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星辉国际教育 STEP 班课 课堂笔记

专题 1——Curve Sketching

例题 1

Sketch the curve of equation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2).

通常画函数图像我们需要以下几个步骤:

(1) 寻找特殊值点:Finding the special point of the graph.

对于图像来说,最特殊的就是与坐标轴的交点。即:

𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 : 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0, 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑓𝑓(0)

对于例题则是:

1
� , 0�
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 : 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) ⇒ � 2
(2,0)

𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑓𝑓(0) = 2 ⇒ (0,2)

对于没有交点的图像,一些特殊值比如 1 通常是我们解题的突破口。

(2) 判断图像趋势:Determine the trend of the graph.

首先我们要判断 𝑥𝑥 的 domain,例题中为 (−∞, ∞),则:

当 𝑥𝑥 → ∞ 时,𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → ∞;

当 𝑥𝑥 → −∞ 时,𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → 0。

此时我们还可以找一些渐近线(asymptote),其中包括 垂直渐近线(vertical asymptote)、

水平渐近线(horizontal asymptote)和斜渐近线(oblique asymptote)。

(3) 寻找驻点:Find the stationary point of the graph.

此时我们先求导:

(−1,0)
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 3) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 1) ⇒ � 3
� , 0�
2
找完了几个点,就可以将函数图像画出来了:
除此之外,我们还有很多其它帮助我们画图的方法,比如:函数的对称性(symmetry of the

function),如果为奇函数或者偶函数,则只需要画出函数图像的一侧即可。如果是周期函数

(periodic function)
,则只需要画出函数图像的一个周期即可,然后“复制粘贴”至整个图

像。
现在进行一些变换,即
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2)

2
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥4 − 5𝑥𝑥2 + 2)
因为是 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ),所以函数是 even function,所以只需要将正半轴的图像画出即可。

现在我们通过一些特殊值来观察跟之前函数图像的区别:
𝑓𝑓(1) = 𝑓𝑓(12 )
𝑓𝑓(4) = 𝑓𝑓(22 )
𝑓𝑓(9) = 𝑓𝑓(32 )
𝑓𝑓(0.01) = 𝑓𝑓(0.12 )

通过观察相当于给 𝑥𝑥 轴上了一个根号变成 𝑥𝑥。所以图像中比 1 大的部分会往左,比 1 小

的部分会往右。感觉是把曲线往 𝑥𝑥 = 1 捏 squeeze towards 𝑥𝑥 = 1。画完正半轴后,对称的

将负半轴画出,函数图像就画完整了:

最后我们总结一下从 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ):

(1) 去除 𝑥𝑥 的负半轴 negative parts;

(2) squeeze/contract towards 𝑥𝑥 = 1

(3) reflection over 𝑦𝑦-axis.


接下来再进行一次变换,即:

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2)



𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 (2𝑥𝑥2 − 5𝑥𝑥 + 2)

既然是 𝑦𝑦2 ,那么对应的 𝑦𝑦 的负半轴的值就没有了,要先去掉。根据 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) 的经验,要在

𝑦𝑦-axis 上开根号,squeeze towards 𝑦𝑦 = 1,图像上下靠近 𝑦𝑦 = 1。最后我们去除了 𝑦𝑦 的负半

轴并不代表负半轴没有值,而是之前图像的部分被去除了,还要补齐回来,方法很简单,就

是把图像延 𝑥𝑥-axis 对称即可:

最后我们总结一下从 𝑦𝑦 → 𝑦𝑦2 :

(1) 去除 𝑦𝑦 的负半轴 negative parts;

(2) squeeze/contract towards 𝑦𝑦 = 1

(3) reflection over 𝑥𝑥-axis.


知识点——L'Hôpital's rule 洛必达法则

L'Hô pital's rule is a method in calculus used to find the limit of a function when it assumes
0 ∞
an indeterminate form, like 0
or ∞
. Named after the French mathematician Guillaume de

l'Hô pital, who published the rule in the 17th century, it states that if you have a limit of the

form:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
lim
𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
where both 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) approach 0 or both approach infinity as 𝑥𝑥 approaches 𝑐𝑐, and if

𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) ≠ 0 near 𝑐𝑐 (except possibly at 𝑐𝑐 itself), then this limit can be found by:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)
lim = lim ′
𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑥𝑥→𝑐𝑐 𝑔𝑔 (𝑥𝑥)

provided the limit on the right-hand side exists or is infinite.

L'Hô pital's rule can be applied repeatedly if the resulting limit is still indeterminate. It

simplifies the process of finding limits that would otherwise be complex to compute. It is

important to note that the rule is applicable under specific conditions and one should first

verify these conditions before applying the rule.


