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The download Solution Manual for Adaptive Filter Theory 5th Edition Haykin 013267145X 9780132671453 full chapter new 2024
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Solution Manual for Adaptive Filter Theory 5th
Edition
Haykin 013267145X
9780132671453
Solution Manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-adaptive-filter-theory-5th-
edition-haykin-013267145x-9780132671453/
Chapter 2
Problem 2.1
a)
Let
wk = x + j y
p(−k) = a + j b
We may then write
f =wk p∗ (−k)
=(x + j y)(a − j b)
=(ax + by) + j(ay − bx)
21
Letting
f = u +jv
where
u = ax + by
v = ay − bx
Hence,
∂u ∂u
=a =b
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
=a = −b
∂y ∂x
22
PROBLEM 2.1. CHAPTER 2.
f = u + jv
with
u = ax + by
v = bx − ay
Hence,
∂u ∂u
=a =b
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
=b = −a
∂x ∂y
Problem 2.2
a)
From the Wiener-Hopf equation, we have
w0 = R−1 p
b)
The minimum mean-square error is
Jmin =o 2d − pH w0
, ,
, 0.5
=od2 − 0.5 0.25
0
=od2 − 0.25
24
PROBLEM 2.2. CHAPTER 2.
c)
The eigenvalues of the matrix R are roots of the characteristic equation:
(1 − λ)2 − (0.5)2 = 0
Rq = λq
q11 = −q12
25
PROBLEM 2.3. CHAPTER 2.
Accordingly, we may express the Wiener filter in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors as
follows:
\
�2 1 H
wO = qi q p
i=1
λi i
\
1 H 1 H
= q q + q2 q2 p
λ1 1 1 λ2
, , , , \, ,
1 , , 1 1 , , 0.5
= 1 −1 + 1 1
−1 3 1 0.25
, , , ,\ , ,
1 −1 1 1 1 0.5
= +
−1 1 3 1 1 0.25
24 , ,
− 0.5
= 3 3
2 4 0.25
−
3 3
4 1
−
= 6 6
1 1
− +
, 3, 3
0.5
=
0
Problem 2.3
a)
From the Wiener-Hopf equation we have
wO = R−1 p (1)
We are given
1 0.5 0.25
R = 0.5 1 0.5
0.25 0.5 1
26
PROBLEM 2.3. CHAPTER 2.
and
, ,T
p = 0.5 0.25 0.125
27
PROBLEM 2.3. CHAPTER 2.
wO =R−1 p
−1
1 0.5 0.25 0.5
, ,T
wO = 0.5 0 0
b)
The Minimum mean-square error is
Jmin =o 2d − pH wO
, , 0.5
=od2 − 0.5 0.25 0.125 0
0
=od2 − 0.25
c)
The eigenvalues of the matrix R are
, , , ,
λ1 λ2 λ3 = 0.4069 0.75 1.8431
28
PROBLEM 2.3. CHAPTER 2.
Accordingly, we may express the Wiener filter in terms of its eigenvalues and eigenvectors as
follows:
\
�3 1 H
wO = qi q p
i=1
λi i
29
PROBLEM 2.4. CHAPTER 2.
−0.4544 , ,
1
wO = 0.7662 −0.4544 0.7662 −0.4544
0.4069 −0.4544
−0.7071 , ,
1
+ 0 −0.7071 0 −0.7071
0.75 0.7071
0.5418 , , 0.5
1
+ 0.6426 0.5418 0.6426 0.5418 × 0.25
1.8431 0.5418 0.125
1 0.5 0 −0.5
+ 0 0 0
0.75
−0.5 0 0.5
0.2935 0.3482 0.2935 0.5
1
Problem 2.4
By definition, the correlation matrix
R = E[u(n)uH (n)]
Where
u(n)
u(n − 1)
u(n) =
.
u(0)
30
PROBLEM 2.4. CHAPTER 2.
Invoking the ergodicity theorem,
1 �
N
R(N ) = u(n)uH (n)
N + 1 n=O
31
PROBLEM 2.5. CHAPTER 2.
1 �
N
p(N ) = u(n)d∗ (n)
N + 1 n=O
The tap-weight vector of the wiener filter is thus defined by the matrix product
\−1 N \
�N
�
wO (N ) = H
u(n)u (n) u(n)d∗ (n)
n=O n=O
Problem 2.5
a)
R =E[u(n)uH (n)]
=E[(α(n)s(n) + v(n))(α∗ (n)sH (n) + vH (n))]
With α(n) uncorrelated with v(n), we have
R =E[|α(n)|2 ]s(n)sH (n) + E[v(n)vH (n)]
=o 2αs(n)sH (n) + Rv (1)
where Rv is the correlation matrix of v
b)
The cross-correlation vector between the input vector u(n) and the desired response d(n)
is
p = E[u(n)d∗ (n)] (2)
If d(n) is uncorrelated with u(n), we have
p =0
Hence, the tap-weight of the wiener filter is
wO =R−1 p
=0
32
PROBLEM 2.5. CHAPTER 2.
