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Benewa. —6-¢ wsa., nepepa6. zon. —M.: Crpofinsaar, 1986, — 560 ey cuustiiipucch We'pacore tpn peste Snaae aaepyRem Sea Siumroansen st epesasnetix sss, sctcesee sowerpyih aor Sconssceund, Ocianoe nuvaonne sopaiens 8 nome nivepnazat np Tpeunspureano. kanpncnnte. KowelpynavispyGtarae. is uM poxer {Ebon aayrongon n rsa npabutre mace a i eryueaTon portent syi0e, eOyyaowaNes Fo eneyseste cere diposennoe W punctescnoe erpcerenseTO> 2202000000— 576 4) gg BBK 3854 470) —85 i 60105 CRFEWNA HBANOBHY BEAENA, BHKTOP ANEKCEESHN BALIN, FEOPTHH CTARHCAABOBHS RCAERUKOS, BOPHC HHKOAAESUS KOM THM, [TAPAC HIIKOSIAESIIM MOPASEBCKHA, APKAAMM BOPHCORMM MYXOBCKIA, AMNTPHH RHROAAEGIS CiPENEMKIN, BOPHE BEBHM YBAPOR. METAMIYECKHE KONCEPKILI PoDoxgun aureparyen no erpouresunun warepuason w xonerppcuue ae peannawen 1 1 ousunonoe BiRonth!! eopatacty P'% Bomons, & C tecrnasoea Pehle pga. i. 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Crpeiek: woro,conpench, ‘Conepuaine ys6unka coorvererbyer nporpane xypea, «Meranmicexne Konerpy ‘uuas,wiraenoro p expotrenutiax bya8x Ro edeuteannoerd 202, fipi tepepadorne wnsta rena speGovauin taaonl CHET 1-26-81 «Crane xouer- FERRE (Emenee, yreepcaenn ocranoeaenen Tocripon CECE or on Lr), a rane merpyetwanocnopmarHbatsn aonywcnoe, Maanmn sa noeacanie 10 er 1 tigeronaen saat pueda no coraseonara © Muwaysox CCCP. coxpaneta cron, one fanencae yaaa pyccuore anpabira, man @ FOCI ce Sow w naywnorrextudeexol aneperype ao exponreascrey Ae apyrin OGAaer9) Hapok Soro xonnteres, Conpatieie stoi cicrents oGosiasensh’ waxoaunen 2 coorserersi ¢ Pasoacueimen Tocerauaapra CCCP x Tocerpos CCCP v tow, "10. CT COB. 1505-79 EHopuarinio-reximcctan sowywenzaiin 8 cxpotresterse. 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BBEREHHE 44, MPATIAS HCTOPHS PASBHIMR METARSINMECKHX KOHCIPYKYHH 2 cccr Tlonarne emeractamieckne Soncrpykiin o6veannaer B ce6e ix KOHCT: PYKTHBHY!O Gopay, texHouorwo HsroroB.teHHA H cTOCOOM MoHTaxKa. Ypo- bey paapnTha MeTaAAHeCKRX KoNcTPyRIUHi OMpereaseTeR, ¢ oAHO! CTO PONE, tloTpeHOCTAMH B _HHX Haponitoro xosaficTBa, aC ApyToll — BosMOX- HOCTHME TeXHKNecKOR Bask: parsiTiteM MeTaAayprM, MeTaaaoopasorKH, Cipourenuioi naykn mn TexnMRs, Hexons ia 9THx nocioxeMul ueTOpHR pas" BITHA METAAARYECKHX KOHCTPYKUMT MOKET OUTS PasaeteHa wa nATD Ne patonos, Mepawi nepuiog (ot XII». 20 Hadaaa XVII 8.) xapaxtepnayerea np MeneniteN MeTaaaa B YWIKAALMKX Ho TOMY BpemeHH coopyxeHuAx (RB0p- ax, MepgBax 1 T.m.) m site SaTmKEK M CKpem IAA KameMitoll KaaAKH. Sa- TSoKKH BLKOBSBAAM 3 SPUNHOTO We-Te3a Hk CKPEHARLAH Hepes MpoylunHEL Ha urtupax, Oasofi 4a nepasix TaKnX KoNCTpyKUNA aBamOTeA saTmKKH Yeneit- cKoro co6opa wo Baaaunupe (1158 r.). Mo speaocra xoticTpykritBHoro PEUICHEA BHLAeARETCA MeTaAANMeCKAN KOMCTPYKUNH, NOALEPAKBAOWAR Ka~ ReWHELA MOTOROX Hal KOpsIAOpOM MEAL NpATeupamn HoKpoxcKore cOGo- pa—xpaa Bacuans Baaxennoro (1560 r.) (puc. 1.1). 