例题 2

Sketch the graph of the function ℎ, where


ln 𝑥𝑥
ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = , (𝑥𝑥 > 0)
𝑥𝑥
Hence, or otherwise, find all pairs of distinct positive integers 𝑚𝑚 and 𝑛𝑛 which satisfy the

equation

𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚 .

思路:

首先我们先将难办的 power 转换成 coefficient:

ln 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 = ln 𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚 ln 𝑛𝑛
ln 𝑚𝑚 ln 𝑛𝑛
=
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛

此时我们将 𝑚𝑚, 𝑛𝑛 转变成了相同的形式,设 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ln𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,则:

𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑛𝑛)

现在画一下 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 的图像:

(0) Domain:𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) > 0

(1) Special points:这个图像的特殊点为 (1,0)

(2) Trend:根据 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) > 0,所以我们考虑当 𝑥𝑥 → ∞ 和 𝑥𝑥 → 0 的两种情况:

当 𝑥𝑥 → ∞ 时,𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → 0;当 𝑥𝑥 → 0 时 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → −∞

(3) Derivative:对函数进行求导:
1 − ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥2
当 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 时,𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒

接下来我们就能画出图像:
若满足 𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑛𝑛),则函数图像需要于 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑘𝑘 有两个交点。根据图像我们知道要满足 1 <

𝑥𝑥 < 𝑒𝑒,而这个区间中只有一个整数解 2,根据题目和图像,最后得到我们唯一的整数解:

24 = 42 。
例题 3

Sketch the curve of equation (𝑥𝑥2 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦2 − 2)2 = 2.

思路:

直接画这个图像的难度太大,所以我们需要基于一些基准图像来进行变化。

比如 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 2)2 = 2 就是非常熟悉的一个图像,即以 2 为半径的圆心在 (2,2)

的圆。然后将 𝑥𝑥 → 𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦 → 𝑦𝑦2 ,函数图像就完成了。根据我们之前的经验,先对 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 轴进

行开根号,然后向 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝑦𝑦 = 1 进行“坍缩”,最后再分别关于坐标轴对称,就得到:
例题 4

Sketch the curve of equation 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)4 .

思路:

首先我们看到 𝑥𝑥 的最高次项为 10,所以当 𝑥𝑥 → 0, 𝑥𝑥 → ∞ 的时候 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) → ∞。

根据之前的思路,先找 domain,即 𝑥𝑥 > 0,然后找 special points,通过函数可以很轻易的

观察到图像于 𝑥𝑥 轴的 4 个交点:(1,0), (2,0), (3,0), (4.0),我们的曲线就像穿针引线一样穿过

,形如 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)1 次数为奇数,则是


这 4 个点,至于如何穿过,有一个口诀叫“奇穿偶不穿”

穿过 𝑥𝑥 轴,形如 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)4 次数为偶数,则是如蜻蜓点水般碰一下 𝑥𝑥 轴后掉头。

因为对于 (𝑥𝑥 − 3)3 ,𝑥𝑥 > 3 与 𝑥𝑥 < 3 的符号是不一样的,而 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 ,𝑥𝑥 > 2 与 𝑥𝑥 < 2 的

符号因为偶次方而相同,所以 “奇穿偶不穿”

最后还要进行求导,我们知道
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑛𝑛(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛−1 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)

= (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑛𝑛−1 [⋯ ]
所以原函数的倒数必然含有:

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)3 [⋯ ]

则当 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑥𝑥 = 3, 𝑥𝑥 = 4 时都是 stationary points,在画图的时候一定要明显的画出来:


例题 5

The curve 𝐶𝐶 has equation

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)4

Determine the coordinates of all the stationary points of 𝐶𝐶 and the nature of each. Sketch

𝐶𝐶. In separate diagrams draw sketches of the curves whose equations are:

(i) 𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 ;

(ii) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑥𝑥2 + 1)(𝑥𝑥2 − 2)4 .

思路:

首先画 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 的函数图像,先观察 domain 和 trend:

当 𝑥𝑥 → −∞ 时,𝑦𝑦 → −∞;当 𝑥𝑥 → ∞ 时,𝑦𝑦 → ∞。

然后找 special points,可以很轻易的观察到曲线过 (−1,0), (0,0), (2,0) 这三个点,根据“奇

穿偶不穿”的规律,知道曲线过 (−1,0), (0,0) 两点时穿过 𝑥𝑥 轴,而 (2,0) 时不穿过 𝑥𝑥 轴。

最后需要对函数进行求导,即当 𝑦𝑦′ = 0 时曲线的 stationary points。这里就不给大家写步

骤了,直接写结果:
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
= (𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 (4𝑥𝑥2 + 4𝑥𝑥) + (𝑥𝑥 − 2)4 (2𝑥𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
得到当 𝑥𝑥 = − 23 , 12 , 2 时 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0。此时可以通过二阶导数或者函数图像看出那些部分最大值,

哪些时部分最小值及驻点。此时将 𝑥𝑥 = − 23 , 12 , 2 代入得到 𝐶𝐶 的最低点 �− 23 , − 8192


729
�,以及

部分最大值 �12 , 243


64
�。最后画出图像:
就得到了原函数的图像,然后我们根据之前的方法变换出图像 (i):

以及图像 (ii):
知识点回顾

(1) Draw it large!