c)
With o 2α = 0, Equation (1) reduces to
R = Rv
d(n) = v(n − k)
where rv (k) is the autocorrelation of v(n) for lag k. Accordingly, the tap-weight vector of the
(optimum) wiener filter is
wO =R−1 p
=R−
v p
1
d)
For a desired response
33
PROBLEM 2.6. CHAPTER 2.
p =E[u(n)(d∗ n)]
=E[(α(n)s(n) + v(n)) α∗ (n) exp(− j ωτ )]
=s(n) exp(j ωτ )E[|α(n)|2 ]
=o 2α s(n) exp(j ωτ )
1 exp(− j
I ω)
α
2 exp(j ωτ )
=o .
I
exp((− j ω)(M − 1))
exp(j ωτ )
exp(j ω(τ − 1))
I .
α
2
=o
I
Problem 2.6
The optimum filtering solution is defined by the Wiener-Hopf equation
Rw O = p (1)
34
PROBLEM 2.6. CHAPTER 2.
Jmin = o 2d − H
p wO (2)
35
PROBLEM 2.6. CHAPTER 2.
p R wO 0
Define
, 2 ,
o pH
A= d (3)
p R
Since
o 2 = E[d(n)d∗ (n)]
d
p = E[u(n)d∗ (n)]
R = E[u(n)uH (n)]
we may rewrite Equation (3) as
, ,
E[d(n)d∗ (n)] E[d(n)uH (n)]
A=
E[u(n)d∗ (n)] E[u(n)uH (n)]
, ,
d(n) , ∗ ,
=E d (n) uH (n)
u(n)
The minimum mean-square error equals
Jmin = o 2d − pH wO (4)
Problem 2.7
The minimum mean-square error is
R = QΛQH
�
M
R = λk q k qH k (2)
k=1
�M 1
Jmin =o 2d − pH qk pH qk
λk
k=1
�
M
1 H 2
=od −
2
|p q |k
λk
k=1
Problem 2.8
When the length of the Wiener filter is greater than the model order m, the tail end of the tap-
weight vector of the Wiener filter is zero; thus,
, ,
a
wO = m
0
Therefore, the only possible solution for the case of an over-fitted model is
, ,
a
wO = m
0
Problem 2.9
a)
The Wiener solution is defined by
RM aM = pM
37
PROBLEM 2.10. CHAPTER 2.
, ,, , , ,
RM rM -m am pm
=
rH
M -m RM -m,M -m 0M -m pM -m
RM am = pm
rH
M -m am = pM -m
H H -1
pM -m = rM -m am = rM -m RM pm (1)
b)
Applying the conditions of Equation (1) to the example in Section 2.7 in the textbook
, ,
-m = −0.05 0.1 0.15
H
rM
0.8719
am = −0.9129
0.2444
The last entry in the 4-by-1 vector p is therefore
rH
M -m am = − 0.0436 − 0.0912 + 0.1222
= − 0.0126
Problem 2.10
Jmin = o 2d − pH wO
= o 2d − pH R-1 p
when m = 0,
Jmin = o 2d
= 1.0
When m = 1,
1
Jmin = 1 − 0.5 × × 0.5
1.1
= 0.9773
10
PROBLEM 2.11. CHAPTER 2.
when m = 2
, , , ,
, , 1.1 0.5 -1 0.5
Jmin = 1 − 0.5 −0.4
0.5 1.1 −0.4
= 1 − 0.6781
= 0.3219
when m = 3,
-1
, , 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.5
Jmin r= 0 1
1 − 0.5 r −0.4 −0.2 0.5 1.1 0.5 −0.4
Rx = x x 0.1 0.5 1.1 −0.2
r=x 1 r x 0
1 − 0.6859
= 0.3141
when m = 4, 2
r x 0 = x
Jmin = 1 − 0.6859
= 0.3141
2
1 +increase
a
--------------2 ---------------------------------
Thus any further
= in the filter1 order beyond - =m 1= 3 does not produce any meaning- ful
1 –minimum
reduction in the a 2 1mean-square 2 error.2
+ a 2 – a1
Problem 2.11
. d(n)
1(n) +
z-1
_
0.8458 d(n-1)
(a)
.
2(n)
u(n)
z-1
0.9452
(b)
–a1 34
r x 1 = ---------------
1 + a2
= 0.5
Rx = 1 0.5
PROBLEM 2.11. CHAPTER 2.
a)
u(n) = x(n) + v2 (n) (1)
d(n) = −d(n − 1) × 0.8458 + v1 (n) (2)
x(n) = d(n) + 0.9458x(n − 1) (3)
Equation (3) rearranged to solve for d(n) is
b)
R = Rx + R v 2
, ,
rx (0) rx (1)
Rx =
rx (1) rx (0)
rx (0) =o 2x
1 + a2 o12
= =1
1 − a2 (1 + a2 )2 − a21
− a1
rx (1) =
1 + a2
rx (1) = 0.5
35
PROBLEM 2.11. CHAPTER 2.