970 neppan uane- Wa Ham KONCTPYKUUA, COCTONMLAN Hs CTepAACH, padoraioux Ha pact recuile, HOFHO HW CHKATHE. SaTaxKH, NOALEpAuAWOULKE NOTOAOK B STO! KOHETpYKUMH, yKpeMTeMts nas oOzerseius paGotis Ha u3rw6 noxkocamu. TMopaxaer, To yaKe 8 Te wpemena KOMCTpyKTOp shaq, HTO AAA 3aTHKEK, pAGOTAOMNX ta ITKO, Ha AO NpHMeHAT UOAOCY, NocTaBAeHHY!O Ha peGPO, a MoAKoces, paboraiouL ke cate, AYuME AeAATE KBAAPATHOrO eNews. Bropoit nepuox (or tauaaa XVII 8, x0 Konua XVIII 8.) cassan ¢ npr MeneHHeM HakAONNNX MeTaaAecKHx ETPOMUA wm MpocrpakerBeHNtthKx Ky HoawNX KONCTpYKuMH (sKopsHHOK) Taas uepKBe (pic. 1.2). Crepacun KOHCTpYKUHit BLINOAEHH 12 KOBANIX GpycKOR m cocamteH Ha 3aMKAX expenax roposoi cpapxoi. Koucrpykuitit TaKoro THila coxpaMiiatich 20 Nauix quell, Mpinepams cayaat aepexpurin npoaetow 18 m Kaa tpaies- not Tpouxo-Cepruesckoro Monactsips 9 Saropexe (1696—1698 rv.), me- PexpurtHe Boapuioro Kpemaescxoro asopua 8 Mockae (1640 r.), KapKac kylloza Konoxonsiut Heasta Beankoro (1603 r.), kapwac Kyntoaa Kasancko- ro co6opa B Jlennirpase mpo.tetors 15 x (1805 1.) 11 2p, Tpetuit nepuoa (or Kauana XVIII 9. 20 cepeanust XIX 2.) episait c oc- BeeHiteM npouecca AuTHs ayryNHLX crepaKell n acranell. Crpontem uyryk- Hie MOcTAI 1 KONCTPYKUNM MepeKpuThi rpaxAaNCKHN m HIpOMestLAeMIAIX saauni. Cocannenua syryuiux sneentoo ocyutecreamioreH 43 3aMKaX HH Gonrax. Tepaoi syry#ioit Koucrpykutelt 8 Poceutt cwnraetca nepexpuTne xpuiabila Hesoaickoit Samii ua Ypaae (1725 r.). B 1784 r. Terepoypre 6h nocrpoen nepauit yryseth MocT, Copepttencraa xyryiitixe KoNIeTpYK- ui a Poccum xocturan p cepeante XIX croaerus. YuHKasbuoh uyry Aion xoucrpykunefi 40-x roaos XIX s. saagetca Kytion Hcaaxnenckoro coSopa {puc. 1.3), coBpannmii na OTAcawHMX KOCHKOB 8 BHLLe CHAONIHON OG0.AOKH. Konerpyxiina xynona cocront us Bepxnell KoniNecKOM WacTH, NoRRepAKHBa- voulel Kawenuii Gapa6ad, wentaouLAl cobop, 1 HuaHEH, Gonee noaorod acta. Hapyanian oGonoxka xyftoxa ¢ noMollibxo 7erKOTO WKETESHOTO Kap Kalca onnpaeres Ha YyryHHy0 KONCTPYKUNIO Uyryntian apsa npoaeroM 30 a npiiweiteHa 8 nepexpuTin AreKcanapHn exoro tearpa # Flerep6ypre (1827—1832 cr.) B 50-x roaax XIX p. 8 Metep6ypre Guia nocrpoes Hikonaesckith socr © aoceMsio apouniimit MpoaeTan oT 33.10 47 m, RBAMOUEIiTeR CAML KDYH- HM 4yTyRULM MoctoM Mupa. B sTOT xe MepHod HaCAOHHWE CrpolsiaaPIs moaguacotn Uepe'(hcuen, AVE 12. Merazorccnte xonenynm a knevenenio tpauchopapyiorcs m eMeuian: | nue iKeneIOayTyHHME TpeyroaunEle epwet (pe. 14) B gpepriox casaaa ne 61820 pacxocon (ew. LX pitc. 1-4,a), omit nostonancr 8 KoHne pacemat- pipaeworo nepuona (em. pic. 1.4, 6). Cxxatue crepanit epM vacto sinoansan 13 ayrya, 8 pacranytite— ua axesteaa, B yana\ 9:ieMen Tu coemnHsnice epes mpoyunninss Ha Go.trax. Oreyrerane a stor nepuon Mpoxarsioro mpo- duawHoro MeTasaa orpamiiBaao KoNeTpY: ThaKyio @opwy wAectesHKx cTepAUe! npAMO- yroabiust Hut Kpyrauat ceveniien, Oawako, inpeumyutecrua aconNoro npopiaA yrxe Ou Ali HoT M CTepAKKH yroaKOROTO WAH URE: SlepHoro cexexts wsroroBARA rHYTHEM HAM hookol arpeTsix sMo.toc. Yerseprisi nepHon (c 30-x roxon XIX 6. 20 20-x roaoa XX a.) caxaai c Buicrpetn TeX- IeckUM NpOrpeccom BO BEX O6AIACTAX TEX- HUKIs Toro BpeMeNH H, B HacTHOCTH, 8 Meta Ayprait « meraazoo6pa6orke. B wauaae XIX a, xpitanaift mpouece neay- vewnn weacaa Gua dawenteH Goaee cosepuren- dunt — nyaannrosasiet, a 8 KoKUe BO-X TO- 1OB— BUMLAABKOI KeAeSA HS AYTYHA A Map- Tewouckiix m KonmeptopHlax uexax, Hapaay ¢ ypaascko Gas Gucia cosaaiia 8 Poccint ioxitan Ga3a weranayprieckoR npomeuiaen- noerit, B 80-x roaax XIX a. slonsaawey saKae- Howie coeanenns, YeMy cnocobeTsoua.to usoGperentite auiponpodiisitoro npecea; w 40-x Toaax Oua oceoen Mpouece noaysenita npo- (hineuoro MeTaaaa it mpokaTHoro era B revewme cra nocaeayiouurx ater nee craab- Me KOHeTPYKUMH HITOTOBARAeD KAenaNsOMtL Agnes Weanenenaore co Cracy noaTi doatiocTiwo sxiTeciuaa x3 eTpo- Hemenspaae (re teasePec. 