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STEP 课堂笔记 No.1
STEP 课堂笔记 No.1
专题 1——Curve Sketching
例题 1
通常画函数图像我们需要以下几个步骤:
对于图像来说,最特殊的就是与坐标轴的交点。即:
对于例题则是:
1
� , 0�
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 : 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) ⇒ � 2
(2,0)
对于没有交点的图像,一些特殊值比如 1 通常是我们解题的突破口。
当 𝑥𝑥 → ∞ 时,𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → ∞;
当 𝑥𝑥 → −∞ 时,𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → 0。
此时我们先求导:
(−1,0)
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) ⇒ � 3
� , 0�
2
找完了几个点,就可以将函数图像画出来了:
除此之外,我们还有很多其它帮助我们画图的方法,比如:函数的对称性(symmetry of the
function),如果为奇函数或者偶函数,则只需要画出函数图像的一侧即可。如果是周期函数
(periodic function)
,则只需要画出函数图像的一个周期即可,然后“复制粘贴”至整个图
像。
现在进行一些变换,即
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2)
⇓
2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥4 − 5𝑥𝑥2 + 2)
因为是 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ),所以函数是 even function,所以只需要将正半轴的图像画出即可。
现在我们通过一些特殊值来观察跟之前函数图像的区别:
𝑓𝑓(1) = 𝑓𝑓(12 )
𝑓𝑓(4) = 𝑓𝑓(22 )
𝑓𝑓(9) = 𝑓𝑓(32 )
𝑓𝑓(0.01) = 𝑓𝑓(0.12 )
√
通过观察相当于给 𝑥𝑥 轴上了一个根号变成 𝑥𝑥。所以图像中比 1 大的部分会往左,比 1 小
将负半轴画出,函数图像就画完整了:
轴并不代表负半轴没有值,而是之前图像的部分被去除了,还要补齐回来,方法很简单,就
最后我们总结一下从 𝑦𝑦 → 𝑦𝑦2 :
L'Hô pital's rule is a method in calculus used to find the limit of a function when it assumes
0 ∞
an indeterminate form, like 0
or ∞
. Named after the French mathematician Guillaume de
l'Hô pital, who published the rule in the 17th century, it states that if you have a limit of the
form:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
lim
𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
where both 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) approach 0 or both approach infinity as 𝑥𝑥 approaches 𝑐𝑐, and if
𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0 near 𝑐𝑐 (except possibly at 𝑐𝑐 itself), then this limit can be found by:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)
lim = lim ′
𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔 (𝑥𝑥)
L'Hô pital's rule can be applied repeatedly if the resulting limit is still indeterminate. It
simplifies the process of finding limits that would otherwise be complex to compute. It is
important to note that the rule is applicable under specific conditions and one should first
equation
𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚 .
思路:
ln 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 = ln 𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚 ln 𝑛𝑛
ln 𝑚𝑚 ln 𝑛𝑛
=
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑛𝑛)
(3) Derivative:对函数进行求导:
1 − ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥2
当 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 时,𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒
接下来我们就能画出图像:
若满足 𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑛𝑛),则函数图像需要于 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘 有两个交点。根据图像我们知道要满足 1 <
24 = 42 。
例题 3
思路:
直接画这个图像的难度太大,所以我们需要基于一些基准图像来进行变化。
√
比如 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 2)2 = 2 就是非常熟悉的一个图像,即以 2 为半径的圆心在 (2,2)
行开根号,然后向 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝑦𝑦 = 1 进行“坍缩”,最后再分别关于坐标轴对称,就得到:
例题 4
Sketch the curve of equation 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)4 .
思路:
因为对于 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 ,𝑥𝑥 > 3 与 𝑥𝑥 < 3 的符号是不一样的,而 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 ,𝑥𝑥 > 2 与 𝑥𝑥 < 2 的
符号因为偶次方而相同,所以 “奇穿偶不穿”
。
最后还要进行求导,我们知道
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑛𝑛(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛−1 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)
′
= (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛−1 [⋯ ]
所以原函数的倒数必然含有:
Determine the coordinates of all the stationary points of 𝐶𝐶 and the nature of each. Sketch
𝐶𝐶. In separate diagrams draw sketches of the curves whose equations are:
思路:
骤了,直接写结果:
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
= (𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 (4𝑥𝑥2 + 4𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 (2𝑥𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
得到当 𝑥𝑥 = − 23 , 12 , 2 时 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0。此时可以通过二阶导数或者函数图像看出那些部分最大值,
以及图像 (ii):
知识点回顾
(2) Check the domain of the function: where is it defined? Especially important for sketches
(3) Look for asymptotes; vertical, horizontal and oblique, and in general look for the
behaviour for large 𝑥𝑥。Does the function grow or decay or approach a constant?