, ,
1 0.5
Rx =
0.5 1
, ,
0.1 0
R v2 =
0 0.1
, ,
1.1 0.5
R = Rx + Rv 2 =
0.5 1.1
, ,
p(0)
p =
p(1)
p(k) = E[u(n − k)d(n)], k = 0, 1
c)
The optimal weight vector is given by the equation wO = R-1 p; hence,
, ,-1 , ,
1.1 0.5 0.5272
wO =
0.5 1.1 −0.4458
, ,
0.8363
=
−0.7853
36
PROBLEM 2.12. CHAPTER 2.
Problem 2.12
a)
For M = 3 taps, the correlation matrix of the tap inputs is
The cross-correlation vector between the tap inputs and the desired response is
0.527
p = −0.446
0.377
b)
The inverse of the correlation matrix is
2.234 −0.304 −1.666
R-1 = −0.304 1.186 −0.304
−1.66 −0.304 2.234
0.738
-1
wO = R p = −0.803
0.138
Jmin = 0.15
37
PROBLEM 2.13. CHAPTER 2.
Problem 2.13
a)
The correlation matrix R is
R =E[u(n)uH (n)]
e- j ω1 n
I e - j ω1 (n-1)
I , + j ω1 n + j ω1 (n-1) ,
=E[|A1 |2 ] I e e . . . e+ j ω1 (n-M +1)
.
- j ω1 (n-M +1)
e
b)
The tap-weights vector of the Wiener filter is
wO = R-1 p
To invert the matrix R, we use the matrix inversion lemma (see Chapter 10), as described here:
If:
A = B-1 + CD-1 CH
then:
A-1 = B − BC(D + CH BC)-1 CH B
In our case:
A = ov2 I
38
PROBLEM 2.14. CHAPTER 2.
B-1 = o v2 I
D-1 = o12
C = s(ω1 )
Hence,
1
2
s(ω1 )s H(ω1 )
1 o
R-1 = I2 − v 2
ov vo
ψ
+ s (ω1 )s(ω1 )
H
o12
The corresponding value of the Wiener tap-weight vector is
wO = R-1 p
oO2
s(ω1 )s (ω1 )
o 2O o 2v
H
wO = s(ωO ) − 2 s(ωO )
ov2 oψ v
+ s (ω1 )s(ω1 )
H
o12
we note that
sH (ω1 )s(ω1 ) = M
which is a scalar hence,
Problem 2.14
The output of the array processor equals
e(n) = u(1, n) − wu(2, n)
39
PROBLEM 2.14. CHAPTER 2.
=E[|u(1, n)| ] + |w| E[|u(2, n)| ] − wE[u(2, n)u (1, n)] − wE[u(1, n)u∗ (2, n)]
2 2 2 ∗
40
PROBLEM 2.15. CHAPTER 2.
∂J
= −2E[u(1, n)u∗ (2, n)] + 2wE[|u(2, n)|2 ]
∂w∂J
Putting = 0 and solving for the optimum value of w:
∂w
E[u(1, n)u∗ (2, n)]
wO =
E[|u(2, n)|2 ]
Problem 2.15
Define the index of the performance (i.e., cost function)
wO = −R-1 sc
sH wO = D1/2 1
41
PROBLEM 2.16. CHAPTER 2.
Problem 2.16
The weight vector w of the beamformer that maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio:
wH RS w
(SNR)O =
w H Rv w
is derived in part b) of the problem 2.18; there it is shown that the optimum weight vector
wSN so defined is given by
wSN = R-1
v s (1)
where s is the signal component and Rv is the correlation matrix of the noise v(n). On the
other hand, the optimum weight vector of the LCMV beamformer is defined by
R-1 s(φ)
wO = g ∗ (2)
sH (φ)R-1 s(φ)
where s(φ) is the steering vector. In general, the formulas (1) and (2) yield different values for the
weight vector of the beamformer.
Problem 2.17
Let τi be the propagation delay, measured from the zero-time reference to the ith element of a
nonuniformly spaced array, for a plane wave arriving from a direction defined by angle θ with
respect to the perpendicular to the array. For a signal of angular frequency ω, this delay amounts to
a phase shift equal to −ωτi . Let the phase shifts for all elements of the array be collected together
in a column vector denoted by d(ω, θ). The response of a beamformer with weight vector w to a
signal (with angular frequency ω) originates from angle θ = wH d(ω, θ). Hence, constraining the
response of the array at ω and θ to some value g involves the linear constraint
wH d(ω, θ) = g
Thus, the constraint vector d(ω, θ) serves the purpose of generalizing the idea of an LCMV
beamformer beyond simply the case of a uniformly spaced array. Everything else is the same as
before, except for the fact that the correlation matrix of the received signal is no longer Toeplitz
for the case of a nonuniformly spaced array
42
PROBLEM 2.18. CHAPTER 2.