14 Meperpurue Suero xeopua ® Jlewiuepane (1837 r) nTeabHEIx — Kowerpykutnfh uyrys, Gyayan marepia- som Goaee cosepinentiiis to caomme cnohcraam (8 ocoGenHocr mpi paGore fa pactaxenne) m ayaure TORAAIOMLENCA _KOHTOAIO a mexaiisecko# — OGpa- Gore. Uyrynunte Kouerpy Kutna 80 eTopolt onopnie XIX a, TPHMEHRANCS stu 8 KOM AOHHaX — MuOrosTaHX Saattull, nepeKpurTiIax BOK- Baabibix AeGapKanepos 1. m., PRE mOrAa Outre Noa HocTsio HeHtomsoBaHta x0- poular conpotuaaseMocrs uyrywa exaTino, B Poceut a0. KoHua XIX 8. mpowsuiseniee Tpaxkaancxite saanits erpo- RaWCS 8 OCHOBHOM ¢ KHD- yen creat He Goamtuumn nposerasm, aan epexpurtnR KoToptix” 1c Hoae30Baanes — tpeyroab- hve weranmueckite dep- sui (pic, 1.5). Konerpyk- tuniag bopma stuix depae hhocrentenwo cosepuientcr- nopaitace: petterKa noay- usa sapepmiene ¢ moaB- ee ln Be Puc, 5, Ceponazinan gepua (7be rons XIX 0.)eMHeM packocon; yaKoBbIe COeAHHeHHIA BMecTO CosTOBHX Ha npoyuluiax ‘Cras asMOAHAT saK.AeNOAIIMH ¢ NOMOULD'O (acowoK. B Kolue npouuaoro croaeTua npuMewsalice peweTaaTHe Kapkacel pam~ Ho-apousioll KOMCTPYKUKN QAR NepeKpHTHA InAKH sHawUTeALUUX mposie- aros, Tpwmepann spasiorca noxperua Cenoro punga 8 Terep6ypre (1884 r.) nposetow 25 ¥, Bapmascxoro puma npoaetom 16 x (1891 r.), noxpurtite Tatannexoro soxsasia (1890 r.) Hp. HanGoasuiero covepwenctea panio-apoyian Kocrpyxiia Aocruraa 8 TexpuiTi neGapKaTepoE Kuesckoro BoKIaaa 8 Mockse (pute. 1.6), nocTpo: ‘eunoro no npoesty B. P, Hlyxona (1913—1914 rr). B wowetpykuittx 91x coopyxkewist xopowlo mpopaSorams KoMnoHO- BoMMaw CXEMA, ONOPHULE JaKPerieNN H yaIOBe SAKACMOUITHE CoeREHEHEA. Bo propo# noaosune XIX 8. suauireabtioe pasButHe moay'4HAD MeTat- aitieexoe MocToctpoenite B cBASI ¢ Poctom ceTH xeTesiIIX aopor. Ha CTpouteascrae moctoD pazeimatace KONCTPYKTHBHAN Ghopma MeTAAIUNECKH: KONCTPYKUM, coNepMeNcTSODA.IaCe TeOpIIN KOMMOHOBKH Hl pactera, TeXHO- AorHs HorotosmeHnA H Mowtaxa, Tpnausima mpoekTuposaHi, paspa6o- Tanmwe B MOCTOCTpOEHHN, Gl NepsHeceds 3aTeM Ha _NpoMEMTEAEHTLE Fpaasaanckne oGekrel. Ochosareasan pyccKol uixoam MocTocrpOeHiA A AnoTea nssectane uDKeHepH H —npopeccopa C. B, Kepbeas, H. A. Berc- mo6cxuti, JI. JL. Mpockypaxos, C. B. Kep6ens. (1810—1899 cr.), snixxettep-erpowtens, noetpoua nepaisit b Pocenn akenesntih oct c pewervarmmu cbepMamit wepes p. slyry (1853 r.). Ou 2Ke sBaseTcs atopom caMoro Kpyniloro NyryHHOro MocTa o Tletep6ypre. Tipogeccop H. A. BenemoGexui (1848-1922 rr,), mocrocrpouren Yuenbiit, pmepaue npiMeHs packocHyio pemeTKy za1¥ ocTOBLIX sepa (pric. 1.7), paspaGoraa nepaw » Poccin werpwieckuit coprament mpoxatiuis rpoprizell, yeosepuieveraoba.t weroauKy HentTannil CTpoWTeMsMLAX MaTe- pia.ios, Hanucan nepauit cuctewaTi.uposannisl Kype mo cTpouTebHOH we- anne. Tipogeccop JI. JI. Mpockypakos (1858-1926 rr.) sea B soctosue hepa tpeyroaunyio n wnpeureabuy pemeTkn x paspa6otas TeopHIo o Maneuroasehiien oveprauin ep, 32 npoexr wocta vepes Enucell ua Nepinkexoi suctaaxe 1900 r. JI. JL Mpockypaxon Guia yaoctoen so0To! Medan, Boabwof akaan 8 aaatitefiiee pasnitue Metaaacctpoenua 8 Kone XIX w wawane XX a, n pactpocrpauesice