬Fe  
K ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٪٢‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 WL٥

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K






 

84
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬L١
K‫א‬‫אא‬L٢
K‫א‬ L٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬  
‫א‬   
 
 
 ‫אא‬ 
 K‫א‬KKK K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬
 J
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 

  W‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 KE ‫ א‬K١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫ א‬K٢
F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫ א‬K٤
KE‫א‬F‫ א‬
‫א‬

85
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬
 ‫אא‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
W
‫ א‬‫א‬
 

 KAnneealingE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٢  K Harddening 

‫א‬
‫ א‬K١

 KTemppering‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ Normalizzing E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫ א‬K٣

 

 

 

 

 

 W HardeninngE‫א‬F‫אא‬W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬F
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫אא‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬

86
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ٣٠‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬     ٣٠‫א‬    
‫א‬   ‫אא‬  ،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 

 KEE٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
 












 
 E٣F‫ א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
٢K٥‫א‬،‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

87
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬L٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬    
    
  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫אא‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  0..25 %  
       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬L٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



W‫א‬‫א‬
L٦
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W ‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K٣
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫ א‬K١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ 
   ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٣
    
KK‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬K ‫א‬

88
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 W‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
  
 
 


  ‫א‬
‫א‬ CK445 ‫אא‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
55*110*10‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  y  
‫א‬  UTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
U = 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ HB =  
‫א‬
 
 

‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Z
‫א‬‫א‬ Z‫א‬‫א‬

 Z‫א‬ Z‫א‬
 
 
   ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬   UTS
   y    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
U =  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB =   
‫א‬

      ‫א‬

89
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  

90
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫؛‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫אא‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬W
Carburissing 
0.25%‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

( Fe 3
c ) ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬


K


 W
‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫؛‬٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 9950Cο - 9000Cο
‫א‬‫א‬




‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 KE٤F
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E٤F‫ א‬
 

91
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬

‫א‬C10 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬
55*10*100‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬
C10 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
55*10*100‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
HB = ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ZZ‫א‬
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UUTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
H  
‫א‬
  U 
   ‫א‬
 

 

92
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W
‫א‬L

‫א‬
50% - 20% 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
،40% ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
950Cο ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، – 870Cο
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K 0,25 mm  0,1 mm

‫א‬L
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


900C
Cο 
‫א‬

‫א‬ H8
،C3H  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
CH4 
 K‫א‬‫א‬C4 ‫א‬


 Nitridiing‫א‬W
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

550 Cοο  ‫א‬
 
 KE٥F
‫א‬‫א‬،،E‫א‬F
 

 
E٥F
‫א‬ 

93
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
W

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫ א‬
،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬WW‫א‬

،
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

،
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬1mm‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 

    
 
 
 
 

94
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
W‫א‬ 

‫א‬

‫א‬  
 

 


  ‫א‬
C10 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
55*10*10‫א‬‫אא‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UUTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
HB = 
H  
‫א‬
  U 
 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ZZ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Z
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Z
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
  
‫א‬
  U 
   ‫א‬

95
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬0.2m m ‫א‬
mm-50mm   ،
‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

96
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 
WW‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

  ‫א‬
CK45
C ‫אא‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
555*10*100‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UUTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B = 
HB  
‫א‬
  U 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Z‫א‬
‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
  ‫א‬
  U 
 
  ‫א‬
 
 

97
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Anneaaling E‫א‬F‫א‬L٢

‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
W‫א‬
،‫א‬
 K  
‫א‬  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 ٧٠٠٥٥٠ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫ א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 C 4000‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K


 WE‫א‬
W L
‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 C 700 ‫א‬



 K
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


WE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬0.76% ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K C 30‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L
 WE
،‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٣٥٠٢٠ ٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬

K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬

98
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

99
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
W‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
  ‫א‬
K45
CK ‫אא‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
55*10*100‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UUTS  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
H  
‫א‬
  U 
 
 

‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 Z‫א‬
‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UTS  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
   ‫א‬
  U 
 
  ‫א‬
 

100
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Normalizi
N ing E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ C 40‫א‬


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 W‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬  J

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬
 K
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

101
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 
W‫א‬
 

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫אא‬  
 
  ‫א‬
K45
CK ‫אא‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
555*10*100‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UUTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B = 
HB  
‫א‬
  U 

 
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮﺮض ﻣﻦ ﺠ‬
 
 
  ‫اﻷدووات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
 
 
 Z‫א‬
‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
  ‫א‬
  U 
 
‫א‬
 
 

102
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Tempeering E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ( 723 CοοF‫א‬

‫ א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 
 
 

103
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬
 

104
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
  ‫א‬
K45
CK ‫אא‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
55*10*100‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬   UUTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B = 
HB  
‫א‬
  U 
 

 

‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 

 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 Z‫א‬
‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬‫א‬
 Z
‫א‬ Z
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   y  ‫א‬  UTS  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HB = 
  
‫א‬
  U 
  ‫א‬

105
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬L١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬L٢
‫א‬
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬ L٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J  ‫ א‬ J ‫א‬ J ‫א‬
‫א‬ J 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ א‬L٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ א‬L٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 L٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 L٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 L٩
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L١٠
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L١١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫ א‬L١٢
 ‫؟‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
،‫א‬

‫ א‬L١٣

‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 L١٤
  ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  
   
 
WW‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   
 
 

 
  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF  
‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬_ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 EKF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 EF  ‫א‬

‫א‬
 EF
  ‫א‬‫א‬
  E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 


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