Problem 2.18
a)
Under hypothesis Hl , we have
u =s+v
R = E[uuT ]
pk =E[us(k)]
=ss(k), k = 1, 2, . . . , m
wkO = R-l pk
B-l = RN
C =s
D =1
Hence,
43
PROBLEM 2.18. CHAPTER 2.
-l
RN s(1 + sTRN-l s) −R-l T -l
N ss R Ns
wkO = s(k)
1 + sT R-l
Ns
s(k)
wkO = R-l s
1 + sT R-l
Ns
N
b)
The output signal-to-noise ratio is
E[(w T s)2 ]
SNR =
E[(wT v)2 ]
wT ssT w
= T
w E[vvT ]w
wT ssT w
= T (3)
w RN w
a = Rl/2
N w
or equivalently,
w = R-l/2
N a (4)
44
PROBLEM 2.18. CHAPTER 2.
, ,
, T 1/2 s,,2
SNR = ,ā R N
Thus the output signal-to-noise ratio SNR equals the squared magnitude of the inner prod- uct of the
-1/2
two vectors ā and R1/2 s. This inner
N product is maximized when a equals R . N
That is,
aSN = R-1/2
N s (6)
Let wSN denote the value of the tap-weight vector that corresponds to Equation (6). Hence,
the use of Equation (4) in Equation (6) yields
wSN = R-1/2 -1/2
N (RN s)
wSN = R-1
N s
c)
Since the noise vector v(n) is Gaussian, its joint probability density function equals
\
1 1 T -1
fv (v) = exp − v RN v
(2π)M/2 (det(R N ))1/2 2
and
\
1 1 T -1
fu (u|H1 ) = exp − (u − s) RN (u − s)
(2π)M/2 (detR N )1/2 2
45
PROBLEM 2.18. CHAPTER 2.
fu (u|H1 )
Λ=
fu (u|HO )
\
1 T -1 T -1
= exp − s RN s + s RN u
2
46
PROBLEM 2.19. CHAPTER 2.
The first term in (7) represents a constant. Hence, testing ln Λ against a threshold is equiv- alent to
the test
H1
sT R-1
N u ≷ λ
H0
Problem 2.19
a)
Assuming the use of a noncausal Wiener filter, we write
�∞
wOi r(i − k) = p(−k), k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . , ±∞ (1)
i=-∞
�
∞
P (z) = p(−k)z -k = P (z -1 )
k=-∞
48
PROBLEM 2.19. CHAPTER 2.
b)
0.36
P (z) = \
0.2
1− (1 − 0.2z)
z
0.36
P (1/z) = \
0.2
(1 − 0.2z) 1 −
z
Clearly, this system is noncausal. Its impulse response is h(n) = inverse z-transform of
Hu (z) is given by
\n
0.0392 1
h(n) = 0.2685(0.146) ustep (n) −
n
ustep (−n)
0.146 0.146
1 for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
ustep (n) =
0 for n = −1, −2, . . .
Simplifying,
49
PROBLEM 2.19. CHAPTER 2.
-n
hu (n) = 0.2685 × (0.146) ustep (n) − 0.2685 × (6.849)
n
ustep (−n)
48
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hero, whose deeds had reached the ears and troubled the mind of Louis
XIV., in the midst of his mighty foreign wars; he looked upon the
bodyguard of the rebel chief, and saw there, too, signs of poverty and
extreme physical suffering, and believed that he knew how to treat with
men in such a condition.'
It was in the summer of 1704 that the latter, the renowned antagonist of
Marlborough, entered the garden of the Recollets, at St. Cesaire, near
Nismes, the site of which is now occupied by a theatre, to discuss peace and
war with 'the Boy-General,' Jean Cavalier, who, resolved to produce all the
effect he could, appeared on this occasion magnificently mounted, with a
richly-laced coat, and a hat plumed with white feathers. Cavalier's young
face looked sad, we are told, and the tone of his voice was melancholy, 'and
Villars looked on him with a deep admiration and sympathy.'
The result of this memorable conference was, that the insurgents laid
down their arms on the assurances of justice and tolerance in religion to the
persecuted Protestants of the Cevennes, and flattering promises of reward
and rank in the army of France to Jean Cavalier; but neither one nor the
other was destined to be kept or fulfilled, and the Place de Boucarini, at
Nismes, was soon deluged with the blood of all who fell into the hands of
the Government. The Camisards now repudiated the treaty made by
Cavalier, and, finding himself reviled by many of these on the one hand,
and neglected by the Court on the other he became an exile, and entered the
army of Queen Anne at the head of a regiment entirely formed of
Huguenots.
Of the after life of Cavalier we can trace little. It is only known that by
the British Government he was made Governor of the Isle of Jersey, and
died at Chelsea in the May of 1740.