omTa, hakonclexHoro 8 MOCTOCTpO ents, Ha MeTaAAHWECKHE KOHCTPYKIIM TpaAKAAHCKNX 1 mpoMuuteMmtx saat sHecan ©. C. Slersexnti, B. 7. Iyxoa 1 HM. I. TIpoxopses, B ater Hepitoa paseuTue MeTaAAyPriM, MaMinocTpOEKHA It apyrux OTPactelt npo- NuuttinenHocTL Brecno KavecTBeHoe ISseKeMNe B TexHlOsor:O NpoWsuoReT- ba m norpeGoBax0 oGopynosanun saaitkh mocTosumn KoZHamst. Tlepaoe BpeMst wx yeraasaupani xa sctakanay (pne. 1.8), oasaxo 9T0 sarpomoa- ano nomeueHne. C yaeamueHieN TpYIONOABEMHOCTH MOCTOBAX KpaHon i HacuMeHnocTH HMM MporsuOACTBA, a TaKKe c YBerMMEHTEM BACOTH tt LiupwHss Mmporeroe nowemenui cravo weecooSpasHutm crpoHTs sxaHiA METaAAMMeCKiIM KapKACOM, NORAEPAHBAIOMIM Kak OrpaKaaioMNe KoKCT- PYKUIMN, TAK H MYTH AAR MOCTOBEIX Kanon. OcHoBHM Hecyutiie sexest- ‘teu Kapkaca crata monepewian pama (pc. 1.9), BKMOHaIOMaR B ceGw KOJONHEL H pHreaH (crponianKise depre) Tpogeccop ©. C. Meunckni (1858—1899 rr), nepauh sanpoextuposaa MuoronposeTHoe NpewMuAeHKOe Saale ¢ MeTaAANEckHMM — KOsOMTHAREL MEKAY Mpoaerann x paspadoran GoavivenporerHue cKAAAWATMe I KOI coabiue KoNcTpYKUKH TOXpwTith, On ae BNC sHaLIITeMIOT BKAAL 8 pas vet CsaTHX CTepaHel a MpowoanHicl usrH6, paboraiouuux ® yrpyro: haactudecKon soHe Aedopaupovaiina cra I. Hekmositeasio morornopioit n pasdocroponueR Guta xesrennsocry noveruoro axaaemuxa B. T. [lyxova (1853-1939 rr.). Ox nepsasit 8 ati pesoil mpaxtiwe paspa6oran m noctpona MpocrpancrBentive pewieratite KOMCTPYKURN NOKpSTHE HM GaweH pasinuHOrO HasiaNeNtiA, HenOAbs0BaB Abi Mux aueliaarue RoaepxHoctH (pic. 1.10). B noctpoeHAtx mM copy. Keiiuax peatHsoBaHN Ke MpeABapuTeABKOrO HanpsKeHiA KOHCTPYKUHTI i BosBegeHHA HOKPHTH B BHC BUCASHS cHCTEM C a\ppeXTHBNEIM HCROM30- —s-Pre. 18, Meperpurne syasceie wscrepenne (6t-e roa Te a ent Pac. 19, Kapune npowsusnenvoro anonna (nase XIX &) nanvew pa6ors meranaa Ha pactaxeane (pic. 1.11). StHMt apoekranen B. T. Uyxoa namioro onepeanz cnonx coapemediuxoe i npeayraaan Oyay. ule Haripanaena 8 pasBHTHH MeTasaHecKHX KoHeTpYKUMi, saKpenie ‘Tem cambin mpuopuTer aml crpait Ocosenko suavirerHa ero Teoperiseckad 1 mpakTuveckas padora e oGaacta pesepayapocrpoesuit apyriix aucrossix Kouctpykusill. B, T. Illy XoB paspa6ora Hopwe KouctpyKriBHue (opus pesepayapon, ix pacer n Meroau Waxow EHH ONTHIMaMDINX NapamerpoR. Hpogeccop H. Tl. Mpoxoipves (1877—1958 rr), ncnoassys waxonaen- sai onviT, onyGauxonan nepsyio Moworparbmio Ho usroTOBNeNlWIO it wOItTa. WY MCTAAMHNECKHX MOCTCR M SanpoeKTHpOBAT PRA YHAKanHAWX mo TOMY spenewt GoabumenporetuLx noKPUTIT (Mypwaxickne u Teposcine wacTep- cxire Mockonexo-KasancKoit x, 2, Mockoscxuit novrast, xeGapkanep Ke- saiteKoro BoKsa.ta a MockBe) Tarai nepnon (nocaepescaounonsuui) Haumiaerca c Kona 20-x ro- AoB, ¢ Mepwolt nsrTHAeTKH, KOTRa MozOROe commaaKeriMecKoe TOCyAapCTO MpHeTyNHUAO K OcyuLeCTE.teNWO uLPOKOH MporpaNsta HiayerpRanusauint expan K Korny 40-x ronon kaenaite KoHeTpYKuMI Guat nONTH HOmHOETEHO 3a MeneHN cHapHUMK, Goaee aeTKHMHL, TeXTONOTINYMHIMH HH SKONONUCGHLAMI Paspurue wetasayprin yike 8 30-x TORAX nosBonHNO MpuweHate a Me- TARANVECKHX KOHCTPYRUMAX BMECTO COMO! Maroyraepoaucrol Cras Go. Ake MpOUNYIO HuaKOAerHPCRANKyTO crab [cTaKb KPEMHUCTYWO ans IKecIesHO. gatnopoxnoro mocta vepes p Ukuny (Zaxankasve) crans ILC aaa Toopna Coneroa m mocksopeuknx Moctos). B ceperuHe croaeris vomenkaatypa