(4) For a rational function, use polynomial division to reduce the order of the numerator, e.g.
above this oblique asymptote. For large negative 𝑥𝑥 the remainder term is negative, so the
𝑥𝑥2 +𝑥𝑥−1
curve lies below this asymptote. By setting 𝑥𝑥−1
= 𝑥𝑥 + 2 and trying to solve for r you can
(6) Is there any symmetry? For example, if (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is a point on the curve 𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then
(𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) is also a point on the curve, giving reflective symmetry in the 𝑥𝑥-axis.
例题 6
𝑥𝑥 − 1 = (𝑒𝑒 − 1) ln 𝑥𝑥.
思路:
先对等式进行变换:
𝑥𝑥 − 1
= ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 − 1
此时 LHS 是一条直线,而 RHS 是一条我们熟悉的曲线。只需要看两条线的交点即可:
LHS 的直线当 𝑥𝑥 = 1 时,过 (1,0) 点;当 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 时,过 (𝑒𝑒, 1) 点;刚好 RHS 也同时过这
两个点,则图像为:
思路:
我们需要将 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎′ 𝑥𝑥′ 3 + 𝑐𝑐′ 𝑥𝑥′ ,现在将 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥′ + 𝐴𝐴 代入:
3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥′ 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥′ 2 = 0
𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴 = −
3𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
所以需要将函数图像向右移动 3𝑎𝑎
个单位,再将函数图像向下移动 𝑓𝑓�− 3𝑎𝑎 � 个单位即可。
通 过 这 一 题 , 我 们 也 知 道 了 一 个 关 于 三 次 函 数 的 性 质 , 即 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 的 图 像 关 于 点
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
𝑃𝑃 �− 3𝑎𝑎 , 𝑓𝑓�− 3𝑎𝑎 �� 对称。反之,如果某三次函数的图像关于中心点 (𝑚𝑚, 𝑛𝑛) 对称,则解析式
可以设为:
其中 𝛼𝛼 ≠ 0。
例题 8
思路:
的解:
√
−2𝑏𝑏 ± 4𝑏𝑏2 − 12𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 =
6𝑎𝑎
为 2 个,则需要满足:
满足这两个条件即可。
例题 9
A rectangle piece of paper has a side length of 𝑎𝑎 cm and 𝑏𝑏 cm. If four squares are cut away
from each of the four corners so that the volume enclosed by the remaining portion is
思路:
设四边被裁掉的正方形边长为 𝑥𝑥,则能为成盒子的体积为:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑥𝑥)(𝑏𝑏 − 2𝑥𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥3 − 2(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 6𝑥𝑥2 − 4(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
根据上一道例题,知道最大值是在 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 的时候,所以令 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0,则:
算量过于庞大,所以我们借助画图帮我们解决:
calculus, refers to the classification of these points based on the behavior of the function at
those points. Stationary points are points on a graph where the derivative (slope) of the
function is zero. They are called "stationary" because at these points, the function does not
appear to be moving up or down. The nature of a stationary point can be broadly classified
1. Local Maximum: At this point, the function changes direction from increasing to decreasing.
This means that the point is higher than all nearby points, making it a peak. Mathematically,
this is often where the second derivative is less than zero 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0, indicating concavity
downward.
2. Local Minimum: This is the opposite of a local maximum. Here, the function changes
direction from decreasing to increasing. The point is lower than all nearby points, making it
a trough. Typically, the second derivative is greater than zero 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 at a local minimum,
3. Saddle Point or Inflection Point: At this type of stationary point, the function doesn't
achieve a local maximum or minimum. Instead, the function sort of levels out, but then
continues in the original direction, or it goes flat without a clear direction. This can happen
It still an inflection point, and also an inflection of convex function and concave function.
To determine the nature of a stationary point, one common method is to use the First and
First Derivative Test: Examine the sign of the derivative 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) before and after the
stationary point. If 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) changes from positive to negative, it's a local maximum. If it
Second Derivative Test: Evaluate the second derivative 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) at the stationary point. If
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0, it's a local minimum. If 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0, it's a local maximum. If 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0, the test
Find the value of 𝑘𝑘 if the line 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 is tangent to the curve 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 .
思路:
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥
�
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥
将公式 2 代入公式 1,得到:
𝑥𝑥 = 1
在代入到公式 2 的,得到:
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒
A circle 𝑂𝑂 centered at the point (0,2) touches the curve of the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2 at two
points.
(b) Now circle 𝑂𝑂 centered at the point (0, 𝑎𝑎), find the range of 𝑎𝑎 that circle 𝑂𝑂 only touches
思路:
这道题目跟上一道例题类似,不过是函数有两个交点。所以我们先看右边正半轴上的交点:
现在我们要对两个函数进行求导,但是圆的导数不太方便,所以我们选择通过几何方法找到
𝑥𝑥2 −2
斜率进而使得 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)。知道圆心 (0,2) 和交点 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥2 ),可以算出半径的斜率为 2
,