It has been more than once asserted that he died in the Hospital a
pensioner, which is a mistake the records there distinctly prove.
In the year before his death, on the 2nd of July, he and his countryman,
Colonel Balthazar Rivas de Foisac, were appointed Major-Generals in the
British Army.
THE
BUGLE-BOY OF BADAJOZ.
THE BUGLE-BOY OF BADAJOZ.
'Mother! mother! come out of the cold ground; come to your little José,
who is so lonely now!' wailed a boy stretched on his mother's grave, while
wetting with his tears the flowers that had been laid there, and the green
turf, into which he dug his little hands in the wildness of his great grief.
It was on a glorious evening in autumn, and the hill of Cintra, the base
of which is clothed with wood, but which terminates in loose crags and
splintered pinnacles, was bathed in warm light, while every fissure was
covered with amaryllis and aglow with crimson geranium, and giant
evergreen oaks and cork-trees were intertwined with vines, all adding to the
beauty of the scene.
On one hand towered up the hill with the Penha Convent, on the other
were the ruins of a Moorish castle; but the sunshine and the scenery were
lost on the orphan boy. He saw only his mother's grave, and all the rest of
the world seemed dark to him indeed.
'Look up, my boy,' said a voice, as a hand was kindly laid on his neck,
and, rising from the turf, he found himself face to face with an officer of
Cazadores, or Portuguese Light Infantry. He was a handsome and pleasant-
looking man, clad in green uniform faced with scarlet, and wearing silver
epaulettes. 'Who lies here that you weep for?' he asked.
'Was De Castro, the guerilla chief, whom the French shot at the gate of
the Torre Vilha. You have heard, perhaps?'
In tatters, and dusky in complexion, yet rich in colour, like the beggar-
boys of Murillo's famous picture in the Dulwich Gallery, he was a
handsome little fellow, with a clear olive skin, sparkling eyes of the deepest
hazel, and thick, wavy black hair.
'Have you no brother or sister?' asked the officer, patting his uncovered
head, for poor José was without hat or cap.
'And she?'
'Was carried off by the French voltigeurs, and was never seen again.
Poor Theresa!' said the boy, in a gasping voice.
'Where, senhor?'
The boy's face lighted up. It was too soon for him to despair yet; he had
youth and hope, 'youth, with which the linen folds seem robes of purple, the
chaplet of cowslips becomes a monarch's crown, and the wooden bench is
as an ivory throne of empire.'
So little José Francisco de Castro, for such was his name, gave his hand
in confidence to Captain Dom Pedro de Lobiera, and became a bugle-boy in
the Seventh Regiment of Cazadores, among the Portuguese troops under the
gallant Marshal Beresford, and destined to co-operate more immediately
with that division of the British army which, led by Lieutenant-General Sir
John Hope, took possession of Lisbon in 1808.
He had an admirable ear for music, and soon mastered all the many
bugle-calls requisite for the manœuvres of light troops in the field, and by
his coolness and bravery, while yet in his teens, became a prime favourite
with his captain, with his colonel, the Viscount de Sa (whose 'orderly
bugler' he became), and with the whole of the Seventh Cazadores he
became a species of regimental pet.
As yet he seemed to have a charmed life; no ball had ever touched him.
He was a good, devout, and very grave boy, for, as Captain de Lobiera said,
he believed 'that the spirit of his dead mother accompanied him wherever he
went.'
It was on the 6th of March, 1812, that the army of Wellington broke up
from its cantonments, and, ten days after, crossed the Guadiana, and three
divisions, under Beresford and Picton, at once invested Badajoz, then
garrisoned by five thousand men under Generals Phillipon and Vaillant,
whose tenacious resistance caused some uneasiness to the British leader, as
a defeat under its walls might have seriously disarranged all his plans for
the future.
Before the Seventh Cazadores entered the trenches they had halted a
few miles from Badajoz, after a long and harassing day's march. The rain
fell in torrents that night. Amid the misty gloom, in the distance, the guns of
the beleaguered city were seen to flash redly out upon the night, and weird
was the glare of the port fires as they sputtered on the gusty wind.
All that comfortless night, José, like the rest of his comrades, spent the
weary hours in the open air. He placed his canteen on the ground, put his
knapsack above it, and, thus improvising a seat, strove to sleep, with his
greatcoat and blanket spread over his shoulders for warmth. And when the
chill gray dawn came, he was so stiff that, at first, he could scarcely place
the cold mouth of the bugle to his lips.
Then the Cazadores took the road for Badajoz, and that night were there
in the trenches.
The early weeks of 1812 were cold and rainy at Badajoz, and the
howling tempests of wind often concealed at night the noise of the shovels
and pickaxes, as the troops broke ground, within a hundred and sixty yards
of Fort Picurina, and pushed forward the trenches, till they achieved an
opening four thousand feet long—a work of five days' duration, under a
dreadful shower of shot and shell.