phiteHaembix 8 crpoHTeTbcTee HHsKOTETHpOBAHMNX M BLICOKOMpONITEX CTa~ JieH sHasiresIsHO pacumpHaacs, WO NOsBoaKLNO cymecTAEHHO oGxeruHTH Bec KONCTpYKuH H cosaaTb coopyxeNI GozDtuNX pasmepos Kpowe cra B METAAAHMECKHX KONCTPYKUNSX HANAN HCMOABIOBATH aJloMUHtesDe enAa- BM, NAOTHOCTH KOTOPHIX MOUTH BTPOE MEHBILC. B woumyio orpacab muayctpin wsipocaa mpowasoactucnitas Gasa Me- TaanisecKix KOKCTpYKuM, 3ARONM Hl CHeuRAAKaNpoBANKEe MoWTAKHE oprangami, OCHalLeKHNe CoupeMeHHLM RsICOKONPOMsROAHTENDIEIM OO0- pyaovaniem, Onan oOveanMenss 8 oay cHeTemy (TaascraabxoncTpyKntis), HisnonKsOMyIO OCHOBKOH OGLEN crportreaperBa meTanaMVecKHX KOHCTPYK: ui, Owen erananveckux KoueTpyKuUH 3a TOT nepton (1930—1980 rr.) yeennsuncn Gonee vex 5 20 pas (pe 1.12). Upessuvaiino pacumpnance Homenksarypa meranauueckitx KONCTPYKILM H PasHooGpasue Ux KoHeTpYK: TUBKEX (opm. Peskuit nomven KonHue- crpa 4 KaWectBa merasammeckHx KoHeT- pykusti: Owa Buissan pasonTHeM Bcex peayutnx orpacaell Hapoaoro vossiicr- Ba, TpanAMOsNUEN —pasMaxom mpomiatt- aennoro. m rpaxAancKoro expowress- era, Bosuune « mHoroo6pasnue saaaun Ho pasBiTMio MeTaAAMYeceHMX KOHCTPYK- ull pemaaiice Yyeumani mpoeKTitx, Hay¥HUX H MpoHIBoACTBENKEIX KOAEK: ‘Tiaos, OcobeHKo weanka poay mpoekT- atx Tpectos—TIpcexTeraabKoucrpyxina wTpomerpofinpoekr, wayuustx mucTiry- os—Lentpaasiiord wayaioro aKcril- TyTa— npoMuaenHErx —coopyKeHUt (HHMMIC), » 50-x rozax peoprasitso- saaioro 8 Uerpansisin Haysio-necae- : : itnetponctot safe tH BFS whe ~~May m 6 e000 12000 | 12000, 12000, 2000, Pac, 118. Esponecnae cxena sonmowack eogepeubad pant mporanonerecnnore antnnt eeaonateabexnit netiryr ctponremmax Koxerpykunit (IIHMMCK), a taxxxe nysonckiix KoaAeKriBBOB, Hpwaunn ueaecoobpasHoctit copMectHoh pasotst ApoektHoix H waysntiax KoaseKTEBOD 70-x roRaX Swicl aaKpenaex npeobpaso- ante tpecta Hpoekreraaskonetpyxunia » LHHMMpoexreraapxonerpyx- utio ~ neayity!o npoektHo-tecaenogaredpexy¥0 opraitisauitio meraaamvec- ux KoeTpykunti; TIpowctamsKoxetpykunt 80 BHHMHMpoweramxoucr- PyKuinio—Beayntyio OpranHaauio Ho NpoeKTHpoBaHiO H HccAeAoBAHtIHO MouTaKHAX paGoT; coananiien BHHKTHCK— serymteh oprauisaiin 10 Mpoexriposanuio Wf HiecAeAOBANMO TexKoROrHH HsrOTORAeHA MeTadANIeC- Kine KOHeTpy KUT B nayaze 30-x roaop crata opopwantsca copetcKan uikoxa stpockTn- povaunia Meranamieckitx KoHCTpyKiHil. B cBRSH c paspiTie MeTaaaypriin ie MawuMoeTpOeHKA CTpoltadce MKOTO MpoMBUIAeNRx saan ¢ meTaaan- Neckiin KapKacoM. Craabible apKacss MpoMBILAeHHEX ananttf oKagaztHC Beayiell KOMCTPYKTHBKOR opmoii weranaiueckiix KorcTpyKnitil, onpene- Snouel oOutee Hanpaa.tenne 1x paseuTiin. Conetckan wKOaa MOcTeTeTKO oTxonitaa oT epponelickiix cxem KOMMOHOBKI NOMepewHbsk Pam KapKaca, xa- PAKTEPHMX CTpeNaeHTeM MpuGAUsitTD KOHCTPYATHIBHY exeMy K pacteT- Hum Gpernocwakam, BBeReHHIEM GoJbitoro KOMWeCTRA wapApoB, ¥70 yC- JORUATD MONTIK W UoTOTORAERHE KONeTpYKUNH (prc. 1,13). Take cxeMts He OTBCUAAH TpeGoBaHiAM skcHayaTaNNN B OTHOLIeHH NonepeNto; zxecT- KCCTII oan B CBAIH C yREAITHCHIIeM PasMepoR NpoNeTOB, BLICOTEL H, rAaB~ HOE, FPYSONOABEMNOCTH Ht HHTEKCHBUOCTH ABIDKEHIIR NOCTOBIX KPAtoB. ‘TpeGonanitan skenayarauitit t BLICOKHX TeMNOB crpoltTeabeTBa B Gowb- tell cTeneuit OTBeYARK CAOKHpUHECR K TOMY Bpemed CKeMI KOKCTpY!t Fovanun nonepewinix pam c ecTKIIM conpmrkeWiteN KONOKH c ipyHaaeN- ‘Tamu