(2) Check the domain of the function: where is it defined? Especially important for sketches

of 𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥); need 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0.

(3) Look for asymptotes; vertical, horizontal and oblique, and in general look for the

behaviour for large 𝑥𝑥。Does the function grow or decay or approach a constant?

(4) For a rational function, use polynomial division to reduce the order of the numerator, e.g.

𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 2(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 1 1


𝑦𝑦 = = = 𝑥𝑥 + = 𝑥𝑥 + 2 +
𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥 − 1 𝑥𝑥 − 1
so for large (and positive) 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 ≈ 𝑥𝑥 + 2, and the remainder term is positive so the curve lies

above this oblique asymptote. For large negative 𝑥𝑥 the remainder term is negative, so the
𝑥𝑥2 +𝑥𝑥−1
curve lies below this asymptote. By setting 𝑥𝑥−1
= 𝑥𝑥 + 2 and trying to solve for r you can

show that the curve does not meet the asymptote.

(5) Are there any other interesting points?

(6) Is there any symmetry? For example, if (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is a point on the curve 𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) then

(𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦) is also a point on the curve, giving reflective symmetry in the 𝑥𝑥-axis.
例题 6

Find all solutions of equation

𝑥𝑥 − 1 = (𝑒𝑒 − 1) ln 𝑥𝑥.

思路:

先对等式进行变换:
𝑥𝑥 − 1
= ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 − 1
此时 LHS 是一条直线,而 RHS 是一条我们熟悉的曲线。只需要看两条线的交点即可:

LHS 的直线当 𝑥𝑥 = 1 时,过 (1,0) 点;当 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 时,过 (𝑒𝑒, 1) 点;刚好 RHS 也同时过这

两个点,则图像为:

根据图像我们知道有且只有两个解:𝑥𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒。


例题 7

Find out how to transform a curve of equation

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑

into a curve symmetric about the origin.

思路:

设函数图像 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 关于 (𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞) 对称,那么如果要满足圆点对称,则需要变换成 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =

𝑎𝑎′ 𝑥𝑥′ 3 + 𝑐𝑐′ 𝑥𝑥′ 的形式。我们知道如果需要函数图像左右平移,则是:𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥′ + 𝐴𝐴,函数图像

上下平移则是 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦′ + 𝐵𝐵。

我们需要将 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎′ 𝑥𝑥′ 3 + 𝑐𝑐′ 𝑥𝑥′ ,现在将 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥′ + 𝐴𝐴 代入:

𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥′ + 𝐴𝐴)3 + 𝑏𝑏(𝑥𝑥′ + 𝐴𝐴)2 + 𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥′ + 𝐴𝐴) + 𝑑𝑑

不需要全部展开,只需要将 𝑥𝑥2 的系数变为 0 即可:

3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥′ 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥′ 2 = 0
𝑏𝑏
𝐴𝐴 = −
3𝑎𝑎
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
所以需要将函数图像向右移动 3𝑎𝑎
个单位,再将函数图像向下移动 𝑓𝑓�− 3𝑎𝑎 � 个单位即可。

通 过 这 一 题 , 我 们 也 知 道 了 一 个 关 于 三 次 函 数 的 性 质 , 即 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 的 图 像 关 于 点

𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
𝑃𝑃 �− 3𝑎𝑎 , 𝑓𝑓�− 3𝑎𝑎 �� 对称。反之,如果某三次函数的图像关于中心点 (𝑚𝑚, 𝑛𝑛) 对称,则解析式

可以设为:

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝛼𝛼 ⋅ (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚)3 + 𝛽𝛽 ⋅ (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚) + 𝑛𝑛

其中 𝛼𝛼 ≠ 0。
例题 8

Determine that the conditions of a cubic function

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑

has exactly 3 points of intersection with the 𝑥𝑥-axis.

思路:

首先我们知道三次函数有 3 种不同的曲线,即 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 的值的个数不同。如果要 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 与

𝑥𝑥-axis 有三个交点,则 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 的值需要有 2 个,即

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥2 + 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐

的解:

−2𝑏𝑏 ± 4𝑏𝑏2 − 12𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 =
6𝑎𝑎
为 2 个,则需要满足:

𝑏𝑏2 − 3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0

接下来我们还需要确认两个 stationary points 是在 𝑥𝑥-axis 上下的,所以

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥1 ) ⋅ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥2 ) < 0

满足这两个条件即可。
例题 9

A rectangle piece of paper has a side length of 𝑎𝑎 cm and 𝑏𝑏 cm. If four squares are cut away

from each of the four corners so that the volume enclosed by the remaining portion is

maximized, what are the side lengths of the squares?