This point, say the Portuguese, it was the good fortune of José de Castro
to achieve. For the actual truth of the episode which won him the name of
'The Bugle Boy of Badajoz,' we do not vouch. There is not a word of it in
Napier, or in the despatches of the Duke of Wellington; but yet it was
universally believed in the army of Marshal Beresford.
It is related in history that when the final, and, to so many, fatal, night of
the 6th of April came—that awful night of horror and of triumph when
Badajoz was won—when more than two thousand of our officers and men
perished in the breaches alone, and when the heart of the 'Iron Duke' gave
way to a passionate burst of grief for the slaughter of his gallant soldiers—
on that night, we say, the 'unforeseen accident,' recorded by history, was a
feint attack unexpectedly becoming a real one; but the Portuguese have it
that José de Castro, being of an inquiring turn of mind, and having, during
his service, had many opportunities of hearing the French bugle-calls, had
learned them all to perfection, and now resolved to turn his knowledge
thereof to good account.
When Diaz was in the act of taking some brandy from his canteen, a
sixteen-pound shot took off his head. Yet, bugle in hand, José kept on,
resolved to put in practice the scheme he had formed, and with which he
had acquainted his colonel, the Viscount de Sa, and his captain, De Lobiera.
Then he put his bugle to his lips and blew loudly and clearly, again and
again, above the awful din of the assault, the French recall!
On this the French gave way, fell back, and eventually fled across the
river into Fort San Christoval, where, next day, they surrendered as
prisoners of war to Lord Fitzroy Somerset, the future Lord Raglan of
Crimean fame.
The action of José de Castro, say the Portuguese, was noised about,
after the surrender of Badajoz, until it reached the ears of the Commander-
in-Chief—the great Duke—who sent for him, and presented him with a sum
equal to a hundred guineas English, which, in consequence of his youth,
Captain Pedro de Lobiera was to pay him in small instalments. It is also
said that the Duke gave the money from his own private purse. José also
received a good service medal, and the Portuguese decoration No. 3.
He was now only eighteen, and the honours he received might have
turned an older head; but he continued to be as grave, modest, and well-
dispositioned as, when a boy, Captain de Lobiera found him beside his
mother's grave in the cemetery of the Penha Convent at Cintra; and while
many were promoted to commissions, he followed the fortunes of the
Peninsular army with his bugle slung at his back.
That bugle was heard on the plains of Vittoria, and among the passes of
the Pyrenees, where De Castro was wounded and conveyed to the town of
Elizondo. There, while stretched on a pallet of straw, in the vestibule of a
convent, which had been turned into a military hospital, he was attended
and nursed by a lay sister, who turned out to be his sister Theresa, who had
been carried off by the French, but had achieved her escape after their
defeat and total rout at Vittoria.
His bugle was heard for the last time in battle near the hill of Toulouse,
when he sounded the charge by the order of the Viscount de Sa. In that
advance the latter fell wounded from his horse, and, seeing that Captain de
Lobiera, the next senior officer, was defenceless, his sword-blade having
been broken off near the hilt by a ball, he gave him his own, saying:
And once again the bugle of José sounded the command to charge.
He was then an old man, bent with years and infirmity, and had for the
last time renewed his prayer for a pension to the Portuguese Government.
'Let us charitably hope it will be granted,' said a writer in the Lisbon Jornal
de Commercio of that year, 'for there is now in the Ministry a soldier who
has not forgotten the part he bore himself in the bloody episodes of the
Peninsular War, one who has left an arm on a gory battlefield, and whose
hearing has been destroyed by the thunder of artillery—the noble and
valiant Viscount de Sa (the son of his old colonel). This gallant soldier will
yet have ears for the petition of the poor trombadero, and be able to award
him the meed he merits.'
THE
My name is Bob Slingsby, and in the autumn of last year I was senior
apprentice, or midshipman (for we wore a smart uniform), on board the
good ship Bon Accord of Aberdeen, freighted from London to Hong Kong,
and a few who may survive to read these lines will recall the story I am
about to tell—the plain unvarnished one of a sailor boy (I was then only
sixteen) in the Indian seas.
The Bon Accord was a fine full-rigged clipper ship, of Aberdeen build,
900 tons, coppered to the bends, with masts that raked well aft; she was
straight as an arrow in her planksheer, and was well armed, for there are
some ugly customers to be met with in these seas beyond the ordinary track
of our cruisers, as we found to our cost.
We had been well warned on nearing Hong Kong to keep a bright look-
out for Macao piratical boats, and particularly for one large lorcha manned
by only such desperadoes as are to be found about these shores; and the
captain of which, we were informed—Long Kiang by name—was as great a
ruffian as ever figured of old, when Hong Kong was named by the
Spaniards the Island of Ladrones, or thieves.