u preagml, Coverckie pockTupooMUNKH B3RAM 3a OcHOBY 3TH CxCH H yayaumnan HX nyTeM aNaaMTIMecKOTO OnpereReNR ONTHMAADIU TeoMeT NSECKHIX COOTHOUIEKH steMeHTOB pases, Xess peuleTOK 1 T. m. (pic. 1-14) Auaaitiveckiie HaMcKaHMR ONTANGALHLIX KOMTOKOBOELX CXeM H TeoMeT- pitiecinx paswepos saewenroD cexednii cram xapaxtepHol yepTofl paseit- Tita BOCK BILLOE MeTAAAMYECKHX KOHeTPYKUA B CoveTcKOM CoWse. TaKoii ReAXOR HOIROIMA PelllaTs OAOBPENEHHO sanaNie CHINKEHIA TPYROEMKOCTIE HoTOTOBACHIIR KONCTPYKUHT ¢ SKONOMINNLIN jeMOALSONAHEN CTA.NH tt CKO- poctitim wonrarkow. TIpiauin KovrtexcHoro pelleHia sana npH wabicKa- Hit OnTHMAALKOR KoMeTpyKTHBHOM cbopwEn MeTadaWeckHx KosIeTpyKUM (Tas OCHOBHUM AAR COBETCKOM 1UKO.TE APOeKTHPOBAHIS XapaxrepHot weptofl pasentia meraaanseckitx KoueTpyxusti craaa TH Tugaitia KOReTpyKTHBMLIX cxeM m1 saeMeHtToR, Boabiton OOne. erpoute.th- crea Ml coasaHwan c HiM HOBTOpAeMOCTS KOHETpYKiKKi coanaaN Mpeamocwa- Ait AAR paspaGoTKHt THMOBWX cxeM 1 KOHCTPYKTHBHMX pelllenA KapKacon mpomisussenimntx aratitt, B 1939 r. TIpomctpofinpoextom Ghia paspasorane THnoBwe _coktrn onmosTaxkHBx RpomBIAeHiX snaKii co cTaabitM KapwacoM. TunoBse cekItin UKALONAAM OOvEMHO-MAAHMPOROUHUE peltiedA Ans pasanuutax npo- eTOB, THTOBLIE KORCTPYKTHIBMBE CXeME KOMMOHOBKN KapKaca rh THMOBE Pe hniewiis KoneTpyKTHDHDIX SAeMeHTOD ((pepM, KOTOR, TORKPAKOBUX 63308 11 tn), Brepptie Guia BoeneH TpexneTpoBEsi moay.Ab nporeToB, KoTOpUli 3a- Tew (e 50-x rorax) Gua 3aMeHes UlecriMeTpORKN, ThmMsHpowaH 3naKNA OTACABHEX BILOD NpoHBORCTE (MapTeHOBCKIE ued, MpOKATHUE WT. A.); TimHsaunA pacnpoctpatiaacn Ha mpoaeTHEIe CTpOeKIA MOcTOB, pesepDya- Pos, rasroabrepy, paanoGamy, paauomavtsi. Tinisauus, a sates yHuidrt- Kalus H craHlaprisauia Cran OAKIM Ho FAaBHUX HaNpascenttl pasewriA MeTanaHuecKHX KOKCTpYKUNH, 910 CHILKAKO TpYAOeMKOCTH KONCTPYKUHH tT Gaaronapa ynopanoyeniino npoekTiiponania yMeHbiliana pacxon cra. B ron Bentxon Orevecrsentot solin 194]—1945 rr., Hecworpa ta Bpenentyio notepio AKO McTasayprimiecKoll Gass iH GoAvilloR pacxoa Merad.1a Ha HYP BOIINL!, B mpOMIlAeKHOM CTpONTeALCTBE MOCTOCTpOE- nm Ra Ypane i 8 CHGnPH HpOKO NenomALsORAANCE MeTaAAHECKHE KOM esuc, 145, Mlporseogcrnenvoe namie nponerow 120 cxpykuitn, ayawe Apyriix KoneTpykunll oTBevaBInNe ocHOnHOR sanave BO- eulioro apeweunt — ckopocrHomy crpottTenserBy, B 50—70-x ronax ctpotrensctso Metaaaiveckux KoKeTpyKuMit pasDi Basoce ¢ coGsioreniteM OcHOBHLAX NprLNROD COBETEKO! uIKO.IIN NpoekTHIpO- Bains, YoTaHosaeHHMBX eme B ROBOetT MepliOr: axKOKOMMR cTaam, YApO- eHite “naroroBaentia, yexopenne mowranxa. Jan sTHX aeT xapaktepHAM Awareren WNPOKOe MpuMeHeHHe cTAaH —B MpOMUIU-TEMMIEAX COOPYAEHIAX GoabUNX paSMEpoR ¢ TALAEAIMK TeXHOAOTHecKIMIt Harpyskawt. TloctpO- eHM TAKNE YHIKAADHEE NPOMMILACHHBIE 32aHHIR, KAK COOPOHE wex NPO- aerom 120 w ¢ Kpauiann rpysononvemiocTEw 30'T, NoneeMeN‘M K CTPO- TiabKEIM hepan Ha oTweTKe 57 m (pnc. 1.15), RByxmpoaeTHoe snanne Kpaiiann rpysononvemuocTo10 1200 11 600 7. Bosuioe pasnirie noaynan auctopWe KoNeTpyKuiN (B cBaait ¢ pad~ puters We*ranoll, rasoBoll, XUMHUccKOll M MeTaaaypriMecKOH npownim1eH. =ehep nr elie Phe. 116 Tesgemnnonssn auns sucorot wien) 'b Mocnse (BAN CCCP) he LS, Koweppaune satamiona Coch mt a 7 Hoctit), eucoTHHe coopyrkeHnA consi (prc. 1.16), onopH saextponepenant, a TaKKe