思路:

设四边被裁掉的正方形边长为 𝑥𝑥,则能为成盒子的体积为:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑥𝑥)(𝑏𝑏 − 2𝑥𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥3 − 2(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 6𝑥𝑥2 − 4(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
根据上一道例题,知道最大值是在 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 的时候,所以令 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0,则:

4(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) ± �16(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏)2 − 48𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎


𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 =
√12
(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) ± 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 =
6
现在要找到最大值,通常的方法可以通过二阶导数,即当 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0 时为最大值,但是计

算量过于庞大,所以我们借助画图帮我们解决:

根据 𝑥𝑥3 的系数,我们知道图像是这个趋势,所以 𝑥𝑥1 和 𝑥𝑥2 取小值,即:



(𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) − 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 = .
6
知识点——Natural of Stationary Points

The nature of stationary points in mathematical functions, particularly in the context of

calculus, refers to the classification of these points based on the behavior of the function at

those points. Stationary points are points on a graph where the derivative (slope) of the

function is zero. They are called "stationary" because at these points, the function does not

appear to be moving up or down. The nature of a stationary point can be broadly classified

into three types:

1. Local Maximum: At this point, the function changes direction from increasing to decreasing.

This means that the point is higher than all nearby points, making it a peak. Mathematically,

this is often where the second derivative is less than zero 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0, indicating concavity

downward.

2. Local Minimum: This is the opposite of a local maximum. Here, the function changes

direction from decreasing to increasing. The point is lower than all nearby points, making it

a trough. Typically, the second derivative is greater than zero 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0 at a local minimum,

indicating concavity upward.

3. Saddle Point or Inflection Point: At this type of stationary point, the function doesn't

achieve a local maximum or minimum. Instead, the function sort of levels out, but then

continues in the original direction, or it goes flat without a clear direction. This can happen

if the second derivative is zero 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0 or changes sign at that point.


But it doesn’t mean that all the second derivative is zero 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) are stationary points.

It still an inflection point, and also an inflection of convex function and concave function.

To determine the nature of a stationary point, one common method is to use the First and

Second Derivative Tests:

First Derivative Test: Examine the sign of the derivative 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) before and after the

stationary point. If 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) changes from positive to negative, it's a local maximum. If it

changes from negative to positive, it's a local minimum.

Second Derivative Test: Evaluate the second derivative 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) at the stationary point. If

𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) > 0, it's a local minimum. If 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) < 0, it's a local maximum. If 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 0, the test

is inconclusive, and the point might be a saddle point.


例题 10

Find the value of 𝑘𝑘 if the line 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 is tangent to the curve 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 .

思路:

题目告诉我们 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 为 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 的切线,即需要满足两个条件:


𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
� ′
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)
我们知道 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑘𝑘, 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 ,可以联立方程组:

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥

𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥
将公式 2 代入公式 1,得到:

𝑥𝑥 = 1

在代入到公式 2 的,得到:

𝑘𝑘 = 𝑒𝑒

最后得出当 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑘𝑘 时,𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 与 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 相切。


例题 11

A circle 𝑂𝑂 centered at the point (0,2) touches the curve of the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥2 at two

points.

(a) Find the function of the circle 𝑂𝑂.

(b) Now circle 𝑂𝑂 centered at the point (0, 𝑎𝑎), find the range of 𝑎𝑎 that circle 𝑂𝑂 only touches

the curve of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) at one point.

思路:

这道题目跟上一道例题类似,不过是函数有两个交点。所以我们先看右边正半轴上的交点:

设圆的函数为 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥),右边的切点横坐标为 𝑥𝑥,则交点坐标为 �𝑥𝑥,𝑥𝑥2 �。

现在我们要对两个函数进行求导,但是圆的导数不太方便,所以我们选择通过几何方法找到
𝑥𝑥2 −2
斜率进而使得 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)。知道圆心 (0,2) 和交点 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥2 ),可以算出半径的斜率为 2

然后取负倒数为:𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = − 𝑥𝑥2𝑥𝑥−2。现在联立 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥),得到:


𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥 = −
𝑥𝑥2−2
2 1
𝑥𝑥 − 2 = −
2
3
𝑥𝑥 = �
2
然后就能求出圆的方程为:
7
𝑥𝑥2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 2)2 =
4
现在来看第二问:

通过第一问的积累,我们令 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) 可以得到:


𝑥𝑥
2𝑥𝑥 = −
𝑥𝑥2− 𝑎𝑎
2 1
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎 = −
2
1
𝑥𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑎 −
2
当 𝑎𝑎 < 12 时,𝑥𝑥2 为负不成立,故没有办法与曲线相切于两点。

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