As evening deepened upon the crimson sea, the wind became lighter;
then it fell calm, and the fore and main courses were hauled up, while the
top-sails were left to flap idly against the masts; and now it was that a
native boat came alongside with a pilot, who offered to take us to our
destination for a certain sum in British money, and his services were
accepted by Captain Archibald, to whom he showed, of course, good and
well-attested certificates.
The wind freshened after a time; we let fall the courses and stretched
them home, glad to make way on the ship; which had been drifting with a
current.
'Like who?'
'You've got Long Kiang on the brain,' said I, laughing; but the laughter
ceased when I did look.
The light breeze had partly deranged the Arab-like keffiah that
enveloped his head, and by the rays of the binnacle lamp we saw that he
was minus the left eye, that the whole of that side of his face was distorted
as if scorched by powder, and for a moment or two the strange
malformation of his left arm was distinctly visible, as he gasped one of the
under-spokes of the wheel.
'If he should, after all, be Long Kiang,' I began, and then paused, for as I
spoke the name seemed to catch his ear, and he turned on me his solitary
eye, which in the moonlight glistened redly, like that of a rattlesnake. A
knife of portentous length was in the same sheath with his chopsticks, a
knife suggestive of cutting other things than yams or salt junk.
'Won't you youngsters turn in?' said the mate, coming aft. 'You are both
in the middle watch.'
'Thank you, sir; not just yet,' said I, for, truth to tell, we were disposed
to be wide awake as weasels.
Long Kiang had been such a standing joke during the latter part of our
voyage—at least after leaving Aden—that neither of us, whatever we
thought, ventured to tell our fears or suspicions to the mate, or to the men
forward. While we were talking to the mate, the captain, who had come on
deck, called him to the port side of the ship, which was going before the
wind, but very slowly.
The captain was a tall, stout, and well-built man, with a florid
complexion and a mass of iron-grey hair, luxuriant as when in youth, and
likely to be so for years to come. There was an air of sturdy Scotch power
and strength of mind and body about him that showed at once his resolute
will and energetic brain.
He and the mate of the watch were in close conference at the port
quarter, and looking at some object with an interest that soon became
anxiety after they had resorted to the use of a night-glass, on seeing which
the tall pilot grinned and showed all his white teeth like a row of dominoes.
'That piecey boat makey fightey if you meddle with her,' he replied
quietly, in what is called 'pigeon English' in these regions.
'Oh, she will, will she?' exclaimed the captain; 'bring the starboard tacks
aft. Keep the ship away a few points.'
But the breeze was so light that the lorcha was able to pass and repass
us with ease, on each tack coming nearer us, and, indeed, it became but too
evident that the steersman handled the ship in such a way that in a short
time the stranger would be quite able to overhaul us. She was already
within half-a-mile of us when Captain Archibald roughly accused the pilot
of treachery, and ordered the third mate to take the wheel. Ere he could do
so the native uttered a shout, quitted the spokes, letting them revolve at will,
throwing the ship in the wind, and then he leaped overboard.
An exclamation burst from all, for had the breeze been fresher the top-
mast would have snapped off at the caps and left us a helpless wreck; but
the captain—quick, ready, and powerful—caught the wheel in a moment,
brought the ship again upon a wind, and without looking whether the traitor
who had left us sank or swam, ordered the ship to be close hauled, as she
was clipper-built, and to be steered 'full and by.'
Some of the watch said the lorcha had picked up our pilot. Charlie and I
now spoke, and not a doubt remained in the minds of all that we had been
deceived by Long Kiang, who, using the papers of some man he had
robbed, and very probably destroyed, had steered the ship to a part of the
coast of Swatow, where his vessel and men had been concealed in some bay
or creek.
Charlie and I had read much about pirates and wild adventures, and had
longed to meet some; and now the time had come with a vengeance!
The Scottish firm to whom the Bon Accord belonged had wisely armed
her well.
'Now, my lads,' cried Captain Archibald, as all the small arms were
brought on deck, and the crew mustered aft the mizenmast, 'obey me; act
well and steadily; have faith in yourselves, for without it no man succeeds.'
A cheer responded, and under the care of the old boatswain, who had
sailed with Archibald for more than twenty years, the guns were cast loose
and loaded, and as some of our fellows belonged to the Royal Naval
Reserve, they were at no loss how to go to work.
In common with several others, Charlie and I had revolvers; but
somehow, as I loaded mine, my heart was beating wildly, and, like Charlie
Newcome, I thought of my mother, far away in Kent, as I had never thought
of her before!
The lorcha was stealing steadily after us in our wake now, for doubtless
Long Kiang had told his crew of our guns, and knew that while she was
kept astern they would be useless. Already the pirates were so close that we
could hear their voices, and see knives, bayonets, and tulwars glittering
among them, and towering amid the throng the tall and muscular figure of
the ferocious Long Kiang, so we could have no doubt of the intentions of
his followers now.
'She will soon be under our counter, sir,' said the old boatswain, 'and, as
we have little or no steerage way on the ship, our eight-pounders will soon
be useless.'