KOUCTpYKUUIME OGmecTeeHHAx Samm (Due. 1.17). Hs oGutectsenmsx ccopy%ienih puiaeamores napitavomn Coverexoro Cowsa Ha MexayHaponmux Bucrankax 6 Bproccene (pnc. 1.18) (1958 r.) at Monpease (1967 r.) (pic. 1.19), napiason Kocwoca wa BILHX » Mock- be (eM, pic. 117), nepexputie Jsopta chopra o Jlyxtuxax (cm. pute, 17.3) 4 ap. Yattkaabaive Gonsmenporerusie cnopritsxiie coopyxenis ue€ MecymuMn MeTanaueeKnMH KOHCTPYKUHAMIC pasHOOGPasHOf w opurt HaabHoli KoKeTpYKTHDHON GhopME MocTpoeHU B MockBe « Oaunniane-80. Hapaay c cOveptiencrsoBanitem KORCTpyxTHBHOR dopMt copeputencT- Bonaaiicn H MeTORUI pacveTa KonTcTpyKuUHi. JLo 1950 r. cTpouTenbitEte KoH- eTpYRUI PaccanTHBAnH MO MeTOAY AONYcKaewsix wanpaxennil, Taxol pacser WeaoeTaTouHo noAHO oTpaxan AelicrBnTeADKyIO padoTY KoMeTYK iti Hom MarpySKo!, Mora B HexOcTATOUNO! Mepe TapanTupowar HX 1a- FeRHOcTH MB Pale EAYIAeD MpMDOANA K NepepacxoaY maTepHa.soD; BIamcH ero Gtx paspaoraH Metoa pacueTa KoHeTpyKuMit mo npemeaDituM co cTonniiaat C 1950 r. 9 Conercxom Cotose nce nau crpoitrensinx Kowerpy sii PaccunrTuBator Mo MeTOAY MpeneABALKX cocTORHNIt B COOTBETCTBM ¢ T2axOTi CHufl no crpottreavanw xonerpy xu. Cymectaento nosumaer KavecTBO npoexTuposanita w yeKopaeT ero mpouece conpemeniian abiuucauresonan Textuka (IBM) c ciicTewauit an- Tomatiyeckoro mpoextaponains (CALP). Mpnxenenie 9BM nosooaxer pOeKTMpOBLLIKY B KOPOTKHE CpOKH HaliTh onTiIMaAbKOe KOHCTPYKTHBHO® peltienne mpoexTupyemoro coopyrkentna ti paccunTaT mpaKTitueckH s1O6yI0 cnonyio cictemy 6e3 sHaunTeADHIX ynpattentA Ventexit b pasDuTin MeTaaHscckuX KOXCTPYKUNA 3a conerexu nepHOR Rocturtyrs GAaronapA TeopwecKHIM YeuamAW KOLIeKTIBOS —ApOCKTHUX 1 hayaHUx oprasiisauii, BosrAaBAREMLIX BeAYULUNHL HpoIpeccopaMEt H UEIe- nepami OcoGenHo suavirreamnu aacayru Tepoa Conmaancritxeckoro Tpy- 2a, aeHa-Koppecnonzeita AH CCCP, npowpeccopa H. C. Crpeneuxoro (1885-1967 rr.), nosrnanaapiiero 8 Teexne 50 net conereKyo KoweTpyk- ‘Topexy® urkoay MeTaaaocTpoents. H.C. Crpenenxitit, a nepsiix sranax enoelh xenteabuoeT# spnomuticn peewHuKOM H Mpoo*KaTereM pyccKOR WKOAB MOCTOCTpONTeAeH, B aad. uelimey MNOro exeaaa Aad pageiiTHs erpoureabKo; naykH 4 BIsCterO expoxtensnoro o6pasonanua » name crpaxe. Ow preppue punexia cra- TileTHMecKHE MeTOAL B pacNeTe KONCTpYKUNA, HecaenoBan padoTy craTH- Seckit HeonpeneauMbix ciicTeM 3a MpeneAOM YipyrocTH, Mpoven TeopeTuue- ckiie HceaeroBaHAA H OSOGutNA RX RAKE B OGAaCTIt paaBHITHA KOTICTPYK- ripxoh — opm. Ton ero. Henocpezcrsextinw — pyKOBONCTBOM skenepamenTaairioe ayenNe xelleroNTeASHOM padoTM MeTaaaHuecKitK —16-KOHCTPYKIH CTaO OAHIM 13 TAABRHX MeTOROB COBepteHICTRORAHA KON crpystHpnoit dope n pacucton. On xpuacn OAM Ha MHMUNATOPOB nepe- x02 OT pacieTa no NonyekacMaim wANpHReINAM K pacueTy mo NpeReaLiTAIM Cocromuitam i BHeC GoaDWNO! BKAAA B paspaGoTKY stro uporpecciBHOTO merona. Tepoh Connaaneriueckoro Tpyza, xefiereuTeapauit user AH YCCP E. 0. Maron (1870—1953 rr.), rakike execu cool ek.zan B paspiTNe me- TaAAMWECKOTO MOCTOCTpOEHHR, MeeT UCKTONTeAbHEE Sacayrn B OGAacTH MexaMiGauin Mm aBTOMaTH9aniM 9aeKTPOAYFODOM CBApKI, ITO AEITOC DaKHDIN TEXHUMECKIM ROCTIOKEHtIEM COBETCKO! wKOALA CBAPLLIKOD, E. 0. Marox » 1928 r. oprannsosaa 8 Krese np AH YCCP Haysno- wecaeaoBatesscKiil MHCTHTyT saeKTpOCBApKIE (HUME HOC wt. E, O. Ta Towa) Suasntensiuih oxAAA w pasnitTHe