'Then let fly the starboard gun, and bring her to on the wind.'
Bang went the gun, its white smoke curling over the moonlighted water.
A yell rose from the lorcha, and a red, flashing, and spluttering fire of
musketry responded. No one was hit as yet, but white splinters were
knocked off the woodwork on deck.
'Fill the yard heads! Stand off; Re-load, and then bring to again!' This
manœuvre was repeated more than once.
Bang! bang! went the six-pounders from the port quarter. The yells were
redoubled, and as every man who was not at the guns was busy with his
breach-loading rifle, the work soon became hot indeed. While lying close to
the gunwale, Charlie and I fired at random with our revolvers under the
open leeboard; yet the whole situation was so strangely sudden—so
unexpected and improbable—that it seemed as if all this peril was
happening not to me—Bob Slingsby—but to someone else.
Close by us was the captain, busy with his Winchester repeating rifle.
In the foretopmast of the lorcha they were now getting their horrible
stink-balls ready, while, by the use of sweeps, they came close under our
stern, and we could see their fierce, dark visages, their glowing eyes, and
white glistening teeth. These stink-balls are an odious composition of
mealed powder, saltpetre, pitch, and sulphur, rasped hoofs burned in the
fire, assafœtida, and all manner of foul-smelling herbs, and they threw
them, smoking and flaming, on the quarterdeck by dozens, compelling us to
retire forward, if we would escape suffocation.
Several of our men had now fallen, killed or wounded, and the crew of
the lorcha came swarming up the mizen chains, over the quarter, and rushed
on madly with swords, knives, and fixed bayonets; and then it was the
Lascars vanished by running below, or leaping overboard.
In vain our stoutest seamen strove to stem the tide by bayonet and rifle,
and the scene became to me agonising and terrific. The whole deck became
slippery with blood.
'Oh, my wife and bairns!' he cried, and fell dead on the deck. The chief
mate fell next: another and another fell, and I found myself seeking shelter
from the bullets near the forecastle bitts.
Who had fallen or who escaped I knew not, but the crew of the lorcha
were now in full possession of the Bon Accord. Two or three dark faces
appeared above the topgallant forecastle. Shots were fired at me, and with a
prayer on my lips I fell into the sea, and then thought all was over with me.
Mechanically I swam, and the miscreants kept firing at me and some
Lascars who were in the water.
An oar belonging to the lorcha was floating near me. I grasped it, and
got close to the forechains. All voices on deck, save those of the captors,
had ceased. The firing was at an end. A few dead bodies, thrown overboard,
plunged heavily into the water near me, and raised great phosphorescent
circles and bubbles of water in the gorgeous moonlight. The breeze had
freshened a little; the reef points had ceased to patter upon the white sails
which now curved gracefully out, and as the ship began to make a little way
upon the water, I grasped the iron work under the forechains, and was
carried with her.
I looked upward, and saw the terrible face of Long Kiang, with an
indescribable gleam in his solitary eye, as it regarded me. Aware that it was
either for life or death, and that I might as well trust him as perish by a
bullet or of drowning by exhaustion, I allowed myself to be drawn on
board, and one of the first sights I saw was the body of poor little Charlie
Newcome, lying near one of the maindeck guns. Many dead and wounded
pirates lay about.
Long Kiang grasped me by the arm with one hand, a long knife glittered
in the other, and in a mixture of broken Portuguese and pigeon English,
which would seem ridiculous to read, but was very terrible for me to hear,
he questioned me about the ship; where she was from, what was her cargo,
and where any money was stored. Finding that I was unable to give any
account of the latter, Long Kiang, whose fierce eye when he was excited
seemed to emit sparks as if struck from a flint—a peculiar phenomenon—
gave me a terrible blow with the hand of his boneless arm, and, falling
senseless, I remembered no more.
Meanwhile the Macao men completely sacked the ship. Rice, biscuit-
bags, beef-barrels, the fowls in the coops, wines, spirits, bedding, clothes,
all loose ropes, and everything portable were carried on board the lorcha,
and setting fire to the cabin, intending to destroy all trace of the ship by
burning her to the water's edge, they finally shoved off to the lorcha, and
getting the spirit casks aboard, began, like savages as they were—to make
merry and have a night of it—and a night they had of it, that they little
anticipated!
About eleven p.m. I recovered, and found myself alone in the silent
ship. The lorcha lay off about a quarter of a mile distant, floating on the
calm and lonely moonlit sea, over which came the united noise of laughter,
singing, and shouts, as the orgies were continued in her bunks below and on
deck. The odour of burning wood drew me to the cabin, which I found full
of smoke; but on lifting the skylight, as well as the wound I had received
would permit me, I found where the fire was smouldering, and after
extinguishing it by a bucket or two of water, began to look about me with a
heart torn by anxiety and apprehension. Lamps, chronometers, compasses,
everything, were gone; but had they remained, of what use would they have
been to me?