MeTaaamuecKHx KoHeTpyKiIN DEC axagewux H. Tl. Measiixos, mioro zet pyxosoanammuii LHMHTIpoext- CtasoKonerpyxunel. §.2. HOMEHKNATYPA M OBMACTb MPAMEHEHHS (METAIIAECKUX KOHCTPYKUMA. Meranairieckite KoneTpykUIIH mpHMeHSHOTeA ceronHA no BCeX BIIRAX aa Hull u woxeHepRuIx coopyxenn, OcoGeHHO ca HeOGXOAMMKL 9Ka4ITEAS wale mposierts, bucora i Harpyaku. TMorpeiocrs m metananvecknx KoKeT- PYKUAX UpeseHaliHo BeANKa HH NenpepwBHO yaeauNBAeTeR (cM. PHC. 1.12). Baaol 229 yaonseteoperin stoi motpe6HocTH sBamioTen GoabilIof oGben MpousBoaNMo; 8 crpane craau (e 1982 r. BuNaaBreHo 155 MAH. T crann), Sanoaw MeTaaanveckiix KoRCTPYKUITA emeutTanHaKpoBAHNE MOR ‘TaxHoe Opramizauntl, ocHalleHHWe CoppemeHHoli TeXHNKO!, ceMmiarIcH- Ponatniwe mMpoekTHWe opraiusaut Mm HaysHo-HccaeRoBaTeABEKHe HNICTH- TyTH. B sapitcumocru of xouctpyxTusHol dopwel W HasHaNennA MeTananme- eke KOHCTPYKUL MOXHO pAsHeAMtTs Ha BOCEM BIIAOB. 1, Mpomtimsennste ana. Koscrpyxunit onostaxusix npomsuu.ten UX 9AaMi BBINOAHAIOTER B BILE ueABHOMETAAAUMECKHX (Puc. 1.20) ttm —16-Pc. 21, Koucrrvuunn wocros: Gxaowworo (asepxy), apotsere (a mentee) n mucesero (any) fa 2143 Mee : : =. Sukat ae, 1.2% KoueTpyERWH AONEEHOTO Hens cmenramiwix KapKacos, p Koro- HX TO xeAes0GeTOHHLIM KO- DouHaM yeraxanqmpaiorca me- Tanaweckne KoHeTpykuMit nO- Kpsirast aaanun (elatep>) 1 noaxpationwe nyri. LleasHome- TARANNecKHe KapKacta B ocHon HOM mMpHMeniaiorca B snaHiAX ¢ Gonsutin nposeram, Bucorol 1 O6opyaoBAREEX mocTopeEtH Kpatiant Gonbunofi rpysononb- emer. Kapkacs npowsimaen- Hex s,.adMit apamoreR HanGonee CAORMEMH TH MeTadadeMKHM KoNeTpyxtuBHsmMn — KOMMaexca~ a 2. Bonsmenpoaernme _ no- xpuirua suannf, 3xaxia oOute- ctpenioro Masiayeria (enop- ‘TuBHEIe COOpY:KeHIEH, PLAHKI, BBI- crapodabte TapiiaBoinsl, eM. pic. 1.18), Tearpst « HeKoTopwe 3na- HIIR MpoHeBoRCTBEHROTO XapaK- ‘repa (axraps abiacGopomuie uexit, na6opaToput) iMeroT Gonsuite nposre- ‘Tat (10 100—150 ae), nepexpusars KoTopsie nanGonee weaecooSpasko Mera.t- SUNECKISEH KoHeTPyKUHAMM Cricrestts 1 KOHCTPYKTHENLe 8. | arvana 7S Toma orpaumaneaet conepxanne asora, mu- ER baka, yerataszreaet Gone crporni => |_ +2 Kowtpoab Mexannyeeknx cpofiers. Bi coosaseeue a usbuadi cram tino it | sata gies | ie TOCT23570—79 sxonat conepxautteyr- yz |cs Aepotas corwx xoasx mponenta, cree = 58 | — | f | Z news packuerenna m npu noewurennon = § | — | — | + conepxannn wapraina 6yKna T. Tpo- Kat Wsrorosaimiot 43 cranelt 18Kn, 18ne, 18en, 18Pne w 18Ten. Tio cpapxe- ino ¢ FOCT 380-71 (c isu.) HecKOmBKO MoBbIWeNH nposHocTHBE xapaK- TepuicrnKi npoxara, Sttaumreabitas act npoxara uMeeT MexanT4ecKHe cBOficTBA Or, Ox BH- we ycranopzeamux TOCT 380—71 (c uss.) HxcrityTom salekrpocpapKt mm. E. O. Tlatova » weaax skonoMm meTasa MpoKeT HS yraepouteroll eTaan mapox Cr3, Cr3Pne m wiskoaernponaniofi craan mapox 0912 n O9T2C npeasorxexo aupdepenuuposaTs no npowtocrs Ha 2 rpynny c muuMarbH Mit It NOBEANENNEIMM noKasaTenaMK MpowHocTa, TaK, Aan craam BCT3 If Tpynin nputaTo o7—=250—260 MMla, a ans 2-4 rpynnti oy—=280—290 MMla (cM. pite. 2.3), spemenioe conporiszterie orpyBY ox noBuiluterto Ha 20— 30 Mila, Mpoxar uo taxoi craam nocrasasetcs no TY 14-1-3023-80 H pasa TeXHT- seckitM yeaontaM. B sapieumoeri or mopnpyewnx cpojicre (xtmyeckoro cocrasa, Bpe- Mesuoro conporipzenus, npeera Texysecrn, yapHoi BasKocTH mpi pas- ae